The Ecological Diversity of the Cormophytic Flora from the Latoriţa Hydrographic Basin (Vâlcea County, Romania)

Volume 17(2), 69- 75, 2013 JOURNAL of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology www.journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro

The ecological diversity of the cormophytic flora from the Latoriţa hydrographic basin (Vâlcea County, Romania)

Anghel Elena Daciana1*

1Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenţei Street, Sector 5, Bucharest, 76201, Romania

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract In this work are synthesized the results of the ecological Key words research on cormophytic flora of the Latoriţa hydrographic basin. The goal of this has been the knowing of the ecoforms spectrum in rapport with the anthropogenic impact, species exigency for the principal ecological indices (the humidity, the cormophytic flora, trophicity and the pH of soil, the light and the temperature), and in subsidiary, ecoforms, habitats, the identification of the taxa with the indicator potential of some characteristics hydrographic basin, of theirs habitations. Another aspect target was the assessment of the plant indicative specie sensibility to the anthropogenic impact and the climatic changes prognosticated which will affect the plants from the protected areas of Europe in the following 80 years. The sum of the data recorded, as well as their statistical analysis, allowed us the establishment of the ecological specificity of vegetation in accordance with the complexity of the local pedoclimatic factors.

The ecologic studies of the cormophytic flora Physical and geographical considerations of the Latoriţa hydrographic basin were carried out between 2007 and 2012, targeting all types of habitats The Latoriţa River, tributary of the Lotru from these three levels of vegetation: nemoral, boreal River, features a hydrographic basin of 195.40 km2, and subalpin. This are articulated by the taxonomic and bordered in West by the Parâng Mountains, in North by phytocoenologic researches [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] which the Latoriţa and Lotru Mountains, in the South and complete them, contributing to the formation of a East by the Căpăţânii Mountains, and the eastern ridge complex image on the vegetation territory and aims to of Parâng Mountains. The basin has a total length (as the knowing of the spectrum of the ecological forms in the crow flies) at c. 29 km, oriented to the West-East relation with the exigency of the species for principal direction. The altitude varies between 520 m at Gura ecological indices (the humidity, the troficity and the Latoriţei, and 2,185 m at Galbenu Peak (Fig. 1). pH of soil, the light and the temperature), and, in On the whole, the basin relief is highly subsidiary, the identification of the taxa with the fragmented due to the development of a rich indicator potential of some characteristics of their hydrographic network, which led to a high energy of habitations. Another aspect that has been in view was the relief. The geological substrate is various and the evaluation of the sensibility of plants to the includes granites, crystalline and ultra basic rocks, and anthropogenic impact and to the climatic exchanges limestone [27]. prognosticated that shall affect the plants from the The glacial landscape is well represented in protected areas of Europe in the following 80 year [7]. the region of the three sources of Latoriţa River, where These researches, being the first of this type in the each of these drain in the glacial valley. The northern territory, the results inserted in the current paper are in slope of the Păpuşa-Micaia ridge has also formed all inedited. The sum of accumulated data as well as glacial cirques smaller in scope (Dengheru, Cioara, the statistic analysis of these permitted to estimate the Bălescu, Galbenu, Igoiu and Pritos). A glacial cirque ecological specific of the vegetation in correlation with can also be found on the eastern slope of Fratoşteanu the complexity of the local pedoclimatic factors. This Mare Peak, in the location of glacial Negru Lake. information may be useful for the elaboration of the The climate and the soils of the researched strategy by conservation of the habitats and of the territory are specific from the Southern Carpathians phytodiversity from the investigated territory. peaks. In the Latoriţa hydrographic basin are well defined only tow levels of vegetation: mountain (700- 1,750 m alt.), which covers almost c. 55%, and subalpine (1,750-2,185 m alt.), which covers the rest of the territory (~ 45%). In the shedding of the Latoriţa

69 River in Lotru River appears a fragmented and m), Urda (2,172 m), Nedeia (2,130 m), Negovanu piedmont area (570-700 m). The mountain level has a (2,072 m), Muntinu Mic and Muntinu Mare (2,062 m), larger extension on the peaks which exceed the 2,000 Bora (2,055 m), Frătoşteanu Mare (2,053 m) and m altitude, namely: Galbenu (2,185 m), Cioara (2,146 Ştefanu (2,051 m).

