• P1 report, Master 3/4 RMIT, • Table of Contents • Introduction • Preface 1 Mixed projects The Hague • Table of contents 1 In the upcoming years many governmental buildings become va- • Summary 1 cant. This problem is the even more prominent in The Hague, which has • Introduction 1 a large cluster of governmental buildings. At the studio of Mixed Projects • Analysis on the Urban Level 2 The Hague, we look for solutions for these vacant buildings. • Analysis on the Building Level 7 • Analysis on the Material Level 11 In the first quarter of the studio, analyzing was the main assign- • Art 13 ment. This is divided in three part; first an overall analysis of The Hague. • First Sketch 14 Second the analysis of a specific building on architecture. At last a analysis • Conclusions 15 on the technical aspects of the building and its material. • References 15 My part of the first analysis, was to analyze the future aspects with- in the city of The Hague. With two other students we made a time-line to • Summary make clear which changes The Hague will follow in the future. There was also a personal research to be done. My research focused on the liveliness The research phase of the RMiT studio focused first on the pro- of places in The Hague. grammatic future of The Hague and the approach on vacancy. The most important points that are discovered are; The Hague has a growth in in- For the second part of the analyze, a decision had to be made for Fig 1. Picture of Koningskade 4 (RVOB, 2013) habitants and dwelling until 2020, this is complimentary on the approach a specific building. The decision fell on the Rijkswaterstaat building at the towards vacancy. This approach is to investigate the opportunities to trans- Koningskade 4 in the Hague, see figure 1. The decision for this building is Name: Danny Werensteijn form vacant office building in particular into housing. based on getting experience in redesigning (vacant) office buildings. So less Student number: 1525905 The personal research focused on the elements that determine the for tailor made government buildings. Also after analyzing liveliness, it was E-mail: [email protected] qualitative liveliness in The Hague. By determining which elements encour- clear this building was lacking it, so the research and redesign could focus Date: 5/01/2014 age liveliness, a spiderweb diagram is developed. This diagram then can on that aspect. A third trigger is the prominent location and its great con- Tutors: Lidy Meijers, Wouter Willers & Frank Koopman be used to look at the direct surroundings of a building, so in an instance trast to surrounding neighborhoods. Keywords: Koningskade, The Hague, curtain wall, liveliness, Gouwetor, it is clear of the place needs improving for liveliness and what is missing Rijkswaterstaat, RMiT then. My personal analysis of the building also focused on these aspects. After the urban general analysis, the focus shifted towards the What is the liveliness around the building? What is the (physical and visual) building of Rijkswaterstaat at the Koningskade. The main urban aspects of connection of the building with the surrounding neighborhoods? this building are as following. The plot, the buildings stands on, is isolated from the neighborhood. This is due the plot is developed as a Zoo and the The personal triggers for choosing this building had also its influ- dwelling around it, turned their back towards the Zoo. Despite the isolated ence on the technical analysis. This research focused on the structure of location, the Zoo was a central place in the city and it can be a central place the building, so the possibilities for change can be made clear. Also the once again. contrast with the neighborhood is research again, the neighborhoods is The building itself is a very rational. The main construction a con- mostly build out of brick facades. Why has this building a completely glass crete table construction, is repeated extensively. This can also be seen in facade? The liveliness of the interior is also analyzed. the facade, which is based on the possibility to place interior wall every 1,8 meter. The main influence of the facade are the American examples, the Because of the strong relation of the architectural and the technical wishes of the governmental building service for a more visible, transpar- aspects, the analyses of these are presented together in this report. It is ent, not tailor made for the government and neutrality. The facade resem- very hard to separate the two things due the fact the building is very tech- bles clearly these influences and with its good detailing and rareness as nical. Building facts double glass facade have to be preserved. Address: Koningskade 4, 2596 AA,The Hague Another aspect to preserve in this building are the exceptions in This report will start at the urban analysis of The Hague and then Floor area (Bvo): 35.341 m2 the building. For example the central meeting place on the top of the build- zooms in on the building and its elements. Plot area: 10.990 m2 ing. Also the concrete fountain sculpture on the front of the building is an Year of expected sale: 2016 important factor to preserve. Year build: 1969 The things that has to be improved and to be researched, are the Original Architects: Gouwetor, Mulder & Tielman bad connections on the ground floor, the image as a landmark and the Year of renovation completion:2003 possible change of function. Renovation architect:Rob Hootsmans •1 • Analysis on the Urban Level : Group work 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025

         Queen Beatrix King Willem Alexander

Population forecast The Urban analysis began with a walk through the city and sketch-        Nota Mobiliteit (2011):   

      Gemiddelde leeftijd per stadsdeel en Den Haag prognose 2006-2022 2006 2022 - upgraden tram to randstadrail         50 2010 2022 Diīerence 45 - improve pedestrian zones and connect them        1. Loosduinen 47272 49692 2420 40 - improve biking routes        2. Escamp 113137 113898 761 35       3. Segbroek 57465 57164 -301 ing what is The Hague? With these sketches some research theme came 30 - complete the ringway 4. Scheveningen 52777 52651 -126 25         - introduce Rotterdamsebaan     5. Centrum 95415 96338 923 20 6. Laak 38975 50150 11175 15         - decrease tra c Utrechtsebaan 7. Haagse hout 41451 41460 9 10 4           5 - decrease tra c in neighborhoods           Leidschenveen-Ypenburg, Escamp en Loosduinen. De overige Stadsdelen blijven redelijk constant in 0

p g en en m rg a de tijd. in m oek u u u ca r b s b ing ntr 6 Laak n E g e se Hout n Ha osd ven C e o 2 Se 5 D L 3 he n-Ype c Haag e 1 S 7 ve 4 n e    h sc id Bevolking per stadsdeel prognose 2006-2022 to the surface. For my personal these are; the (unexpected) influence of e L            8 7 2006 2022         120 De huishoudensontwikkeling op stedelijk niveau        Naast personen zijn ook huishoudens relevant als onderwerp van beleid. In totaal telt Den Haag per    100 structuurvisie 2005 (Gemeente Den Haag): 1 januari 2006 ongeveer 240.000 huishoudens. Met een huishouden wordt een eenheid van een of    meer personen aangeduid die gezamenlijk een huishouding voeren2.        80  3 Het aantal huishoudens in Den Haag stijgt van ongeveer 240.000 huishoudens in 2006 naar bijna 255.00 huishoudens in 2022. Een toename van 6%. Bijna 47% van de Haagse huishoudens in 2006 5 - international city 60 is een eenpersoonshuishouden. Ongeveer 24% van de huishoudens zijn samenwoners zonder

Berlage on The Hague, the high contrast in the city, the presence of politics politics kinderen en 20% van de huishoudens zijn samenwoners met kinderen. Ruim 8% van de huishoudens       40 is een eenoudergezin met kinderen. 1000 * Aantalpersonen - multicultural city Convenant aanpak leegstand kantoren:     In absolute aantallen is er tussen 2006 en 2022 in Den Haag een groei van 14.434 huishoudens. De 27 eenpersoonshuishoudensjuni 2012, nemen agreements toe met 3856 huishoudens, de samenwonende between huishoudens zonderinvestors, owners, developers,   20

     - city at sea 2 6 0 municipalities,Zie voor het verschil tussen het begrip huishoudens user en het begripand gezinssamenstelling government zoals geregistreerd in de about the vacancy of o ces n k n k t g e e e m a u r gemeentelijke Basis administratie de toelichting in hoofdstuk 4 en in hoofdstuk 6 in mp o g ru o u ca n t H b     du br i n 6 La e n s eg s o en Ce g pe 2 Es S ev 5 -Y Lo 3 h aa n e 1 H e Sc 7 v Key points: 4 n e - monumental residence h Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 11 1 c ds ei 2 L - Reducing vacancy 8 on the image of the city, the large amount of green in the city and the live- - Broad-based transfer of knowledge about vacant o ces - Obtaining knowledge about transformation projects De demografische kenmerken geboorte, sterfte en migratie. - Releasing money for demolition and transformation (future) Het aantal geboorten fluctueert tussen de 6250 en de 6540. De sterfte in Den Haag blijft redelijk - Restriction for new projects stabiel in de tijd, gemiddeld 4400 personen per jaar. Per saldo bedraagt de natuurlijke aanwas dan gemiddeld 2000 personen per jaar. - Making the current stock sustainable De binnenlandse migratie naar en uit Den Haag is en blijft aanzienlijk. Per saldo is het binnenlandse - Central government has an example function migratiesaldo tot 2010 positief. Daarna echter oplopend negatief. De buitenlandse migratie naar en uit Den Haag wordt sterk bepaald door landelijk beleid en is altijd een zeer moeilijk in te schatten liness around buildings in city. The theme of liveliness around buildings is - Directed by the government factor. In deze prognose wordt er van uit gegaan dat de vestiging tot 2010 afneemt en daarna weer

Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 9 On the red carpet: feb 2012, Research on expats further researched during this period, but more on this later. Key points: - About 60% is female - About two third of expats life in the city of The Hague, others live in Wassenaar and Leidschendam-Voorburg - The mean age of expats in the Hague is between 25-55 - Most of the expats are married - About 95% has an university degree - Expats have meanly an American (37%), Italian (10%) or Cana- dian (10%) nationality - The live meanly for 2 to 5 years in the Netherlands - Expats want to be a part of society but this is hard. The main obstacles are the language and a place to mingle - The main activities in the city are: going out, dining out and shopping. Cultural activities and recreational activities are not undertaken as much. These activities take mainly place within After the walk and the sketches, The Hague was analyzed in three the home place but also for a great part in other cities. So expats economy are not city bound. - Expats miss attractive places for going out, there for the night life in The Hague is very low rated - Expats want to be into the local news but are lacking the groups; past, present and the future. My research focused with two other sources mainly due the language problem

