DOCSLIB.ORG

The Garos of Bangladesh: a Sociolinguistic Survey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Garos of Bangladesh: a Sociolinguistic Survey DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2012-007 ® The Garos of Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survey Amy Kim Seung Kim Sayed Ahmad Mridul Sangma The Garos of Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survey Amy Kim Seung Kim Sayed Ahmad Mridul Sangma SIL International ® 2012 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2012-007, February 2012 Copyright © 2012 Seung Kim, Sayed Ahmad, Amy Kim, Mridul Sangma, and SIL International ® All rights reserved CONTENTS Abstract Preface Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. Purposes and goals 1.1.1. Study of the language varieties 1.1.2. Language attitudes and vitality study 1.1.3. Bilingualism study 1.2. Geography 1.3. History 1.4. People 1.5. Language 2. Summary of findings 2.1. Study of the language varieties 2.1.1. Lexical similarity study 2.1.2. Intelligibility study 2.2. Language attitudes and vitality study 2.3. Bilingualism study 3. Study of the language varieties 3.1. Lexical similarity study 3.1.1. Procedures 3.1.2. Discussion of sample 3.1.3. Results 3.2. Intelligibility study 3.2.1. Procedures 3.2.2. Discussion of sample 3.2.3. Results 4. Language attitudes and vitality study 4.1. Procedures 4.2. Discussion of sample 4.3. Results 4.3.1. Language use – in spoken domains 4.3.2. Language use – in written domains 4.3.3. Language attitudes – regarding language use 4.3.4. Language attitudes – towards language classes 4.3.5. Language vitality 5. Bilingualism study 5.1. Procedures 5.2. Discussion of sample 5.3. Results 6. Recommendations Appendix A. Standard procedures for counting lexical similarity Appendix B. Wordlist notes Appendix C. Wordlists Appendix D. Codes used in the transcription of the texts Appendix E. Text transcription Appendix F. Recorded text test scoring and answer notes Appendix G. Recorded text test answers and scores Appendix H. Post-HTT/RTT questionnaire responses Appendix I. Sociolinguistic questionnaire Appendix J. Post-HTT questionnaire Appendix K. Post-RTT questionnaire Appendix L. Subject biodata questionnaire Appendix M. Community Information Questionnaire Appendix N. Sociolinguistic Questionnaire Responses Appendix O. Subject biodata Appendix P. Garo community information Appendix Q. Bangla translations of sections 1.1., 2., and 6. References ABSTRACT The Garo people of Bangladesh, who often refer to themselves and their language as "Mandi," actually speak a variety of mother-tongue languages. Within Bangladesh, the chief varieties are Abeng, A'tong, Brak, Chibok, Dual, and Megam. This survey report gives an account of the sociolinguistic research that took place among speakers of each of these varieties. The goals of the research included investigating linguistic variation within and among each of these six varieties, exploring Mandi speakers' attitudes towards their own and other varieties, and assessing the long-term viability of each variety. The degree of intelligibility in Abeng by speakers of other Mandi varieties was measured, as were Mandi speakers' abilities in other languages. Fieldwork for this research took place from April through June 2005, during which time wordlists, questionnaires, and a story recorded in Abeng were used as the primary research tools. PREFACE As part of SIL Bangladesh’s project to develop the minority languages of Bangladesh, we researched the languages spoken by the Garos (or Mandis) of Bangladesh. This report is the fruit of the field research conducted in April–June 2005. The research took us as far east as Netrokona district and as far west as Sherpur district. In all our travels, we had the able and joyful companionship of Sayed Ahmad and Mridul Sangma, our co-surveyors. They continue to make good progress as language surveyors, and we predict that they will be a blessing to many other minority language communities in the years to come. Many thanks also go out to the people who helped us in numerous ways. In particular, we want to recognize the staff and Fathers at Bhalukapara Mission and Pirgacha Mission, and the staff and Pastor at the Oxford Mission, who welcomed us and provided lodging even with little or no notice. We appreciate their hospitality and their servant hearts. Finally, we reserve our deepest appreciation for the people of all the villages we visited— Bharatpur, Birisiri, Chunia, Digholbag, Gajni, Nagar Sontosh, Namchapara, Nalchapra, Panchgaon, Sapmari, Songra, Sonyasipara, and Utrail—who, no matter when we showed up, no matter how long we stayed, extended warm welcomes and gave their cooperation. They are the reasons why this survey was such a pleasure to do. We want to thank them for making themselves available for this work, for feeding us, for guiding us, and most of all, for accepting us not just as researchers but also as friends. They make all the work worthwhile. We pray that God will bless them just as they blessed us. Seung and Amy Kim Language Survey Specialists SIL Bangladesh June 2005 Dhaka, Bangladesh ABBREVIATIONS CIQ = Community Information Questionnaire HSC = Higher Secondary Certificate HTT = Hometown Test LWC = Language of Wider Communication MT = Mother Tongue NGO = Non-governmental Organization RPE = Reported Proficiency Evaluation RTT = Recorded Text Test TNT = Telephone and Telegraph 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Purposes