Fig. 1. The Latoriţa hydrographic basin (compilation from Ploaie et al., 2009 [25])

Material and Methods The nomenclature used - from Tutin et al., 1964-1980, 1996, 2009 [30, 32]. The materials utilized have been taxa (765 species) and coenotaxons (37 cormophytic Results and Discussions associations) identified in territory, included in the distictinctive conspectus, previous publicized [2, 3, 4, The auto- and synecological researches have 5, and 6]. been completed with an updated radiography of Protocols of the investigation utilized have cormophytes ecology from the structure of the Latoriţa been elaborated on the basis of the current literature hydrographic basin. The analysis and synthesis of [11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 29]; these included: a achieved results, as reporting them to the existing in timetable by collecting probes by “key” zones and the specialty literature, have revealed the existence of a profiles that traversed all types of phytocoenoses, diversified palette of ecoforms in relation to each techniques practiced on terrain and in the laboratory for pedoclimatic factor analyzed, as well as generally. This determination of the values off all the pedologic and state of facts is explained if we consider the variety of climatic factors (the humidity, the trophicity and soil habitat types as well as their high degree of pH, the light, and the temperature), the analysis and conservation. The sum of accumulated data offered us synthesis of the dates. For registration of the results the opportunity to give a new dimension to our have been utilized standard observation fiches, investigations by establishing the species with indicator recommended by Ivan & Doniţă (1975) [18]. Some potential for a feature of their habitats and determining information referring at the annual and moony medium the effects of anthropogenic factors on the value and extremes have been provided by phytodiversity of various habitats. Environmental Protection Agency, Vâlcea. For greater brevity and clarity I choose to For a correct characterization of the climate present the matters referred into separate sections. where elaborated some climadiagrams in the system Gausen-Walter, this being considerate the procedure The diversity of ecoforms in relation to the main best adequate in ecologique scope [18]. pedoclimatic indices The statistics analysis of these permitted the The diversity of ecoforms was analyzed in estimation of the ecological specificity of the relation to 5 pedoclimatic factors, above mentioned; vegetation in correlation with the complexity of the their spectrums are synthesized in tables and charts, locals pedoclimatic factors and, also, made possible the specifying the number and percentage share of each extrapolation of all limitrophe zones with similar relief ecotype separately. [9, 10, 21, 26, 28] ● The humidity substrate - The reporting of floristic conspectus from Latoriţa hidrographic basin,

70 just as he emerged from the taxonomic investigations, of the 19 ecoforms types in relation to humidity of at the values recorded by us in the field and/or resulting substrate, from hygro-hydrophytes at xerophytes, with from laboratory analysis, corroborated with the existing an differential weighting (Table 1). specialty literature, showed the presence in the territory

Table 1 Ecoforms type, number and percentage share them in relation to humidity of the substrate No. Humidity scale No. taxa Percentage No. Humidity scale No. taxa Percentage 1 Mes. 257 33.59 11 Xeromes.-mesohigr. 11 1.44 2 Xeromes.-mes. 109 14.25 12 Xer. 5 0.65 3 Mes.-mesohigr. 92 12.03 13 Mesoxer.-mes. 3 0.39 4 Mesohigr. 88 11.50 14 Xer.-mes. 3 0.39 5 Xeromes. 57 7.45 15 Mes.-higr. 2 0.26 6 Mesohigr.-higr. 47 6.14 16 Mes.-xeromes. 2 0.26 7 Higr. 43 5.62 17 Xer.-mesoxer. 2 0.26 8 Xer.-xeromes. 16 2.09 18 Higr.-hidr. 1 0.13 9 Eurif. 14 1.83 19 Mesoxer.-xer 1 0.13 10 Mesoxer. 12 1.57

Prevailed proved to be the mesophytes ● The trophicity substrate - From the data (33.59%), xeromes.-mesophytes (14.25%) and mes.- inserted into Table 2, it follows that the oligotrophic mesohygrophytes (12.03%), and the fewest ecoforms species have the highest weight (36.08%); also, positioned at the extremities of the spectrum, namely: eutrophic (28.24%) and mesotrophic species (24.18%) hygro-hydrophytes and mesoxer.-xererophytes. The have a remarkable presence. Minority proved to be the dominance of the mesophytes and mesohygrophytes is oligomesotrophic and euritrophic species, which hold only natural if we consider that it is a relatively wet percentages of only 6.14%, respectively 5.36%. basin, with several springs and with the V → E orientation. Table 2 Ecoforms types, number and percentage share them in relation to the trophicity substrate No. Species categories No. taxa Percentage 1 oligotr. 276 36.08 2 oligomesotr. 47 6.14 3 mesotr. 185 24.18 4 eutr. 216 28.24 5 euritr. 41 5.36

● The substrate pH - The analysis of the prevailing are those weakly acidophilic (44.18%) and cormophytic flora, depending on the soil reaction, moderate acidophilic (40.52%), followed by those revealed that, in the investigated area there are 7 strong acidophilic (6.54%) and very strong types of ecoforms, whose share varies considerably acidophilic species (2.75%). The rest of 6.01% is between 44.18% and 1.18%. The ecoforms spectrum represented by euriacidophilic (3.66%), neutrophilic is copiously dominated by the acidophilous species, and alcalinophilic species, each having a percentage who hold a percentage of 93.99%, out of which of c. 1.18%. (Table 3).

