Super Car, Super

RicardoFeature heading Quarterly Review Q3 2011

Super Car, Super

A focus on the latest in technology, innovation and sustainability engine How Ricardo helped McLaren design and develop the world’s greenest supercar engine – and created a super-lean assembly facility to build it

Interview President Jin An of Chinese vehicle maker JAC Carbon accounting The latest thinking on life cycle carbon dioxide emissions Corporate social responsibility Selecting vehicles that meet environmental and commercial objectives A Product of Hard Work

A Product of Hard Work

The world’s fastest The world’sdiesel fastest car, powered diesel by car, the powered byJCB the JCBDieselmax DieselmaxThe world’s engine engine fastest 350.092mph/563.418kphThe world’sdiesel fastest car, powered diesel by car, the poweredBonneville byBonnevilleJCB the Salt JCB DieselmaxSaltFlats, Flats, Dieselmax USA USA 23rd - 23rd August engineAugust engine 2006 350.092mph/563.418kph BonnevilleBonneville Salt SaltFlats, Flats, USA USA 23rd - 23rd August August 2006

New generation, NOT re-generation The JCB Ecomax T4 engine meets Tier 4i emissions legislation without the need for a Diesel Particulate NewFilter. This innovative, generation, highly effi cient design will provide NOT OEMs with re-generation improved packaging, signifi cantly lower Theoperating JCB costsEcomax and T4up toengine 10% meetsbetter Tierfuel economy 4i emissions compared legislation with without Tier 3. With the needoutputs for from a Diesel 74-173hp, Particulate peak Filter.torque This up to innovative, 553lb/ft and highly a team effi cient of highly design experienced will provide Applications OEMs with Engineers improved ready packaging, to tailor signifi products cantly to lower your operatingrequirements, costs JCB and upis the to 10%clear betterchoice fuel for economyOEMs and compared the leader with in engine Tier 3. technology With outputs for from the new 74-173hp, generation. peak Fortorque further up to 553lb/ftinformation and a teamcontact: of highly engine.sales@jcb.com experienced Applications Engineerswww.jcbpowersystems.com ready to tailor products to your requirements, JCB is the clear choice for OEMs and the leader in engine technology for the new generation. For further information contact: [email protected] www.jcbpowersystems.com

16267 Ecomax Ad_eng.indd 1 03/12/2010 13:41

16267 Ecomax Ad_eng.indd 1 03/12/2010 13:41 A Product of Hard Work

A Product of Hard Work

10 Contents Ricardo Quarterly Review • Q3 • 2011

08 News Features Industry news...... 04 Motorsport & High Performance Vehicles Automotive, motorcycles, marine, rail Super car, super engine...... 10 RQ Viewpoint...... 07 McLaren is famous for demanding the On the new frontier of battery systems, the absolute best, and no less. That’s why gold-rush is in full swing it turned to Ricardo for assistance in designing, developing and manufacturing a landmark V8 engine for its groundbreaking Ricardo news ...... 24 MP4-12C roadgoing supercar. Electric vehicle design; new concepts Jesse Crosse tells the whole story in heavy duty combustion; advances in flywheel technology; University of Michigan Clean Energy solar powered car What’s the real carbon q & a footprint?...... 18 18 Tailpipe CO2 emissions have become the JAC: Jin An ...... 08 basis for vehicle taxation in the majority of As president of this fast-growing Chinese mature car markets. But are we measuring vehicle maker, Jin An is masterminding the right things, and how should electric the shift from commercial vehicles to and alternative-fuel vehicles be assessed? passenger cars and the adoption of global Anthony Smith talks to the Ricardo standards of quality. He explains his engineers working to produce a balanced strategy to Tony Lewin comparison that takes into account the whole-life emissions of different vehicle types at every stage from manufacture through use to final disposal

Ricardo contacts and locations: The task of RQ is to highlight Client confidentiality is of the utmost importance www.ricardo.com/contacts the latest thinking in global to Ricardo, which means that we can only report New generation, NOT re-generation RQ subscriptions: engineering and technology in the on a small fraction of the work carried out by the www.ricardo.com/rq transportation and clean energy company. So we are especially grateful to those The JCB Ecomax T4 engine meets Tier 4i emissions legislation without the need for a Diesel Particulate Sales enquiries: sectors and related industries. Ricardo customers who have kindly agreed to [email protected] We aim to achieve this by presenting an up-to- co-operate with RQ and allow their programmes NewFilter. This innovative, generation, highly effi cient design will provide NOT OEMs with re-generation improved packaging, signifi cantly lower Head office: date mix of news, profiles and interviews with top to be highlighted in print: without such help from Theoperating JCB costsEcomax and T4up toengine 10% meetsbetter Tierfuel economy 4i emissions compared legislation with without Tier 3. With the needoutputs for from a Diesel 74-173hp, Particulate peak Ricardo plc, Shoreham-by-Sea, Conceived and produced West Sussex, BN43 5FG, for Ricardo by: business leaders, as well as in-depth features on customers it would not be possible to present such Filter.torque This up to innovative, 553lb/ft and highly a team effi cient of highly design experienced will provide Applications OEMs with Engineers improved ready packaging, to tailor signifi products cantly to lower your United Kingdom TwoTone Media Ltd programmes – both from within Ricardo and other a fascinating insight into the development of new leading companies. products, technologies and innovations. requirements, JCB is the clear choice for OEMs and the leader in engine technology for the new generation. Tel: +44 (0)1273 455611 Editor: Tony Lewin operating costs and up to 10% better fuel economy compared with Tier 3. With outputs from 74-173hp, peak Contributors: torque up to 553lb/ft and a team of highly experienced Applications Engineers ready to tailor products to your Jesse Crosse and Anthony Smith RQ magazine is printed on paper For further information contact: [email protected] www.jcbpowersystems.com $" certified as being in compliance TwoTone Media Ltd contacts: "! " # requirements, JCB is the clear choice for OEMs and the leader in engine technology for the new generation. Anthony Smith: [email protected] ! ! ! " with the environmental and ### ! social standards of the Forest Tony Lewin: [email protected] % !!# " Stewardship Council. For further information contact: [email protected] www.jcbpowersystems.com

16267 Ecomax Ad_eng.indd 1 03/12/2010 13:41

16267 Ecomax Ad_eng.indd 1 03/12/2010 13:41 Industry news

Industry news The latest in technology, innovation and sustainability across world industries

Passenger Car The industry’s future face With an impressive array of production- for launching the world’s ready advanced technologies on first custom-designed display in its dozen-plus halls, the 2011 carbon-bodied electric vehicle, Frankfurt show may come to be seen the i3, exhibited in near-production as a defining moment in auto industry form alongside the i8 plug-in hybrid history, in the same way that the 1981 supersports car, a vehicle that promises show ushered what then seemed an to redefine the relationship between exciting new era of streamlining and power, speed and energy efficiency. aerodynamics. And Mercedes-Benz, celebrating its BMW will certainly go down in history 125th birthday, has chosen to display a luxury-car concept revealing not Volkswagen’s sub added to the Panda and Punto ranges. next-generation technologies but those 100g/km Up! city car Ford, with a prototype Focus with it expects to be building in 2025 when (above), and Ford’s its EcoBoost 1.0 litre gasoline three- zero emissions become de rigueur for new 1.0L 3-cylinder cylinder, is claiming 120 g/km, while EcoBoost engine (left) extravagant and expensive vehicles. Kia’s Rio – powered by a new 1.1 diesel –

In the real world much closer to claims to be the lowest-CO2 non-hybrid, the heart of the market, downsized at 85 g/km. Volkswagen claims under three-cylinder engines are beginning to 100 g/km for the three-cylinder gasoline

challenge hybrids for low-CO2 honours, unit in its new Up! city car and Volvo – with Ford, Volkswagen, Renault, Kia, and see below – has declared a fundamental Peugeot-Citroën fielding new designs; change in strategy towards fewer Fiat has taken the process a step further, cylinders, smaller engines and lighter with its two-cylinder TwinAir unit now weight.

Passenger Car that would take care of Volvo’s future powertrain requirements, he added. The Time to stop spectrum of engine variants would share 40 percent commonality, he claimed. counting “It’s about time to stop counting cylinders,” observed R&D director Peter cylinders, says Mertens. “Our four-cylinder focus is the perfect way for us to quickly reduce CO2 Volvo emissions and fuel consumption. We will develop four-cylinder engines with higher In a far-reaching announcement on the eve performance than today’s six-cylinder units Yet the substantial You concept car of the Frankfurt auto show, Volvo CEO Stefan and lower fuel consumption than the current shown at Frankfurt gives little hint of Jacoby declared that Volvo would drop all four-cylinder generation.” downsizing. A large and luxurious sedan built its larger engines to focus exclusively on The new Volvo Environmental on the new architecture and with exterior four-cylinder units. Soon to be released, said Architecture engines are up to 90 kg lighter styling picking up on cues from the PV Jacoby, was a new generation of engines than current units but have 35 percent series of the 1950s, it is more noteworthy that presented “huge opportunities in fuel better fuel consumption. Further Volvo for an interior design majoring on extreme consumption and emissions”. initiatives announced include lightweight simplicity and intuitive touch-screen These units would form part of a toolbox body architecture and the trialling of controls for key driving and communication including different levels of electrification flywheel KERS energy recovery systems. functions.

