Desert Magazine 1952 January
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The Geronimo Monument by JOSEF and JOYCE MUENCH
HISTORIC PANORAMAS III The Geronimo Monument By JOSEF and JOYCE MUENCH This stone monument on U.S. Highway 80 in south- Travelers passing the lonely pillar with its legend, eastern Arizona 10 miles from the New Mexico border, can hardly be expected to comprehend the difference commemorates the end of all Indian warfare in the between the present peace of the region and what early United States. A few miles east, in Skeleton Canyon, settlers tell of life with the Apaches apt to appear from any clump of brush or hidden canyon mouth. the Apache Geronimo surrendered to U.S. Army troops on September 5, 1880. He and his followers were sent If it meant peace to the white man, the surrender spelled to the Indian the cancelling of a 400 year oath to Fort Pickens, Florida, for two years before being to keep his foes from the desert land with its rolling allowed to join their families in Alabama. Geronimo hills and valleys, its mountains and freedom. himself was later moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where Old stone metates are imbedded in the monument he remained for the rest of his life. shaft. DESERT MAGAZINE DESERT CRLEnDflR April 29-May 19—23rd Annual Jun- ior Indian Art Show, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff. May 1—Annual Reunion and Picnic of the Buckeye and West Gila Valley Old Settlers Union, at Buckeye, Arizona. May 1 — Fiesta and Spring Corn Dance, San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico. May 1-4—Las Damas Trek, Wicken- burg, Arizona. May 3—Santa Cruz Corn Dance and Ceremonial Races, Taos, N. -
Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology
mathematics Article Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology Vicente Jara-Vera * and Carmen Sánchez-Ávila Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34–686–615–535 Abstract: Cryptology, since its advent as an art, art of secret writing, has slowly evolved and changed, above all since the middle of the last century. It has gone on to obtain a more solid rank as an applied mathematical science. We want to propose some annotations in this regard in this paper. To do this, and after reviewing the broad spectrum of methods and systems throughout history, and from the traditional classification, we offer a reordering in a more compact and complete way by placing the cryptographic diversity from the algebraic binary relations. This foundation of cryptological operations from the principles of algebra is enriched by adding what we call pre-cryptological operations which we show as a necessary complement to the entire structure of cryptology. From this framework, we believe that it is improved the diversity of questions related to the meaning, the fundamentals, the statute itself, and the possibilities of cryptological science. Keywords: algebra; cryptography; cryptology MSC: 14G50; 94A60 Citation: Jara-Vera, V.; Sánchez-Ávila, C. Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of 1. Introduction Cryptology. Mathematics 2021, 9, 2183. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9182183 Cryptology is a science that is usually explained based on its historical development. -
Code Talkers Hearing
S. HRG. 108–693 CODE TALKERS HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN CODE TALKERS IN AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY SEPTEMBER 22, 2004 WASHINGTON, DC ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 96–125 PDF WASHINGTON : 2004 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS BEN NIGHTHORSE CAMPBELL, Colorado, Chairman DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii, Vice Chairman JOHN McCAIN, Arizona, KENT CONRAD, North Dakota PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico HARRY REID, Nevada CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota GORDON SMITH, Oregon MARIA CANTWELL, Washington LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska PAUL MOOREHEAD, Majority Staff Director/Chief Counsel PATRICIA M. ZELL, Minority Staff Director/Chief Counsel (II) C O N T E N T S Page Statements: Brown, John S., Chief of Military History and Commander, U.S. Army Center of Military History ............................................................................ 5 Campbell, Hon. Ben Nighthorse, U.S. Senator from Colorado, chairman, Committee on Indian Affairs ....................................................................... 1 Inhofe, Hon. James M., U.S. Senator from Oklahoma .................................. 2 Johnson, Hon. -
Desert Magazine 1952 November
