Daesh: Terrorismo Global Y Local a Medio Camino Entre Lo Físico Y Lo Virtual

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Daesh: Terrorismo Global Y Local a Medio Camino Entre Lo Físico Y Lo Virtual UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIOLOGÍA Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales e Historia Global TESIS DOCTORAL DAESH: TERRORISMO GLOBAL Y LOCAL A MEDIO CAMINO ENTRE LO FÍSICO Y LO VIRTUAL MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Manuel J. Gazapo Lapayese Directora Concepción Anguita Olmedo Madrid, 2018 DAESH: TERRORISMO GLOBAL Y LOCAL A MEDIO CAMINO ENTRE LO FÍSICO Y LO VIRTUAL Tesis doctoral de Manuel J. Gazapo Lapayese Bajo la dirección de la Doctora Concepción Anguita Olmedo Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales e Historia Global Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología Universidad Complutense de Madrid © Manuel J. Gazapo Lapayese, 2018 Ahora, cuando todos nos encontramos en estado shock tras la matanza en las oficinas de Charlie Hebdo, es el momento justo de reunir el coraje de pensar. Ahora y no más tarde, cuando las cosas se calmen, como tratan de hacernos creer los partidarios de la sabiduría barata: lo difícil de combinar es, precisamente, la tensión del momento y el acto de pensar. Pensar en el sosiego que se instaura con el paso del tiempo no genera una verdad más equilibrada, sino que, más bien, normaliza la situación, permitiéndonos evitar el filo cortante de la verdad. Slavoj Žižek. 2015: 9 ¿Quiénes son esos adversarios desconocidos, inciertos, invisibles, inesperados y, hasta ahora, inexistentes? Son enemigos que habitan en el paisaje global de la era de la postguerra fría. Identificarlos con los musulmanes o con el islam puede ser tranquilizador porque permite localizar los peligros de este nuevo mundo y reprobarlos bajo un solo nombre, pero también resulta miope y peligroso. Faisal Devji. 2007: 160 Sólo se puede luchar contra la islamofobia luchando contra la ignorancia por ambas partes. No existe el choque de civilizaciones sino el choque de ignorancias, y es terrible porque genera desgracias, guerras y racismo. Tahar Ben Jelloun. 2015: 74 Necesitamos especialmente hombres y mujeres de la política que no se limiten a contemplar los nuevos problemas mundiales desde la perspectiva estratégica del alto mando o del mercado mundial, sino que traten de llevar a la práctica esa visión internacional de la paz que, tanto en Europa como en el mundo entero, plasma en nuestros días la aspiración religiosa del hombre por la paz y la reconciliación. Hans Küng. 2006: 164 ÍNDICE Índice de imágenes……………………………………………………..…………………11 Resumen en español……………………………………………………………..………..21 Resumen en inglés……………...………………………………………………..………..25 INTRODUCCIÓN: CONSIDERACIONES METODOLÓGICAS………….………..29 I. Relevancia y motivación del tema investigado e identificación del objeto de investigación……………….…...………………………………………………..………..29 II. Metodología……………….……………………………………………..………..30 A. Niveles de análisis……………….…...………………………………..………..30 B. Periodificación……………….…...……….…………………………..………..31 C. Preguntas de investigación, formulación de hipótesis y definición objetivos…...32 D. Métodos, Técnicas y Fuentes documentales………………………………….....36 E. Fases de la investigación………………………………..…………………….....40 F. Estructura de la tesis……………………………………………….………….....44 CAPITULO I: EL TERRORISMO: UNA CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN COMPLEJA…………………55 1.1 En torno a la definición de terrorismo……………………………………...……55 1.1.1. El terrorismo y sus elementos………………………………………………57 1.1.2. Los objetivos fundamentales de los grupos terroristas………………...……65 1.2. Evolución del terrorismo: de movimiento a organización terrorista…………..70 1.2.1. Movimiento u organización: Diferencias y semejanzas……………………70 1.2.2. Propiedades estructurales de una organización terrorista…..………………71 1 a. Estructura……………………………………………………..…………71 b. Especialización…………………………………………………………..72 c. Normas…………………………………………………………………..72 d. Grado de (des)centralización………………………………...…………..72 1.2.3. De movimiento terrorista a organización…………………………………...74 a. La dificultad intrínseca de las operaciones terroristas……………………74 b. Propaganda………………………………………………………………74 c. Captación y reclutamiento……………………………………….………75 d. Atracción y acopio de recursos económicos……………..………………75 1.2.4. De organizaciones jerárquicas a organizaciones reticulares………………..76 a. Organizaciones sin líderes…………………………………………….....77 b. Organizaciones en red de redes…………………………………………..78 1.3. Evolución del terrorismo: oleadas en la línea del tiempo……………………….79 1.3.1. Primera oleada. Terrorismo anarquista…………………………………..…79 1.3.2. Segunda oleada. Terrorismo anticolonial…………………………………..81 1.3.3. Tercera oleada. Terrorismo izquierdista……………..……………………..82 1.3.4. Cuarta oleada. Terrorismo religioso………………………………………..83 1.3.5. ¿Una quinta oleada?………………………………………………………..84 CAPITULO II: EL YIHAD Y SUS IDEÓLOGOS: LA TERGIVERSACIÓN DEL CONCEPTO EN EL TERRORISMO CONTEMPORÁNEO………...