prognose gemaakt van de huishoudensontwikkeling en de ontwikkeling van de bevolking naar Plan Nota Mobiliteit 2015-2019 Plan Nota Mobiliteit 2020-2030 etnische groepen. Deze prognose heeft, in tegenstelling tot scenariostudies, als belangrijkste doel het 2016: start construction voetgangers- weergeven van de meest waarschijnlijke toekomstige ontwikkelingen op basis van de huidige Rotterdamsebaan domein students on the future of The Hague. As a summary a time-line is made for inzichten. Deze inzichten hebben zowel betrekking op demografische kenmerken als geboorte, sterfte * 2025: clean buses only en binnenlandse en buitenlandse migratie, als op het beleidsmatig bepaalde woningbouwprogramma. stationszone ringway functions properly Voor de demografische kenmerken vormen Haagse en landelijke trends de basis. Voor een goed * all important tramlines begrip en juiste interpretatie van de uitkomsten wordt nadrukkelijk geadviseerd kennis te nemen van and decreases tra c on are upgraded to hoofdstuk 6: methodiek en parameters prognose. highways and in neighbor- Randstadrail hoods De bevolkingsontwikkeling op stedelijk niveau the future development of The Hague as can be seen at figure 2. De groei van de woningvoorraad in de periode 2006-2022 is groter dan dat de huishoudensprognose De verwachting is dat de huidige bevolkingsomvang van de gemeente Den Haag stijgt van 475.000 2005: busy tra c Utrechtse baan kinderen met 2836 huishoudens. De samenwonenden met kinderen nemen toe met 5342 Populationinwoners in 2006 naar 507.000 inwonersforecast in 2022. (Nota Mobiliteit 2011) voorspelt in deze periode. Hierdoor krijgen huishoudens meer ruimte op de woningmarkt. Mogelijk no proper ringway around The Hague huishoudens en de eenoudergezinnen nemen toe met bijna 2400 huishoudens. dat bij deze ruimere woningmarkt ook weer meer huishoudensvorming gaat plaatsvinden. De ring citycenter is there, but not accessible Huishoudensontwikkeling Den Haag Bevolkingsontwikkeling Den Haag realisatie 1998-2006 prognose 2006-2022 huishoudensprognose is gebaseerd op de trends in de huishoudensontwikkeling in de periode 1996 realisatie 1990-2006 - prognose 2006-2022 Plan Nota Mobiliteit 2011-2014 pedestrians (Nota Mobiliteit 2011) star routes bike (Nota Mobiliteit 2011) 260 tot en met 2005. 520 255

510 Strategic Structure Agenda 2005: 2005: 250 more congestion Utrechtsebaan 2020: car tra c (Nota Mobiliteit 2011) De etniciteitsontwikkeling 500 improve ringway 245 ring citycenter is being improved De indeling van de Haagse bevolking naar de verschillende bevolkingsgroepen is gebaseerd op het 490 connect to regional highways 240 OUTDATED * Rotterdamsebaan landelijke model classificatie etnische groepen, samengevat in de publicatie "Identificatie en 235 3 480 construct Rotterdamsebaan Strategic Structure Agenda 2005: nished registratie van etnische minderheden” (SGBO/ISEO 1993) . 230 My part for this analysis was to research; the programmatic devel- 470 introduction Stedenbaan (metro) aantal huishoudens x 1000 several plans cancelled/postponed De ontwikkeling van de Haagse bevolking naar etnische groepen wordt vooral bepaald door de 225 460 due to nancial crisis * center connected migratie van deze groepen naar Den Haag in de vorige eeuw en de verwachtingen over de infrastructure connection A4 220 aantal inwoners x 1000 x inwoners aantal 450 by 4 main access biking routes are seriously improved 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 buitenlandse migratie naar Den Haag in de toekomst. De buitenlandse migratie wordt overigens sterk 440 jaren roads and ringway De groei van de woningvoorraadbeïnvloed in de periode 2006-2022 door het is groter nationale dan dat de huishoudensprognose beleid en de internationale verhoudingen. realisatie huishoudens 1998-2006 prognose huishoudens 2006-2022 430 voorspelt in deze periode. HierdoorIn krijgen2006 huishoudens behoort meer 54% ruimte vanop de woningmarkt.de Haagse Mogelijk bevolking tot de etnische groep Nederlanders, dat wil zeggen dat bij deze ruimere woningmarkt ook weer meer huishoudensvorming gaat plaatsvinden. De 420 Huishoudensgroei Den Haag huishoudensprognose is gebaseerddat op zowelde trends inde de persoonhuishoudensontwikkeling zelf als inzijn de periode beide 1996 ouders in Nederland zijn geboren. Ongeveer 11% van de opment of The Hague and the visions on vacant buildings in The Nether- 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2006-2022 tot en met 2005. jaren Haagse bevolking wordt ingedeeld bij de groep Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerde landen, 9,7% bij de De etniciteitsontwikkeling Bevolking 1990 2006 prognose 2006 2022 kinderen met 2836 huishoudens. De samenwonenden met kinderen nemen toe met 5342 Surinamers, 9% bij de Overig geïndustrialiseerde landen, 7% bij de Turken, 5,3% bij de Marokkanen, Population forecast De indeling van de Haagse bevolking naar de verschillende bevolkingsgroepen is gebaseerd op het huishoudens en de eenoudergezinnen nemen toe met bijna 2400 huishoudens. landelijke model classificatie etnische2,4% groepen, bij desamengevat Antillianen in de publicatie en "Identificatietot slot 1,6%en bij de Zuid-Europeanen. Totale aantal huishoudens groei registratie van etnische minderheden” (SGBO/ISEO 1993)3. Gemiddelde leeftijd per stadsdeel en Den Haag prognose 2006-2022 Huishoudensontwikkeling Den Haag De ontwikkeling van de Haagse bevolking naar etnische groepen wordt vooral bepaald door de Etnische groepen Den Haag Deze bevolkingstoename komt vooral door de realisatie van nieuwe woningen op de drie Haagse Eenoudergezin 2006 2022 realisatie 1998-2006 prognose 2006-2022 migratie van deze groepen naar Den Haag in de vorige eeuw en de verwachtingen over de prognose 2006-2022 Vinex-locaties en door herontwikkeling van industriegebieden in het stadsdeel Laak. Tussen de buitenlandse migratie naar Den Haag in de toekomst. De buitenlandse migratie wordt overigens sterk lands and The Hague. Yvonne Jansen focused on infrastructure and green 50 Samenwonend met kinderen beïnvloed door het nationale beleid en de internationale verhoudingen. stadsdelen loopt de groei van de bevolking dan ook sterk uiteen. Zo groeien de stadsdelen Laak, 260 In 2006 behoort 54% van de Haagse bevolking tot de etnische groep Nederlanders, dat wil zeggen 45 Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerd Samenwonend zonder kinderen dat zowel de persoon zelf als zijn beide ouders in Nederland zijn geboren. Ongeveer 11% van de 500.000 255 40 Haagse bevolking wordt ingedeeld bij de groep Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerde landen, 9,7% bij de huishoudenstype Overig geïndustrialiseerd Eenpersoonshuishouden kinderen met 2836 huishoudens. De samenwonenden met kinderen nemen toe met 5342 Surinamers, 9% bij de Overig geïndustrialiseerde landen, 7% bij de Turken, 5,3% bij de Marokkanen, Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 8 250 Population forecast 35 International schools huishoudens en de eenoudergezinnen nemen toe met bijna 2400 huishoudens. 2,4% bij de Antillianen en tot slot 1,6% bij de Zuid-Europeanen. 245 Nederlanders 30 Huishoudensontwikkeling Den Haag Etnische groepen Den Haag realisatie 1998-2006 prognose 2006-2022 prognose 2006-2022 25 240 Zuid-Europeanen development and Jiaxuan Huang on individual projects, which I have sup- 260 Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerd 20 235 255 Overig geïndustrialiseerd Turken 490.000 250 15 0 5000 10000 15000 1. British School in the Netherlands 230 245 Nederlanders aantal huishoudens Junior School Diamanthorst aantal huishoudens x 1000 Surinamers 10 240 Zuid-Europeanen Kijken we naar de groei van deze afzonderlijke groepen dan blijkt dat het aantal Nederlanders en de 225 2. British School in the Netherlands 235 5 Turken bevolking behorendMarokkanen tot de groep Overig geïndustrialiseerd afnemen en alle overige groepen 7 Junior School Vlaskamp 230 220 aantal huishoudens x 1000 Kijken we naar deSurinamers groei van deze afzonderlijke groepen dan blijkt dat het aantal Nederlanders en de 0 3. Deutsche Internationale Schule 225 toenemen. De groep Nederlanders is de sterkste daler van 54,3% in 2006 naar 42,7% van de Haagse 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020bevolking behorend2022 tot de groep Overig geïndustrialiseerd afnemen en alle overige groepen g Marokkanen Antillianen plemented. en m u amp urg 4. European School of The Hague 220 c Laak b toenemen. De groep Nederlandersbevolking is de sterkste indaler 2022. van 54,3% De in 2006groep naar 42,7%Overig van degeïndustrialiseerden Haagse neemt ook af van 9% van de bevolking in s broek ing ntr 6 jaren E g se Hout n Haa 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Antillianen ven Ce e Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 12 3 2 5 D 1 5. Haagsche Schoolvereniging (HSV), In- bevolking in 2022. De groep Overig geïndustrialiseerden neemt ook af van 9% van de bevolking in 3 Se he n-Ypen jaren 0 50000 100000 150000 200000480.000 250000 300000 1 Loosduinen e 7 Haag 02006 50000 naar 100000 7,3% 150000 in 2022. 200000 Kijken 250000 we 300000naar de absolute cijfers dan zien we dat vooral de groep Zuid- 4 Sc realisatie huishoudensrealisatie huishoudens1998-2006 1998-2006 prognose huishoudens huishoudens 2006-2022 2006-2022 2006 naar 7,3% in 2022. Kijken we naar de absolute cijfers dan zien we dat vooral de groep Zuid- enve ternational Department h sc Europeanen en Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerdenEuropeanen sterke en groeiers2006 Overig2022 zijn met niet-geïndustrialiseerden meer dan 50% toename van sterke groeiers2006 2022 zijn met meer dan 50% toename van eid 9 6. Lighthouse Special Education L Huishoudensgroei Den Haag het aantal personen tussen 2006 en 2022. 8 2 5 7. Le Lycée Français Vincent van Gogh Huishoudensgroei 2006-2022 Den Haag het aantal personen tussen 2006 en 2022. Kijken we naar de groei van deze afzonderlijke groepen dan blijkt dat het aantal Nederlanders en de 4 3 Groei etnische groepen Den Haag Zie voor een nadere toelichting van het begrip etniciteit hoofdstuk 5 en hoofdstuk 6. bevolking behorend tot de groep Overig geïndustrialiseerd afnemen en alle overige groepen 8. Szkola Polska / Polish School in The 2006-2022 2006-2022 toenemen. De groep Nederlanders is de sterkste daler van 54,3% in 2006 naar 42,7% van de Haagse 6 bevolking in 2022. De groep Overig geïndustrialiseerden neemt ook af van 9% van de bevolking in 2006 naar 7,3% in 2022. Kijken we naar de absolute cijfers dan zien we dat vooral de groep Zuid- Hague 3 Groei etnische groepen Den Haag De huishoudensontwikkeling op stedelijk niveauEuropeanen en Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerden sterke groeiers zijn met meer dan 50% toename van Zie voor een nadere toelichtingOverig vanniet -geïndust het begrip rialiseerd etniciteit hoofdstuk 5 en hoofdstuk 6. het aantal personen tussen 2006 en 2022. 9. The Ukrainian School in The Hague 'Ve- Totale aantal huishoudens groei Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 13 2006-2022 Groei etnische groepen Den Haag 2006-2022 Naast personen zijn ook huishoudens relevant als onderwerp van beleid. In totaal telt Den Haag per selka' Overig geïndust rialiseerd 470.000 Overig niet -geïndust rialiseerd Eenoudergezin City Overig geïndust rialiseerd Nederlanders 1 januari 2006 ongeveer 240.000 huishoudens. Met een huishoudenNederlanders wordt een eenheid van een of Samenwonend met kinderen Overig niet -geïndust rialiseerd Zuid-Europeanen2 Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 13 Totale aantal huishoudens groei Zuid-Europeanen meer personen aangeduid die gezamenlijk een huishouding voerenTurken . 8 Etnische groepen Etnische Samenwonend zonder kinderen Surinamers Het aantal huishoudens in Den Haag stijgt van ongeveer 240.000Marokkanen huishoudens in 2006 naar bijna Turken huishoudenstype Overig geïndust rialiseerd Ant illianen Eenpersoonshuishouden