4 RQ • Q3 • 2011 Industry news

Rail China crash prompts safety News In brief Highlighting the latest thinking in automotive concerns engineering and technology worldwide Inter-company alliances proliferate Hot on the heels of Volvo’s far-reaching co-operation agreement with Siemens on electric vehicle systems and development come further alliances aimed at sharing expertise and resources to reduce costs. PSA Peugeot Citroën has announced a tie-up with General Electric of the US, again for electric vehicles, with the objective of improving range and charging performance; Daimler is extending its co-operation with Renault-Nissan to include the supply of Mercedes engines and the B-Class platform for Infiniti premium models, and Mitsubishi has renewed links with a company it helped found, Malaysia’s Proton. Alliance in trouble? Hopes were high in 2009 when Volkswagen announced a co-operation agreement and cross-shareholding Authorities around the world are Among the nations weighing up with Suzuki, with access to the Indian market seen as reviewing their plans to build high-speed proposals for high-speed rail networks a valuable prize for the German company. Unusually, rail networks following a crash on the are Thailand, Russia, Iraq and Brazil. rather than generating any joint programmes, the Beijing-Shanghai line in China which Turkey has recently completed a line agreement appeared to produce tensions – which rose killed over 40 people and injured more between Ankara and Konya province, to the surface at September’s Frankfurt auto show. than 200. Analysts had earlier pointed while budgetary constraints have to shortcomings in the design of the compelled Portugal to suspend plans for Denso is first with feedback- Chinese rail infrastructure and target its new rail link to Spain. controlled diesel speeds had been reduced from 350 to In San Francisco the Bay Area Rapid Japan-based supplier Denso has won the race to bring 300 km/h; the actual collision was blamed Transit authority has commissioned a closed-loop diesel injector system to the market. Its on a lightning strike which knocked out an BMW Designworks USA to design a new i-ART (intelligent – Accuracy Refinement Technology) electronic warning system that could have generation of trains dubbed “Fleet of system packages pressure sensors within the injectors prevented the impact. the Future”. In partnership with Siemens to monitor each combustion cycle and adjust injection The accident may harm the prospects Mobility, BMW’s California studio will quantity and timing for optimum performance. A of Chinese rolling stock manufacturers design the futuristic exterior, the two-litre diesel engine equipped with i-ART has already competing for international contracts passenger information systems, the complied with 2015 Euro 6 emissions levels, says Denso, against producers from Japan, Europe interior fittings and the driver’s controls and fuel savings are running at 2 percent. and North America. for the new trains. US Air Force to adopt plug-in Motorcycles & Personal Transportation electric vehicles Los Angeles Air Force Base has become the first US military facility to commit to replacing all of its general BMW concepts purpose vehicle fleet with plug-in hybrid models. The move is the first phase of a broader Department of Two BMW-group motorcycle Defense initiative aimed at the large-scale adoption of concepts at the Frankfurt show PHEVs into its fleet. The vehicles involved range from aimed to provide a sustainable passenger sedans to shuttle buses and pick-up trucks. approach to two-wheeled travel, complementing the futuristic i3 city Toyota sets Nürburgring EV lap record car and i8 supersports cars with their establish a new class for premium A Toyota Motorsport EV P001 with an electric carbon fibre structures and electric maxi scooters. The 60 volt motor of powertrain has established a new lap record for drivetrains. the Concept gives it acceleration to battery-powered cars at German’s legendary The Husqvarna e-go is a light fun- match that of a combustion-engine Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit. The Radical-chassis oriented motorcycle with an electric powered maxi scooter, and BMW claims mid-engined sports car, equipped with a 280 kW EVO powertrain and an all-up weight of just it is powerful enough to overtake, Electric motor, a 41.5 kWh battery and running on 80 kg. It is targeted at young, city- even two-up, on urban motorways. A road-legal tyres, lapped the 20.8 km track in 7 minutes dwelling buyers and its configuration mechanism to recover braking energy and 48 seconds. A similar car with a combustion engine honours Husqvarna’s motocross helps it towards a range of over 100 km; achieved 6 minutes 48 seconds in 2009. heritage. the recharge time is three hours from The BMW Concept e is the forerunner empty, though BMW says users seldom of a production model aiming to drain the battery completely.

RQ • Q3 • 2011 5 Industry news

Motorcycles & Personal Transportation City cars: credible at last

Engineering momentum is at last beginning to build up behind super-compact city cars, with four or more major manufacturers fielding concept designs at the Frankfurt auto show and Renault set to launch its pioneering Twizy two-seater into the market in the first quarter of next year. Audi showed two variants of its Urban concept, a tandem two-seater with a narrow fuselage and Clean Energy exposed wheels; Volkswagen’s unrelated NILS is a more minimalist single seater weighing less than 460 kg and is equipped with numerous driving aids including automatic Solar shake-out emergency braking. From General Motors comes the Vauxhall/Opel RAKe, a very sporty-looking tandem two- The renewable power industry has had a Volt electric vehicle at its Chevrolet seater with wide-set front wheels and a narrow track rocky few months this summer, with a run dealerships (pictured). Each canopy between its twin rear wheels. of Chapter 11 bankruptcies among North generates enough electricity for up to What all four have in common is that they are light and American players and, in Scotland, the 4500 vehicle recharges annually, says sporty and aimed at a youthful urban audience which abandonment by German utility RWE of GM – the equivalent of 25 percent of the values agility and responsiveness above inter-city range. what was to have been the world’s largest dealer’s total energy consumption. Each thus has relatively low battery capacity, helping keep wave energy project. The remaining In July GM announced plans to the potential purchase cost down: Audi, for instance, has partner in the Siadar project, Voith Hydro invest $7.5 m in Sunlogics, a vertically intimated that its Urban will carry a four-figure euro price Wavegen, is committed to continuing the integrated solar energy systems tag and GM has talked of specifically targeting its model at 4 MW scheme, part of a broader Scottish provider, at the same time committing young drivers, perhaps with a de-rated electric motor. programme for 1.6 GW of tidal and wave itself to a doubling of its global solar Significantly closer to the customer, however, are power in its northern waters. output to 60 MW by 2015. Renault and Smart. The brands are already co-operating Analysts point out that the string Meanwhile, a wind power breakthrough: on small cars and Smart presented its third-generation of failures in the solar modules sector researchers at Kyushu university in Japan electric-powered Smart ed as well as the Smart is an inevitable shake-out in the wake have developed a shrouded wind turbine Forvision concept. Developed in collaboration with BASF, of overcapacity, falling prices and high capable of generating three times the the Forvision makes extensive use of plastics and carbon stock levels. China and Taiwan between power of a conventional rotor of the same composites. The carbon frame is 50 percent lighter than them control some three quarters of diameter. Professor Yuji Ohya’s so-called the conventional steel, and even the wheels are plastic global solar panel production. wind lens creates a low-pressure area – each saving 3 kg over aluminium items. Smart does In the US, General Motors is investing behind the turbine, helping draw more air not quote all-up weights, but says the improvements will in solar recharging shelters for the through the blades. give the electric model a 20 percent greater range on the same battery. Marine Yet all eyes will soon be back on Renault, focusing on the consumer response to the Twizy and the size of the market take-up prompted by its €6990 price tag. Ships to adopt global efficiency standard Following a vote by the environment but the long delay weakens its short to committee of the International medium term impact significantly. If the Maritime Organisation [IMO] in IMO does not deliver action quickly now July, shipping has become the on existing ships, it will be up to the EU first industry to accept a global to take the lead at a regional level,” said standard on fuel efficiency. Bill Hemmings, director of Brussels- However, though the rules impose based non-governmental organisation improvement targets rather than Transport & Environment. absolute levels, many developing In a separate development,the EU has countries will be able to delay accepted the IMO’s recommendations implementation until 2017 or 2019. Under on the sulphur content of marine fuels. the agreed energy-efficiency design index The effect will be that the sulphur limit (EEDI), ships built between 2015 and for all ships will come down from 3.5 2019 will need to boost their efficiency by percent now to 0.5 percent in 2020 and 10 percent, rising in stages to 30 percent the limit for all ships in the Baltic Sea for those delivered after 2024. and the North Sea will come down to 0.1 “Adopting the EEDI is the right step percent by 2015.