By CORNELIUS COLE SMITH Riverside, California 1 must go now to the places where the sunset Throws shadows on the high red walls of rock. Where starlight falls upon those silent hills. And sun and moon are calendar and clock. I will see the giant cactus spear a passing cloud, And rift its fleecy vapor into shreds. And catch the glint of copper-rock and moonstones From their place in empty river beds. I will walk into some long forgotten town. See lizards run beneath the stones when I draw near. And close my eyes to see a cavalcade of things. Pueblo Bonita Ruins in Chaco Canyon. Photo courtesy Charles S. Webber. That vanished in some ageless bygone year. WESTERN EYES THE DESERT By PHYLLIS W. HEALD By HELEN BAHSON I will hold communion with these empty Los Angeles, California rooms. Portal, Arizona These crumbling walls, this broken shard. It takes Western eyes to understand To him who keeps his soul so small And trade my soul's confusion now The color in our desert land. It cannot see above the wall For rest within this sun baked Indian That bounds his selfhood's narrow cell, yard. Eyes that are calm and willing to spare The desert is a cursed land, Time, for absorbing the beauty there. Its endless miles of sunburnt sand • • • The soft grey hue of cactus green. Will seem like searing fires of hell. VALIANT MOUNTAIN The wind-blown sand with its golden sheen. By ELSIE MCKINNON STRACHAN But him who dares to free his soul Santa Ana, California To seek the meaning of the whole The coppery red of mineralized earth With roots embedded deep in centuries past, That forms a background for the birth Of life, whatever its extremes, The desert draws to her embrace Baboquivari, silent, granite-cast. -
Kriptografija U Drugom Svjetskom Ratu
SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU ODJEL ZA FIZIKU DORIS MRŠIĆ KRIPTOGRAFIJA U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU Diplomski rad Osijek, 2019. SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU ODJEL ZA FIZIKU DORIS MRŠIĆ KRIPTOGRAFIJA U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU Diplomski rad predložen Odjelu za fiziku Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku u postupku stjecanja zvanja magistra edukacije fizike i informatike Osijek, 2019. i Ovaj diplomski rad je izrađen u Osijeku pod mentorstvom prof. dr. sc. Darka Dukića u sklopu Sveučilišnog diplomskog studija Fizike i informatike na Odjelu za fiziku Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. ii ZAHVALA …mojoj obitelji, bližnjima i prijateljima na motivaciji i razumijevanju… …profesoru na trudu i zalaganju… iii Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Diplomski rad Odjel za fiziku KRIPTOGRAFIJA U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU Doris Mršić Sažetak Predmet izučavanja ovog diplomskog rada je kriptografija za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata. Nakon uvoda je ukratko prikazan razvoj kriptografije u starom, srednjem i novom vijeku. Zatim su opisani kriptografski uređaji Enigma, SIGABA i Purple, koji su se koristili tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, kao i kod plemena Navajo. Naposljetku je sažeto prezentiran razvoj kriptografije u suvremenom dobu. Cilj je rada bio upoznati se s ulogom i značajem ovog važnog područja, poglavito u Drugom svjetskom ratu, u kojem su kriptografija i kriptoanaliza u velikoj mjeri odredile njegov konačan ishod. Ključne riječi: kriptografija, kriptografski uređaji, Enigma, SIGABA, Purple (50 stranice, 19 slika, 16 tablica, 45 literaturna navoda) Rad je pohranjen u knjižnici Odjela za fiziku Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Darko Dukić Ocjenjivači: izv. prof. dr. sc. Igor Lukačević, izv. prof. dr. sc. Branko Vuković Rad prihvaćen: 10. -
February 1956
By EVA L. ROBINSON Los Angeles, California It's true that winter's on the wane, For daylight hours are showing gain. If drab and dry the desert lies Beneath the cold and cloudless skies. I do not moan, for this I know— The desert will awake and glow As wave on wave of colors flow— If there is rain. I love the desert's calm repose In garb of gray and mauve and rose— Its tinted dawn—its sunset skies— Its silent mountain peaks that rise Like sentinels to guard the plain. From all that hunger to obtain Possession of the vast domain— If there is rain. We lift our eyes and pray there will Fall blessings from the skies until The dormant life without a sound, Springs up in legions from the ground. Buds will appear mysteriously, To bloom in grace and purity, Where there is none but God to see— If there is rain. • • • UNTOUCHABLE By GRACE BARKER WILSON Kirtland, New Mexico The tawny, untamed desert stretches on In sandy dryness of unnumbered years. No civilizing thing yet interferes As endless time is marked from dawn to dawn. No point of conquering plow yet penetrates The wastes that lie around the stony peaks In desolation. There the redman ekes A meager living as he concentrates His energy upon a flock of sheep That draw scant strength from scattered wisps of grass. Unchanged, unchanging as the decades pass. The frontier stops, and progress is asleep. BRIGAND By VADA F. CARLSON Winslow, Arizona The chaparral cock—droll desert cuckoo!— Mariposa Lily. -
Desert Magazine 1949
