Some Notes on a Formal Algebraic Structure of Cryptology
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Code Talkers Hearing
S. HRG. 108–693 CODE TALKERS HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON CONTRIBUTIONS OF NATIVE AMERICAN CODE TALKERS IN AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY SEPTEMBER 22, 2004 WASHINGTON, DC ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 96–125 PDF WASHINGTON : 2004 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON INDIAN AFFAIRS BEN NIGHTHORSE CAMPBELL, Colorado, Chairman DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii, Vice Chairman JOHN McCAIN, Arizona, KENT CONRAD, North Dakota PETE V. DOMENICI, New Mexico HARRY REID, Nevada CRAIG THOMAS, Wyoming DANIEL K. AKAKA, Hawaii ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah BYRON L. DORGAN, North Dakota JAMES M. INHOFE, Oklahoma TIM JOHNSON, South Dakota GORDON SMITH, Oregon MARIA CANTWELL, Washington LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska PAUL MOOREHEAD, Majority Staff Director/Chief Counsel PATRICIA M. ZELL, Minority Staff Director/Chief Counsel (II) C O N T E N T S Page Statements: Brown, John S., Chief of Military History and Commander, U.S. Army Center of Military History ............................................................................ 5 Campbell, Hon. Ben Nighthorse, U.S. Senator from Colorado, chairman, Committee on Indian Affairs ....................................................................... 1 Inhofe, Hon. James M., U.S. Senator from Oklahoma .................................. 2 Johnson, Hon. -
Kriptografija U Drugom Svjetskom Ratu
SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU ODJEL ZA FIZIKU DORIS MRŠIĆ KRIPTOGRAFIJA U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU Diplomski rad Osijek, 2019. SVEUČILIŠTE JOSIPA JURJA STROSSMAYERA U OSIJEKU ODJEL ZA FIZIKU DORIS MRŠIĆ KRIPTOGRAFIJA U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU Diplomski rad predložen Odjelu za fiziku Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku u postupku stjecanja zvanja magistra edukacije fizike i informatike Osijek, 2019. i Ovaj diplomski rad je izrađen u Osijeku pod mentorstvom prof. dr. sc. Darka Dukića u sklopu Sveučilišnog diplomskog studija Fizike i informatike na Odjelu za fiziku Sveučilišta Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku. ii ZAHVALA …mojoj obitelji, bližnjima i prijateljima na motivaciji i razumijevanju… …profesoru na trudu i zalaganju… iii Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Diplomski rad Odjel za fiziku KRIPTOGRAFIJA U DRUGOM SVJETSKOM RATU Doris Mršić Sažetak Predmet izučavanja ovog diplomskog rada je kriptografija za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata. Nakon uvoda je ukratko prikazan razvoj kriptografije u starom, srednjem i novom vijeku. Zatim su opisani kriptografski uređaji Enigma, SIGABA i Purple, koji su se koristili tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, kao i kod plemena Navajo. Naposljetku je sažeto prezentiran razvoj kriptografije u suvremenom dobu. Cilj je rada bio upoznati se s ulogom i značajem ovog važnog područja, poglavito u Drugom svjetskom ratu, u kojem su kriptografija i kriptoanaliza u velikoj mjeri odredile njegov konačan ishod. Ključne riječi: kriptografija, kriptografski uređaji, Enigma, SIGABA, Purple (50 stranice, 19 slika, 16 tablica, 45 literaturna navoda) Rad je pohranjen u knjižnici Odjela za fiziku Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Darko Dukić Ocjenjivači: izv. prof. dr. sc. Igor Lukačević, izv. prof. dr. sc. Branko Vuković Rad prihvaćen: 10. -
The Cultural Contradictions of Cryptography: a History of Secret Codes in Modern America
The Cultural Contradictions of Cryptography: A History of Secret Codes in Modern America Charles Berret Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2019 © 2018 Charles Berret All rights reserved Abstract The Cultural Contradictions of Cryptography Charles Berret This dissertation examines the origins of political and scientific commitments that currently frame cryptography, the study of secret codes, arguing that these commitments took shape over the course of the twentieth century. Looking back to the nineteenth century, cryptography was rarely practiced systematically, let alone scientifically, nor was it the contentious political subject it has become in the digital age. Beginning with the rise of computational cryptography in the first half of the twentieth century, this history identifies a quarter-century gap beginning in the late 1940s, when cryptography research was classified and tightly controlled in the US. Observing the reemergence of open research in cryptography in the early 1970s, a course of events that was directly opposed by many members of the US intelligence community, a wave of political scandals unrelated to cryptography during the Nixon years also made the secrecy surrounding cryptography appear untenable, weakening the official capacity to enforce this classification. Today, the subject of cryptography remains highly political and adversarial, with many proponents gripped by the conviction that widespread access to strong cryptography is necessary for a free society in the digital age, while opponents contend that strong cryptography in fact presents a danger to society and the rule of law. -