6 RQ • Q3 • 2011 Industry News

Passenger Car Daimler CEO Zetsche: Viewpoint fast forward to 2025 On the new frontier of battery systems, the gold- For its 125th birthday Daimler has rush is in full swing Markus Doerr – managing director, produced a research Ricardo Strategic Consulting car, the F125, which anticipates technologies two Vehicle powertrain electrification It was in order to address the generations forward is no longer just a vision of the need for guidance and information rather than just a futurologists and technology for those engaging in the battery single step ahead. Prestigious luxury sedans like this will still forecasters; the widespread systems market that Ricardo be entirely acceptable in 2025, argues Daimler CEO Dr Dieter introduction of hybrid and pure Strategic Consulting recently Zetsche – provided they are of the zero emission variety. battery electric vehicles is now very published the white paper A battery The F125 thus integrates feasible forward steps in much a present-day phenomenon Daimler’s fuel cell technology, with a revolutionary composite as the latest product offerings and hydrogen storage tank integrated into the car’s structure concepts presented at Frankfurt “The battery as a flat floor rather than today’s inefficient high-pressure attest. But if electrification is the cylinders. Storing 7.5 kg of hydrogen at just 30 bar will give next big thing, the elephant in the systems sector a range of 1000 km if the lithium sulphur battery is also room remains the battery system. operates in an invoked. This battery is expected to provide an energy The need for cheaper and more density of 350 Wh per kg, double that of today’s units, says efficient EV traction batteries almost complete R&D director Thomas Weber. capable of storing meaningful Further highlights of the 1700 kg, 5-metre F125, include amounts of energy for propulsion absence of industry quadruple electric motors mounted close to the wheels, purposes, delivering the levels of standards either inductive battery recharging and a host of electronic robustness and reliability that car functions to boost safety and reduce stress on the driver. buyers take for granted and at for cell chemistries a price-point they can afford, is arguably one of the most pressing and performance, Passenger Car challenges facing today’s auto or for durability Land Rover Defender: industry. The battery systems sector and control an icon up for replacement operates in an almost complete Producing a new design to replace the Defender was never going absence of industry standards architectures” to be easy: the task of simultaneously pleasing such diverse either for cell chemistries and customer groups as 4x4 enthusiasts, fashion fans, the military performance, or for durability of questions for electric vehicle and the rescue services is a next to impossible one. and control architectures. Those investors. The twin DC100 design studies show possible approaches engaging with this market – either Through this report we aim to to a civilian version, one a tough looking compact 4x4 and the as investors or purchasers of provide some strategic insights other an extrovert leisure/holiday vehicle. Little engineering systems and components – must to potential investors and actors detail has been finalised, apart from four-cylinder diesel or therefore operate without the kind of in the market for automotive EV gasoline engines “with hybrid capability” and an intelligent 4WD benchmarks and detailed technical battery systems. This is an area in system with driveline disconnect for reduced parasitic losses. information that would normally which Ricardo’s deep awareness of More headline catching, however, are the novel off-road be expected in the established automotive innovation can prove features promised. 3D terrain scanning, allied to GPS navigation powertrain areas of diesel and invaluable alongside our award- and climate information, preconditions the driveline and gasoline engines. This situation winning capability in technology- chassis systems for the conditions the driver is about to is compounded by the relative based due diligence work. Using encounter, and there is even a special sonar-based Wade Aid immaturity and lack of industry best-practice Ricardo processes and which is able to measure the depth of water experience of EV battery guidance such as those set out in the obstacles ahead and inform the systems suppliers and paper, our aim is to enable investors driver whether the flooded zone tangible signs of a ‘gold- to maximize their returns and help is within the vehicle’s maximum rush’ market mentality, automotive customers to identify wading depth of in which numerous the supplier partners that will provide 750 mm. young companies are the most compatible and enduring chasing opportunities medium and long-term fit to their in different business requirements. In this way directions, with many we hope to enable them to identify as yet unable to fulfill the best long-term investment and automotive series sourcing opportunities – in effect to production quality distinguish the battery systems gold standards. from the nuggets of iron pyrite!

RQ • Q3 • 2011 7 Interview

INterview Global aspirations China’s JAC Motors has expanded fast from its roots as a bus chassis manufacturer in the 1990s, celebrating its two-millionth vehicle in 2010. Tony Lewin speaks to company president Jin An about his plans to field a growing range of passenger cars to make JAC a truly global brand

JAC sold around half a million vehicles in 2010. Where do you The major changes will focus on the brand and on quality, as well expect your sales total to be in, say, five years’ time? as on the application of new technologies. Our major markets As you probably know, China operates on five-year plans: by will change too: currently we rely on the Chinese market – we the end of this five-year plan we hope our sales volume will be want to move to overseas markets too. Our competitiveness one million vehicles a year. will come not just from price but also the brand quality and the production cost. Our organization should be constantly Which sectors do you expect will see the biggest growth in improved by focusing on the capability enhancing. your sales? In terms of absolute numbers, the passenger car sector will In which areas is it hardest to achieve world class standards? contribute more, but the growth across the sectors will be What about areas like emissions, safety, chassis and quality? balanced. I am confident of rapid growth across light and None of them is easy. Different products face different heavy duty trucks, too. difficulties. In trucks the powertrain is the biggest challenge – emissions, fuel economy, reliability. Emissions are the first Your website states that JAC has ambitions to become a problem to address if you want to export to foreign countries – world brand and that you expect to be a global top-3 player it’s the bottom line. in light trucks. What changes to your vehicles and your organization do you need to implement in order to achieve What about passenger cars? What issues do you face there? these objectives? JAC has more than forty years’ experience in the production The changes will be systematic and the key point is technology of trucks, but our history in passenger cars is very short. This and quality improvement. Especially energy saving and means that we need to develop every aspect of our passenger environment protection should meet high level of global cars. They need to improve across the board, with fresh requirements. And will rely on our increase in volumes and thinking. Our achievement in this direction has been quite service capability as well: the concept of the top-3 position in promising so far. trucks is just a vision [at present] as it will also depend on how each country calculates its light duty vehicle volume. The US When it comes to passenger cars, are you ahead of your for instance, might have a different understanding about what Chinese competitors or behind them? constitutes a light duty truck. The key concept is [for us] to be a The Chinese market is split into two parts – that for significant world-level player in the light duty truck market. This international brands and that for local Chinese brands. Within is our ultimate purpose, and for this one of the criteria is for our the field of local brands JAC is, as a brand, quite competitive; light duty truck volume to exceed half a million vehicles per year. this competitiveness has been established by keeping the focus and attention on brand-building and quality improvement rather How will you change the way JAC is structured and than simply broadening the range and expanding sales volume. managed? At JAC we believe that quality is more important than size. International brands are examples we need learn from.

8 RQ • Q3 • 2011 Interview

Which is going to be the most important in the long term for The battery is the main factor in cost reduction for EVs. JAC, the Chinese domestic market or the world market? Without a breakthrough this will continue to be an issue, In the longer term the Chinese market should be seen as part though the rise in global volumes will help. The supplier base of the global market. I don’t see any difference. for other components is improving: the T1 suppliers are aware of the trend and are investing in this area, though electronic What have you learnt from your joint ventures with Navistar control modules are still a problem. and Caterpillar? It is still less than a year since these joint ventures were How do you expect the various forms of powertrain – established, but one thing is already clear: there are too gasoline, diesel, hybrid, electric and so on – to divide across many aspects [of technology and business] that JAC still the broader Chinese market in the coming years? needs to learn. JAC has its own characteristic culture but The gasoline engine is still dominant in the passenger we acknowledge that we need to learn a lot from these top car market in China, and in about three years’ time all the brands. We have been focusing for many years on building a automakers will have GDI engines. When it comes to diesel I learning organisation, and we believe that we should learn all believe China will catch up with Europe quickly once the quality that is to be learned, and from everyone. This is quite unique and the supply of diesel fuel is [properly] established; as for compared with other Chinese companies. hybrids and EVs, very much depends on government support. You could predict a niche volume here. What have you learned from European consultancy companies such as Ricardo and Pininfarina that you have Is JAC investing in the development of small passenger car worked with? diesel engines? All these consulting firms are very good. Each of them has Yes, the small diesel engine will be used for SUVs and minivans, unique strengths and its own character and style. We stay in but it will be relatively low in volume compared with gasoline. touch with all of them, but we don’t have any firm rules as to what we co-operate with each of them for. Brazil and South America are your leading export markets. Which models do you export, and how are they promoted in Do you want to be fully independent in your technology and the marketplace? R&D? How soon will this happen? The small 1.3 litre Tongyue passenger car is our flagship No, I don’t think we have to achieve this. It’s not necessary, and vehicle – we sold over 10,000 in three months in Brazil. It sells it’s not practical: just as with an individual person, you have to on quality rather than price: the price is the same as the other co-operate with others. It’s not easy to be fully independent top worldwide brands. in research and development. I think the co-operation will accompany JAC’s R&D activities continuously. Which of your models has the greatest export potential in the You have been running a pilot programme with 600 electric future? vehicles. What has this fleet trial scheme taught you so far? All of them. I am very confident in all We have learned two things so far. We have established an EV of them, not only the commercial engineering capability and, secondly, we have successfully vehicles but the passenger cars too. commercialised this product at a very early stage. The product isn’t perfect in terms of the battery, the motor and JAC (Anhui Jianghuai the electronic control [system], but we took action and Automobile Group Co Ltd) we established the capability. The cars were sold to the Founded: customers and the response has been very positive, but I 1964 should point out that the successful commercialization has Main products: been based on a subsidy and very strong support from the Trucks, cars, chassis, engines customers. Number of employees: 18,000 Has this success led you to any decisions about the larger Turnover: scale manufacturing possibilities for EVs? $5.12 bn (2010) The next step is to further develop this current platform rather Vehicle sales: than expand production volume. Production plans will have to 458,000 (2010) be co-ordinated with government policy; the next production batch will be larger than the first, but the exact numbers have not been finalised yet.

What percentage of the overall Chinese market do you think “In the longer term electric cars will take over the next three or five years? There will be more and more demonstration projects across the Chinese market China in the big cities, but in comparison with the total volume of vehicles in the Chinese market – up to 18 million – the EV should be seen as share will be nearly zero. However, central government does part of the global have clear plans for EVs – they will clearly be in the several thousands, rather than the hundreds. market. I don’t see

Do you expect to be able to reduce the cost of production of any difference” electric vehicles, and if so, where can you save costs?