Eenoudergezin groepen Etnische 255.00 huishoudens in 2022. Een toename -45000van -30000 6%. -15000 0Bijna 15000 3000047% 45000 van de Haagse huishoudens in 2006 Groei 2006-2022 Surinamers Nederlanders is een eenpersoonshuishouden. OngeveerWat 24% betreft leeftijdsopbouw van zijn erde tussen dehuishoudens onderscheiden etniciteitsgroepen grote zijnverschillen. Ditsamenwoners zonder Marokkanen For the programmatic development of The Hague, the main source komt onder meer tot uitdrukking in de gemiddelde leeftijd. Deze varieert in 2006 van gemiddeld 25,4 Samenwonend met kinderen jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars tot gemiddeld 45,4 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig kinderen en 20% van de huishoudens zijngeïndustrialiseerde samenwoners landen. In 2022 is de gemiddelde met leeftijd 30,1 kinderen. jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars Ruim 8% van de huishoudens Ant illianen en 46,1 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig geïndustrialiseerde landen. 460.000Zuid-Europeanen is een eenoudergezin met kinderen. Samenwonend zonder kinderen 0 5000 10000 15000 -45000 -30000 -15000 0 15000 30000 45000 In absolute aantallen is er tussen 2006 en 2022 in Den Haag een groei van 14.434 huishoudens. De Groei 2006-2022 aantal huishoudens Turken eenpersoonshuishoudens nemen toe met 3856 huishoudens, de samenwonende huishoudens zonder huishoudenstype Eenpersoonshuishouden

Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 14 Vacant buildings Vacant buildings Vacant buildings groepen Etnische Structuurvisie Den Haag Wat betreft leeftijdsopbouw zijn er tussen de onderscheiden etniciteitsgroepen grote verschillen. Dit Surinamers 2 2005 komt onder meer tot uitdrukking in de gemiddelde leeftijd. Deze varieert in 2006 van gemiddeld 25,4 Zie voor het verschil tussen het begrip huishoudens en het begrip gezinssamenstelling zoals geregistreerd in de Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 12 jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars tot gemiddeld 45,4 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig of information was the structural vision of The Hague (Gemeente Den Marokkanen gemeentelijke Basis administratie de toelichting in hoofdstuk 4 en in hoofdstuk 6 Key facilities to be developed: - Care: Optionally new hospital geïndustrialiseerde landen. In 2022 is de gemiddelde leeftijd 30,1 jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars - Retail: New market initiatives: concentration in Town - Culture: International culture cluster at center en 46,1 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig geïndustrialiseerde landen. and district centers (Spuiplein) - Entertainment (leisure): New market initiatives: con- Culture Icon at seaside (cf. Institut du Monde Arabe, Ant illianen centration in town,Bevolkingsprognose Scheveningen, Vliet/A12-zone Den Haag and2006-2022 Paris) DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 11 Kijkduin poptempel - Conferences and Events: International conference Creative city (workspaces artists) accommodation 0 5000 10000 15000 -45000 -30000 -15000 0 15000 30000 45000 Events - / top sports hall Raamweg 47 Bezuidenhoutseweg 4 Plein 1813 #2 Groei 2006-2022 New events including European Capital of Culture in Herengracht 17 Plein 1813 #4-5 Anna van Hannover- Van Alkemadelaan 85 Lange Voorhout 102 Bezuidenhoutseweg 67 Koningskade 4 Plesmanweg 1-6 aantal huishoudens 2018 (Not on the table anymore, Leeuwarden is 13.503 m2 3.464 m2 1.470 m2 Haag, 2005). Because this is just one vision and because the document is chosen) 3.291 m2 1.648 m2 straat 4 (Beatrixkazerne) 21.388 m2 83.443 m2 35.341 m2 13.555 m2 - Sports: Sports elds (among others hockey) Swimming pools (including 50-meter pool) 60.190 m2 21.388 m2 Events - / top sports hall Beach Stadium New projects Wat betreft leeftijdsopbouw zijn er tussen de onderscheiden etniciteitsgroepen grote verschillen. Dit Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 14 hockey Stadium - Education: Expansion primary education komt onder meer tot uitdrukking in de gemiddelde leeftijd. Deze varieert in 2006 van gemiddeld 25,4 Expanding international education Expansion academic education Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 12 Housing 'broad' schools jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars tot gemiddeld 45,4 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig clustering vocational education De groei van de woningvoorraad in de periode 2006-2022 is groter dan dat de huishoudensprognose geïndustrialiseerde landen. In 2022 is de gemiddelde leeftijd 30,1 jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars written just before the crisis began, the vision of the municipality is com- voorspelt in deze periode. Hierdoor krijgen huishoudens meer ruimte op de woningmarkt. Mogelijk en 46,1 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig geïndustrialiseerde landen. Schimmelpenninck- Therese Bunker Van Ouwen- Willem Witsenplein 6 New projects dat bij deze ruimere woningmarkt ook weer meer huishoudensvorming gaat plaatsvinden. De laan 3 Schwartzetraat 15 laan 11 14.037 m2 huishoudensprognose is gebaseerd op de trends in de huishoudensontwikkeling in de periode 1996 1.956 m2 (Julianakazerne) 2.100 m2 tot en met 2005. Amadeus 10.179 m2 Transformation projects De etniciteitsontwikkeling 8.500 m2 retail and 80 pared to other numbers and visions. De indeling van de Haagse bevolking naar de verschillende bevolkingsgroepen is gebaseerd op het apartements landelijke model classificatie etnische groepen, samengevat in de publicatie "Identificatie en registratie van etnische minderheden” (SGBO/ISEO 1993)3.

Building International Criminal Spuiforum De ontwikkeling van de Haagse bevolking naar etnische groepen wordt vooral bepaald door de Court migratie van deze groepen naar Den Haag in de vorige eeuw en de verwachtingen over de 46.000 m2 buitenlandse migratie naar Den Haag in de toekomst. De buitenlandse migratie wordt overigens sterk Vuurtorenweg 35-37 beïnvloed door het nationale beleid en de internationale verhoudingen. Oostduinlaan 2 Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 14 GIT terrein Sijtho City Nieuwe Haagse passage In 2006 behoort 54% van de Haagse bevolking tot de etnische groep Nederlanders, dat wil zeggen 5.863 m2 dat zowel de persoon zelf als zijn beide ouders in Nederland zijn geboren. Ongeveer 11% van de 430 apartments and 4.750 m2 retail and 10.500 m2 retail and 6.300 m2 o ces hotel Haagse bevolking wordt ingedeeld bij de groep Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerde landen, 9,7% bij de services kinderenPopulation met 2836 huishoudens. Deforecast samenwonenden met kinderen nemen toe met 5342 Surinamers, 9% bij de Overig geïndustrialiseerde landen, 7% bij de Turken, 5,3% bij de Marokkanen, huishoudens en de eenoudergezinnen nemen toe met bijna 2400 huishoudens. 2,4% bij de Antillianen en tot slot 1,6% bij de Zuid-Europeanen.

Huishoudensontwikkeling Den Haag Etnische groepen Den Haag The most important programmatic changes in The Hague are the realisatie 1998-2006 prognose 2006-2022 prognose 2006-2022 260 Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerd Strategic structure agenda 255 Overig geïndustrialiseerd 250

245 Nederlanders

240 Zuid-Europeanen expected growth of 470.000 inhabitants to 515.000 in 2020 (Gemeente 235 Turken Legend 230 aantal huishoudens x 1000 Kijken we naar deSurinamers groei van deze afzonderlijke groepen dan blijkt dat het aantal Nederlanders en de 225 Opportunity zone International- bevolking behorendMarokkanen tot de groep Overig geïndustrialiseerd afnemen en alle overige groepen 220 toenemen. De groep Nederlanders is de sterkste daler van 54,3% in 2006 naar 42,7% van de Haagse Zone 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Antillianen Opportunity zone The Line jaren bevolking in 2022. De groep Overig geïndustrialiseerden neemt ook af van 9% van de bevolking in + 7100 dwellings 2006 naar 7,3% in 2022. Kijken0 we naar 50000 de absolute 100000 cijfers 150000 dan zien 200000we dat vooral 250000 de groep 300000 Zuid- 11-Zone realisatie huishoudens 1998-2006 prognose huishoudens 2006-2022 Europeanen en Overig niet-geïndustrialiseerden sterke groeiers2006 2022 zijn met meer dan 50% toename van Opportunity zone The Centre Den Haag, 2005). The central planning agency CBS has predicted 507.000 het aantal personen tussen 2006 en 2022. Huishoudensgroei Den Haag 2006-2022 3 Groei etnische groepen Den Haag Zie voor een nadere toelichting van het begrip etniciteit hoofdstuk 5 en hoofdstuk 6. 2006-2022

Overig niet -geïndust rialiseerd Totale aantal huishoudens groei Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 13

Overig geïndust rialiseerd inhabitants in 2020 (Dienst Stedelijke Ontwikkeling Den Haag, 2006). Be- Eenoudergezin Nederlanders + 2000 dwellings Samenwonend met kinderen