………………………………..…87 2.1. Yihad: el concepto………………………………………………….……………..87 2.2. El siglo XIII: Taqqi Al-Din Ahmad Ibn Abdelhalim Al-Taymiyya……...……..88 2.2.1. La doctrina de Ibn Taymiyya como inspiración del terrorismo…………......89 2 2.2.2. Ibn Taymiyya y su imantación al terrorismo de etiología yihadista………...93 2.2.3. Ibn Taymiyya como figura no vinculada al terrorismo……………………..96 2.3. El siglo XVIII: Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab……….……………………..101 2.3.1. Abd al-Wahhab y su doctrina como inspiración del terrorismo………...…101 2.3.2. Abd al-Wahhab y Muhammad Ibn Saud: la legitimación de la violencia…103 2.3.3. Las doctrinas de Abd al-Wahhab y su desvinculación del terrorismo…..…104 2.3.4. Abd al-Wahhab y Muhammad Ibn Saud: desvinculación de la violencia…106 2.3.5. Abd al-Wahhab y la tergiversación de su obra…………………………….107 2.4. El siglo XX: Sayyid Qutb…………….………………………………………….109 2.4.1. Sayyid Qutb como figura vinculada al terrorismo………………………...110 2.4.2. Sayyid Qutb como figura no vinculada al terrorismo……………………..112 2.4.3. Sayyid Qutb en el contexto contemporáneo………………………………114 2.5. Los ideólogos del terrorismo de etiología yihadista……………………………115 2.5.1 La estela de Al-Taymiyya, Abd al-Wahhab y Sayyid Qutb……………….115 2.6. En torno a la imantación del Islam y el terrorismo…………………………….117 2.7. En torno a la descontextualización del hecho religioso islámico: el paisaje literario y el paisaje histórico del Corán………………………………………….…….119 2.8. La necesidad de desvincular…………………………………………………….125 2.8.1. El terrorismo y el uso interesado de la religión……………………………126 2.8.2. La incongruencia temática: el terrorismo yihadista aniquila musulmanes...128 2.8.3. Experiencias históricas comparadas…………………………………...….131 2.8.4. Ausencia de lo humano…………………………………………………...132 2.8.5. Un mero ritual…………………………………………………………….133 2.9. Tahar Ben Jelloun y la necesidad de construir una contranarrativa……...….135 3 CAPITULO III: LA PROPAGANDA Y EL TERRORISMO DE ETIOLOGÍA YIHADISTA……….139 3.1. La comunicación en la sociedad de la información…………………………….139 3.2. El terrorismo y su impacto en la opinión pública………………………………143 3.3. La propaganda terrorista……………………………………………………….148 3.3.1. Los pilares de la propaganda terrorista: videos, revistas, música y redes sociales. …………………………………………………………………………..151 3.4. Los destinatarios de la propaganda terrorista…………………………………162 3.4.1. La población que se pretende exterminar……………………………...….162 3.4.2. Los individuos que conforman la organización terrorista………...……….165 3.4.3. La base social sobre la que se sustenta la organización terrorista……….…168 3.4.4. Los nuevos individuos susceptibles de ser captados……………………....171 3.5. Los temas más recurrentes de la propaganda terrorista………………..……..173 3.5.1. Purificación y supremacía del Islam. …………………………….……….173 3.5.2. Legitimación de atentados…………………………….…………………..176 3.5.3. Criminalización de Occidente…………………………………………….181 3.5.4. Reconstrucción del Califato………………………………...…………….183 3.5.5. Ejecución de una lucha atemporal………………………………..……….185 3.5.6. Obtención de apoyo social………………………………………………...188 3.5.7. Expansión del cibercalifato……………………………………………….189 3.5.8. Expulsión de los infieles…………………………………………….…….191 3.5.9. Consolidación económica……………………………………………..….194 3.5.10. Educación y formación de futuros soldados. ……………………….…….197 4 CAPITULO IV: CIBERESPACIO Y TERRORISMO: YIHADISMO 2.0………………….………….205 4.1. Organizaciones terroristas en el ciberespacio……………...…………………..205 4.1.1. Evolución y mutabilidad del ciberespacio..……………………….………205 4.1.2. Motivos por los que el terrorismo pasa a operar en el ciberespacio.……….208 4.2. Ciberterrorismo o terrorismo en la red…………………………………..…….214 4.2.1. La Web como un medio para el terrorismo: yihadismo 2.0……….……….216 4.2.2. Al Qaeda y su uso del ciberespacio………………………………………..217 4.2.3. Daesh y su uso del ciberespacio……………………………………..…….219 4.3. El uso terrorista de internet: evaluando la amenaza……………….………….221 4.4. El uso terrorista de internet: evidencias a lo largo del tiempo….……………..223 4.4.1. Correos electrónicos en lugar de balas…………………………………….230 CAPITULO V: CAPTACIÓN Y RADICALIZACIÓN……………………………………..………….233 5.1. Ideas clave y rasgos distintivos del proceso de captación y radicalización...….233 5.1.1. La radicalización como un proceso adaptativo……………………………234 5.1.2. La ausencia de un perfil tipo……………………………………………....235 5.1.3. La ideología como nexo de unión entre los radicalizados…………………236 5.1.4. Los diversos escenarios donde tiene lugar la captación…………………...238 5.2. Características recurrentes del radical yihadista desde el prisma de Oliver Roy……………………………………………………………………………………….241 5.3. Etapas del proceso de captación y radicalización……………………………...246 5.4. Captación y radicalización online y offline…………………..............................252 5.4.1. Captación y radicalización
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