Geschichte-Kryptologie.Pdf
Forum für Informationssicherheit Geschichte Der Versuch einer zeitgeschichtlichen Einordnung ca. 600 v. Chr In Palästina werden Texte mit der ATBASH verschlüsselt. ca. 500 v. Chr. Die Griechen verschlüsseln Nachrichten mit Hilfe der SKYTALE ca. 200 v. Chr. Der Grieche Polybious beschreibt erstmals sein POLYBIOUS-System.. ca. 100 - 44 v. Chr. Julius Caesar schrieb vertrauliche Botschaften in dem nach ihm benannten CAESAR-CODE. ca. 500 - 1400 n. Chr. in Europa beginnt die „Dunkle Zeit der Kryptographie“, d.h. sie wurde der schwarzen Magie zugeordnet, in dieser Zeit ging viel Wissen über die Kryptographie verloren, im Gegensatz dazu blühte die Kryptographie im persischen Raum auf 855 n. Chr Im arabischen Raum erscheint das erste Buch über Kryptologie. Abu ‘Abd al-Raham al-Khahil ibn Ahmad ibn’Amr ibn Tammam al Farahidi al-Zadi al Yahamadi beschreibt stolz in seinem Buch unter anderem die geglückte Entschlüsselung eines für den byzantinischen Kaiser bestimmten griechischen Codes 1412 eine 14-bändige arabische Enzyklopädie beschreibt auch kryptographische Methoden, dabei wird neben der Substitution und der Transposition, erstmals die Methode der mehrmaligen Substitution an einem Klartextzeichen erwähnt 1397 Auf Wunsch Clemens des 7. erfindet Gabrieli di Lavinde die erste Nomenklatur (Nomenklatur-Code). Dieser Nomenklatur-Code wurde wegen seiner Einfachheit in den nächsten 450 Jahren vor allem in diplomatischen Kreisen verwendet. 1466 Leon Battista Alberti (1404 - 1472) , einer der führenden Kräfte der italienischen Renaissance, veröffentlicht sein Buch „Modus scribendi in ziferas“, indem erstmals die von ihm erfundenen Chiffrierscheiben erwähnt. Albertis zahlreiche kryptologischen Leistungen beruhen auf der Tatsache, das er Sekretär jener Behörde war, die sich an der römischen Kurie (päpstlicher Hof) mit Geheimschriften befasste. -
The Center for Cryptologic History Calendar
CCH 2021 THE CENTER FOR CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY CALENDAR The Autoscritcher was an attempt by the army during World War II to develop an electronic machine to replace the electromechanical bombe in analyzing communications enciphered on the German ENIGMA machine. The Autoscritcher, while a good concept and despite the use of electronic components, was still slower than the bombe. Winter wonderland along Rockenbach Road, 2016. The road leads from the NSA buildings through Fort Meade. Normally, the road is lined with overflow parking spaces for Agency employees. However, in wintertime, it is one of the few convenient dumping sites for snow from the regular parking lots after heavy storms. JANUARY 2021 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 Lt. Gen. Gordon Blake, USAF, NSA Office of Policy first became DIRNSA, 1962 mandated use of term “Service Cryptologic Element,” 1980 U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) established, 1977 New Year’s Day 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 NARA assigned Record Group Major General Gordon Blake Lieutenant (later Captain) Jerzy Rozycki, a Polish Cipher 457 (now “Records of the named Commander, Air Force Laurance Safford named OIC, Bureau mathematician who National Security Agency”) to Security Service, 1957 Navy Cryptographic Branch, helped break ENIGMA, died in a declassified NSA records, 1977 1924 ship sunk off France, 1942 Louis Tordella, longest serving D/DIR (1958-1974), died, 1996 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 First History Today article on NSA BRUSA Agreement–U.S.-UK General Order No. 9 authorized Daily Page, 2003 COMINT relationships during publication of a new War World War II, 1944 Department Telegraphic Code, 1898 Brigadier General Bernard Ardisana, USAF, NSA’s first Operation DESERT STORM Assistant Deputy Director of began, 1991 Operations, died on active duty, 1978 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Alfred Vail, co-inventor of the Encoded Zimmermann Telegram National Security Decision Intelligence chiefs of U.S. -
Fort Lewis College
