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PENEMPATAN SITUS-SITUS NEOLITIK DI KAWASAN KARANGNUNGGAL, TASIKMALAYA, JAWA BARAT Neolithic Placement Sites Found in Karangnunggal Tasikmalaya in West Java

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PENEMPATAN SITUS-SITUS NEOLITIK DI KAWASAN KARANGNUNGGAL, TASIKMALAYA, JAWA BARAT Neolithic Placement Sites Found in Karangnunggal Tasikmalaya in West Java PENEMPATAN SITUS-SITUS NEOLITIK DI KAWASAN KARANGNUNGGAL, TASIKMALAYA, JAWA BARAT Neolithic Placement Sites Found in Karangnunggal Tasikmalaya in West Java Nurul Laili Balai Arkeologi Jawa Barat Jalan Raya Cinunuk Km 17 Cileunyi, Bandung 40623 E-mail: [email protected] Naskah diterima redaksi: 9 September 2016 – Revisi terakhir: 1 November 2016 Naskah disetujui terbit: 28 November 2016 Abstract This study aimed to examine more about Neolithic human life support in western Java. Research on the distribution patterns and factors affecting it which expected to give clues about human behavior patterns in the use of space or the natural environment for their activities. This study uses descriptive and inductive reasoning, which essentially aims to provide a snapshot of a particular fact or symptoms obtained in the study placement. There are two locations, namely (1) the sites in key river basins, namely Ci Langla and (2) sites in tributaries flow Ci Langla, among others are Ci Lumping, Ci Karaha, and Ci Sodong. Some are located in key river basins as much as five sites, occupy the other nine tributary of Ci Langla. Keywords: neolithic, placement, environment, river Abstrak Permasalahan yang dikemukakan dalam tulisan ini adalah bagaimana penempatan situs-situs neolitik di kawasan Karangnunggal dan faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi penempatan situs-situs tersebut. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui penempatan situs-situs neolitik di kawasan Karangnunggal dan faktor yang memengaruhinya. Tulisan ini menggunakan analisis keruangan dan lingkungan. Analisis keruangan untuk mengetahui penempatan situs dan analisis lingkungan untuk mengetahui faktor yang memengaruhi penempatan. Penempatan situs neolitik kawasan Karangnunggal berada di aliran sungai, baik sungai utama maupun anak sungai. Enam situs terdapat di aliran Ci Langla yang merupakan sungai utama. Lima situs lainnya berada di aliran anak sungai Ci Langla, antara lain Ci Lumping, Ci Karaha, dan Ci Sodong. Penempatan situs-situs neolitik di daerah aliran sungai, menunjukkan arti penting sungai bagi kehidupan neolitik. Sungai sebagai sumber air merupakan penyedia kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari dan berperan penting pada proses pembuatan gelang dan beliung. Penempatan lokasi juga mempertimbangkan kondisi sumber daya alam lainnya, seperti kemiringan lahan dan vegetasi. Kata kunci: neolitik, penempatan, lingkungan, sungai 89 PURBAWIDYA Vol. 5, No. 2, November 2016: 89 – 100 PENDAHULUAN yang diperkirakan sisa makanan. Adapun bangunan tempat tinggal belum pernah Masa prasejarah merupakan fase ditemukan (Simanjuntak, 1992: 124; kehidupan paling tua dari kronologi kehidupan manusia. Salah satu budaya Simanjuntak, 2004: 200–201). prasejarah, yaitu neolitik. Neolitik Selain situs permukiman, hasil yang merupakan tonggak revolusi temuan lain berupa situs bengkel neolitik. perkembangan budaya yang ditandai Jejak