Zuid-Europeanen + 7000 dwellings Samenwonend zonder kinderen

Map Turken huishoudenstype Eenpersoonshuishouden Etnische groepen Etnische Bron: Gemeente van Den Haag ism BVR, advi- Surinamers seurs stedelijke ontwikkeling, landschap en Marokkanen sides a growth in inhabitants, there is also an predicted drop in household infrastructuur & BGSV, Bureau voor stedebouw Ingenieursbureau Den Haag: Wéreldstad aan Zee, Ant illianen Structuurvisie Den Haag 2020 (2005), Den Haag 0 5000 10000 15000 -45000 -30000 -15000 0 15000 30000 45000 Groei 2006-2022 aantal huishoudens

Wat betreft leeftijdsopbouw zijn er tussen de onderscheiden etniciteitsgroepen grote verschillen. Dit size. So more houses are needed for the same amount of people. It is clear komt onder meer tot uitdrukking in de gemiddelde leeftijd. Deze varieert in 2006 van gemiddeld 25,4 Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 12 jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars tot gemiddeld 45,4 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig geïndustrialiseerde landen. In 2022 is de gemiddelde leeftijd 30,1 jaar bij de Marokkaanse Hagenaars that The Hague needs more place for housing within the city for the up- en 46,1 jaar bij de Hagenaars uit de overig geïndustrialiseerde landen. Fig 2. Time-line for the Future of The Hague (Author, Yvonne Jansen and Jiaxuan Huang, 2013) coming years. Bevolkingsprognose Den Haag 2006-2022 DSO/Beleid/Onderzoek pagina nr. 14

But for which people the added houses are, isn’t so clear. Where On 27 June 2012 a covenant is made with many stakeholders on the structure vision focuses on western expats with an focus on the Inter- the vacancy of offices. The main points in this covenant are; stopping of national zone in The Hague. The numbers of CBS predict a drop in western building new offices buildings on disadvantaged locations, development of nationalities and a growth in nationalities of upcoming industrial countries. knowledge on transformation of offices and the agreement to start a fund This is also clear in the predicted change of households in the separate for demolishing disadvantaged offices (Rijksoverheid, 2012). neighborhoods of The Hague. In the structure vision the international zone would have 7100 added dwellings in 2020. By CBS the neighborhoods of Also specific strategies for The Hague are developed. The main the international zone stay more or less the same on the number of house- points of these strategies are; no new building projects except on some holds. strategic locations, set up a task force for transformation of offices into houses and to develop a masterplan for the upcoming vacant Rijks build- 2 In the structure vision an added 1.000.000 m of offices is predicted ings (Norder, 2011). for 2020 in The Hague. Like said before this structure vision is just before 2 the crisis. About 500.000 m of offices are vacant in The Hague and the Conclusions for the groupwork are that The Hague needs more government is about to sell the same number of square meters in the up- housing until 2020, for who isn’t so clear. For the vacancy of offices, the coming years. So what are the visions one vacancy of particularly offices main tendency is to stop building new offices for a large part and to trans- and in The Hague? form offices into housing. So the development of people could be comple- mentary with the vacancy of offices. •2 • Analysis on the Urban Level : individual work

The individual analysis is focused on liveliness of places. But Why lively places?

At the moment the vacancy of offices is very high. In The Hague there is even a bigger problem with the upcoming shrinking government and the vacancy it leaves behind. One of these buildings is Rijkswaterstaat 9 at Koningskade 4, which is my subject of research. Not every office building 8 can be refilled with an office function, so many building have to be trans- 7 formed in other functions. This is also a chance to improve the city. 6 5 4 Everyone knows the desolate businesses terrains next to the high- 3 2 way. But a lot of offices in the city aren’t a bit better. These offices, espe- cially the ones of the government with their large scale, don’t do anything 1 for the city. Mostly they are inward looking buildings with all the functions within the building. So employees park their bike or car, enter the building and at 5 p.m. they do the reverse route to home. But what if these offices become lively places, which have a positive impact on public spaces within Activities that take place the city? Places where several activities can take place, where it’s safe, where people want to walk and bike outside, eat outside and meet each - Transporting other. 1. Stationsplein Den Haag HS 6. Herengracht - Shopping 2. Grote Marktstraat 7. Malieveld - Meeting So the goal of this research is to understand why some places are 3. Spuiplein 8. Raamweg - Talking lively and what can be done to improve the liveliness of these places. First 4. Muzenplein 9. Javastraat - Wandering of all my own interpretation of a lively place. A lively place is a place where 5. Atrium VROM building Location of Koningskade 4 - Talking in groups many different activities can take place, it is not the quantitative number Fig 3. Places investigated (Kaartenkamer Delft, adapted by author, 2013) - Eating that counts but the feeling and number of different possibilities, the qual- - Sitting itative aspect of lively places. The research is focused on the human expe- rience, because this determines if people feel comfortably to walk or stay Zoning Observations at a place. Because in this research it is mostly my own experience of the Human space (I simply lack the resources to do extensive surveys), the research Scale Liveliness - Lively, quantitative & qualitative will be supplemented by literature. Zoning - zoning in extension of shops & horeca and walking area Protection ag- Main direction - mostly vertical The research question for this subject is: ainst elements Scale of details - At human scale

‘What elements determine the qualitative aspects of liveliness of a Soft Build- Scale of units - many small units ing edge route when walking through the city?’ Material and details - A lot of detail, lot of different materials The method for this research that is used is to walk through the city Green and furniture - Billboards, tables, chairs, art, flags. Trees and flow- within a short time frame and taking pictures of different places through er perks accent a staying area The Hague. This has to be done within a short time frame because different Positive space (closed) - Semi-closed space by angle safe envi- times have different outcomes for liveliness. Immediately after the photo- ronment Ratio - Street ratio 1 Height / 2 Wide graphs are taking, sketches were made of the places with a section through

Fig 4. Analysis of Herengracht, The Hague (author, 2013) the street. Then the different sketches are compared to each other on the material amount of liveliness and to the elements they possess. diversity After these conclusion, with the help of literature of Jan Gehl (2006),

a spider web diagram is developed. This diagram then could be used to green

analyze the surroundings of a building and to make clear which elements diversity

are needed to improve the liveliness of the building. The places where the functions

research is done are chosen by places that are specific for The Hague and visibility -

places that are more common, so a great variety of places is included, the size ticle places can be seen at figure 3. An example of an analysis can be seen at par small figure 4 and the spider web diagram can be seen in figure 5. Fig 5. Spiderweb diagram for the elements of qualitative liveliness (au- thor, 2013) •3 • Analysis on the Urban Level : liveliness Material and details - An alternation in materials and details helps to create an interesting environment. Also differentiation material can help Conclusions on the comparisons of my own experience, these el- in zoning the place. “Walking in the city leaves ample time to experience ements are predetermined and therefore not exactly the same in the spi- everything that ground floors have to offer and to savor the wealth of de- derweb diagram: tail and information. Walks become more interesting and meaningful, time Zoning - Looks like an important tool for a lively place. The separa- passes quickly and distances seem shorter. However, where there are no tion between a staying area and a transport area means that both activities interesting edges to skirt or where ground floors are closed and monoto- can take place without disturbing the other. Also a soft transition between nous, walks seem long and impoverished in terms of experience. The whole public and private helps to increase the liveliness. Another important fac- process can become so meaningless and tiring that people give up walking tor is not to detach the different zones with a buffer zone. If the distance altogether”. Also STIPO (2012) points out the importance of material and between different activities is to great, the places seems to be lifeless. Easy details: “Criteria voor goede plinten, Schaal 1 plint: [...] Materiaal: rijkdom transition between the zones make it easier for people to change the ac- aan ervaring, reliëf, detaillering, kwaliteit materiaal, ritmiek in- en uitsprin- tivity they are doing and thereby also the willingness to change. Zoning gende delen, kleur”. Green and furniture - Trees can accent a staying area, it is an in- as an important tool can be seen for instance in the competition entry Fig XII. Table with ratio’s (Carmona, 2010, p. 183) for parc de la villette of OMA. Here zones with activities are placed ‘cold’ stant staying point. It also filters the climate and the context, so it creates a safe environment. Green helps to let people stay and make a walk more against each other with a path going through all zones, thereby making the 2. Human scale: Details are on a human scale. Small elements like arcades, interesting. Good furniture and variety in furniture is important to attract transition between the activities small so that interesting mixing can occur low street lights or niches break the scale to smaller proportions. people and let them stay. Also STIPO (2012) points out the importance of between the different activities. This doesn’t apply for motorized traffic, 3. Soft building edges: No hard transition of the private to the public space. green and furniture: “Criteria voor goede plinten, Schaal 2 straat: [...] En which is an transition to great for people on foot. Edges of buildings can offer many small spaces for certain activities. Also wat helpt: goede bomen, even kunnen parkeren, goed begin en einde van Main direction - Vertical accents let people move slower. Staying is front yards creates a soft edge where different activities can take place. de straat, veel zitplekken, dichtheid ”. In Analyseboek Plintenstrategie the also promoted by vertical elements. A walk along vertical elements is more 4. Diversity material: Differentiation in material make to route more excit- definition is extended: “Plekken om te zitten: veel plekken om te zitten en exciting than a walk along a horizontal element. This is due the feeling of ing. Also differentiation can be used to highlight zoning. zelf kunnen kiezen hoe je gaat zitten kan bijdragen aan het verblijfskarak- time when walking along. Long horizontal lines are boring for the senses 5. Visibility function: Visibility of functions makes the route more exciting. ter. Kleine speelplekken, gemeenschappelijke tuinen, etc.” and a walk along them feel longer. This view is also supported by Gehl It also gives a safer feeling, with someone to watch near. Positive space (closed) - Mainly people will move slower in closed (2010, p. 129): “If buildings also have a primarily vertical facade expression, 6. Small particle size: Many units is more exciting then a monotonic route. spaces and walk faster in unclosed spaces. In Carmona (2010, p. 177) the walks seem shorter and more manageable, whereas buildings with pow- More doors means more interacting between the building and the out- following quotes are used: “When a person looks for a place to sit down erful horizontal lines underscore and reinforce distance”. Also Rasmussen side. This can be accentuated by vertical lines, which makes the route feel outdoors, he rarely chooses to sit exposed in the middle of an open space in his book Experiencing Architecture (1964) talks about rhythm in facade shorter. Small particle size also means there is room for a mix of functions, he usually looks for a tree to put his back against; a hollow in the ground, that makes a walk along the facade more vivid. This rhythm is constructed which is also essential for liveliness. a natural cleft which will partly enclose and shelter him.” and “The ideal out of vertical lines as a base rhythm(the bass), where between the vertical 7. Diversity green: Differentiation in green make to route more exciting. street must form a completely enclosed unit.’ The more one ‘s impressions lines more variation can occur (melody). Green also gives humans a positive feeling. Trees can mark spaces to rest. are confined within it, the more perfect will be its tableau: one feels at ease Scale of details - Details at the scale of humans makes staying more 8. Safe environment: A unsafe route discourages people to walk. So a route in a space where the gaze cannot be lost in infinity.” interesting. Also details at the plinth make more activities possible. The has to be safe in terms of criminality (visibility), traffic (zoning) and also Ratio - Ratio plays a role, but is less obvious. A ratio 1 height and 2 edge zone of street and building is the place where a great variety of activ- free of obstructions and unsafe elements. wide to 1 wide is likely to say; walk on. Ratios which are lower seem to sug- ities are possible. For instance people can lean against the wall, look inside 9. Protection against elements: People should not be hindered by air or gest staying. But if the space between buildings is to large and people only the building, shelter in the rain, sit on a small stair or take a break at the noise pollution. If there is protections against natural elements like wind stay at the edges and will not use the middle. In figure XII different ratio’s edge. Elements like arcades and loggias make staying more likely. and rain, the willingness to go outside is also increased. Particle size - Small units are preferred above large units. More to can be seen. Because there was not many evidence found in The Hague to see, more interaction between inside and outside and more alternation of assume these ratio’s do anything for liveliness, this part is totally skipped in the spiderweb diagram. functions. Gehl says incities for people(2010, p. 77): “The principle of many The spiderweb diagram is used for two occasions. One is for de- narrow units and many doors along commercial streets provides the best termining the missing links on a particular route in The Hague, which can After these conclusions, I made a spiderweb diagram so aplace opportunities for buyers and sellers to interact, and the numerous doors be seen on page 5. Chosen is the route from Central station towards the could be analyzed on elements that determine liveliness. The diagram provide many exchange points between inside and out. There is much to shopping center. The second occasion is to determine which elements are helps to compare different places so analyses become more structured. experience and room for many tempting offers”.This is mostly applicable at present around the Rijkswaterstaat building. shopping area’s. But to ensure good routes to important places in the city Also a good overview can be made very quickly on what is missing in a a active ground floor policy really helps to attract people to use this route. place for liveliness. This diagram is not a 100% truth, it is my experience And that doesn’t mean shops on the ground floor are the only way. This added with literature on the subjects. The subjects on the spiderweb dia- could also be gallery’s, small businesses or living. To ensure a lively ground gram are the following, these are also the elements that I have found that floor at a residential building I believe that transparency is very important,. determine the liveliness of a route, each of the elements are described as This of course inflicts with the privacy of the inhabitants, so mostly the the most preferable situation. active floor has to be searched mostly by front yards, flower boxes and 1. Zoning: different activities take place in separate zones, which are locat- niches. So inhabitants can chose by them selfs if they are joining public life ed in close relation with the other zones. Thereby making the transition or there private life. from one zone to another easy. •4 • Analysis on the Urban Level : liveliness Fig XV. #1: Over- Fig XVI. #2: The all the liveliness new plinth of is good here. Al- the new JuBi is though it is most- a good design in ly trespassing. For terms of liveli- more staying, the ness. Many at- greenery could tention to human be better, next to scale, activity at more variation in ground level and materials and ele- differentiation in ments. This could material makes be combined this an interesting with a zone for part of the route. the commercial What could be