CATALOG OF COURSES 2006-2007 The Catalog of Courses outlines, in detail, course requirements needed to complete the various degree programs offered at Fort Lewis College. Students assume the responsibility of reading the catalog, completing a minimum of 120 credits as outlined by the degree program, and maintaining a minimum cumulative grade point average of 2.0 and a minimum grade point average of 2.0 for those courses accepted to meet the requirements for the major and minor course of study. Students will be assigned an advisor to help them with the appropriate course selections, but students assume the ultimate responsibility of knowing and completing all graduation requirements. For more information, contact: Registrar’s Office 1000 Rim Drive Durango, CO 81301-3999 Phone: 970-247-7350 E-mail: [email protected] Admission Office 1000 Rim Drive Durango, CO 81301-3999 Phone: 970-247-7184 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.fortlewis.edu CATALOG OF COURSES 2006-2007 • 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACADEMIC CALENDAR 2006-2007 ………………………………….........................……5 OTHER RESOURCES ………………………………………….....................…………………6 GENERAL INFORMATION ……………………………………………................……………7 BASIC SKILLS REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................10 GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................11 STUDENT BILL OF RIGHTS...........................................................................................13 TRANSFER, EXAM, -
Desert Magazine 1952 January
Palmer, one pair of meadow mice pro- Geronimo Controversy Spreads . duces an average of 17 litters a year, Hamburg, Germany each litter averaging six mice. Since Desert: the minimum breeding age for mice is 45 days, there is a possioiiity of more 1 had the most welcome opportunity than 1,000,000 descendants for that to receive a copy of your Desert Maga- one pair of mice at the end of one zine, the contents of which impressed Tables for Picnics Enroute . year! me greatly. Long Beach, California An Audubon leaflet reports that one On reading your articles, memories Desert: barn owl on the farm will kill more of my own happy past came to life, for On a 7300-mile motor trip across mice than a dozen cats. I too learned to love the great Ameri- the country and back last summer, we MRS. EDITH L. ST. CYR can Southwest during my wanderings passed through many slates. We were coo in Arizona, New Mexico and South- delighted to use the roadside tables Live and Let Live . ern California. This was many, many provided by the highway commissions Corvallis, Oregon years ago. Times have changed, and in nearly all of these states as well as Desert: much of the American desert country in Canada. "Birds of Prey—Do They Deserve may look different now than it did in "Table ahead" signs were posted a Extinction?" NO, absolutely NO! my time. But to me it will always re- mile before the picnic area was reached. God put every creature on this earth main the awe-inspiring country of The tables were in shady places along for a purpose. -
Shhhhh! a History of Written Secrets
Shhhhh! A History of Written Secrets Shhhhh! A History of Written Secrets © Tancia Ltd 2015 On the 18th June 2014, the Duchess of Cambridge reopened Bletchley Park, the best kept secret in wartime Britain. In 1939, a series of wooden huts were rapidly constructed to house the Government Code and Cypher School that would spend the next 6 years trying to solve the infamous codes generated by the Enigma machines. More than 3000 coded messages passed through Bletchley Park every day and their decryption is one of the most remarkable tales of code-breaking in history. The Duchess of Cambridge at Bletchley Park Is it a Code or a Cipher? Many different terms are used to describe the process of hiding information with their differences largely due to the process of concealment. The difference between a code and a cipher, for example, is that a code uses whole words or phrases that may require a code book to translate. A cipher, conversely, makes use of single letters, numbers or symbols which may be rearranged or replaced to conceal information. Once the cipher pattern is understood by the recipient, there is no need for a codebook to aid the retrieval of the information. The term cryptography has its roots in the Greek words kryptos and graphos and translates as ‘secret writing’. Cryptanalysis refers to the science and art of retrieving information that is encoded. Another term commonly used is steganography which refers to coded information hidden within an everyday object or text. One website describes the difference between cryptography and steganography by looking at their etymological origins; cryptography is ‘secret writing’ whereas steganography is ‘covered writing’. -
Cryptology, the Secret Battlefield of World War I: Dawn of the Crypto Arms Race