and goals The purpose of this sociolinguistic survey was to gather information that could be used to plan a language-development program for the Garos of Bangladesh. (While “Mandi” is the term they use to refer to themselves, they are known throughout Bangladesh as “Garo”; and though the terms are interchangeable, we will use Garo most of the time.) At first glance, it may seem that the task would be very straightforward. When asked, most Garos will usually say that they speak Mandi. The question seems to be limited to “What is possible or desirable in developing Mandi in terms of education, literacy, and literature development?” However, just as a single term like “Mandi” cannot begin to capture the complex and multi- faceted spirit of a people, neither can it do justice to their language, for the Mandis of Bangladesh do not speak a single language called Mandi but a group of languages that is collectively known as Mandi. Within Bangladesh, Abeng, A’tong, Brak, Chibok, Dual, and Megam are the chief varieties for which any of its speakers might use the term Mandi as a name for their mother tongue (that is, the language they first learn in the home). To the academic world, these languages may be known by their ISO 639-3 codes: Abeng, Brak, Chibok, and Dual are all coded as [grt]; A’tong is [aot]; and Megam is [mef]. Our preliminary research and conversations with many Mandis told us that, while Abeng is the language of wider communication (LWC) among them, not all these varieties of Mandi are mutually intelligible, thus raising several research questions as well as possible complicating factors for a language-development program. For example, we wanted to know which language variety, if any, should be developed in terms of literature production and literacy programs. We also wanted to know, from an objective linguistic point of view, the pros and cons of choosing any particular language variety for development. To meet these purposes, the following goals were established: 1. To investigate linguistic variation within each of the varieties and across the six varieties of Mandi in Bangladesh (Abeng, A’tong, Brak, Chibok, Dual, and Megam). 2. To determine Mandi speakers’ attitudes towards their own language variety and towards other varieties. 3. To measure the degree of intelligibility in Abeng by speakers of the other varieties of Mandi. 4. To assess the long-term viability of each variety of Mandi. 5. To assess Mandi speakers’ abilities in second languages. To accomplish these goals, this sociolinguistic survey of the Garos of Bangladesh was carried out in three interrelated parts: 1) a study of the language varieties spoken by Bangladeshi Garos, 2) a language attitudes and vitality study, and 3) a bilingualism study. Table 1 gives a summary of the sociolinguistic methods used in this survey. 1 Table 1. Overview of methods Study Method Brief description Focus Sample size • Lexical variation • 3 Abeng within each language • 2 A’tong Lexical variety • 2 Brak 307-item word- similarity • Lexical similarity • 2 Chibok list comparison across language • 2 Dual varieties • 2 Megam • Study of the 2 Koch Comprehension • • language Intelligibility Intelligibility in 115 test of a recorded varieties study Abeng by speakers of subjects story in Abeng other Garo language from 5 3 questions about varieties villages Post-HTT the storyteller’s questionnaire speech 4 questions about Post-RTT the storyteller’s questionnaire speech • Language preferences • 150 • Attitudes towards subjects various language from 13 Language varieties villages Sociolinguistic A 25-item attitudes and • Language use questionnaire questionnaire vitality study patterns • Long-term viability of Garo varieties in Bangladesh • Perceived ability in • 150 Bilingualism Sociolinguistic A 5-item any second language subjects study questionnaire questionnaire from 13 villages 1.1.1. Study of the language varieties Lexical similarity study The first method/tool used was a 307-item wordlist taken at a total of 13 Garo villages: three for Abeng and two each for A’tong, Brak, Chibok, Dual, and Megam. In addition, two wordlists from Koch villages were gathered because of a possible link with A’tong. The lists from all these villages were compared in order to determine the lexical similarities among all these varieties. The results of the comparison were also used to decide which varieties to use for intelligibility testing. See Appendix A for standard procedures for counting lexical similarity. 2 Intelligibility study The second method used to study Garo was the Recorded Text Test (RTT). RTTs were used primarily to determine how widely intelligible Abeng is among all the Garos in Bangladesh. To meet this purpose, a story was developed in Abeng, and another story was developed in each of A’tong, Brak, Chibok, Dual, and Megam.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tribal Healing Practices Theoretical Perspective on Folk Practices of the Tribals