Zoning activities on the ground floor. Which could Zoning improved is to define the staying area’s more, Human Human Scale be articulated by a different material on the Scale with differentiation in material, sitting ele- Protection ag- Protection ag- ainst elements floor and more differentiation in the plinth. ainst elements ments and green. Also some elements could

Soft Build- Soft Build- ing edge Green could also help to introduce some- ing edge be added for protection against for instance

safe envi- safe envi-

ronment what more human scale to this place. ronment rain. Now there is no possibility to shelter material

material along the route besides going in a shop or diversity diversity diversity diversity

café.

green green

diversity diversity diversity diversity

functions functions

visibility visibility visibility visibility

ticle size ticle size ticle

- par small - par small

Fig XIII. Map of station area, in red two main attraction points for people on foot; the shopping center and Binnen/Buitenhof (author, 2013)

Zoning Zoning Human Human Scale Scale

Protection ag- Protection ag- ainst elements ainst elements

Soft Build- Soft Build- ing edge ing edge

safe envi- safe envi-

1 ronment ronment

material material

diversity diversity diversity diversity

green

2 green diversity diversity diversity

functions functions

visibility visibility visibility visibility

ticle size ticle ticle size ticle

- par small - par small 3 Fig XVI. #3: This is critical Fig XVII. #4: The human part of the route. Here scale is greatly improved by the spiderweb diagram the narrowing of the path. 4 is the lowest. This part Together with the semi-ar- feels tiresome and peo- cade of the city hall, the ple have the feeling they trees and the parasols, the don’t belong here. This is sens of the place is good. to do with several things; The material differentiation There is almost no zoning, could be better, although just a straightforward path the reflecting wall of the and the building, mainly dance theater gives is also old Jubi holds distance and is very repetitive. Thereby also inflicting a bit of liveliness, although lacking any visible activity at the ground floor. Fig XIV. Map of station area, in red main walking routes for people on with the human scale of the place. Also no activity is visible at the There are almost no doors at the plinth of both buildings, thereby making foot; route from central station. In pink no car traffic is aloud. Also indica- building. No doors are visible and there is no protection against rain a bit dull to walk along, the particle size could be somewhat smaller. tion of places of analysis (author, 2013) etc. Only the trees and the city hall provide some of the elements for liveliness. A transformation of the plinth of the building could im- prove this part of the route greatly. •5 • Analysis on the Urban Level : liveliness Zoning Human Scale

The Spiderweb diagram is used for an analysis of the building at Protection ag- Koningskade 4. As a reference the Herengracht is indicated in a blue line in ainst elements

Soft Build- figure 8. It is clear that the streets around the building of Rijkswaterstaat ing edge score badly on the elements of liveliness. This results in a scarcely use of

safe envi- the space other then moving. ronment

material

The street between the Provinciehuis and Rijkswaterstaat, indicat- diversity

green

ed by yellow in figure 6 & 8, is mainly used for car traffic towards the ga- North-West South-East diversity Rijkswaterstaat functions

rage, so here it isn’t a great miss within the city. It isn’t used as a walking visibility visibility

ticle size ticle

- route, because there are no entrances for people on foot and also no des- par small Provinciehuis tination beyond the plot. KvK However the street between KvK and Rijkswaterstaat, indicated in Zoning

Human

blue, is used as a route to school. And also for some people of Benoorden- Scale hout to go to the city center. This part of the route is lacking a great deal of Protection ag- ainst elements elements for liveliness. Among them is the seeing of activity. Some activity Soft Build- ing edge can be seen at the higher levels but the ground floor of Rijkswaterstaat is completely closed and lacks variation in detail an material. Green is overall

safe envi-

lacking. Much design attention could go to the plinth of the building, by ronment

material opening the plinth, divided in small units, the liveliness could greatly be diversity

improved.

green

The Koningskade indicated in red is a busy street and a route be- diversity

functions

tween the old city, Scheveningen and the Central Station. This route mean visibility ticle size ticle

- something for the city and could be more then just walking lines. Now a par small walk along the Koningskade at the side of Rijkswaterstaat is very tiresome. Fig 6. Section of Buildings Rijkswaterstaat with photographs, on the right Provinciehuis, left KVK (author, 2013) Due the large particle size, lack diversity in materials and details, lack of Zoning Human activity seen at eye level and lack on the protection against the elements, Scale Protection ag- mainly the noise and smell of the busy street. The green here is overall ainst elements

Soft Build- good and is a quality for the street. ing edge The street at the back of Rijkswaterstaat now serves as a parking lot, indicated in green. This street is flanked also by a school. But on neither safe envi-

side any activity can be seen at eye level. Also the lack in details and mate- ronment material

rial make the route not very interesting to use. Although this route is only diversity

for very local traffic, like walking with the dog or going to school, this place green

could be improved. If it is interesting enough, people can cross here to the diversity

Rijkswaterstaat functions

visibility visibility

Haagse bos, the neighborhood Benoordenhout and the city center. size ticle

- South-West North-East par small To answer the question of which elements determine the qualita- School Zoning tive elements of liveliness along the route. It seems that the elements that Koningskade Human were used in the spiderweb diagram capture the liveliness very well. The Scale Protection ag-

places along a route which score low in the diagram are also the ones with ainst elements

Soft Build- the least activities. So the diagram is an easy tool to get a good overview ing edge on which elements are present and which are lacking for a lively route. In

this way comparison between different part can easily be made and also a safe envi- ronment

design direction follows relative easy out of the analysis.

material

diversity diversity

green

diversity diversity

functions

visibility visibility

ticle size ticle

- par small

Fig 8. Spiderweb diagrams Fig 7. Section of Buildings Rijkswaterstaat with photographs, on the left Koningskade (author, 2013) (author, 2013) •6 • Analysis on the Urban Level : History plot

One of the first things that was striking was the contrast ofthe rijkswaterstaat building with the surrounding neighborhood of Benoorder- hout. In scale and in material use the building is totally different. If we look at figure 13, where the difference in color indicates the year the buildings are build, there is a clear distinction between Rijkswaterstaat in a white color and the most of the neighborhood in red/orange. Also the difference in scale and in typology is clear in this figure. What made Rijkswaterstaat such a different building as Benoorderhout?

First of all the plot is developed as a Zoo in 1863, then at the edge of the city (Baarsel, 1988). Later at the beginning of the 20th century, hous- ing is developed around the plot. Thereby isolating the plot of the Zoo by 1887: Building of Zoo 1903: Building of houses 1932: Building of houses 1958: New buildings at 1968: Demolition zoo, new 2013: Demolition buildings Malieveld build Rijkswaterstaat, at Malieveld and some turning the backyards of the houses to the Zoo. (Stichting Archiefprogram- school and Provinciehuis housing, new build Provin- matuur, 2013). Despite the isolated position, the Zoo played a central role ciehuis and Kamer van Koophandel in the city. Many activities take place within the Zoo like: fashion shows (figure 10), diners for the poor (figure 11), sport events, conferences, mar- Fig 9. Development in time of the plot of Koningskade 4 (author, 2013) kets and in WWII meetings of NSDAP (Haags gemeente archief, 2013). This means that despite it’s isolated location the plot and building could be a central place in the city once again.

After WWII the Zoo is fallen into decay, the animals left the Zoo and the Zoo is demolished. The demolished of the Zoo gave room to the development of big governmental offices. After WWII, Dudok, planned a road ring around the center of the Hague as seen in fig 12 (Beek & Heijden, 1987). Former Chief Government Architect Friedhoff then developed a plan of high rise governmental building around this ring road with a cen- tralization around Malieveld. Rijkswaterstaat is a part of this development.