situs bengkel paling banyak dengan penemuan-penemuan baru dan diperoleh dan tersebar luas di Indonesia. yang memiliki unsur-unsur peletak dasar Situs-situs bengkel diperoleh, antara budaya sekarang, justru belum dapat lain di Bungamas (Lahat, Sumatera terkupas secara jelas. Selatan), Karangnunggal (Tasikmalaya, Menurut Guilaine (1976) indikasi Jawa Barat), Pasir Kuda (Bogor, Jawa adanya jejak neolitik umumnya mencakup Barat), Pegunungan Karangbolong tiga aspek, yaitu aspek teknologi, ekonomi, (Kebumen, Jawa Tengah), Punung dan sosial. Aspek teknologi dicirikan (Pacitan, Jawa Timur), Limbasari oleh pembuatan peralatan dan perhiasan (Purbalingga, Jawa Tengah/ 1156±55 dari batu dengan teknik upam (seperti BP), dan Situs Tipar Ponjen (Purbalingga, kapak, beliung, dan gelang), pembuatan Jawa Tengah/1.180±70 – 870±40 BP). gerabah, pengenalan pertenunan, dan Penelitian situs bengkel yang telah pembuatan peralatan yang berkaitan intensif dilakukan adalah di 19 situs dengan kebutuhan masyarakat agraris, perbengkelan Purbalingga dan ratusan seperti batu pipisan dan batu giling, dan situs neolitik di Punung, daerah Gunung sabit; aspek ekonomi berupa kegiatan Sewu (2.100 ± 220 BP dan 1.100±110 BP). pemenuhan kebutuhan melalui pertanian Hasil-hasil penelitian selama ini telah dan peternakan; dan aspek sosial berupa dapat memberikan penjelasan tentang kegiatan bertempat tinggal menetap, aspek tingkah laku dan pertanggalan pembentukan masyarakat agraris, kapan perbengkelan di situs-situs tersebut pembagian kerja dalam keluarga, dan berlangsung (Simanjuntak, 1992: 124– pengembangan konsepsi kepercayaan 125; Simanjuntak, 2004: 200–201; (Simanjuntak, 1992: 120) Simanjuntak, 2014: 57). Penelitian untuk mengupas kehidupan neolitik di Indonesia telah Kehidupan neolitik di Jawa Barat dilakukan di beberapa situs di wilayah belum terkuak secara optimal, karena nusantara. Situs permukiman neolitik penelitian yang telah dilakukan yang bercorak hunian dan bengkel masih sangat sedikit. Indikasi hunian terdapat di Kalumpang dan Minanga adanya kehidupan neolitik baru berupa Sipakko, Sulawesi Selatan (2.570±110 jejak adanya aktivitas bengkel. Situs BP), Kendenglembu, Jawa Timur, serta perbengkelan di Jawa Barat, yaitu di Situs Nangabalang, Kalimantan Barat (2.871 Pasirgadung, Cineam Tasikmalaya (Laili, BP). Jejak pemukiman pada situs-situs 2012: 113–122), Sukabumi (Laili, 2003: tersebut berupa tembikar, alat-alat dengan 30), kawasan Karangnunggal (Heekeren, tipe neolitik, dan tulang-tulang binatang 1972; Handini, 1999; dan Laili, 2014a). 90 Penempatan Situs-Situs Neolitik .... (Nurul Laili) Penyebutan situs perbengkelan di- dan faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi dasarkan pada lahan yang mengandung penempatan situs-situs neoitik di kawasan temuan berupa (1) Artefak yang Karangnunggal. Tulisan ini dimaksudkan dihasilkan dari aktivitas perbengkelan untuk mengetahui penempatan dan faktor berupa calon beliung, beliung, bahan yang memengaruhi penempatan situs- gelang, sisa bahan gelang, dan gelang; situs neolitik di kawasan Karangnunggal. (2) Sisa pengerjaan, yaitu tatal-tatal batu; Pengetahuan tentang kehidupan neolitik dan (3) Gabungan dari nomor (1) dan Karangnunggal diharapkan akan nomor (2), yaitu artefak yang dihasilkan dapat memberi petunjuk tentang pola dan sisa-sisa pengerjaannya. Keberadaan perilaku manusia dalam memanfaatkan