    Tribal Healing Practices Introduction: Folk healing practices had its origin since time unknown. It is believed that human evolution had its origin in the tribal society. People in the traditional period were unable to explain the cause of natural calamity as well as the diseases that inflicted them. Therefore, men in the tribal societies started to create numerous ways and practices that were believed to heal the sufferers. The healers gained a superior position in the society and claimed to possess the power by which men could be healed from his suffering. Therefore, it is very important to study the tribal healing practices as it is from these practices that many contemporary healing practices are inspired to heal the people across the world. Theoretical Perspective on folk practices of the Tribals: Different theorists in the anthropological as well as sociological dimension did studies based on the tribal practices. These practices included the various life patterns, medical system, healing mechanisms, food habits, dressing patterns and so on. Theorists such as Edward Tylor introduced the concept of animism. According to the concept of animism, the non-material elements also contain spiritual essence. It is an indigenous tribal practice. In his 1871 book Primitive Culture, in which he defined it as "the general doctrine of souls and other spiritual beings in general." According to Tylor, animism often includes "an idea of pervading life and will in nature i.e., a belief that natural objects other than humans have souls. Animism focused on all approaches to healing which are connected with the soul. It promotes that we are answerable for each and everything.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
    ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh – Hindus – Awami League – Bengali Language
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: BGD30821 Country: Bangladesh Date: 8 November 2006 Keywords: Bangladesh – Hindus – Awami League – Bengali language This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. Are Hindus a minority religion in Bangladesh? 2. How are religious minorities, notably Hindus, treated in Bangladesh? 3. Is the Awami League traditionally supported by the Hindus in Bangladesh? 4. Are Hindu supporters of the Awami League discriminated against and if so, by whom? 5. Are there parts of Bangladesh where Hindus enjoy more safety? 6. Is Bengali the language of Bangladeshis? RESPONSE 1. Are Hindus a minority religion in Bangladesh? Hindus constitute approximately 10 percent of the population in Bangladesh making them a religious minority. Sunni Muslims constitute around 88 percent of the population and Buddhists and Christians make up the remainder of the religious minorities. The Hindu minority in Bangladesh has progressively diminished since partition in 1947 from approximately 25 percent of the population to its current 10 percent (US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report for 2006 – Bangladesh, 15 September – Attachment 1). 2. How are religious minorities, notably Hindus, treated in Bangladesh? In general, minorities in Bangladesh have been consistently mistreated by the government and Islamist extremists. Specific discrimination against the Hindu minority intensified immediately following the 2001 national elections when the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) gained victory with its four-party coalition government, including two Islamic parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Taking Root in Bangladesh
    The Newsletter | No.53 | Spring 2010 24 The Focus: ‘Indigenous’ India Taking root in Bangladesh Mymensingh, Chittagong and in particular Dhaka in ever Recently, a Garo friend of mine became increasing numbers. They leave their villages to look for work or to follow higher education (at colleges and universities). Exact a high-profi le adivasi representative. fi gures are not known but during my last visit I understood that ever increasing numbers of young people are leaving for Dhaka or other He’s considered by (non-Garo) donors, big cities, in search of jobs in domestic service, beauty parlours, or the garment industry. Each village that I visited had seen dozens politicians, academics and media to be of its young people leave. Villagers told me amusing stories about these migrants returning to their homes in the villages during an important spokesperson for indigenous Christmas holidays, with their trolley bags and mobile phones, as if they had come straight from Dubai. people(s) and is frequently consulted Only a minority of Garos are citizens of Bangladesh. The large on a variety of ‘indigenous’ issues. When majority live in the Garo Hills in India (and the surrounding plains of Assam). An international border has separated the Bangladeshi I visited Bangladesh last year, my friend Garos from the hill Garos since 1947. Partition resulted in a much stricter division than ever before. Although trans-boundary mobility and his wife asked me to stay with them. has never stopped, Indian and Bangladeshi Garos increasingly developed in diff erent directions. Bangladeshi Garos were more As a result of their generous off er, I gained oriented towards Dhaka, infl uenced by Bengali language and culture, and obviously aff ected by the distinct political developments before unexpected insights into current changes and after the independence war of 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Funded by the U.S Department of Education Under Title VI, Section 605, October 1999 Through September 2002
