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Community Participation in Coastal Conservation: a Case Study of Upstream Area of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia

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Community Participation in Coastal Conservation: a Case Study of Upstream Area of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia Community Participation in Coastal Conservation: A Case Study of Upstream Area of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia 1. Nandi, M.Sc., Geography, UPI Bandung - Indonesia 2. Jürgen Heinrich, Prof. DR., Physical Geography, Institute of Geography Universität Leipzig Abstract The increasing population growth and the rapid development activities in upstream of the catchment area for various utilizations (residential, industrial, Agricultural, tourism and others) affected to the ecological pressure on the River Ecosystem and Coastal Resources. It also requires very wide land, thus forcing land use changes at Catchment Areas. The intensive land use in the upstream also creates erosion and causing the large production of river sedimentation brought from upstream to downstream. Community is one of the stakeholders who plays important role in conservation process of Lagoon. The existence and participation in coastal conservation would be able to make sustainable of coastal ecosystems. The objectives of this research are to identify and analysis of community response and participation in conservation, particularly community at upstream area of Segara Anakan Lagoon. This research also uses survey and analytical descriptions as methodology. The findings demonstrate that there are still lacks of community participation in the forms of participation such as idea, materials, money, energy, and social. Keywords: Community, forms participation, coastal conservation, Segara Anakan Lagoon International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences Social and Humanities on Conference International th 5 Proceediings th 338 April 27 , 2013 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Background Segara Anakan Lagoon is located in the western district of Cilacap - Central Java border with Ciamis District - West Java Indonesia. Growth and development of inland areas Segara Anakan Lagoon (Cilacap, Central Java) has increased so fast. Silt brought by several rivers (Citanduy, Cimeneng and Cibeureum) into the Segara Anakan approximately 5 million cubic meters each year. Although dredging has been conducted but the contribution of silt from a river that resulted in narrowing the lagoon area was too large. To prevent this development, the Government of Ciamis Regency and the Central Government has planned to conduct the normalization of Ci Tanduy River, so that eventually flow of Ci Tanduy River is no longer leads to the Segara Anakan Lagoon but direct to Indian Ocean. This plan is only under discussion, because in fact these programs has not been released and are controversial. The lagoon environment is a closed and semi-closed environment formed by the interaction between marine and terrestrial processes; has a complex resource that comes from land and sea. A source of water in the Lagoon is the river and the sea, where tidal currents and waves are still influential. Therefore, lagoon environment is very interesting to study, unique, not only containing a variety of aspects (geology, oceanography and climatology) but also mineral and biological resources are quite large. Today, the area of Segara Anakan Lagoon increasingly narrowed because a very intensive process of sedimentation. Some locations that previously declared a scorched area of sand, has merged with the mainland in Cilacap. Basically, there are three main issues and problems regarding the Segara Anakan coastal conservation. Erosion process at the upstream area, a very intensive process of sedimentation, and the area of Segara Anakan Lagoon increasingly narrowed. Based on the above problems, silting and destruction of the ecology of lagoon's existence should be anticipated and addressed. Some things to be done (hypothetical), including: (1) structuring function, (2) improving standards of living, and (3) increasing community participation of conservation of the lagoon. The existence of local community at upstream area is very important in conservation International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences Social and Humanities on Conference International process of Segara Anakan Lagoon. The utilization of various lands in upstream area is one of th 5 Proceediings th 339 April 27 , 2013 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University the triggers of sedimentation in Segara Anakan, so that local community awareness and concern is required. There are two districts located at upstream of Citanduy River. Ciamis Regency and Cilacap Regency that have played main roles as contributor of sedimentation by erosion process. Therefore, it would be interested in to identify and analyses forms of participation from those of districts. Source: Satellite Image SPOT 2007 Objective/Research Question This study tries to analyse the following research question: To what extent community participation in conservation of Segara Anakan Lagoon. Identifying and analysing the participation of community in upstream area will address this question. The objectives are to knowing and identify social economic condition and forms of participation on coastal conservation at upstream area of Segara Anakan. International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences Social and Humanities on Conference International th 5 Proceediings th 340 April 27 , 2013 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University Research Methodology This research using survey method, which is directly observing objects that are examined. A Survey is a method of research that aims to collect large amounts of data in the form of variables, units, and individuals at the same time. Data collected through individual or specific physical sample in order to be able to generalize against what is researched. The variables that are collected in the research include social condition of individuals. The location of this research taken from two regency where both of them have characterized as upstream area of Citanduy River which contributes to sedimentation of Segara Anakan Lagoon. There are Ciamis (West Java Province) and Cilacap (Central Java Province). The samples of individuals have been taken by purposive sampling. Data collection is derived from the depth interview and field survey on both of location. Findings Community participation is undertaken every effort of the community, it could be individuals or groups within an activity. Community participation in this research is focused on how peoples involved on conservation efforts both in private, collective, and institutional. Participation is indicated by the presence of active participation from the start to the process of planning, implementation and evaluation process. Participation of the stakeholders varies in intensity and approach (Arnstein, 1969). The degree of participation may be of three types: non-participation, partial participation and genuine participation. In nonparticipation, the local people are ignored and the outside officials and experts take the decisions of conservation and management. In partial participation, the local people are not involved in decision‐ making, but are consulted or they may be allowed to participate in return for food, cash and other incentives. In genuine participation, the stakeholders are involved in decision‐ making directly taken on planning, implementation and monitoring of mangrove resources. The last type of people’s participatory approach is most important and it deserves wide spread appreciation (Kathiresan, 2004). (Oakley & Marsden, 1991) Defined community participation as the process by which individuals, families, or communities assume responsibility for their own welfare and develop a capacity to contribute to their own and the community’s development. In the International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences Social and Humanities on Conference International th 5 Proceediings th 341 April 27 , 2013 Faculty of Liberal Arts, Prince of Songkla University context of development, community participation refers to an active process whereby beneficiaries influence the direction and execution of development projects rather than merely receive a share of project benefits. The objectives to which community participation might contribute are: 1. Sharing projects costs: participants are asked to contribute money or labour (and occasionally goods) during the project’s implementation or operational stages. 2. Increasing projects efficiency: beneficiary consultation during project planning or beneficiary involvement in the management of project implementation or operation. 3. Increasing projects effectiveness: greater beneficiary involvement to help ensure that the project achieves its objectives and that benefits go to the intended groups. 4. Building beneficiary capacity: either through ensuring that participants are actively involved in project planning and implementation or through formal or informal training and consciousness-raising activities. 5. Increasing empowerment: defined as seeking to increase the control of the underprivileged sectors of society over the resources and decisions affecting their lives and their participation in the benefits produced by the society in which they live. This research tries to explain several variables that connecting to forms of participation which is conduct by peoples at upstream area. There are: 1) Socialization that ever been used by the government/NGOs/other institutions, 2) reforestation area, 3) Improving sanitation/drainage, 4) Planting on front yard, 5) planting on critical land, 6) reforestation preserved area, 7) conservation plan activities, 8) road maintenance, 9) Keeping the environment
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