RQ • Q3 • 2011 9 McLaren MP4-12C super car, super

High Performance vehicles & Motorsport engineF1 teams with a string of world championships to their credit demand the absolute best, and no less. That’s why McLaren turned to Ricardo for help in the design, development and manufacture of a landmark V8 engine for its brand new MP4- 12C road-going supercar. Jesse Crosse hears how Ricardo engineers were able to combine sensational performance with class-leading economy and exacting quality

10 RQ • Q1 • 2011 McLaren MP4-12C

Few customers can be as demanding manufactured in a specially designed bespoke manufacturing facility built to as McLaren; few programmes can be as facility setting world-class standards produce it. momentous as McLaren’s high profile for precision and quality. Supercars have a reputation for enginechallenge to Ferrari, Lamborghini and Three words – greenest, cleanest being anything but environmentally Porsche with its 330 km/h MP4-12C. and meanest – succinctly sum up friendly – their powerful and thirsty Yet in its successful partnership how the new engine sets a series of engines traditionally giving scant regard with McLaren Automotive to develop benchmarks for the industry. Greenest, to the cost or availability of fuel. With the M838T V8, Ricardo had to chase because it establishes a new yardstick the M838T V8 in the McLaren MP4-

much more than just sensational for low CO2 emissions within its class; 12C sports car, Ricardo has changed

performance: this would be a new- meanest, because it is the most all that, setting new standards for CO2 era supercar engine, light, efficient powerful engine in that class; and emissions yet at 600 PS also emerging and environmentally friendly, and leanest because of the high-efficiency, as the most powerful in its class.

RQ • Q1 • 2011 11 McLaren MP4-12C

As one of the world’s leading numbers had reached a peak of 80 “Something that was absolutely automotive engineering consultancies, just six weeks later; they rose and key for us, especially since we Ricardo is no stranger to designing fell according to need throughout the complete engines. Yet the McLaren course of the project before settling were tasked with delivering the M838T V8 goes a step further: it is back to a lean 35 at the start of the first engine for which Ricardo has production. manufacturing as well as the also designed the manufacturing Project director Tim Yates explains: design and development, was system, and the all-new production “Something that was absolutely key plant integrated into the company’s for us, especially since we were tasked to ensure we had simultaneous Shoreham HQ complex is every bit as with delivering the manufacturing as advanced as the engine itself. well as the design and development, engineering between the Furthermore, the timescale given was to ensure we had simultaneous development team and the from inception to the start of pilot engineering between the development production was exceptionally short team and the manufacturing team.” manufacturing team” – just 18 months from the middle This involved defining the entire of 2009 to January 2011. Ricardo’s approach from the outset, from the Tim Yates, Project Director responsibility was to design the new capital investment in buildings and engine from concept to completion, equipment to the number of man- together with all the manufacturing hours needed per engine. From the very processes, plant, assembly and testing beginning a ‘no faults forward’ strategy tools needed to deliver fully built and was adopted, together with 100 percent tested engines to the customer. data storage and traceability of all components. Specialist recruitment Every step was analysed as the To support the project and achieve project progressed, changes were made its goal, Ricardo needed to assemble and the system honed to perfection. teams of skilled engineers as quickly By the time the design phase of the as possible, something that required project was nearing completion, every careful management of numbers question had been answered and all the throughout the timeline to match the issues ironed out, both internally and changing demands of this multi- with suppliers. “We made sure we were faceted project. Specialists were using world-class suppliers with world- required for each of nine discrete areas class technology. We are not making ranging from design and engineering hundreds of thousands of engines and through to supply chain management. that is a great challenge for the supplier Starting from zero in April 2009, team base,” said Yates. Some of the best

12 RQ • Q3 • 2011 McLaren MP4-12C

names in the business were chosen engine itself was progressing. It was emissions in its class – just 279 g/km – using a supplier selection procedure immediately clear that this was to be a and meets both EU5 and ULEV2 emissions involving standard automotive quality very special engine – the configuration standards. Power output is a thrilling 600 processes and problem-solving tools. list alone speaks volumes. At 3.8 litres PS at 7500 rev/min, matched by 600 Nm The final list includes include Bosch, the M838T is substantially downsized torque at 3000 rev/min. Hummel Formen, Unipart Eberspächer, compared to most of its market Thanks to clever fundamental design Capricorn, MHI and Yazaki. competitors, yet it is significantly the compact cylinder block has an more powerful than any of them. exceptionally low mass: not only are the Design and analysis – key Smaller capacity is a fundamental main and lower bedplate crankcases ingredients pre-condition for higher efficiency: sand cast in aluminium alloy, but so As usual in the design or development both pumping and frictional losses are are the top-hung, wet cylinder liners, of any engine by Ricardo, the company’s reduced through the smaller volumes a feature which saves an additional 4 world-class software tools had a and reduced surface areas. The mass kg compared to conventional cast iron major role to play. WAVE was used to of reciprocating parts is also reduced, liners. Careful targeting of the sand simulate engine performance and 1D as is the total mass of the engine – to a cores helps keep the weight down too, gas dynamics, VALDYN to model the remarkable 200 kg. All of this serves to and the finished assembly comes in at valvetrain and drive system dynamics, improve the efficiency and dynamics of just 36 kg. The flat-plane crankshaft RINGPAK for piston ring dynamic the vehicle as a whole. allows a smaller counterweight radius analysis, VECTIS for CFD work, PISDYN and, combined with the short stroke, for analysing piston skirt lubrication The M838T in detail this allows a low block height of just 201 and piston secondary dynamics – In some ways the M838T is a classic mm and a crank-to-ground centre line and, last but not least, ENGDYN for design, a 90 degree V8 with a flat-plane height – important for road-holding – of crankshaft and cylinder block analysis. crank and four valves per cylinder. But only 121 mm. Dry-sump lubrication also The earlier DFA (design for assembly) despite that superficial orthodoxy and allows low positioning of the engine in analysis had enabled the team to despite its extraordinary robustness, the chassis and this helps create the define key design criteria for the there is nothing ordinary about the lowest possible centre of gravity for the engine early on. For robustness, the specification of the new McLaren V8: in MP4-12C. DOHC valvetrain design on each bank fact, it is cutting edge in almost every So-called picture-frame sealing would incorporate a modern take on respect. The engine has the lowest CO2 eliminates T-joints in the crankcase classical mechanical shims rather than hydraulic lash adjustment. The difference between these and earlier designs, though, is that the clearances do not need re-adjusting for the entire life of the engine. As a result of the DFA input, the team changed the design of these shims to allow measurement of the followers on the valve tip, with and without shims, to speed up the assembly process. The front end of the engine, including the timing drive components, was initially rapid-prototyped to establish the assembly sequence prior to purchasing any prototype parts. To avoid any risk of oil leaks the design team was able to eliminate any T-joints in the lower section of the engine. Special tooling was developed to allow cooling oil jets to be fitted after the piston and rods, thus avoiding a positioning clash during assembly; CAD mock-ups were also used to model the assembly of the compact inlet and exhaust manifold and the turbo assembly. At the same time as the groundwork was being laid for assembly and manufacture, the design of the

RQ • Q3 • 2011 13 McLaren MP4-12C assembly and thus the risk of oil leaks, energy and increased fuel consumption. spark plug tube saving a further 2.5 kg. while high levels of feature integration In the new V8, Ricardo isolated The narrow included valve angle reduces (as opposed to separate components crankcase bays one and four from two the width (and weight) of the head and and covers) not only reduces and three and also isolated the timing an integrated housing for the variable component count and weight, but also chain case from the crankcase bays. valve timing gear enables compact the likelihood of faults such as coolant This prevents the transfer or, literally, oilways and minimises the overall leaks. the pumping, of air between the bays length of the heads. Again, from the Ricardo’s analysis tools played a and through internal passages: this perspective of quality and robustness, crucial role in designing a high-quality significantly improves both power and single-plane oil sealing rules out oil and robust engine, and their use in the fuel consumption at high speeds. leaks. development of the cylinder block is Needless to say, the head design a particularly good example. “We did Top end design is minutely optimized to maximise encounter some difficulties and we are The cylinder head is one of the most performance and minimise fuel quite open about that,” admits Yates. important assemblies in any engine, consumption and CO2 emissions. What is important, though, is how and its design makes a particularly Exhaust valve size is maximised those inevitable hurdles were identified important contribution to the to avoid gas flow restriction and to and quickly overcome. Early on in the performance, emissions and fuel increase the available turbine energy. development phase there were some consumption characteristics. In this Intake ports are designed to provide instances of liner cracking, for example, case, each of the two cylinder heads excellent gas flow while retaining good but by looking closely at the clearances, has double overhead camshafts, each tumble characteristics for efficient the support and how the liner was camshaft being fitted with its own fuel-air mixing. The high flow rate loaded and clamped, these problems phaser. Like the block, the cylinder reduces pumping losses and the tumble were quickly eradicated. heads are optimized for weight, helps low-speed combustion as well as Pumping losses (the energy single-piece plastic cam covers giving improving fuel economy at high speed. expended pumping air into and around a net weight saving of 2.3 kg and an The quadruple cam phasers improve an engine) are a major source of wasted aluminium rocker carrier and thin-wall response, torque, power and fuel

14 RQ • Q3 • 2011 McLaren MP4-12C economy throughout the engine Cooling: critical for speed range. efficiency “The idle speed The valvetrain features end-pivoted Temperature control is critical to was important and finger followers and a single ‘beehive’ engine efficiency, and for this reason design of valve spring, the low mass the V8 has a three-plate electrical driving that down and high stiffness of which provides thermostat which allows higher running accurate valve control at high speed temperatures during normal driving was something while keeping forces – and thus and ensures operating temperature is we found we could frictional losses – to a minimum. The reached very quickly. The three-plate cam profiles were also designed to thermostat is effectively three-way do. It benefits CO2 improve these characteristics, with or with three valves, so the unit can the use of VALDYN at the design stage graduate cooling, something that is emissions and helping eliminate any risk of loss of especially important during warm-up also the noise contact with the camshaft, spring or during part load. It offsets the huge surge or valve bounce. thermal changes between an engine characteristic of the The head casting went through a capable of idling at a few hundred revs number of development phases after producing minimal power and maximum engine.” analysis of the first version revealed the power of 600 PS at 7500 rev/min. Tim Yates, potential for excessive temperatures in On that note, even the idle speed of the exhaust bridge. Thermo-mechanical the V8 was scrutinised and reduced Project Director finite element analysis made it possible to 600 rev/min from its initial target to evolve the design of the cooling of 850. “The idle speed was important passages and head gasket shaping and driving that down was something to optimize the targeting and velocity we found we could do,” says Yates. “It of coolant jets, as well as making benefits CO2 emissions and also the components easier to manufacture. noise characteristic of the engine.”