    Digital Dictionaries of South Asia Funded by the U.S Department of Education under Title VI, Section 605, October 1999 through September 2002 PROGRAM TITLE OF PROJECT International Research and Studies Program, Digital Dictionaries of South Asia International Education and Graduate Programs Service, U.S. Department of APPLICANT Education, CFDA No. 84.017A The University of Chicago 970 East 58th Street FUNDING REQUESTED Chicago, Illinois 60637 $453,071 for three years 773-702-8602 PROJECT DATES PROJECT DIRECTOR Oct. 1, 1999 - Sept. 30, 2002 James H. Nye Director, South Asia Language and Area Center 5848 University Avenue, Kelly 313 Project Director’s Signature Chicago, Illinois 60637 773-702-8430 SUMMARY OF PROPOSED PROJECT For language learning and instruction, few resources are more crucial than dictionaries. This project aims to make high-quality dictionaries in each of the twenty-six modern literary languages of South Asia universally available in digital formats. At least thirty-two dictionaries will be converted from printed books, often multi-volume, to electronic resources. A wide variety of users will benefit from access to electronic dictionaries via global media such as the World Wide Web. Not only the academics whose study of Indic languages has long been supported by the Department of Education, but also American-born learners of South Asian heritage, and individuals around the world will profit. A well-developed plan and the considerable experience of key personnel ensure that the project's objectives will be met. The Project Director and two Co-Directors have been at the forefront of recent initiatives to improve global access to South Asian materials through deployment of current technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Languages in the Secondary Curriculum in Bangladesh
    Indigenous Languages in the Secondary Curriculum in Bangladesh: A Study in Khagrachari District. Niger Sultana Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Education College of Education University of Canterbury, Christchurch June 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank and dedicate this thesis to my parents, for their support and encouragement throughout this research study when overseas. I am especially grateful to Dr Baljit Kaur for her active encouragement, guidance and support during the initial stages of this research. My greatest gratitude goes to my supervisors, Dr Kathleen Quinlivan and Dr Sylvie Gagnon for their continuous advice, direction, understanding, enthusiasm, encouragement and friendly dispositions. I have greatly appreciated the students of three tribal groups (Chakma, Marma, and Tripura) and the teachers at the school where this investigation took place for their enthusiasm in sharing opinions, and thoughts. Without their contribution, this investigation would not have been possible. My vote of thanks goes to community leaders from the three tribal groups for their eagerness of sharing experiences, beliefs, and opinions about the role of tribal languages in their children's learning. I am also thankful to the curriculum planner for his perceptions about the significance of tribal students' mother language in learning, and giving the hard-copies and electronic copies of curriculum documents. Niger Sultana Page 1 I would like to thank to my brother (Kazi Shah Mohammad Fazle Alim) and my friend (Jishu Acharjee) for their sincere support and company while I was moving from Dhaka to Chittagong and Chittagong to Khagrachari to carry on my data collection process.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Art of Tribal Studies an Annotated Bibliography
    The State of Art of Tribal Studies An Annotated Bibliography Dr. Nupur Tiwary Associate Professor in Political Science and Rural Development Head, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Affairs Contact Us: Centre of Tribal Research and Exploration, Indian Institute of Public Administration, Indraprastha Estate, Ring Road, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110002 CENTRE OF TRIBAL RESEARCH & EXPLORATION (COTREX) Phone: 011-23468340, (011)8375,8356 (A Centre of Excellence under the aegis of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India) Fax: 011-23702440 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Email: [email protected] NUP 9811426024 The State of Art of Tribal Studies An Annotated Bibliography Edited by: Dr. Nupur Tiwary Associate Professor in Political Science and Rural Development Head, Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Tribal Affairs CENTRE OF TRIBAL RESEARCH & EXPLORATION (COTREX) (A Centre of Excellence under Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India) INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THE STATE OF ART OF TRIBAL STUDIES | 1 Acknowledgment This volume is based on the report of the study entrusted to the Centre of Tribal Research and Exploration (COTREX) established at the Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), a Centre of Excellence (CoE) under the aegis of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA), Government of India by the Ministry. The seed for the study was implanted in the 2018-19 action plan of the CoE when the Ministry of Tribal Affairs advised the CoE team to carried out the documentation of available literatures on tribal affairs and analyze the state of art. As the Head of CoE, I‘d like, first of all, to thank Shri.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for the Greatest Bengali: the BBC and Shifting Identity
