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Women and Combat: Impediments to the Total Integration of Women in the Military

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Women and Combat: Impediments to the Total Integration of Women in the Military Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 12-2001 Women and Combat: Impediments to the Total Integration of Women in the Military Sylvia Marie Rafels Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons, and the Military and Veterans Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rafels, Sylvia Marie, "Women and Combat: Impediments to the Total Integration of Women in the Military" (2001). Dissertations. 1387. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1387 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WOMEN AND COMBAT: IMPEDIMENTS TO THE TOTAL INTEGRATION OF WOMEN IN THE MILITARY by Sylvia Marie Rafels A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Public Administration School of Public Affairs and Administration Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of com puter printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3028760 Copyright 2001 by Rafels, Sylvia Marie Ail rights reserved. ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 3028760 Copyright 2002 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Sylvia Marie Rafels 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to recognize and thank the following individuals who either directly or indirectly supported me in this endeavor: To my dearest friends who went out of their way to provide support and encouragement, specifically; Rosemary Ludt, Gary Steiner, and Jerry Tilmann. Dr. Peter Kobrak, Dr. Velma Clay, and Dr. Gwen Raaberg for their tutelage, patience and understanding. To Maggie and Hunter for their unquestioned devotion. To life, love, and happiness without which this would not have been possible. Sylvia Marie Rafels Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 Problem Statement...........................................................................................2 Significance of the Study................................................................................ 3 D. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................5 Summary and Conclusions...........................................................................23 IE. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.........................................................................26 World War I Through 1982..........................................................................27 1983 Through 1993: A Period of Expansion for Women in the Military............................................................................36 Legislative.............................................................................................36 Judicial..................................................................................................49 Executive ..............................................................................................59 The Clinton Years..........................................................................................60 Summary and Conclusions................................................................. 62 IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................................64 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued CHAPTER Conceptual Framework................................................................................64 Research Question....................................................................................... 65 Definitions.................................................................................................... 66 Research Methodology................................................................................67 Qualitative Analysis............................................................................67 Operationalization..............................................................................72 V. FINDINGS.............................................................................................................73 Judicial...........................................................................................................73 Physical................................................................................................74 Political................................................................................................76 Mental.................................................................................................. 76 M ilitary ................................................................................................77 Social................................................................................................... 80 Cultural ................................................................................................82 Summary ..............................................................................................86 Executive ...................................................................................................... 86 Physical and Political..........................................................................87 Military and Mental............................................................................87 Social................................................................................................... 89 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued CHAPTER Cultural ................................................................................................96 Summary ..............................................................................................98 Legislative......................................................................................................99 Political................................................................................................ 99 M ental.................................................................................................101 Physical.............................................................................................. 103 M ilitary .............................................................................................. 105 Social..................................................................................................111 Cultural .............................................................................................. 118 Summary ............................................................................................ 125 VI. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH.............................................................................127
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