Steinhubel: Kapitoly Z Najstarších Českých Dejín

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Steinhubel: Kapitoly Z Najstarších Českých Dejín Ján Steinhübel Kapitoly z najstarších českých dejín 531 – 1004 Kraków 2012 Kapitoly z najstarších českých dejín 531 - 1004 Druhé vydanie © Ján Steinhübel Vydal Spolok Slovákov v Poľsku – Towarzystwo Słowaków w Polsce ul. św. Filipa 7, 31-150 Kraków e-mail: [email protected] www.tsp.org.pl Publikácia vznikla v Historickom ústave SAV v rámci Centra excelentnosti „Staré Slovensko: dejiny Slovenska od praveku po vrcholný stredovek STASLO“ Recenzenti: PhDr. Rastislav Kožiak, PhD. Mgr. Miroslav Lysý, PhD. Redaktor: Imrich Nagy Spolok Slovákov v Poľsku – Towarzystwo Słowaków v Polsce Kraków 2012 ISBN 978-83-7490-506-0 OBSAH Úvod ........................................................................................................... 5 1. Čo je to národ a čo sú to dejiny ......................................................... 8 Národ podľa Izidora zo Sevilly a Ibn Chaldúna ................................. 8 „Sloboda“ ............................................................................................... 12 „Spoločné vnímanie jednej bolesti“ ....................................................... 17 My a oni ................................................................................................ 18 Národ ako vôľa a predstava ................................................................. 23 Víťazi a porazení ................................................................................... 26 2. Počiatok českých dejín ....................................................................... 29 Počiatok Bavorska a príchod Slovanov do Čiech ................................ 29 Česi ........................................................................................................ 32 Na križovatke diaľkových ciest ............................................................ 37 Cesta Nibelungov a Wogastisburg ...................................................... 39 Česi a Srbi spojencami Samovej ríše ................................................... 46 3. Srbi, Česi a Moravania od Karola Veľkého po Svätopluka .......... 50 Česi, Srbi a Moravania v rokoch 805 – 846 ......................................... 50 Hlavný knieža a malé kniežatá ............................................................ 53 Chorváti a druhí Chorváti .................................................................... 56 Dúdlebi.................................................................................................. 58 Knieža Vistrach a jeho synovia ............................................................ 60 Kniežatá Čestibor a Slavibor ................................................................ 65 4. Přemyslovci a Mojmírovci ................................................................. 68 Počiatok vlády Přemyslovcov .............................................................. 68 Česi a Srbi vo Svätoplukovej ríši .......................................................... 69 Bořivojova rodina ................................................................................. 72 Spojenectvo Čechov a Bavorov proti Moravanom ............................. 73 Markgróf Liutpold ................................................................................ 75 5. Čechy po páde Veľkej Moravy ........................................................... 77 Saská rozpínavosť, pád Mojmírovcov a maďarsko-slovanské spojenectvo ..................................................... 77 Mojmírovské dedičstvo ........................................................................ 79 4. júl 907 ................................................................................................ 81 Bavori medzi Maďarmi a Sasmi ........................................................... 84 Koniec protisaského spojenectva ........................................................ 85 Maďari v Nitriansku ............................................................................. 86 Čechy v rokoch 920 – 922 .................................................................... 87 Saské víťazstvá nad Slovanmi a Maďarmi ........................................... 89 6. Ríša českých Boleslavov .................................................................... 91 Veľká obchodná magistrála ................................................................. 91 Koniec malých kniežatstiev v Čechách a nové maďarsko-české spojenectvo ................................................... 93 Nové slovanské ríše .............................................................................. 96 Hrady a trhy ......................................................................................... 102 Územné pertinencie Prahy, Krakova a Olomouca ............................. 