The Rijksgebouwendienst, the department for developing govern- mental building, also went under a change. The vision for governmental buildings shifted towards buildings that were transparent, easy to reach and not tailor made for the government. Also external architects could Fig 10. Fashion show at the Zoo (Haagse beeldbank, 1960) Fig 11. Diner for the poor at the Zoo (Haagse beeldbank, 1940) now develop buildings (Kuipers, 2006). Al of these aspects can be found in What is the relation of the plot and the building developed this building, which makes it a good example of the development of gov- in time? ernmental buildings. This has a high value. Conclusion:

Because the plot was developed as a Zoo the surrounding buildings turned their back towards the plot. So the dwellings and de streets don’t have a connection towards the plot from history.

With the plans of Dudok came the plan of a ring road from which the Koningskade is a part. Around the ring road, high-rise governmental building were planned. The government buildings needed to be at visible and easy accessible places.

Fig 13. Colors indicate year of construction, red ReconstructionFig 12. Plan Dudok, plan Dudok with in1949, red the with road a ring ring road around around the the center cen- and Additionthe to the plan of Dudok, governmental area, designed by •7 treplot of of The Rijkswaterstaat Hague (source: (Beek OASE & 16, Heijden, adapted 1987, by Author) adaption by author) Friedhoff at dashed1950. With line newis Rijkswaterstaat highrise building (Waag around society, Koekamp, 2013) Malieveld and Koningskade (source: Nai archive, adapted by au- thor)

1887: Building of Zoo 1903: Building of houses 1932: Building of houses 1958: New buildings at 1968: Demolition zoo, new 2013: Demolition buildings Malieveld build Rijkswaterstaat, at Malieveld and some school and Provinciehuis housing, new build Provin- ciehuis and Kamer van Koophandel • Analysis on the Urban Level : History plot

In figures X and XI can be seen how the corner de- veloped with the Rijkswaterstaat building and the Provin- ciehuis. Like said before, this corner is a part of the plan of Dudok of making a ring road around the center. Friedhof then planned high rise along this route to give this route magnitude. This resulted in the building of the Rijkswater- staat building and the Provinciehuis.

A setback is made so the height of the buildings could be fully experienced and lend the place some gran- deur. Also this gives room for parking cars in front of the building. As part of the business of Rijkswaterstaat, the car is at display here. Together the two building form a scenar- io with the tower of Rijkswaterstaat as plot.

This composition is completely disappeared by the new Provinciehuis. The building is placed against the align- ment of the rest of the street. Thereby closing the corner and make on its one a new composition. Rijkswaterstaat isn’t a part of the corner any more. The low building of Rijk- swaterstaat disappears even more from the view from out the car. The razor like shape of a new glass covered build- ing is like a wall turning it’s back towards Rijkswaterstaat. Thereby make it more an island then it was before.

Another big change is the disappearance of the car in front of the building. The car now is at the back or in the Fig X. Situation around 1970, with on the left Rijkswaterstaat building and at the Right the Provinciehuis by Peutz (Author, 2013) buildings. The parking lot at Rijkswaterstaat is even trans- formed into a green carpet with meandering paths. This is in line with the Rijkswaterstaat as a sustainable depart- ment.

Fig XI. Situation around 2013, with on the left Rijkswaterstaat building and at the Right the Provinciehuis by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates in collaboration with LIAG Architects (Author 2013) •8 • Analysis on the Urban Level : Visibility building

The building is in scale very different then it’s neigh- times the vertical lines dominate, sometime the horizontal. borhood. This neighborhoods consists mainly of three storeys What is clear that the tower of the building is good dwellings in building blocks. Mainly the tower of the building orientation point for the surrounding neighborhoods main- of Rijkswaterstaat stand out in it’s environment. The tower ly for people on foot and on bikes. To act as a landmark the contains 19 stories. This difference can be seen in figure 16, building needs a more clear face instead of the different faces the only building that rivals the height of Rijkswaterstaat is De it shows today. Rode Olifant with a small tower. These fact led to the question if the Rws-building serves as a landmark or focus point for the neighborhoods surrounding it.

As can seen in figure 14 and 15, the building is clearly visible at different angles. Different street have at the end the tower of the Rws-building as focus-point, with a clear silhou- ette, due size and material. This is mostly applicable for peo- ple on foot or on bikes. The Rws-building can even be seen from The Hague Central Station, where it stands above the trees of Malieveld and Koekamp, see figure 14. For cars com- ing from the highway the building isn’t very visible. They turn 1-2 storeys 3-4 storeys at the Rode Olifant and again at the Provinciehuis, where the 5-6 storeys Rws-building is standing in line with the other buildings, see 7-8 storeys figure 14. 9+ storeys Fig 16. Building heights at Benoorderhout (Kaartenkamer, 2013, adapted author, 2013) To act as a landmark, the building needs to be remem- bered. Problem is the building doesn’t have a clear face. Due sun, use and angle, the detailing is different each time. Some- What is the visibility of the building in the surroundings? What is the visibility of the building in the surroundings? 1 2 Conclusion: 5 The building of Rijkswaterstaat is a very visible building, especially for people on foot and bicycle. For people who come to the city with the car, the building is only visible from driving at Koningskade and even then it is not really visible because it’s on the building line (see 5).

For people on foot, the tower is

1 visible above the trees of Malieveld as far 2 1 as from The Hague Central Station (see 6). 2 Also in the neighborhoods surrounding the building it is very visible (1-4). 3 3 What also stands out is that only the high tower is very visible. The lower horizontal part of the building can only be seen from very close. So the identity for outsiders is mostly the tower. 3 4 The facade has many faces due sun, Zicht vanaf Centraal Station Den Haag blinding’s and clouds. Every time the detail that can be seen are different, sometimes the horizontal lines are more prominent, 4 sometimes the vertical. There is not one 4 direction that is the most important. So the silhouette is the most important factor for visual recognition.

5 5 The highrise of the building is thus a landmark for mainly people on foot and on bickes at the neighborhoods in the di- rect surroundings of the building.

Fig 15. Views on Rijkswaterstaat building in yellow (author, 2013) Fig 14. Left map with viewing directions, map by kaartenkamer (2013), adaption by author (2013), Right views on Rijkswa- terstaat building in yellow (author, 2013) •9 • Analysis on the Building Level: Main structure

Volumes Service volume

To understand the future possibilities of the Rws-building, the main structure has to be un- derstand. The research question is what is the main structure of the building and what are the ele- ments that determine them?

The Rws-building consists of two main volumes; the tower and the lower part, which are combined by a bridge volume. In construction terms, this is also literally a bridge between the two volumes. Also there are some smaller volumes on the top of the building meant for services, the lo- cations and proportions of the volumes can be seen in figure 17. The lower building is an important part in the composition because it the horizontal equivalent of the vertical tower. The two balance Service volume 59,2 m each other out; this shouldn’t be changed in the future. The lower part also makes the jump towards the high tower less abrupt.

Construction Service volume 18,8 m The building has a very repetitive structure. It is meanly build as a reinforced concrete ta- ble construction with a grid of 5,4 x 5,4 m. So no beams are used, together with the floor to ceiling height of 2,96 m, the building interior is easy to transform. The main head layout can be seen at figure 18. This is a direct translation of the wish of Rijksgebouwendienst to build building that are not tailor made for the government but also could be used by the market. In this building it is the very repetitive structure in the construction, the repetitive facade and the layout of the floors which Tower, 19 floors makes it in competitive within the office market. 88,4 m 39,8 m The tower volume consists out of two reinforced concrete cores, which houses the main 8,8 m staircases and elevators. These cores in combination of the stiff connections of floor and column Bridge, 6 floors take care of the stability of the building. Around the cores a corridor is placed and on the outer edge 15,5 m offices are placed (as seen in figure I). Fig 17. Building volumes (author, 2013) In the lower part three cores are placed with the main staircases and elevator, but also toi- lets. Here the offices are placed add the edges, but are separated by a corridor (as seen in figure II). This corridor is also constructive with a width of 2,6 m. The corridor gives the volume a horizontal direction in stead of the neutral direction of the tower.

The column have, due a different load, different dimensions. How smaller the load, how smaller the column. This is indicated by giving the columns different colors in figure 18. The transfer of loads towards the columns is indicated in figure 19. The construction is easy to adapt. Floors can be taken away between the columns, like is done in the lower part of the building. However the buckling length of the columns has to be taken into account. Which resulted on a small strip of floor still present around the Atrium in the lower part.

Foundation 5400 54002600 The current situation of the foundation is unclear, no exact drawing where found in the -ar 5400 5400 chive. An attempt is done to draw the foundation in figure IV and in figure 25. This done with the information that is provided by the section out of the archive and a note in the archive wich states that there are 518 reinforced concrete foundation piles. The foundation of the tower consists of 2 storeys in concrete walls, with a large concrete plate or beams on the bottom, which is supported by the piles. The lower building has concrete beams which stand also on a pile foundation. Fig 18. Section through third floor, Isometric drawing (author, 2013) •10 • Analysis on the Building Level: Main structure 5,4 m 5,4 m 5,4 m 5,4 m 5,4 m

Office space

Corridor space

Core

Access to office

Access to elevation point Fig III. Legend for figure I and II (author, 2013)

Fig I. Organization scheme tower, two cores lead to a corridor, from there the office cells are reachable (author, 2013)

Fig II. Organization scheme lower building, three cores lead to a corridor, from there the office cells are reachable (author, 2013) 3,14 m

Section IV

Fig IV. Section through the tower, with the location of the columns, floors, core and foundation (author, 2013) Fig 19. Load transfer from floor to columns at the corner of the tower indicate in the figure on the right by a black circle (author, 2013) •11 • Analysis on the Building Level: Exceptions