Cryptology, the Secret Battlefield of World War I: Dawn of the Crypto Arms Race Ralph Simpson World War I was the first war in which the new invention of the radio played a starring role. The radio gave battlefield commanders more timely military intelligence and the ability to execute a coordinated war strategy, with direct control of their army, navy, and air force. But use of radio also meant all military messages were easily intercepted by the enemy. Unfortunately, the cipher technology of the time did not keep pace with the rapid adoption of radio, so the secret messages of every country were broken! This failure to secure radio messages had a huge impact on the progression of the war and was directly responsible for the outcome of some of the major battles. Also, the British decryption of the German ambassador’s telegram to Mexico, called the Zimmermann telegram, was the impetus for the US entry into the war. So at the time of WWI, the code breakers had the upper hand in the burgeoning field that would later be called the crypto arms race. The main cipher technologies used at the beginning of WWI were the Vigenère disk, code books, and various manual methods of transposition ciphers. All of these ciphers were hundreds of years old and were susceptible to being broken, especially when dozens or hundreds of messages are sent each day, using the same key. These manual ciphers were also very slow, tedious to use, and error-prone in battlefield conditions. In the final years of WWI, four inventors from four countries invented the electric rotor cipher, of which the Enigma machine was the most infamous. -
Alan Turing and the Enigma Machine” James Grime
Maths from the talk \Alan Turing and the Enigma Machine" James Grime 1 The Enigma Machine By the beginning of the 20th century it had become possible, and necessary, to mechanise encryption. In 1918 a German engineer named Arthur Scherbius patented the Enigma Machine. Originally it was sold to banks, railway companies and other organisations who needed to send secret information. By the mid-1920s the German military started to use the Enigma Machine, with some differences from the commercial version of the machine. Enigma was used by the German military throughout World War II, therefore breaking the enigma cipher became a top priority, first by the Polish, then later by the British and Americans. The Enigma Machine was an electro-mechanical machine, about the size of a typewriter, made with steel casing inside a wooden box. On the outside you will see two sets of letters which were the keyboard and the lampboard. You would type your message using the keyboard, the message would then be encrypted letter-by-letter, but instead of printing on paper the encrypted letters would light up on lampboard. The encrypted message would then be written down by the operator and would be transmitted by radio. The machine itself did not transmit. Essentially, the Enigma Machine is just a large circuit. When you type in a letter on the Enigma Machine it completes a circuit and lights up a letter on the lampboard. The Enigma Machine has five components; • Rotors 1, 2 and 3: Inside each rotor is a criss-cross of wires, connecting each letter to another in the manner of a general substituion cipher. -
MODERN MARVELS: CODES NETWORK: the HISTORY CHANNEL Writer/Producer/Director: Adrian Maher Date: April 6, 2001 TEASE CAESAR ALTERED HIS ALPHABET
1 Adrian Maher/CODES MODERN MARVELS: CODES NETWORK: THE HISTORY CHANNEL Writer/Producer/Director: Adrian Maher Date: April 6, 2001 TEASE CAESAR ALTERED HIS ALPHABET. THE NAZIS HAD ENIGMA. THE MODERN AGE HAS COMPUTERS AND DIGITAL ENCRYPTION. THE ATTEMPTS TO MAKE AND BREAK THESE SECRET METHODS OF SCRAMBLED COMMUNICATION HAVE CHANGED THE COURSE OF HISTORY..…NOW “CODES” ON MODERN MARVELS. ACT ONE MANILA, THE PHILLIPINES, JANUARY, 6, 1995. WHEN POLICE RESPONDED TO AN APARTMENT FIRE THEY FOUND A TOSHIBA LAPTOP AMID A BATCH OF CHEMICALS AND BOMB-MAKING MATERIALS. AN OPEN FILE ON THE LAPTOP REVEALED A PLAN TO SIMULTANEOUSLY BOMB 12 U.S. AIRLINERS OVER THE PACIFIC. THE POTENTIAL DEATH TOLL - 4,000 PASSENGERS. SEVERAL OTHER FILES USED ENCRYPTION SOFTWARE THAT SCRAMBLED THE WRITINGS IN SECRET CODE. THE PHILIPPINE POLICE DECODED SOME OF THE FILES USING A SPECIAL COMPUTER PROGRAM AND UNCOVERED A LIST OF BOMB- MAKING RECIPES. ALL THE EVIDENCE POINTED TO THE MOST HUNTED TERRORIST IN THE WORLD: RAMZI YOUSEF - WANTED FOR HIS INVOLVEMENT IN THE WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING. YOUSEF’S PLOTS WERE STOPPED AND HE WAS IN U.S. CUSTODY WITHIN SIX WEEKS. IT WAS A MAJOR VICTORY FOR 2 Adrian Maher/CODES INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AND REVEALED THE IMPORTANCE OF CRYPTOLOGY - THE SCIENCE OF MAKING AND BREAKING SECRET CODES. TO TRACE THE DEVELOPMENT OF CODES IS TO UNCOVER THE VERY FABRIC OF CIVILIZATION. ONCE A CULTURE REACHES A LEVEL OF SOPHISTICATION IN LITERACY, SCIENCE AND LANGUAGE, THE DEMAND FOR SECRET SYMBOLIC COMMUNICATION FLOURISHES. Dr. David Hatch, Director of the Center for Cryptologic History (53160) 01:01:11 I think codes go back, probably as far as there is language.