RQ • Q3 • 2011 15 McLaren MP4-12C

New engine, new assembly facility, cutting-edge processes

One of the biggest challenges of the on a single piece flow (one engine per station), warning operators if they are about to select programme was not just to design and test no faults forward basis; the line can take any the wrong part. Rechargeable DC battery a new engine ready for production in just 18 engine in any order. It has been specified on tools are pre-set and used for fastening, months, but to design the assembly process the basis of producing 2000 M838T engines measuring rotations, angle and torque: all and the 600 square metre plant in which to per shift per year. Stock control is operated of these readings are stored in a database produce it as well. Ground was broken in April on a ‘pull’ system (where stock control is giving a full birth history of each engine. 2010 and the plant was production ready, based on production needs) and there is a Once each operation is complete an operator just four months later, in August 2010. “It is 45-minute takt time – the cycle time before acknowledges the fact with a step completion a model factory showing how things should each unit moves to the next station. Two idle button. The job is only unlocked ready for the be done,” says Ricardo assembly facility stations allow for an increase in production next station if all steps are completed. production manager Tom Soar. numbers at short notice. Liquid gaskets are applied by machine and An obvious question to ask is why the facility seal integrity is checked with an air pressure is sited in the UK and not in a low cost location: 13 assembly stations liquid leak detector and, if necessary, by “We can achieve low cost just as well as anyone The cylinder heads are assembled and set using hydrogen gas and a sniffer. else,” explains Soar, and his views are echoed up on a discrete six-point line to one side of by no less a figure than Ron Dennis, executive the hall, while the main line of 10 stations Final stage: chairman of the McLaren Group: “Several is positioned in the centre of the hall. There testing and power check people have asked me why here, in England. I’m are also two sub-assembly stations, making The final stage is for the engine to be bedded fiercely patriotic and we are desperately trying a total of 13 in all. The highly sophisticated in, testing all the engine’s functions and to communicate the importance of science cylinder head production line not only builds also checking power and torque output. The and engineering for our country,” he says. “We the cylinder heads with valves, collets, sophisticated BIPO cell used for this stage came to Ricardo because we had a firm belief springs, followers and stem seals but ‘pops’ incorporates hardware from three main in its capability, its science, experience and the valves to ensure they are properly UK suppliers and is operated using STARS commitment to excellence.” seated. It also performs a leak test on them, software. The powerful dynamometer is The manufacturing building provides a installs the camshafts and confirms all rated at 460 kW and incorporates automated semi clean-room environment with a positive components are present. docking and undocking and coolant and oil air pressure system; it is modular, allowing All stations have a sophisticated human fill. It also pre-heats the fluids and is equipped for easy extension, and a BIPO cell (bed-in and machine interface (HMI) which contains with a number of safety systems including an pass-off engine dynamometer cell station) is details of the work, indicates the tool to be FM200 fire suppression system, smoke and integral. The production philosophy is one of used and keeps track of the status and cycle flame detectors and explosion protection. lean manufacturing and the line is organised time. An HMI also controls parts bin selection, Once the BIPO session is complete, engines

“I’m fiercely patriotic and we are desperately trying to communicate the importance of science and engineering for our country. We came to Ricardo because we had a firm belief in its capability, its science, experience and commitment to excellence” Ron Dennis, Executive chairman, McLaren Group

16 RQ • Q3 • 2011 McLaren MP4-12C

are ready for delivery to McLaren Production Centre in Woking, with a consignment leaving every working day. Specifications Format: 90 degree V8, bi-turbo, ladder frame, dry sump, flat-plane crankshaft Valvetrain: 32 valve (sodium-filled exhaust) DOHC per bank, finger followers, chain-driven camshafts, quadruple cam phasers. Power: 600PS @ 7500 rev/min Torque: 600 Nm @ 3000 rev/min CO2: 279 g/km Emissions level: UE5/ULEV2 Bore: 93.0 mm Stroke: 69.9 mm Swept volume: 3799 cc Compression ratio: 8.7:1 Dimensions: L623 mm x W705 mm x H465 mm Gross weight: 200 kg

xxxxxxx

Clearly, the sound quality of a chilled coolant – a brutal process Opposite page: expectations of its very discerning supercar engine is crucial and a repeated hundreds of times to verify Ricardo CEO Dave customer base. The MP4-12C that Shemmans (left) considerable amount of work was fatigue performance as well as severely and McLaren Group it powers defines a completely new carried out to get the balance just checking the sealing of joints and executive chairman segment within the premium sports right both inside and out. Because components. Ron Dennis (right) car market. To build a brand new car at the opening of turbochargers significantly mute the A further 3000 hours simulating the the Ricardo High is a challenge; to build a brand new wave form of intake noise, a sound famous Nürburgring Nordschleife race Performance high-performance sports car that is transmission system incorporating a circuit using real data logged during Assembly Facility (above). ground-breaking, efficient, high-quality, resonator was included to pipe sound track testing there gave the equivalent lightweight, practical, dynamic, safe, to the cabin. The design of the exhaust of 73,000 km on-track driving. At the comfortable, and visually arresting is a system also took into account sound same time, major component and greater challenge still. McLaren – with quality as well as efficiency. Like the system-level testing was being carried help from Ricardo and other highly cam covers, the entire inlet manifold is out elsewhere on rigs in a combined test innovative supply chain partners – looks also moulded in plastic, reducing weight plan between Ricardo, McLaren and their to have achieved this in considerable at the top of the engine to lower the suppliers. Final vehicle testing comprised style. centre of gravity. more than 1,000,000 km on a mixture And for Ricardo employees and The test regime was thorough and of road and track at Nardò, Idiada and investors, the new High Performance unforgiving. Five thousand hours of the Nordschleife. The final stage prior Assembly Facility also provides a proven basic testing on seven dynamometers to production was the building of 95 approach for taking high performance, running in shifts served to check ‘made like production’ prototypes using Ricardo-developed products into and validate every aspect of the new production sequences and tools. production applying world-class quality engine – from performance and At the end of all of this, and just principles and practices within a low- emissions to mechanical durability 18 months from the start of the volume setting. As such, the facility is testing of individual components. The collaboration with Ricardo, a unique both a model factory and a business work included thermal shock testing new engine was born, possessing template that will be of keen interest to – the engine temperature rising to spectacular performance and emissions many potential customers seeking to 116 Celsius at full power then being and easily meeting the high-level goals add a halo, high-quality, performance ‘crashed’ back to 20 Celsius using set by McLaren based on the exacting product to their model line-up.

RQ • Q3 • 2011 17 Carbon emissions

Clean Energy sizing up the real carbon footprint

Carbon dioxide has for several years sat alongside noxious exhaust products within the scope of emissions regulations worldwide. But now, if we wish to progress to a reliable and holistic measure of sustainability, is it time to ask whether we are measuring the correct things and measuring them correctly, too? Anthony Smith reports on the latest thinking in life cycle carbon dioxide assessment

The environmental performance ‘g/km CO2’ figures in assessing the The EU is in the process of

stickers on the windscreens of new cars true carbon footprint of each product implementing fleet-averaged tailpipe CO2 in showrooms across Europe these days throughout its life? In short, are we regulations based on these NEDC figures: are pretty clear in stating precisely the measuring the right things and making these are critical as both non-compliance carbon emissions for each product. reliable comparisons – especially when penalties and super-credits are applied to Potential purchasers are quickly evaluating alternative vehicle and manufacturers with the aim of achieving

and clearly informed about the CO2 powertrain types? an industry fleet average of 130 g CO2/ emissions per kilometre driven, and are The current European metric km by 2015 and, together with other

incentivised by the many national, state for comparing the greenhouse gas measures, 95 g CO2/km by 2020. and even city tax breaks and waivers on emissions of passenger cars is the parking fees and tolls, such as London’s tailpipe CO2 emissions per kilometre, From test bed to real world congestion charge. measured over the New European Drive Given the rather abstract nature of any The carbon emissions of vehicles have Cycle (NEDC) which is comprised of drive cycle, how reliable are the official even entered everyday conversation four phases of urban driving and one of NEDC figures as a measure of carbon in the same way that fuel-economy extra-urban. The homologation test is emissions? Some insight into this is and performance did in previous years: carried out using a reference fuel on a provided by the magazine Autocar, drivers are readily able to quote the dynamometer in a controlled laboratory whose experienced test drivers regularly official carbon dioxide emissions of their environment. A cold start is followed by assess new cars for the benefit of the cherished new cars well ahead of other operation at an ambient temperature publication’s readers, recording their performance details. that must be within the range 20-30 own measurements of fuel consumption But how reliable are these ubiquitous degrees Celsius. alongside the data published by the