Table 3 Ecoforms types, number and percentage share them in relation to the substrate pH No. Species categories No. taxa Percentage 1 neutr. 9 1.18 2 weakly acid. 338 44.18 3 mod. acid. 310 40.52 4 strong acid. 50 6.54 5 very strong acid. 21 2.75 6 alcal. 9 1.18 7 euriacid. 28 3.66

● The light – The analysis of the cormophytic species identified in the territory, has revealed a flora depending on the preferences for light, conducted predominance of species which inhabits habitats more on the basis of indices for light, assigned to the 765 or less shadowed, which represents c. 77.52% from

71 area’s flora. Of these, the largest share species have representing a proportion of 15.69%. Heliophytes and semi shadow species included in the category of helhelsciadophytes species, which supports hard to heliosciadophytes, which have a share of 46.14%; shading, represents only 10.72% and, respectively, which follows them, in descending order, the shadow 7.32% from the total of species, and the euriphotes species (sciahelsciadophytes), respectively of full 4.44% (Table 4). shadow (sciadophytes), each containing 120 species,

Table 4 Ecoforms types, number and percentage share them in relation to the light No. Species categories No. Percentage taxa 1 sciadophytes 120 15.69 2 sciahelsciadophytes 120 15.69 3 heliosciadophytes 353 46.14 4 helhelsciadophytes 56 7.32 5 heliophytes 82 10.72 6 euriphotes 34 4.44

● The temperature was a last environmental represented in the territory are the species of the indices at which was reported the floristic conspectus extremity of spectrum, namely the thermophytes of Latoriţa hydrographic basin. The analysis of flora, (7.57%) and the microthermes (5.74%) as those conducted on the basis temperature indices, revealed eurithermes (7.83%). The megathermes species lacking the existence of 7 ecoforms. Prevailing proved to be (Table 5). The spectrum of these ecoforms is an subthermophytes, whose share (33.03%) is equal with eloquent expression of the climate variation in territory sum of psichrothermophytes (17.23%) and at the sources sub alpine of the Latoriţa River (2,200 mesothermes (15.27%). A near percentage are m) and into estuary the Lotru River (560 m). hekistothermes species (13.32%); most poorly

Table 5 Ecoforms types, number and percentage share them in relation to the temperature No. Species categories No. taxa Percentage 1 hekistotherm. 102 13.32 2 psichrotherm. 132 17.23 3 microtherm. 44 5.74 4 mesotherm. 117 15.27 5 subtherm. 252 33.03 6 therm. 58 7.57 7 euritherm. 60 7.83 8 megatherm. 0 0

To conclude, it can be stated that the data shrubs (Pinus mugo) sub-alpine level (1,800-2,185 m recorded, related to qualitative and quantitative alt.) and the extra zonal vegetation dominated by spectrum of ecoforms, are explicable if are taken into alder’s forests (Alnus incana). The forests of the area account general characteristics: physical and occupy c. 35%, and the boreal only 20% from the geographical, geological, pedologic and climatic, of territory of the basin; on the rest of 45% from territory that territory, as the relief intensity over 1,100 m, that is extended to the subalpine level, of the groves of have favored individualization of a particular spruce and mountain pine hedges. The 37 cormophytic environment, with a very range palette of resorts, fact associations identified in the structure of vegetal carpet illustrated and the general structure of its vegetation, of Latoriţa hydrographic basin attesting the existence in dominated by the wooden vegetation, represented by the territory at least an equivalent number of habitat sessile oak forests (Quercus petraea mixed with types, stated being that each habitat has in its structure Carpinus betulus, Tilia cordata, T. plathyphylos, a specific phytoassociation [12, 13, 14]. Worth Sorbus aucuparia, Acer platanoides ş.a.) in the higher mentioning are some features of herbaceous vegetation, hilly sublevel (650 – 800 m alt.), beech forests (Fagus as anthropogenic influences visible in all vegetation sylvatica) in the lower mountain sublevel (800-1,350 m formations. Habitats characteristic for Latoriţa alt.), mixed deciduous forests (Fagus sylvatica) and hydrographic basin proved to be: 4060, 4070, 6230, coniferous forests (Abies alba) in the middle mountain 3230, 3220, 9110, 9150, 9410, 9420, 3240, 6430, 6510, sublevel (1,350-1,450 m alt.) and spruce stands (Picea and 6520. These are, in their majority, relatively well abies) in the higher mountain sublevel (boreal) (1,450- preserved; and yet, some damages have been reported 1,800 m alt). To these you might add mountain pine especially in sub-alpine level (the habitats: 4060, 4070,