Plan Your Home in Palm Desert Here is a desert community in a sheltered cove of the Santa Rosa mountains with fine water, excellent drainage, surfaced streets, electricity, natural gas, telephones, new school under construc- tion—an ideal location where you can enjoy all today's con- veniences in the clean atmosphere of a well-planned desert community. Residential Lots: parking court with building facing either the Range in size from 60x110 feet for the smaller Palm Springs-Indio Highway or El Paseo — bungalows or weekend cottages, up to one and each building having an entrance from the two acre exclusive estates. street and from the parking area. These lots Prices range from $950 for the smallest to ap- start at $7,500. proximately $6,500 an acre for Estate sites. Building Requirements: Sensible and cooperative architectural control Residential Income: of all structures protects the charm of the com- This includes choice hotel sites, as well as lots plete community plan and, therefore, protects zoned for 2, 4, 6 and 8 rental units, depending the value for the property owners. upon size and location with prices starting at All plans must be approved by the Palm Desert $2,550. Architectural Committee. A minimum of 800 Commercial or Business: sq. ft. will be allowed on the small weekend cottage sites; 1000 sq. ft. on small homesites; Includes lots facing on the Palm Springs-Indio 1200 sq. ft. on the Shadow Mountain Estates; Highway and on El Paseo, the divided business 1500 sq. ft. on the Palm Desert Ranchos. street which branches off the Highway and continues through Palm Desert for approxi- Ownership Requirements: mately two miles before again joining the Prospective property purchasers must qualify Highway. -
DECEMBER, 1949 35 CENTS a Modern Mounting Set with Sparkling Gens of RUTILE RAINBOW DIAMONDS Is the Answer to Your Christmas Gift Problem
DECEMBER, 1949 35 CENTS A Modern Mounting Set With Sparkling Gens of RUTILE RAINBOW DIAMONDS Is the answer to your Christmas gift problem. One of these magnificent gems set in a lovely gold or palladium ring will be a gift that will be worn and cherished for years to come. RUTILE IS THE GEM OF THE HOUR — IT IS NOW A REALITY After years of experiments, synthetic RUTILE is now available in cut gems of breathtaking beauty. This magnificent substance has been given the name of "TITANIA". "TITANIA IS QUEEN OF ALL KNOWN GEMS" Titania gems have more fire than the diamond. Be the first in your community to own one of these beautiful new Rainbow Diamonds DEALERS INQUIRIES SOLICITED Everyone to whom you show this new gem will wish to purchase one or more of them. Our SUPERCATALOG tells you of our discount plan that will 1 permit you to own one of these new gems at no cost to yourself. Our new SUPERCATALOG described below gives you all the facts about TITANIA GEMS and ILLUSTRATES mountings especially selected for them. An article tells the story behind this amazing discovery. The 1950 Revised Edition of Grieger's "Encyclopedia and Super Catalog of the Lapidary and Jewelry Arts" • $1.00 Per Copy This is a 192-page book 9"xl2" in size. There are at least 60 pages of in- structive articles by authors of national fame. There are new articles by EMIL KRONQUIST and LOUIS WIENER on jewelry making. The 15-page article on jewelry casting by the LOST WAX METHOD using the new KERR HOBBY- CRAFT CASTING UNIT is alone worth $1.00. -
The Cultural Contradictions of Cryptography: a History of Secret Codes in Modern America
The Cultural Contradictions of Cryptography: A History of Secret Codes in Modern America Charles Berret Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2019 © 2018 Charles Berret All rights reserved Abstract The Cultural Contradictions of Cryptography Charles Berret This dissertation examines the origins of political and scientific commitments that currently frame cryptography, the study of secret codes, arguing that these commitments took shape over the course of the twentieth century. Looking back to the nineteenth century, cryptography was rarely practiced systematically, let alone scientifically, nor was it the contentious political subject it has become in the digital age. Beginning with the rise of computational cryptography in the first half of the twentieth century, this history identifies a quarter-century gap beginning in the late 1940s, when cryptography research was classified and tightly controlled in the US. Observing the reemergence of open research in cryptography in the early 1970s, a course of events that was directly opposed by many members of the US intelligence community, a wave of political scandals unrelated to cryptography during the Nixon years also made the secrecy surrounding cryptography appear untenable, weakening the official capacity to enforce this classification. Today, the subject of cryptography remains highly political and adversarial, with many proponents gripped by the conviction that widespread access to strong cryptography is necessary for a free society in the digital age, while opponents contend that strong cryptography in fact presents a danger to society and the rule of law. -
Desert Magazine 1956 March