18 RQ • Q3 • 2011 Carbon emissions

‘In short, are we measuring the right things and making reliable comparisons – especially when evaluating alternative vehicle and powertrain types?’

manufacturer. Life cycle analysis This form of holistic analytical A simple calculation can yield an If tailpipe emissions can be somewhat approach is already the basis of

equivalent figure for CO2 emissions, misleading in terms of real-world Environmental Product Declarations showing that ‘real-world’ emissions performance within themselves, they (EPDs) that are voluntarily applied during the vehicle tests range from 5 also clearly fail to fully represent the true to a range of consumer goods, such percent to 36 percent higher than the carbon impact of a new product on its as clothing, in order to educate certified figures, with typical vehicles environment. and reassure purchasers of the

posting CO2 emissions of around 20 A vehicle’s life cycle can be conveniently environmental provenance of the percent higher. This discrepancy is subdivided into four ‘blocks’, yet the product. The carbon dioxide released also the case for two electric vehicles current tailpipe emissions serve only to into the atmosphere throughout the recently tested, where electrical energy focus on one – the use of the vehicle. The entire value chain that has delivered consumption figures, expressed in three remaining ‘blocks’ crucial to an the product to its point of sale is terms of Wh/km, were similarly 15 understanding of true life cycle impact are: expressed in mass terms, including the percent and 54 percent higher. •• the fuel chain that delivers the liquid contributions of all relevant aspects of While motoring journalists may, in fuel to the filling station forecourt or manufacture, logistics and marketing. some cases, have an arguably well- electric power to the charging socket deserved reputation for aggressive for a plug-in vehicle; Carbon dioxide equivalence driving, the wide range of these data •• the end of life disposal and recycling of While carbon dioxide emissions clearly demonstrates that certification the vehicle and its components, and; are thought of as one of the main

figures merely provide an approximate •• the manufacturing supply chain of the contributors to climate change, CO2

indication of real-world CO2 emissions. vehicle. is far from being the only so-called

RQ • Q3 • 2011 19 Carbon emissions

The four ‘blocks’ of a vehicle’s life-cycle

The fuel chain

Manufacturing Vehicle use End of life recycling

greenhouse gas. Other gases with an A vehicle’s life cycle the frameworks provided by these measures are thus necessary not even greater global warming potential can be conveniently standards as significant effort and just to inform decisions over vehicle subdivided into four include methane and nitrous oxide. To ‘blocks’ of carbon subjective judgement are required in choice – of both individual purchasers accommodate all such greenhouse emissions – the fuel the identification and quantification of and large fleet operators – but also to gases within a life cycle analysis, the chain, manufactur- the many sources of greenhouse gas direct future technological research ing, end of life recy- concept of carbon dioxide equivalent cling and use on the emissions. As a result, it is perfectly towards addressing the most carbon- or ‘CO2e’ is used. This allows a single road – and yet current possible to conduct two LCAs of the intensive aspects of low-carbon vehicle metric to represent the total emissions g/km carbon dioxide same product with both analyses manufacture. Without such a measure, emissions regula- of various greenhouse gases depending tions focus only on conforming to the ISO 14040 standards short-term economics alone is likely to be on their individual global warming the last of these. but delivering very different results. the primary driver of future research, and potentials over a specified time horizon. this may serve in part to limit any moves Methane, for example, is typically Different fuel chains towards truly sustainable transport. multiplied by a factor of 21 and nitrous In considering the LCA requirements oxide by a factor of 310, both being of low-carbon vehicles, there are Life cycle assessment added to raw carbon dioxide emissions clear differences in the fuel chains research in order to arrive at the life cycle CO2e that deliver liquid fuel and electric As part of an effort to inform the figure for a given product. energy to the vehicle. But the position debate on vehicle life cycle carbon The processes of calculating the is further complicated – and made dioxide assessment, Ricardo prepared carbon dioxide impact in the form of all the more urgent – by the widely a report for the UK Low Carbon Vehicle an Environmental Product Declaration differing manufacturing and production Partnership, which was published in are governed by international processes used – for battery electric June 2011. Entitled Preparing for a Life standard ISO 14025, and the Life cycle and hybrid vehicles, for example – and cycle CO2 Measure, the work sought Assessment (LCA) process is in itself the fact that many of these processes to establish the viability of assessing outlined and guidance is provided in and the raw materials on which they are a vehicle’s life cycle carbon dioxide ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 respectively. based are inherently carbon intensive. equivalent footprint. However, key challenges remain in Reliable and directly comparable The report highlights the increasing

20 RQ • Q3 • 2011 Carbon emissions

‘This work dispels the myth that low-carbon vehicles simply displace emissions from the exhaust to other sources’ Greg Archer, LowCVP managing director

importance of accounting for whole- non-powertrain components (vehicle is an emerging consensus that we need life carbon emissions in the task glider). This highlights the importance to move towards a more holistic analysis

of comparing the greenhouse gas of applying vehicle light-weighting of whole-life CO2 emissions in order to emissions of low-carbon vehicles. It was technologies to both the vehicle make more informed and better long- prepared by Ricardo in collaboration structure and interior, using materials term decisions on future technologies.”

with the expert membership of the that also have low embedded CO2e In years to come, as a wider range Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership emissions. A similar electric vehicle will of electric, biofuel and potentially [LowCVP], which included major vehicle have embedded production emissions hydrogen vehicles begin to compete

manufacturers and oil companies. of 8.8t CO2e, 43 percent of which arise with petrol and diesel models, it will “This work dispels the myth that from the battery pack. Decarbonizing become essential to compare vehicles low-carbon vehicles simply displace both the electricity supply through the on a whole-life carbon basis. The study emissions from the exhaust to other use of renewable sources of power – as shows not just the complexity but also sources,” explains LowCVP managing well as the production of batteries – the practicalities of calculating whole- director Greg Archer. “However, it will therefore be essential for electric life carbon emissions and highlights does also highlight the need to look vehicles to deliver ultra-low carbon the need to develop a standard at reducing carbon emissions from lifetime emissions. methodology acceptable to vehicle vehicles throughout their life cycle. The The report also indicates that life manufacturers. automotive industry is already taking cycle carbon emissions for future mid- “Life cycle analysis is still in its positive steps to address this issue – sized petrol and diesel vehicles doing an infancy, with little defined process and the recent announcement by Toyota equivalent lifetime mileage could be very standards,” continues Jackson. “This of a solar array to provide electricity similar, as continuing progress is made report is an important contribution to power the hybrid Auris production towards reducing the tailpipe emissions to this type of analysis and highlights facility and wind power at the Nissan of these conventional technologies. the need to work towards a common Leaf plant are excellent examples of It reveals too that some regulations methodology and approach in order to this.” designed to improve recyclability, safety deliver consistent and robust life cycle

The study found that some of the or to reduce air pollution can increase data on CO2 emissions.”

CO2 savings made during the use carbon emissions in production or use. This is a viewpoint clearly shared by of low-carbon vehicles is offset by Greg Archer: “We already measure the increased emissions created during Towards a reliable and whole-life carbon emissions of biofuels, their production and, to a lesser extent, repeatable standard The report highlights and doing the same for vehicles is their disposal. Yet, overall, electric The Ricardo report for LowCVP clearly the need to entirely feasible. However, it does now decarbonize both and hybrid vehicles do still have lower highlights the need for a more all- the electricity supply require effort to be directed at agreeing carbon footprints than conventional embracing and consistent standard for and the production of how this should be done consistently at fossil-fuelled cars. For example, a life cycle carbon dioxide assessment, as batteries for electric an EU, or possibly global, level.” vehicles to deliver typical medium-sized family car will Ricardo chief innovation and technology ultra-low life cycle create around 24 tonnes of CO2e during officer Neville Jackson observes: “There carbon emissions. its life cycle, while an electric vehicle will produce around 18 tonnes over its life. For a battery electric vehicle, 46 percent of its total life cycle carbon footprint is generated at the factory, before it has travelled a single mile – so there is inevitably a trade-off in both time and distance travelled before a battery electric vehicle has a lower carbon emission than its conventionally powered equivalent. Embedded carbon For a standard mid-sized gasoline internal combustion engine vehicle the report shows that the embedded carbon in production will be around

5.6t CO2e, the majority of which results from the

RQ • Q3 • 2011 21 Carbon emissions Case Study: Balancing cash & corporate social responsibility

Taking the concepts of life cycle carbon dioxide assessment as set-out in the previous article, the following study was reported by Ricardo at the Cenex Low Carbon Vehicles 2011 event held at Rockingham, UK, in September

In addressing sometimes aggressive UK supermarket vary by circumstance, two contrasting a conventional 2.1L four cylinder diesel targets for reducing corporate CO2 chain Sainsbury’s scenarios were put forward. “The powertrain with tailpipe CO2 emissions of publicizes the launch footprints, fleet operators face some stark of its first electric optimal choice of low-carbon vehicle will 222 g/km, while the second was based on choices in the replacement and upgrading delivery vehicle depend heavily both upon organizational an identical engine but within a full hybrid of vehicles. Low-carbon technologies (above), similar to objectives and on the intended duty powertrain architecture delivering 167 g/ the London based are almost always more expensive to delivery operation cycle,” explains Jane Patterson of the km. The final option was a battery electric acquire, but they typically yield savings in described in Scenario Ricardo advanced technology group. vehicle providing a comparable package operating costs due to their lower overall B (right). “To illustrate how this can influence and performance. fuel consumption and/or the substitution the choice of low-carbon vehicle In practice there would be as many such of fossil fuel with less expensive mains technologies we assessed the choices options as there are candidate vehicle electricity supplies. However, as the that would face a regional UK courier models available, but the focus on just previous article has shown, life cycle service operating a fleet of vehicles from three generic vehicles helps to simplify the assessment studies show that full battery a central depot averaging daily around analysis and demonstrate the life cycle electric vehicles and hybrids carry higher 200 km each, and a central London based selection process that might be embedded carbon emissions arising from supermarket operating delivery vehicles followed by a fleet manager. their manufacture than do conventional within a radius of 10km of the store on The embedded carbon breakdown vehicles. So will low-carbon vehicles really individual trips of around two hours.” for these three generic vehicles is help reduce the corporate CO2 footprint shown below, with the baseline diesel and can they do so while meeting the Technology options representing emissions of 9.4 tonnes commercial needs of the organization? Three generic vehicle powertrain CO2e. The hybrid and battery electric The above questions were addressed architecture options were considered vehicles represent embedded emissions in a case study presented by Ricardo at as summarised in the chart (below/ that are respectively 14 percent and the Low Carbon Vehicles 2011 event. left), each of which would provide a 57 percent higher, an increase largely To introduce the concept of a carbon viable vehicle choice for each of the two attributable to the capacity of the payback period, and how this would scenarios. The first option was based upon battery in each case.