    National Identities Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2008, 149Á165 Searching for the greatest Bengali: The BBC and shifting identity categories in South Asia Reece Jones* University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Drawing on debates generated by the BBC Bengali Language Service’s naming of the greatest Bengali of all time, this article investigates the shifting boundaries between group identity categories in our ‘globalising’ world. First, the con- troversy over the meaning of the term ‘Bengali’, which emerged in contemporary Bangladesh and India in response to the BBC’s list, is investigated. Then writings and speeches of several of the individuals who were honoured as the greatest Bengalis are analysed in order to draw out the multiple ways they approached their own Bengali identities. In the conclusion, it is argued that rather than imagining the end of place-based identity categories through the process of globalisation, it is more useful to conceptualise shifting categories that continue Downloaded By: [Jones, Reece] At: 15:14 29 April 2008 to incorporate a place-based aspect, but in hybrid and contradictory ways. Keywords: categories; ethnicity; nations; globalisation; South Asia In Spring 2004, following the British Broadcasting Company’s naming of Winston Churchill as the greatest Briton of all time, the BBC Bengali Language Service conducted a survey of its twelve million listeners to determine the greatest Bengali of all time (BBC, 2004).1 Respondents were asked to rank their top five choices and in the end more than 100 individuals received votes. The top twenty were announced one per day beginning on 26 March, Bangladesh’s Independence Day, and ending on 15 April, the Bengali New Year’s Day, with the naming of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the greatest Bengali of all time.
    [Show full text]
  • 35 Chapter 2 INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS in NORTH EAST
    Chapter 2 INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN NORTH EAST INDIA India as a whole has about 4,635 communities comprising 2,000 to 3,000 caste groups, about 60,000 of synonyms of titles and sub-groups and near about 40,000 endogenous divisions (Singh 1992: 14-15). These ethnic groups are formed on the basis of religion (Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Jain, Buddhist, etc.), sect (Nirankari, Namdhari and Amritdhari Sikhs, Shia and Sunni Muslims, Vaishnavite, Lingayat and Shaivite Hindus, etc.), language (Assamese, Bengali, Manipuri, Hindu, etc.), race (Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negrito, etc.), caste (scheduled tribes, scheduled castes, etc.), tribe (Naga, Mizo, Bodo, Mishing, Deori, Karbi, etc.) and others groups based on national minority, national origin, common historical experience, boundary, region, sub-culture, symbols, tradition, creed, rituals, dress, diet, or some combination of these factors which may form an ethnic group or identity (Hutnik 1991; Rastogi 1986, 1993). These identities based on religion, race, tribe, language etc characterizes the demographic pattern of Northeast India. Northeast India has 4,55,87,982 inhabitants as per the Census 2011. The communities of India listed by the „People of India‟ project in 1990 are 5,633 including 635 tribal groups, out of which as many as 213 tribal groups and surprisingly, 400 different dialects are found in Northeast India. Besides, many non- tribal groups are living particularly in plain areas and the ethnic groups are formed in terms of religion, caste, sects, language, etc. (Shivananda 2011:13-14). According to the Census 2011, 45587982 persons inhabit Northeast India, out of which as much as 31169272 people (68.37%) are living in Assam, constituting mostly the non-tribal population.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Planning in Bangladesh Period‐‐‐‐‐In 1972 ConsTuOn of Bangladesh Has Acknowledged Bangla Language As State Language( Article 3 Part 1 )
    Linguisc situaon in Bangladesh Sikder Monoare Murshed (Shourav Sikder) Professor, Department of Linguiscs University of Dhaka, Bangladesh [email protected] Introduction • The linguistic situation of Bangladesh is not homogenous. • Bangla is the major language of Bangladesh – Official & National language is Bengali/Bangla – 92% used Bengali as a Mother tongue • Also more than 45 indigenous languages • 4 different language family . Language family & Languages 1. Austro-Asiatic : Santal, Munda & Khasi 2. Sino-Tibetan : Marma, Garo, Chak, Khumi, Pangkowa etrc. 3. Dravidian: Krukux 4. Indo-Aryan. Bengali, Chakma Sadri etc. Bangla language: The state language. • Bangla : member of Indo-Aryan language family . • More than 280 million people speak in Bangla all over the world. • 1500 Years history & own scripts, literary resources . • Rabindronath Tagore got Nobel (1913) from Bengali language & Literature(First Asian Nobel laureate) Worldwide Recognion of Bangla Language. • UNESCO has declared the Bengali Language Martyr Day 21st of February as international mother language day in 17th November 1999. • The language ranked 7th considered its speaker. It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam • Bangla is a second official language of Jharkhand(INDIA) since September 2011 • Bangla is also a recognized secondary language of Karachi (Pakistan). Indigenous languages of bangladesh • Total 30 languages exist. • Origin from 4 disnct language families . • Some language has scripts. Medium of educaon of these language speaker is bangla. • Small indigenous languages are dominated by major languages. • No language preservaon and policies. • Some languages are endangered for less speaker and pracce. Language situaon in Bangladesh • Official language of Bangladesh is Standard Bengali (Literary Bengali).