situs bengkel akan diperkuat lagi, apabila ruang ataupun alam lingkungan bagi diperoleh bahan baku yang berupa kegiatannya. bongkah-bongkah batu bahan, batu asah, Pendekatan yang dilakukan dan batu pukul. menggunakan analisis keruangan dan Potensi neolitik di kawasan analisis lingkungan secara kualitatif. Karangnunggal pertama kali dicatat oleh Analisis data disesuaikan dengan tujuan van Hekeeren (1972) berdasarkan dari penulisan maka diharapkan dapat temuan penduduk setempat. Temuan menjelaskan penempatan situs-situs beliung di kawasan Karangnunggal neolitik di kawasan Karangnunggal dan menjadi salah satu dasar dari Hekeeren faktor yang memengaruhi penempatan membagi beliung persegi di Indonesia tersebut. Hasil analisis dari masing- ke dalam delapan tipe. Kedelapan tipe masing situs diintegrasikan untuk tersebut adalah (1) Beliung Persegi, (2) mengetahui penempatan situs-situs Belincung, (3) Beliung Bahu, (4) Beliung neolitik di kawasan Karangnunggal Tangga, (5) Beliung Perisai, (6) Beliung terhadap sumber daya alam. Selain hal Atap, (7) Beliung Biola, dan (8) Beliung tersebut akan diketahui faktor apa yang Kuku (Hekeeren, 1972: 160–164). memengaruhi penempatan situs-situs Penelitian Handini di kawasan neolitik di kawasan Karangnunggal. Karangnunggal menunjukkan adanya Neolitik umumnya dihubungkan situs-situs neolitik, yaitu Leuwitere, dengan masa tradisi bercocok tanam. Madur, dan Parakanhonje. Temuan yang Hunian menetap mulai muncul ketika diperoleh didominasi oleh temuan tatal, masa tradisi bercocok tanam berkembang. calon beliung, dan beliung. Temuan Masyarakat pada masa itu untuk yang diperoleh merupakan temuan lepas memenuhi kebutuhannya, sudah tidak yang sudah kehilangan konteks temuan lagi hidup secara mengembara tetapi (Handini, 1999: 17–20). bermukim menetap di suatu tempat. Berdasarkan beberapa fenomena Mereka bermukim secara mengelompok di kawasan Karangnunggal maka di suatu tempat yang keadaan alamnya permasalahan yang dikemukakan dalam dapat memenuhi kehidupan, misalnya tulisan ini adalah bagaimana penempatan di gua-gua yang dekat dengan sumber situs-situs di kawasan Karangnunggal makanan atau tempat-tempat terbuka di 91 PURBAWIDYA Vol. 5, No. 2, November 2016: 89 – 100 pinggir sungai. Kehidupan manusia tidak mengaliri Bantarkalong, Bojongasih, dan terlepas dari lingkungan sekitar. Manusia Karangnunggal. Anak sungai Ci Langla akan berusaha memilih lingkungan di antaranya adalah Ci Arus, Ci Madur, yang sesuai untuk aktivitasnya dengan dan Ci Lumping. memanfaatkan sumber daya alam secara Kawasan Karangnunggal mempunyai optimal (Herkovits, 1952: 3–8). ketinggian yang berbeda. Daerah pada Lingkungan yang dipilih oleh ketinggian 0–500 meter di atas permukaan manusia pendukung dalam memilih air laut (m dpal) menyebar di sebagian lokasi atau tempat untuk aktivitas adalah wilayah Kecamatan Bantarkalong, lingkungan yang berkualitas. Kualitas Bojongasih, Cibalong, Cipatujah, dan lingkungan dapat dibagi dalam beberapa Kecamatan Karangnunggal; ketinggian komponen, yaitu varabel lokasi terdiri 500–1000 m dpal menyebar di sebagian dari jarak, iklim, dan topografi; variabel wilayah Kecamatan Bantarkalong, dan fisik terdiri dari organisasi ruang yang Bojongasih. Kabupaten Tasikmalaya jelas, udara bersih dan tenang; variabel secara fisiografi berada pada jalur psikologis
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