The building is built very rational with many repetitions. But there are some constructive exceptions, which also are architectonic exceptions in the building. What kind of exception to the repetitive structure are they and what are their roles within the building? The main exceptions are indi- cated at figure 20. The greatest exception is the canteen at the top floor of the tower. As seen in figure 22. This space has an double height and has lesscol- umns. This is possible because the roof, which is also a concrete plate, is somewhat thicker to then the floors below. Exact dimensions are unclear however. In its current state the room is a central meeting place within the building and has a spectacular view on The Hague. This room certainly has to come back in the future as a central meeting place and with preserva- tion of the view on The Hague. Figure 21 shows the conference room at the ground floor of the lower part of the building. This has a column free area, and thereby making Fig 20. Isometric building, color indicate exceptions (author, 2013) Fig 21. Conference room, less columns (RVOB, 2013) it possible to make it a special conference room. A special piece of furni- ture is designed for this room. Also the balustrade is much lower, so more light enters the room. To make this constructive possible, all of the floors above have an extra concrete beam to transfer the load to columns next to the room (see figure V). Figure 23 shows the top-floor of the lower part of the building. This part has a steel roof, so the upper floor has far less columns. The steel roof consists of a frame work of H-beams and on top of that a corrugated steel plate. Making it lighter than the concrete floors. Difference in sections can be seen in figure 25. Figure 24 shows the entrance area in the low part of the building. At the time the building was build the entrance was located in the Tower. Due not enough space and wind nuisance the entrance is transferred to the lower building at the last renovation, finished in 2003. To make room in the lower part, a large part of the floor on the first floor is cut away for a vide. Due this intervention the lower building and the tower are more one building. Before the lower building was more a side building. So this intervention is of a great value. Fig 22. Canteen, higher and less columns (RVOB, 2013) Fig 23. Top floor of lower part, less columns (Haagse beeldbank, 2013)

3,14 m

5,4 m 2,6 m 5,4 m Fig V. Transfer of loads in section, load is transferred by Fig 25. Difference in construction lower building (Author, 2013) Fig 24. Entrance, vide made by cutting away the floor (RVOB, 2013) added beams, indicated in red arrows (Author, 2013) •12 • Analysis on the Building Level: Exceptions

Next to the great constructional exceptions, there are also minor el- ements to brake with the rational plan and make the interior livelier. During the last renovation great attention is paid to the interior of the building. The interior is made far lighter, by replacing closed cabinet walls with glass wall, which can be seen in figure 27 and 28. (Aangenaam werken, 2003)

Next to glass wall, the offices have been given different depths. By doing this the routes in the building become more interesting and create different places. This can be seen in figure 28 and 29. The walls of the offic- es had also a lot of attention to attractiveness. This is done by adding color to the wall on one side of an office. By doing so the interior of the building is far livelier. 1,45 m 1,6 m The differentiation can only be done within certain limits. The walls 1,8 m of the office are only placed at the places of the window frames every 1,8 5,4 m m. Also the walls separating the offices with the corridor are placed ac- Fig VI. Distribution of ceiling panels be- cording a grid. This time the grid of the ceiling panels. The spaces between tween four columns (Author, 2013) the panels are on the 1,8m grid. The ceiling panels have to placed between the columns and on the 1,8m grid, thereby making it impossible to make the panels the same size. The distribution of the panels can be seen in figure VI. Between the panels the ceiling can be seen. This is the bare con- crete with a brutalist look. Fig 26. Interior picture at the tower (RVOB, 2013)

Fig 27. Interior picture of the hallway of the lower building (RVOB, 2013) Fig 28. Plan of 5th floor. With a pink line indicating the line of offices (Author, 2013) •13 • Analysis on the Building Level: Facade

The facade of the building is the translation of different aspects. First of all one of the architect, Gouwetor, made a trip to America. Where he studied examples of functional buildings (De tijd, 1953). One of these buildings is the Lever house which has many similarities to the Rws-build- ing, see figure 29. The corner detail also looks directly inspired bythe buildings of Mies van Rohe, like the Seagram building in New York, which articulates the sharp corners of the building. The corner detail can be seen in figure VII. Another aspect is the placement of interior walls perpendicular to the facade. For different configurations the facade had to have a small in- ter-fall so the wall could be placed in line with the window frame. There- fore the window frame is also made thicker. This is due the prefabrication of the glass facade, so a double window frame is placed. Then there was the wish of the government for a neutral, not tai- lor made for the government and transparent appearance (Kuipers, 2006). This is very literally translated by a clean glass facade with a lot of repeti- tion. At the time of construction, the facade was a double curtain wall 6 facade with a cavity of 23 cm. This cavity was then just as a buffer. But in 5 the following years, the building needed to house more people and more computers. This resulted in climate problems. Overheating in the summer and also cold draft in the winter. Therefore Rijkswaterstaat left the building in 1994, due the Sick Building Syndrome. By the bad climate, people as- sociated increasingly other negative aspects to the building. After this the Rws-building stood vacant until 2003, after a extensive renovation. (Schaik, 2003)

4

3 7 2 1

Fig 28. Isometric drawing of tower corner with exploded view (Author, 2013) 1. Single glass facade, with aluminum framing. Elements are prefab, open it for cleaning windows. Therefor more mullions are added, heart measurements of the elements are 1800mm wide and 3140mm high. El- to heart 900mm. ements are placed against mullions (5) then a aluminum cover is placed. 5. Aluminum style, for transferring wind-load to construction. Placed Lower part contains tainted glass and an isolation blanket behind it. between floors. 2. Concrete balustrade, prefab elements of 1600mm wide. Pre-cast 6. Vertical duct, made out of elements for easy access. Electric/water/ pins in the floor connect the element. Space between elements is later air ducts go through the duct. poured in with concrete. 7. Corner is somewhat different then the most common part of the 3. Metal cover for installations. Electric and air ducts walk through. facade. The outer edge is 1275mm wide where the common panel is 4. Second single glass facade. Also prefab and with aluminum frame. 1800mm. Also the ducts aren’t on two sides, thereby creating a gap in Fig 29. Lever house, designed by SOM architects (Shankbone, 2006) Difference with outer facade is the lower height and the possibility to the double facade, therefor a small window is placed to close this gap. •14 • Analysis on the Material Level: Facade

Like said before, the Rws-building is renovated, which finished in 2003. This is done by the architect Rob Hootsmans. Rijkswaterstaat wanted to tear down the facade and replace it with a new one, due the Sick build- ing syndrome. But Hootsmans has preserved the facade, this has several reasons.

The first reason is the costs, instead of new facade for 7 million euro, a small intervention only costs 90.000 euro. So more money can be spend to the interior of the building. This intervention was milling a small flap into the top of the window frame. By doing this and adding a grill in the cavity, the facade is transformed into a sort of climate facade for the summer situation. With the difference of real climate facade that the outer facade has single glazing instead of double glazing which is a feature of a climate facade. In the winter the cavity acts like a buffer, with no air circulation in the cavity. The air inlet is at the facade by a displacement box and the out- Fig 30. EWI, Delft (Aders , 2012) let is done in the corridors. The air goes by ventilation grills on top of the inner walls separating the offices with the corridors. A heating unit warms the air at the facade, so a cold draft is prevented. In the summer, the air is extracted through the cavity. So the cavity don’t overheat. Other measure- ments against heat are sunblinds in the cavity and cool ceilings (Schaik, 2003). The current climate system for the facade can be seen in figure 32a and b. All the technical machines like the machines for the elevators, the air and water pump stand on the roof in separated boxes. All the ducts go vertical in the ducts at the facade as seen in figure 28 and in the inner cores.

Another reason to preserve the windows, is the intervening of for- Fig 31. Rietveld Academy, Amsterdam (bMA, Fig 32a. Summer situation. Detail drawing, with dark blue as cool water, orange as heat withdraw by mer Rijksbouwmeester Wytze Patijn. He and also Rob Hootsmans, praised 2007) cooling ceilings, light blue as air inlet and red as air outlet (Hootsmans, 2006, adapted by Author, 2013) the quality of detailing and the uniqueness in the Netherlands, as one of the first glass facades in the Netherlands. The second is not entirely true, with many examples which are build earlier then the Rws-building. See Rietveld Academy (figure 31), Philips high tech campus (figure 33) and GAK building (figure 34). Also the Glaspaleis in Heerlen is good example.

Must the facade be (mostly) persevered in a redesign? Yes, the fa- cade is of high value. The facade is as double facade in that time very rare, only EWI in Delft (figure 30) has also a double facade in the Netherlands before 1970. The detailing is also rather unique, the window frames are very thick in comparison with other Dutch examples. This is due its prefab- ricated facade parts and the influence of the interior walls. The facade is also a clear example of the influence of American architecture and the new values for governmental buildings in the ‘60.

For a further understanding of the glass facade also a time-line is made (see figure 35). This time-line is based on the study of Renckens (1996) on glass and aluminum facades.

Fig 33. Philips high tech campus, Eindhoven (Unknown) Fig 34. GAK building, Amsterdam (Zijlstra, 2013) •15 • Analysis on the Material Level: Facade

0,9 m 1,8 m

Fig VII. Corner detail, with clearly the heterogeneity of the corner, with on the one side the duct and on the other side a small window closing of Fig VIII. Transfer of wind load, facade transfer Fig 32b. Winter situation. Detail drawing, with red as heating element, orange as water transfer for the gap at the corner (Author, 2013) load to mullions and transoms (the window heating and light blue as air inlet (Hootsmans, 2006, adapted by Author, 2013) frame) of the outer facade. Then the load is transfer to a secondary style, which transfers the load to floor in the notch of the floor. In the end the load is transferred to the columns and the cores towards the foundation. (Author, 2013)

•16 • Analysis on the Material Level: Time-line

Facade development 1928: Oce building De 1935: Glaspaleis Heerlen, by 1967: Rietveld Acadamy 1969: EWI, Delft build, same Volharding in The Hague Peutz, single glass Amsterdam, by Rietveld kind of facade as Koningskade build

1959: Gas eld at Slochteren discoverd, cheap energy. At 1966 Holland becomes aluminium producer 1973: Energy crisis, so more attention to inner climate 1930: Van Nelle factory build 1968: Koningskade 4 build

1980: Sick Building Syndrome as a problem

1850 1865 1870 1885 1900 1915 1930 1945 1960 1975 1990 2005 2020

New technologies: New technologies: - Frame construction methode - Airconditioning - industrial manufacture of at glass - Artical light plates - Industrial manufacturing glass and glass coat- 1867: invention ings of reinforced - Insulating glazing concrete - Synthetic rubber and sealants developed in the 1871: Great Chicago re 1903: Toy factory Stei automotive and aircraft industry Demand for many houses and First building with a curtain wall - The facade construction in façade components oces: Lightweight highrise is - Float glass, larger glass panels possible the solution, so frame construc- 1902: First Aluminium facade tions with light facades at Vienna

1851: Crystal Palace build: Huge 1880: invention of the elevator & glass facade with cast iron frame development of air conditioning

1948: Equitable loan 1952: Lever House, 1952: Alcoa 1958: Seagram 1960: Phoenix and savings building New York from SOM, building, one of Building from Rheinrohr AG at Portland curtain wall the rst buildings Mies van de Düsseldorf, First fully closed with aluminium Rohe, with brass Aluminium building with air curtain wall proles curtain wall conditioning etc. •17 Fig 35. Time-line for the development of glass curtain walls (Author, 2013) • Art