72 6230) caused by intensively pasturing as in the inferior Cardamine amara L., Chrysosplenium alternifolium L., levels (the others habitats mentioned above) caused by Circaea alpina L., Cardamine glanduligera O. the unorganized tourism, some forest exploitations and Schwarz, Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Epilobium of building materials and by some hydroelectric montanum L., Equisetum sylvaticum L., Origanum constructions. As a consequence, certain measures vulgare L., Petasites albus (L.) Gaertner, Pulmonaria ought to be taken for as accurate conservation of all the rubra Schott, Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) habitats and, especially, of those from the protected Beauv., Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich., Cotoneaster areas that we proposed (Muntinu, Dangheru-Cioara, integerrimus Medicus, Dryas octopetala L., Galium Defileul Latoriţei, the site Natura 2000 ROSCI1088 schultesii Vest, Scrophularia nodosa L., Stachys Parâng in Latoriţei Valley, the site Natura 2000 Piatra officinalis (L.) Trevis., Symphytum cordatum Waldst. Târnovului) to be legislated, justified by the floristic & Kit., Stellaria nemorum L.), weakly acidophilic spectra, the large number of plants included in the red (Aegopodium podagraria L., Arum maculatum L., lists and endemic Carpathians species, as the presence Asperula taurina L., Circaea lutetiana L., Convallaria a phytocenoses of o real scientific interest. majalis L., Eupatorium cannabinum L., Galega Similar percentages were reported by the officinalis L., Glechoma hederacea L., Lamium majority of researchers which investigated the flora and maculatum L., Mercurialis perennis L., Paris the vegetation from other hydrographic basins the quadrifolia L., Rubus caesius L., Solanum dulcamara Southern Carpathians [23, 24, 28, and 32] and the L., Stachys germanica L., S. sylvatica L., Valeriana southern group of the Eastern Carpathians [10, 21]. officinalis L.) and neutrophile (Mercurialis perennis ● The cormophytic taxa, indicators of the L.). values of climatic or edaphic factors The study of stationary factors has highlighted ● The cormophytic taxa, indicators of the the presence in the territory of some plant species soil trophicity whose existence is strictly related to a particular type of In relation to the requirements from the soil habitat; their identification provides accurate nutrients, for optimal development, have identified 8 information to the interaction of ecological factors, for species categories: extremely oligotrophic determining the climate (humidity, light, temperature), (Lycopodium clavatum L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., edaphically (calcium content, alkaline salts, acidity, Chamaespartium sagittale (L.) P. Gibbs; oligotrophic structure, granulation), geographic (exposition, (Bruckenthalia spiculifolia (Salisb.) Reichenb., altitude) and biotic analogies (relationships between Calamagrostis arudinacea (L.) Roth, Cytisus nigricans organisms) [8, 15, 16, 19, 20]. L., Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin., Homogyne alpina Our researches, from the department of (L.) Cass., Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy et Wilmott, ecology, were finalized with the identification of a L. sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin, Huperzia selago (L.) considerable number of species in the flora of Latoriţa Bernh. ex Schrank & C.F.P. Mart., Soldanella hydrographic basin, which can provide reliable hungarica Simonk., Veronica officinalis L., Vaccinium information on the values of some pedoclimatic myrtillus L.); oligo-mesotrophic (Deschampsia factors; these were considered indicators. The criteria caespitosa (L.) Trin., Genista tinctoria L., Polystichum used were: pH, spectrum and quantity of nutritional lonchitis (L.) Roth, Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray, ions of soil, the type of salts from soil, soil texture. The Melampyrum bihariense A. Kerner); eurimesotrophic terminology used is that promoted by Beldie & Chiriţă, (Campanula abietina Griseb., Leucanthemum 1968 and Lande, 1996 [8, 20]. waldsteinii (Schultz Bip.) Pouzar, Epilobium montanum L., Saxifraga cuneifolia L., Veronica ● The cormophytic taxa, indicators of the chamaedrys L.); mesotrophic (Adenostyles alliariae soil pH (Gouan) A. Kern. var. kerneri (Simonk.) G. Beck, By the interval of pH variation in which has Chrysosplenium alternifolium L., Actaea spicata L., the optimum for the vegetation, the cormophytic Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth, Equisetum sylvaticum species from the Latotiţa hydrographic basin belonging L., Stellaria nemorum L., Cardamine amara L., Carex to the following categories: very strongly acidophilic sylvatica Hudson, Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Schultz (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.) Bip., Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz, C. glanduligera Trin., Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaudin, Lycopodium O. Schwarz, Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, clavatum L.), strongly acidophilic (Calamagrostis Euphorbia amygdaloides L., Galium aparine L., arudinacea (L.) Roth, Cytisus nigricans L., Luzula Geranium robertianum L., Hedera helix L., Impatiens luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy et Wilmott, Chamaespartium noli-tangere L., Isopyrum thalictroides L., Lysimachia sagittale (L.) P. Gibbs, Homogyne alpina (L.) Cass., vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L., Petasites albus (L.) Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & C.F.P. Gaertner, Pulmonaria rubra Schott, Salvia glutinosa Mart., Soldanella hungarica Simonk., Vaccinium L., Sanicula europaea L., Scrophularia nodosa L., myrtillus L., Veronica officinalis L.), moderate Silene nutans L., Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm., Stachys acidophilic (Saxifraga cuneifolia L., Athyrium filix- officinalis (L.) Trevisan, Symphitum cordatum Waldst. femina (L.) Roth, Campanula abietina Griseb., & Kit.); eutrophic (Aegopodium podagraria L., Bidens