    [Show full text]
  • Verbs in Bengali Language
    VERBS IN BENGALI LANGUAGE A dissertation submitted to Assam University, Silchar in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Department of Linguistics. Roll- 042018 No - 2083100010 Registration no- 20180016655 of 2018-2019 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE ASSAM UNIVERSITY, SILCHAR 788011, INDIA YEAR OF SUBMISSION – 2020 I ● CERTIFICATE Certified that the dissertation ∕project entitled “ Verbs in Bengali Language” submitted by ROLL- 042018, NO – 2083100010, REGISTRATION NO- 20180016655 of 2018-2019 . for Masters of Arts in Linguistics. This work has been submitted previously for Master degree in Linguistics in Assam University,Silchar. It further certified that the candidate has complied with all the formalities as per the requirements of Assam University. I recommend that the dissertation may be placed before examiners for consideration of award of the degree of this university. (Asst. Professor Paramita Purkait) Name & Signature of the supervisor Department of Linguistics Assam University, Silchar II ● DECLARATION I bearing Roll– 042018, no – 2083100010, Registrationno – 20180016655 of 2018-2019 . hereby declare that the subject matter of the dissertation entitled “Verbs in Bengali Language” is the record of the work done by me. The content of this work did not form the basis for award of any degree to me or anybody else to the best of my knowledge. The project is being submitted to Assam University for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics. Date- 05.10.20. Place -Silchar, Assam University Candidate- Rishita Deb ` III ●ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I want to pay regards to my mother and father, I owe my indebtedness with great pleasure to my supervisor Assistant Professor Parmita Purkait, Department of Linguistics, Assam University Silchar, for giving me the opportunity to undertake this research work in the Department of Linguistics for her kind help,readily encouragement throughout and her contructive criticism to improve the various aspects of the research work.
    [Show full text]
  • Land, People and Politics: Contest Over Tribal Land in Northeast India
    Land, People and Politics Land, PeoPLe and PoLitics: contest oveR tRibaL Land in noRtheast india Editors Walter Fernandes sanjay BarBora North Eastern Social Research Centre International Workgroup for Indigenous Affairs 2008 Land, People and Politics: contest over tribal Land in northeast india Editors: Walter Fernandes and Sanjay Barbora Pages: 178 ISSN: 0105-4503 ISBN: 9788791563409 Language: English Index : 1. Indigenous peoples; 2. Land alienation; Acknowledgements 3. Northeast India; 4. Colonialism Geographical area: Asia Publication date: January 2009 cover design: Kazimuddin Ahmed, Panos South Asia This book is an outcome of collaboration between North Eastern Social Research Centre (NESRC), Panos South Asia and International Published by: North Eastern Social Research Centre 110 Kharghuli Road (1st floor) Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA). It is based on studies on Guwahati 781004 land alienation in different states of the Northeast done by a group of Assam, India researchers in 2005-2006. Some papers that were produced during that Tel. (+91-361) 2602819 study are included in this book while others are new and were written Email: [email protected] Website: www.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/ or revised for this publication. We are grateful to all the researchers for NESRC the hard work they have put into these papers. The study, as well as the book, was funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) Denmark. The study was coordinated by Artax Shimray. We are grateful Classensgade 11E DK-2100 Copenhagen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark for financial support for this Denmark book. We are grateful to IWGIA particularly Christian Erni and Christina www.iwgia.org Nilsson for their support.
    [Show full text]