Viabundus Map of Premodern European Transport and Mobility Documentation, Version 1.0
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Viabundus Map of premodern European transport and mobility Documentation, Version 1.0 by Bart Holterman, Maartje A.B., Maria Carina Dengg 19 April 2021 This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0 - see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................................2 Challenges........................................................................................................................................3 Project structure: a work in progress...............................................................................................4 Versions...........................................................................................................................................5 The Viabundus data model...................................................................................................................5 Nodes....................................................................................................................................................6 The nodes data model......................................................................................................................7 Languages........................................................................................................................................8 Population figures............................................................................................................................8 Attributes.........................................................................................................................................8 Settlement....................................................................................................................................8 Town..........................................................................................................................................10 Toll............................................................................................................................................11 Staple.........................................................................................................................................12 Fair............................................................................................................................................13 Bridge........................................................................................................................................16 Ferry..........................................................................................................................................16 Harbour.....................................................................................................................................17 Lock..........................................................................................................................................17 Edges..................................................................................................................................................18 Edges data model...........................................................................................................................18 Reconstructing premodern roads: sources, methods and challenges.............................................20 Regional sources............................................................................................................................22 Lower Saxony...........................................................................................................................22 Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern........................................................................................23 Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia.........................................................................................................24 North Rhine-Westfalia..............................................................................................................24 Netherlands...............................................................................................................................25 1 Viabundus 1.0 documentation Belgium.....................................................................................................................................26 Estonia, Latvia and Russia........................................................................................................26 Route calculator.............................................................................................................................26 Additional layers and information......................................................................................................28 Town outlines (16th century).........................................................................................................28 Modern background map (OSM)...................................................................................................28 Paleaogeographical background map (1500).................................................................................29 Elevation model........................................................................................................................29 Water surfaces...........................................................................................................................30 Credits.................................................................................................................................................31 Introduction Viabundus is a freely accessible online interactive map of long-distance routes in pre-modern northern Europe. Next to providing a map of roads and waterways, the map is connected to a database with information about places along these routes. Moreover, it incorporates a route planner with rough estimations of travel times. Viabundus is primarily intended as a tool for researchers of pre-modern history that helps to understand and incorporate a spatial factor in all kinds of historical research. As the project originated from an economic historical background, the map contains much information about financial aspects of travelling and regional economic structures, such as toll stations, staple markets and fairs. However, the map is also of interest for various other topics, such as pilgrimages, archaeology, the spread of art and ideas, etc. The map is, of course, of interest to anyone interested in pre-modern travelling and the historical roots of the modern European landscape. The period 1350-1650 has been chosen as a time frame, for the following reasons. First, the sources concerning travel routes are extremely scarce before 1350, which makes it hard to create reliable reconstructions of the European road network. Second, at the end of the 17th century the structure of the road network, which had developed naturally and largely remained constant over centuries, started to change rapidly and profoundly. First by the construction of canals, the canalisation of existing waterways and the construction of straight long-distance roads (Chaussee or Kunststraße), to be accelerated in the 19th century with the industrialisation, urban sprawl and the construction of railroads. Currently, the region that is covered is limited to the regions on the European continent that border the southern shores of the North and Baltic Seas, i.e. Flanders, the Netherlands, northern Germany, Denmark, Poland, the Baltic states and the northwestern corner of European Russia. This is related to the initial idea behind the Viabundus project, which was to digitise the Atlas Hansische Handelsstraßen by Friedrich Bruns and Hugo Weczerka from 1962.1 In their work, they focused on the overland trade routes within the area of economic influence of the German Hansa, a community of towns and merchants with shared commercial interests that connected Novgorod in the east to Bruges and London in the west and extended south to the larger urban centres in central Europe such as Nuremberg and Prague. As this work provided a well-researched, convenient starting point for a digitisation of the northern European pre-modern road network, it also defined the geographic scope of the map. Of course, this geographic scope can be expanded in the future. 1 Friedrich Bruns and Hugo Weczerka, Hansische Handelsstraßen, Quellen und Darstellungen zur hansischen Geschichte N.F. 13 (Köln; Graz, 1962-1968), 3 vols.: Bd. 1: Atlas (1962); Bd. 2: Textband (1967); Bd. 3: Register (1968). 2 Viabundus 1.0 documentation The atlas of Bruns and Weczerka has a number of limitations. First, as the perspective of the work was strictly Hanseatic, only those routes were mapped that provided a connection between Hanseatic towns or major trade routes to the most significant trading centres of the Hanse abroad. This means that for areas in the Hanseatic periphery, such as Denmark or the Netherlands, significant local roads and places have not been displayed in the atlas when they did not play a role of significance for the Hanse. Second, Bruns and Weczerka focused on land roads and included waterways only to a very limited degree, although these were often viable alternatives to the land routes. Third, the maps in the atlas provide few details and are drawn on a large scale. Finally, information about important points along the route (e.g. tolls, bridges, watchtowers)