Generic vehicle architectures considered Estimated embedded emissions

Diesel ICE Diesel Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle Kerb Weight 2410 kg Diesel ICE Fuel Consumption 8.4 L/100km 2.1L 14 Diesel engine, Tailpipe CO2 222gC02/km 9.4 tCO2e 10.7 tCO2e 14.8 tCO2e 95kW Fuel Retail Price £25,000 4% 7% 6% 5% 7%

Diesel Full Kerb Weight 2560 kg 14% 6% Hybrid (HEV) Fuel Consumption 6.3 L/100km 47% 12% 55% 42% 2.1L 14 Diesel engine, Tailpipe CO2 167 gCO2/km 73% 3 kWh NiMN battery Fuel Retail Price £30,000 pack, 60 kW Motor

Kerb Weight 2760 kg Electric Vehicle Fuel Consumption [scenario]25 kWh/100km Vehicle Glider Fuel System Power Electronics [scenario B] 20 kWh/100km (EV} Engine Battery Assembly Energy 45 kWh Li-ion battery, Transmission and Driveline Motor 120 kW Motor Tailpipe C02 0 gC02/km EV Range (70% discharge) 120 km Vehicle glider is assumed to be common to each technology architecture Retail Price £60,000

Source: Ricardo Analysis

22 RQ • Q3 • 2011 Carbon emissions

Scenario A – Regional courier service Scenario B – City based supermarket delivery service

Scenario A: Carbon Payback Scenario B: Carbon Payback

80 80 After 5 years, EV has saved 25 tCO2e, and HEV 70 EV carbon pay back 70 has saved 20 tCO2e within 10 months, 60 EV carbon 60 HEV carbon pay because EV potentially back within 3 more eﬃcient for 50 pay back 50

e [tonnes] months due to urban, low speed, e [tonnnes] with <1 year 2 2 HEV carbon 40 40 its high eﬃciency driving pay back with After 5 years, EV has for urban 30 <6 months saved 22 tCO2e, and 30 driving 20 EV better than HEV has saved 15 20 HEV after tCO2e EV better than HEV

10 ~20 months C0 Cumulative Cumulative CO Cumulative 10 after ~ 27 months 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 5 0 1 2 2 4 5 Years Years Diesel ICE Diesel Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle (EV) Diesel ICE Diesel Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle (EV)

Scenario A: Financial Payback Scenario B: Financial Payback

EV doesn’t payback EV doesn’t payback within 5 years, despite within 5 years London Congestion Charge exemption £80,000 £80,000 £70,000 £70,000 £60,000 £60,000 £50,000 £50,000 £40,000 HEV pay £40,000 back in HEV pays back £30,000 ~4 years £30,000 in ~3 years Cumulative Cost [£] Cumulative Cumulative Cost [£] Cumulative £20,000 To get EV payback within 5 years, either £20,000 To get EV payback within 5 years, either reduce battery costs to ~$650/kWh, or £10,000 reduce battery costs to ~$500/kWh, or £10,000 increase Diesel to 230 p/L at fuel pump increase Diesel to 260 p/L at fuel pump £0 £0 0 1 2 2 4 5 0 1 2 2 4 5 Years Years Diesel ICE Diesel Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle (EV) Diesel ICE Diesel Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle (EV) xxxxxxx

Scenario A: Courier service $500/kWh typical of NiMH cells. In such Life cycle carbon have to fall to $650/kWh or the price Within this scenario based on a regional circumstances the financial payback emission and finan- of diesel fuel increase to 260p/litre – cial performance of parcel distribution service, the initial results show that the EV would just break the two low carbon subject to the combined impact of both embedded carbon of the hybrid vehicle even within five years. Alternatively if fuel and baseline vehicle of these changes, the EV would post a is ‘paid back’ in the form of reduced costs are increased from 140p to 230p/ respectively for financial return in just over three years in scenario A and B. tailpipe emissions after less than litre, the break-even position for the EV comparison with the baseline vehicle. six months. Using the current UK would be just within five years – or less government estimate of grid electricity than three years if both changes were to Balancing cash and carbon carbon intensity (594 gCO2e/kWh at occur simultaneously. accounting the charge point), the battery electric The two scenarios presented highlight vehicle similarly pays back its embedded Scenario B: City based the challenge facing fleet operators carbon in less than a year. After five supermarket delivery in attempting to align their corporate years the hybrid and battery electric service social responsibility and commercial powertrains save respectively 15 and 22 Given the duty cycle of a local delivery objectives, as Patterson explains: tonnes of CO2e in comparison with the service, the carbon payback is seen “Even with current incentives such as baseline diesel vehicle; the EV exceeding to occur within a year both for the the waiver on the London Congestion the hybrid in cumulative emissions hybrid and the electric vehicle; Charge for low-carbon vehicles, in the savings after around 20 months. specifically, within three and ten case of each of these two realistic However, if the carbon savings for the months respectively. Moreover the EV scenarios, a case cannot be made for parcel delivery service in selecting the two is seen to perform better in terms of full electrification on financial grounds low carbon vehicle options are attractive, cumulative emissions than the hybrid alone. However, the sensitivity studies the financial position is very different. after 27 months, achieving total savings on fuel price and on battery cost

While a financial payback in comparison of 25 tonnes CO2e over five years in demonstrate the marginal nature of with the baseline diesel is projected for the comparison 20 tonnes for the hybrid. this balance based even on current cost hybrid vehicle after just over four years, Like the previous scenario, the hybrid structures. Therefore, for technologists it may be nine years before the electric vehicle makes a financial return within the question must be how to tackle the vehicle provides a positive return. its lifetime, in this case in just over three high upfront costs and carbon content To assess the sensitivity to possible years. Despite the congestion charge of otherwise low-carbon vehicles. For changing factors within this time horizon, exemption for such vehicles, the EV again business operators, the challenge is to the analysis was repeated assuming fails to demonstrate a financial return ascribe a financial value to reductions in that the cost of the electric vehicle’s within five years, based on current cost their carbon footprint such that the full Li-ion battery would reduce from assumptions. In order for this situation advantages of low-carbon technologies current estimate of $1000/kWh to the to change, the cost of Li-ion cells would can be properly evaluated.”

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Ricardo news Latest developments from around the global Ricardo organization

Clean energy New visions of an electric future

Teams of students from Coventry electric vehicle technologies along with Students Cindy Juette followed a very tried and trusted University’s automotive design BA new and innovative business models for and Rinesh Jethwa, format – providing a package and and MA courses took part in a unique ownership, charging and driving. respectively of the operating experience very similar to WYNN and Tree Frog design competition organized by “Car design has evolved in what teams, explain their conventional cars despite the design Ricardo UK through early 2011. As a might be termed something of a design concepts to freedoms afforded by electrification. In part of a major project the students linear and incremental fashion over Ricardo staff (above setting this design challenge we asked were challenged to provide their own the past century,” explains David and top right), and students to take a fresh look at vehicle vision of what a mass-market family Greenwood, Ricardo UK product group Tree Frog concept design and come up with genuinely new drawing (above right). car produced in the year 2025 might head for hybrid and electric systems. perspectives. In effect, if we are on look like, taking full advantage of the “Most electric vehicles rolled out to the brink of an architectural revolution design freedoms enabled through date by the big automakers have enabled by electrification, we asked Neville Jackson elected as Fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering Professor Neville Jackson, Ricardo chief The Royal Academy is the National Academy capability internationally. Professor Jackson technology and innovation officer has of Engineering of the UK and brings follows in a distinguished line of Ricardo been elected as a Fellow of The Royal together the country’s most eminent and directors so recognized by the Academy, Academy of Engineering. He is, says the distinguished engineers of all disciplines. The including Sir Diarmuid Downs, Dr Cecil French Academy, “Internationally recognized as an Academy is active in many areas, interfacing and Mike Monaghan as well as non executives outstanding thinker and spokesman for the with Government, Industry & Academia, Prof Sir Hugh Ford and Lord Kings Norton future of automobiles in a low carbon world”. whilst representing the UK’s engineering who were both founder fellows in 1976.