At the forecourt of the Rws-building stands a prominent sculpture. Somehow this sculpture seems to be at his place there, with a clear rela- tion with the building. So my question is; what are the design intentions of the sculptor? From correspondence out of the archives of Rijksgebouwendienst, it is clear the building is designed for the building. It is not ordered as ex- isting sculpture. The sculpture is designed by Joop Beljon. The location is chosen at the very beginning of the building design. As can seen in figure 36, where an other sculpture is placed in the model. The sculpture is a reinforced concrete fountain. Made out of sever- al pillars in different sizes and colors. The sculptor is emphasizing the hu- man scale with different scale jumps, as seen in figure 37. This makes the scale jump with the building less big and more to a human scale. Another design intension is the marking of a spot/place within the city. Now a days the fountain is of, which makes it slightly less a place. Because the sounds of clattering water is an extra dimension, with the moving water. In the future the fountain function has to be incorporated because this is essential in the experience of the sculpture. Besides the accentuation of the place it is also a reference to the former function of Ri- jkswaterstaat. The sculpture in itself is also a reference to Rijksgebouwen- dienst, because they work with an 1,5% regulation of the building costs for artwork. The strong relation with the building is also because of thecol- or-scheme. The color-scheme in dark blue, gray, bear concrete, white and red also comes back in the building and in the work of Rijkswaterstaat (fig- Fig 37. Human scale of the sculpture, by scale jumps (Author, 2013) Fig 39. Sketch of the sculpture on the 15th floor (Bel- ure 38). jon, 1969) Some other sculpture are within the building as well, one is also from Joop Beljon on the 15th floor. This sculpture is easy to carry out, so more likely to go with Rijkswaterstaat to an new building. Although the sculpture is made for that place, with on the background the Sea, which its suppose to relate with. Drawings of the sculpture can be seen at figure 39.

Fig 36. Model of the building with a sculpture indicated Fig 38. Colors of the sculpture resemble that of the building (Author, 2013) in red (Bouw, 1963, adapted by author, 2013) •18 • Analysis: Value assessment

Location, near old center, Central station and forest Urban Level Open composition, almost no evidence of a quay. Also lost composition by the change in the Provinciehuis Tower is visible from many direc- tion, especcialy for people on foot Height and location it is a potential land- Balanced composition by the two main volumes mark.Doesn’t life up to these conditions Many transport possiblities near the building Distance from urban fabric A great view from the tower with overview of whole The Hague

The facade as expression of American influ- Building Level ences, the spirit of the age of Rijksgebou- wendienst and it is also one of the first No human scale on the outside of the building double curtain walls in the Netherlands No clear entrance other then by a very strict path Location of the entrance at the lower build- ing, with makes the complex more a whole

Technical Level Column structure profites a flexible interior based on a 1,8m grid. Structure is still in a good shape Noise and stink of the busy road next to the building Roof structure is easy to change Many vertical ducts in the cores and the Adjustments to the facade is very hard while facade, which makes it easier to change the maintaining the appearance of the façade something in the technical system

Low Value High Value

Fig IX. Value assessment (Author, 2013) •19 • First sketch

To the end of the analysis a first sketch had to be made with a di- rection for the coming design weeks. The starting points for this sketch are to preserve the construction and use it for other functions. The facade of the building is an important element to preserve as an element, but some changes can be made. For instances voids at the corner of the tower or breaking the horizontal lines of the lower building by adding volumes on top. Also the central meeting place on top of the building is preserved and is highlighted even more. This is done by adding a colorful ceiling and a more clear construction for the glazing. By doing so the building will be- come also more a landmark, with a clear image. Another aspect is improving the connection of the ground levels of building. Thereby making the place more lively. Other function could be placed here. The entrances are now made clear by a cantilever, which was there at the tower in the first place when the building was build. Of course the fountain is spraying water again, making it once more a real place indicator at ground level.

Fig 40. First sketch (Author, 2013)

•20 • Conclusions • References

This chapter is used as an reflection on the research, its results and The miss on of focus on the building, led to a lesser image of what • Books the method. For an overall view of the analysis, see the abstract at page 1. the building is. Fortunately the building has a very strong relation with the Aangenaam werken in ‘genezen’ gebouw, (2003), in: PI projekt en inter- Before the real analysis began, sketches are made to seek out what construction of the building. By seeking the relation between the archi- ieur , jaargang 14, nummer 4, blz. 44-47, Amsterdam: BDU Uitgevers the themes are in The Hague. This is a good starting point to understand tectural and the technical aspects, time could be caught up again. Next to Baarsel, G.J.M. van, (1988), De Haagse dierentuin, in: Holland. Regionaal the city and to begin towards a direction. For me, this was the tricker to time profit, the technical analysis became also richer. One thing that could historisch tijdschrift, jaargang 20, nummer 4, blz. 238-250, Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren investigate lively places further. In comparison to other students, my draw- be done better is to go more in depth into the detailing of the facade. Beek, T. van de, Heijden, H. van der, (1987), W.M. Dudok en het Haagse ing were rather simple and not very detailed. I can recommend this meth- stadsbeeld, in: OASE nummer 16, blz. 31-40 od for everybody. It is really fast and more choses, thus more analyzing, For the next phase I want to research liveliness further. What are Bouw, (1963), Nieuw gebouw voor Rijkswaterstaat en Deltadienst, in: has to be done. The best manner to do this is to bring a very thick pencil, the influences on certain building element for the use of space? What do I Bouw, jaargang 19, nummer 13, blz 450, so you are pushed to draw not so many details. have to do with this building so the surroundings can become more lively? Carmona, M., (2010), Public spaces, Urban spaces. Oxford: Elsevier The focus for this research is on the plinth of the building. Research has De Tijd. (1953), Bouwnijverheidsdag: 1953 Naar meer efficiency in de For the general urban analysis of The Hague, I focused on the fu- to be done in other building out of the same time as reference, preferably bouwnijverheid Amerikaanse reiservaringen van het bouw-team, in: De Tijd, ture aspects of The Hague, with mainly the future program and strategy for also transformed. godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad, jaargang 109, nummer 35501, Den Bosch: vacant offices. The methods for this research is reading several reports and This liveliness, can be investigated also within a building. The build- Gebr. Verhoeven making summary’s of them. For a good view, several stakeholders need to ing is very rational. So the interior of the building has a danger of being Dienst Stedelijke Ontwikkeling Den Haag, (2006), Bevolkingsprognose be sought out. Because the opinion of one stakeholder is very subjective. very repetitive and thereby mono functional and boring. This research can Den Haag 2006-2022. Den Haag: Facilitaire Dienst / Multimedia Gehl, J., (2010), Cities for People. Washington: Island Press For example the numbers and the vision of the structural report by the be done by case studies and literature studies. References are the work Gehl, J., Gemzøe, L., Kirknæs, S. & Søndergaard, B.S. (2006), New City municipality of The Hague were often to optimistic. In comparison to other of van Eyck, Hertzberger and Jo Coenen, but also examples of redesigned Life. Copenhagen: The Danish Architectural Press students, the results of this investigation are hard to visualize. It is very projects. Gemeente Den Haag, (2005), De Structuurvisie Den Haag 2020. Den intensive research without many results. More effort has to be done in a Haag: Gemeente Den Haag, multimedia way to present the investigation. Also the reports to read has to be select- Another aspect to investigate is which function can fit into the Kuipers, M., (2006), Ministeries. Categoriaal onderzoek wederopbouw ed more selective. Because some side steps, like the question what expats building. Due the great vacancy it is not likely this building with more then 1940-1965, Zeist: Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg want for a city, are to time intensive for results they deliver. 35.000 square meters can be used as an office again. So the next phase Norder, M., (2011), transformatie van leegstaande kantoorpanden. Den should investigate the function this building can house. Haag The personal urban research went well. From the beginning there Rasmussen, S.E., (1964), Experiencing Architecture. Cambridge: The MIT was a clear question and a clear heading. As a result the research can be So to conclude, for the next phase the following methods need to press used very well and be explored even deeper. In comparison to other stu- be handled; Use different methods through each other for more depth, Renckens, J.L.M., (1996), Gevel & Architectuur, facades in glas en alu- minium, Wageningen: Veenman Drukkers dent work the research relates very well to the chosen building. Where keep on drawing, chose the subject to study carefully and analyze more Rijksoverheid, (2012), Convenant aanpak leegstand kantoren. Den Haag other students work seems to go to a dead end. The method for this re- case studies. The subjects for the new phase are: to improve the liveliness Schaik, T., (2003), Rijkswaterstaat weer terug op Koningskade. Operatie search included, making photographs, sketching, text writing, literature re- in and out of the building and a new program for the building. geslaagd, patiënt in topvorm, in: stedenbouw, jaargang 55, nummer 604, Weert: search and graph making. The combination of all this elements make the Louwers research very rich. Each method has its own qualities and by combining STIPO. (2012), Stad op ooghoogte. Goede plinten, Slechte plinten. Rotter- them the research went more into depth. So this manner of working, with dam many different methods, is very fruitful. • Websites At the building phase of the analysis. The focus in the beginning was Stichting Archiefprogrammatuur, (2013),Wat was waar, http://watwas- on the context of the building and far less on the building itself. This was waar.nl/, accessed on 31-10-2013 mainly because, not many information was available, next to a tour through Waag society, (2013), Interactieve kaart van alle gebouwen in Neder- land, http://dev.citysdk.waag.org/buildings/, accessed on 31-10-2013 the building. Methods that were used are analyzing old photographs, mag- azines and maps through the ages. In comparison to other students the re- • Archives search result gave a clear image of the building but are very general. Most Sale folder with informations of buildings of Rijksgebouwendienst which of the other analyses go deeper into one subject of the building. This is a are sold in the near future, of RVOB, delivered at an USB stick big miss, if the information processing isn’t going smooth, a good thing to Archive of Rijksgebouwendienst, accessed at Ministry of Finance, The do is to look at comparable buildings. The comparison is only made for the Hague facade of this building, but could have been done also on typology of floor Faculty Library of Architecture, TU Delft plan or office building. Also comparison to other buildings on how these BONAS, accessed at http://www.bonas.nl/ buildings are renovated or changed in time is a miss for this analysis. Nai, accessed at http://zoeken.nai.nl/ Royal Library, accessed at http://www.kb.nl/ Haagse beeldbank, accessed at http://www.haagsebeeldbank.nl/beeld- bank/form/advanced/start/276?q_searchfield=dierentuin •21