108 Váh ako provincia a ako rieka. Poznanovci ........................................ 112 7. Slavníkovci ........................................................................................... 117 Adiva ..................................................................................................... 117 „Nepos carissime“ ................................................................................. 120 Deti Boleslava I..................................................................................... 123 „Proximus nepos“ ................................................................................. 124 Slavníkov libický údel .......................................................................... 125 Slavníkovo kniežatstvo ........................................................................ 127 8. Tri biskupstvá ...................................................................................... 129 Praha a Olomouc ................................................................................. 129 Krakov ................................................................................................... 133 Plány biskupa Vojtecha ....................................................................... 134 9. Rozpad přemyslovskej ríše ............................................................... 138 Koniec česko-poľského spojenectva ................................................... 138 Strata Krakovska, malého Nitrianska a oderského Chorvátska ........ 140 Odpadnutie Moravy ............................................................................. 144 Staré a nové biskupstvá v rokoch 999 – 1000 ..................................... 147 10. Koniec Slavníkovcov ......................................................................... 150 Knieža Soběslav .................................................................................... 150 Boleslav II. a Vršovci ............................................................................ 151 Dve časti přemyslovského vojska ........................................................ 153 Libica 28. septembra 995 ..................................................................... 155 Soběslav v Prahe ................................................................................... 158 Záver .......................................................................................................... 160 Pramene .................................................................................................... 165 Literatúra .................................................................................................. 172 Kapitoly z najstarších českých dejín 531 – 1004 5 ÚVOD Česi začali ako barbarský „gens“. Barbarské „gentes“ boli národy s tradičným a stabilným kmeňovým zriadením, ktorému hovorili „slo- boda“. Túto tradičnú kmeňovú stabilitu potvrdil pocit „my“ a spečatilo tradičné kmeňové meno. Táto stabilita mala veľmi dynamický protipól. Boli to dejiny, ktoré národu prinášali víťazstvá a porážky. Národ má meno a dejiny. Národ tvorí dejiny, zapisuje do nich svoje meno a cez tieto dejiny vníma a tvorí sám seba. Ako sa to vlastne deje? Ako a prečo národ vzniká, trvá a zaniká? Čo je to národ? Aby sme si toto všetko ujasnili, priblížime si základnú racionálno-iracionálnu schému, ktorá robila a robí národ národom a dejiny dejinami. Akonáhle dostaneme základnú výpoveď o tom, čo je to národ a čo sú to dejiny, zanecháme hlbšie úvahy. Rýchlo sa vynoríme a ostaneme na povrchu pri samotnom národnom príbehu, o ktorom si bežne myslíme, že sú to dejiny. Pozornosť sústredíme na viaceré, doteraz nezodpovedané či neúplne zodpovedané otázky a skúsime zaplniť niektoré otvorené trhliny v poznaní najstarších českých dejín. Počiatok českých dejín zaťažujú tri otázky. Za akých okolností prišli Slovania do Čiech? Ako vznikol český „gens“, ktorý dal meno a historický základ národu, ktorý trvá dodnes? Patrili alebo nepatrili Česi k Samovej ríši? Na prvé dve otázky odpovedáme približne v súlade s hlavnými a uznávanými výsledkami doterajšieho bádania. Príchod Slovanov do Čiech súvisel s pádom Durínskej ríše v roku 531 a s následným odcho- dom germánskych Markomanov z Boiohaema do Raetie a západnej časti Pobrežného Norika, kde sa z nich (a nielen z nich) stali Bavori. Česi mali podobný začiatok ako Chorváti, Srbi, Korutánci, Obodriti a ďalšie slovan- ské kmene, ktoré v čase veľkého protiavarského povstania Slovanov unikli z územia Avarského kaganátu, usadili sa za jeho hranicami a na novom území sa spojili so Slovanmi, ktorí tam už dve alebo tri generácie sídlili. Naša odpoveď na tretiu otázku sa s doterajším bádaním značne rozchá- dza. Príslušnosť Čechov k Samovej ríši nie je až taká samozrejmá, ako to bádatelia vyvodzujú zo spojenectva, ktoré Samo uzavrel s polabskými Srbmi alebo z výprav Samových Slovanov do Durínska a ďalších území
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