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Commercial Vehicles Redefining heavy in late June, where prizes were also awarded duty combustion to the students by the company. From the Master’s degree course, team WYNN – Ricardo has been successful in securing standing for ‘what you need next’ – won with funding for two advanced research projects their modular concept that provided a low under the UK Technology Strategy Board’s cost ‘city’ car suitable for daily commuting, ‘Disruptive technologies in low carbon convertible to a larger family vehicle capable vehicles’ competition, both of which aim of much longer journeys. They were joined by to assess potentially transformative a team from the BA degree who came up with technologies in the terms of heavy duty a concept called ‘Tree Frog – hop from A to vehicle efficiency. Heavy duty vehicles such B’ providing a highly flexible and wheelchair as long haul trucks represent a significant accessible public transport concept based challenge in terms of the reduction of self-drive taxi concept similar to that of the carbon dioxide emissions. An essential ubiquitous rental bikes currently found on element of the transportation mix of modern the streets of London and Paris. Following industrialized society, heavy vehicles are the presentations, sketches and quarter inherently less amenable to the type of scale models of their work are currently being electrification and hybridization strategies displayed at the UK sites of Ricardo. that are already contributing to reduced “The design competition provided some carbon emissions and potential long-term extremely useful educational experience to sustainability for the light vehicle sector. the students as well as providing Ricardo with In the HeatWave project, Ricardo will some very thought-provoking concepts that work with QinetiQ to evaluate a novel challenge the current paradigm of car design,” diesel fuel reformation concept that continues Greenwood. “We were delighted with uses microwaves and waste heat from the high quality of the material produced by all a heavy vehicle’s exhaust to reform the the students, including flatwork, photorealistic incoming fuel, increasing its calorific them to consider what they feel the future 3D renderings and clay models. It has been value and hence reducing net carbon could potentially hold?” great to work with academic staff and students dioxide emissions. If successful, the The winning MA and BA teams were invited of Coventry University on this venture and I project partners believe that HeatWave to describe their concepts at a presentation hope that we will be able to repeat this exercise technology will increase heavy duty held at the Ricardo Midlands Technical Centre with new challenges in the future.” vehicle combustion engine efficiency by around 8-10% after allowing for the Rail energy consumed by the reformer. The CoolR project will assess an even more radical alternative to the conventional Improving rail traction diesel powertrain. In this research Ricardo will partner with the University of Brighton efficiency to model and evaluate an advanced split-cycle combustion system aimed Ricardo, supported by TRL, is to carry out a in terms of diesel efficiency in other sectors at substantially reducing the carbon study for the UK Department for Transport such as commercial vehicles and off-highway emissions of heavy duty vehicles. Ricardo (DfT) with the aim of identifying and evaluating equipment. This will enable a direct like-for-like has already successfully demonstrated measures to improve the fuel-efficiency of comparison to be drawn between rail and non- a spilt-cycle isothermal compression diesel-based traction on the country’s rail rail sectors, thus enabling the identification engine in static form for power generation network. Over the last decade the rail network of possible improvements to both new and purposes. The so-called “IsoEngine” in Great Britain has experienced rapid growth existing rolling stock that can be made in prototype demonstrated by the company in passenger and freight services, and demand rail using existing, cost-effective and readily for energy utility Innogy in the 1990s is expected to continue to rise over the available technologies. used water injection to achieve a thermal foreseeable future. The situation makes the TRL will focus on an evaluation of efficiency efficiency in excess of 60 percent in adoption of state-of-the-art technologies for improvement initiatives to date and identify, comparison with around 43 percent for a diesel traction all the more important both in through stakeholder engagement and current state-of-the-art on-highway heavy seeking to increase efficiency and hence reduce development of case studies, where these duty diesel engine. While water injection the cost base of the railway, while also helping have been successful and where lessons would not be practical for a vehicular to meet environmental challenges including the can be learnt in terms of likely technical and implementation, the CoolR concept aims to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. operational incentives and obstacles. Together achieve the same thermodynamic benefits The primary focus of Ricardo in the study the partners in the study aim to provide new using liquid cryogen injection. Allowing for will involve a review of existing diesel traction insights for the DfT in the potential future the energy costs of cryogen production, technologies in use on the railway and strategic direction of diesel traction on the rail this would result in a highly impressive assessment of the current levels of efficiency network, with the intention of both improving thermal efficiency improvement of around achieved. The review will run in parallel with energy efficiency and reducing operational 40 percent. work to evaluate the current state of the art costs.

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Commercial Vehicles Breakthrough in flywheel technology

Following intensive research and engineering transfers torque development, significant improvements directly through have been made to Ricardo’s revolutionary its containment Kinergy hermetically sealed high-speed wall using a flywheel energy storage device. In particular, magnetic gearing and refinements to the magnetic coupling and coupling system. This gearing system has now taken its efficiency to new breed of high-speed better than that of a conventional geared drive, flywheel technology offers consolidating Kinergy’s position as perhaps the the prospect of enabling the unit most promising high-speed flywheel concept to be sealed for life, thus avoiding currently available. the need for high-speed seals and The subject of nine Ricardo patent families a vacuum pump, and hence reducing in application, Kinergy represents a step- costs and maintenance requirements. change advance in mechanical energy storage The consequent weight and space saving xxxxx technology. It is based on a high-speed carbon potential provides for a competitive packaging Kinergy system has now been provided to fibre flywheel operating within a hermetically envelope, while the ability of the efficient the Flybus consortium – of which Ricardo is sealed vacuum chamber at speeds of up to magnetic coupling to incorporate a high gear a member – where it will be integrated into 60,000 rev/min. But unlike current devices in ratio makes the input and export of torque the powertrain of an Optare Solo Midibus. The which energy is imported and exported via a significantly more manageable than would be Flybus system, which should cost significantly drive shaft operating at flywheel speed, Kinergy the case in a more conventional direct-driven less than current electric hybrids, uses high-speed flywheel design. Kinergy together with a Torotrak continuously This first Kinergy prototype has resulted variable transmission (CVT) as the means of from a fast-track engineering development transferring energy between the wheels and process intended to deliver the unit that will be the flywheel. The entire installation is mounted at the core of the ‘Flybus’ high-speed flywheel on the power take off facility of the vehicle’s mechanical hybrid powertrain demonstrator existing Allison transmission, demonstrating vehicle. Following precise balancing of the the potential of this very practical and cost- flywheel rotor during construction and effective approach to mechanical hybridization assembly, the unit was installed on a specially both for retro-fit and new vehicle installations. constructed dynamometer for development The Kinerstor research initiative through testing. Successive tests have been carried which Ricardo is developing Kinergy its out at increasing speeds and compared with technology, as well as the Flybus project, are the results of engineering simulations of both supported with part-funding by the UK performance and efficiency. The 960kJ rated Technology Strategy Board.

Clean energy Solar car challenge Ricardo has assisted the Quantum solar car team of the University of Michigan in reducing the mass of its vehicle by more than 91 kg (200 lbs). The company provided experts in vehicle dynamics, structures and power electronics to work with the student- only team. In addition to working to address weight issues on the Quantum, Ricardo engineers assisted in the development of Team. “Through our collaboration, the nut and bolt, to understand where extra the on-board lithium-ion battery pack and team learned how to execute a much more weight could be reduced.” battery management system. comprehensive systems integration design Considered to be the world’s most “Ricardo has been the critical link to strategy. This included using accelerometers prestigious solar car race, the World Solar enabling the team to cut the weight of the to accurately determine the loads Challenge starts on 16 October in Darwin, vehicle” said Chris Hilger, business director experienced by the vehicle, and weighing Australia, and ends 1,864 miles away in of the University of Michigan Solar Car every component on the car down to each Adelaide on 23 October.

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Ricardo Seminars & Events Related to the automobile and clean energy industries

Advanced technology seminars, “An excellent workshops and training courses Seminar programme: discussion Ricardo is recognised worldwide as a leading Introduction to Hybrids / Batteries for Hybrids and course, authority in the development of the latest 1-2 November 2011 power systems for automotive and clean energy great exibility applications. A two-day seminar discussing recent developments in battery technology for hybrids, plug-ins and and time for While best known for our engineering and consulting electric vehicles. Covers the latest in electric motive discussion.” programmes, an increasingly popular service is technology and an overview of recent trends and our regular series of seminars and training courses advances in battery pack technology, the key enabler through which aspects of the company’s knowledge of the electri cation of the vehicle network. and expertise can be shared with customers. These events are typically hosted at Ricardo Technical Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Centres and are led by some of our most experienced 6-7 December 2011 engineers and research scientists. Two one-day seminars covering the fundamentals We constantly strive to develop new seminars and of gasoline and diesel engine combustion and courses re ecting the very latest thinking and most technology. The seminars are aimed at engineers and topical areas of power systems technology and scientists who wish to gain a broad based knowledge product development. We also strictly limit delegate of engine technology, and who wish to broaden their numbers in order to create an environment conducive understanding of engine combustion, emissions and to discussion of aspects of particular interest to related issues. participants. Modestly priced, our Ricardo seminars Automotive Transmissions Fundamentals and courses provide exceptional value for money but 10-11 January 2012 are consequently in high demand. A two-day seminar covering the fundamentals of Our current programme of seminars is listed to the automotive transmission technology. The seminar right. Most of these will be hosted at the Shoreham will cover the main types of automotive transmission Technical Centre, further presentations may also be and is aimed at engineers who wish to gain a made at other Ricardo facilities or at customer sites broad understanding of transmission technology, subject to demand. applications and future trends.

For more information about our current seminar programme or to discuss individual company-speci c training requirement, please contact: [email protected]

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