73 tripartita L., Circaea lutetiana L., Convallaria majalis discontinuous: Calamagrostis arundinacea (L.) Roth, L., Galega officinalis L., Glechoma hederacea L., Juncus effusus L., Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy et Mercurialis perennis L., Rubus caesius L., Solanum Wilmott. dulcamara L., Stachys germanica L., S. sylvatica L., Teucrium chamaedrys L., Valeriana officinalis L.; Conclusions megatrophic (Melica ciliata) şi euritrophic (Hieracium rotundatum Kit. ex Schultes, Oxalis acetosella L., Poa From the above it follows that: nemoralis L). ► In the investigated area there is a very wide variety of ecoforms, which correlates positively with ● The cormophytic taxa, indicators of the taxonomic diversity of geoelements and life forms. type of minerals from the soil and water ► Trough their exigencies, many cormophytic In relation the type of minerals from the soil species from the structure of the vegetal carpet from and water in the investigated area were identified: the Latoriţa hydrographic basin can be considered as a nitrophilous species (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner, true-indicator on the values of pedoclimatic factors of Atropa bella-donna L., Chelidonium majus L., Datura their habitats. stramonium L., Rubus idaeus L., Rumex alpinus L., ► The reporting of our data to those of Urtica dioica L.), calciphilous species (Eritrichium neighboring areas, reveals a marked similarity, not only nanum (L.) Schrader ex Gaudin, Leontopodium in terms of systematic diversity of cormophytes but of alpinum Cass., Linaria alpina (L.) Miller, the ecoforms spectra, which suggests that in the Brachypodium sylvaticum (Hudson) Beauv., reference areas there is a common ecological Cephalanthera rubra (L.) L.C.M. Richard, environment, with a common set of stations, also, of Cotoneaster integerrimus Medicus, Dryas octopetala habitats populated by phytocenoses with similar L., Galium schultesii Vest, Platanthera bifolia (L.) floristic spectra. L.C.M. Richard, Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All., ► Given the evolution of human society, Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz, Veronica urticifolia Jacq. In increasingly pollution, forecasts regarding for the contrast, are distinguishing nitrophobe, calciphobe climate change in the century we entered, as the species (Chamaespartium sagittale (L.) P. Gibbs, theoretical and practical-applicative value of the Lycopodium clavatum L.). ecological research, these are required to be perpetuated, amplified and diversified for as possible ● The cormophytic taxa, indicators of the accurate protection and conservation of the natural soil structure habitats for a sustainable development of human Also, there are and species which describing communities [1]. other characters of soil; of these, in the investigated territory were identified: indicator species from loose References soil (in the superior horizont) with mull humus type (Actaea spicata L., Adoxa moschatellina L., Athyrium 1. Anderson S., Radford E. & Chester V. 2008. A filix-femina (L.) 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