would not be focused by a lens in the way that visible light is, and so would not give an image, but would fog the entire film. "It is not possible to prospect for Limns uranium with an ordinary camera. Nell Murbarger Honors . Ordinary wrapped film might be Whittier, California used if held for a very long time Desert: right up against a very radioactive I was very pleased to see that West- ore. This is the way radio-activity ern author Nell Murbarger has been was first discovered. But this meth- honored by The American Association od is obviously not sensitive enough for State and Local History (Desert, and that is why we have geiger Jan., '56, page 28) for her distin- counters, etc. guished service in the cause of making "Daylight film does not have the Americans better aware of their local same sensitivity to the various colors history. that the eye does, so it is conceivable She is the Southwest's top travel that there might be differences in the writer and that her tireless enthusiasm appearance of a landscape by eye and brilliant abilities are being recog- and by camera." nized is gratifying. PAUL LINSLEY Mansions of Mysteries . Prospector Is a Dude . Glendale, California Desert: Palisade, Nevada Desert: Those who know the desert under- Your magazine has no place for stand much about creation. anything as contrived and artificial as The white streak running up the They alone have seen that the tomb- the January cover picture of the pros- middle of this photograph was in- like silence of the surrounding dunes, pector leading his burro. -
Geschichte-Kryptologie.Pdf
Forum für Informationssicherheit Geschichte Der Versuch einer zeitgeschichtlichen Einordnung ca. 600 v. Chr In Palästina werden Texte mit der ATBASH verschlüsselt. ca. 500 v. Chr. Die Griechen verschlüsseln Nachrichten mit Hilfe der SKYTALE ca. 200 v. Chr. Der Grieche Polybious beschreibt erstmals sein POLYBIOUS-System.. ca. 100 - 44 v. Chr. Julius Caesar schrieb vertrauliche Botschaften in dem nach ihm benannten CAESAR-CODE. ca. 500 - 1400 n. Chr. in Europa beginnt die „Dunkle Zeit der Kryptographie“, d.h. sie wurde der schwarzen Magie zugeordnet, in dieser Zeit ging viel Wissen über die Kryptographie verloren, im Gegensatz dazu blühte die Kryptographie im persischen Raum auf 855 n. Chr Im arabischen Raum erscheint das erste Buch über Kryptologie. Abu ‘Abd al-Raham al-Khahil ibn Ahmad ibn’Amr ibn Tammam al Farahidi al-Zadi al Yahamadi beschreibt stolz in seinem Buch unter anderem die geglückte Entschlüsselung eines für den byzantinischen Kaiser bestimmten griechischen Codes 1412 eine 14-bändige arabische Enzyklopädie beschreibt auch kryptographische Methoden, dabei wird neben der Substitution und der Transposition, erstmals die Methode der mehrmaligen Substitution an einem Klartextzeichen erwähnt 1397 Auf Wunsch Clemens des 7. erfindet Gabrieli di Lavinde die erste Nomenklatur (Nomenklatur-Code). Dieser Nomenklatur-Code wurde wegen seiner Einfachheit in den nächsten 450 Jahren vor allem in diplomatischen Kreisen verwendet. 1466 Leon Battista Alberti (1404 - 1472) , einer der führenden Kräfte der italienischen Renaissance, veröffentlicht sein Buch „Modus scribendi in ziferas“, indem erstmals die von ihm erfundenen Chiffrierscheiben erwähnt. Albertis zahlreiche kryptologischen Leistungen beruhen auf der Tatsache, das er Sekretär jener Behörde war, die sich an der römischen Kurie (päpstlicher Hof) mit Geheimschriften befasste. -
Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Jim Dice
Steele/Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Research Center University of California, Irvine UCI – NATURE and UC Natural Reserve System California State Parks – Colorado Desert District Anza-Borrego Desert State Park & Anza-Borrego Foundation Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Bibliography Compiled and Edited by Jim Dice (revised 9/20/2018) A gaggle of geneticists in Borrego Palm Canyon – 1975. (L-R, Dr. Theodosius Dobzhansky, Dr. Steve Bryant, Dr. Richard Lewontin, Dr. Steve Jones, Dr. TimEDITOR’S Prout. Photo NOTE by Dr. John Moore, courtesy of Steve Jones) Editor’s Note The publications cited in this volume specifically mention and/or discuss Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, locations and/or features known to occur within the present-day boundaries of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, biological, geological, paleontological or anthropological specimens collected from localities within the present-day boundaries of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, or events that have occurred within those same boundaries. This compendium is not now, nor will it ever be complete (barring, of course, the end of the Earth or the Park). Many, many people have helped to corral the references contained herein (see below). Any errors of omission and comission are the fault of the editor – who would be grateful to have such errors and omissions pointed out! [[email protected]] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As mentioned above, many many people have contributed to building this database of knowledge about Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. A quantum leap was taken somewhere in 2016-17 when Kevin Browne introduced me to Google Scholar – and we were off to the races. Elaine Tulving deserves a special mention for her assistance in dealing with formatting issues, keeping printers working, filing hard copies, ignoring occasional foul language – occasionally falling prey to it herself, and occasionally livening things up with an exclamation of “oh come on now, you just made that word up!” Bob Theriault assisted in many ways and now has a lifetime job, if he wants it, entering these references into Zotero.