DOCSLIB.ORG

CULTURE and the STATE in BANGLADESH Farid Uddin Ahamed

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CULTURE and the STATE in BANGLADESH Farid Uddin Ahamed ETHNICITY AND ENVIRONMENT: ‘TRIBAL’ CULTURE AND THE STATE IN BANGLADESH Farid Uddin Ahamed Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Anthropology University College London University of London 1 UMI Number: U602427 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U602427 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract Ethnicity and Environment: ‘Tribal9 Culture and the State in Bangladesh This thesis investigates the current predicament of the people of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in Bangladesh, a population with significant cultural differentiation from the mainstream Bengali population. Dealing with the issues of their survival in the forest and their quest for identity, the research explores how their ethnicity and environment are intertwined. This is examined in the context of state policies towards non-Bengali ethnic minorities in the CHT. The study identifies sources of diversity at the micro level and the forces that create conditions for ‘unity in diversity’ at the macro level. One is the assertion of ‘self-image’ on the basis of cultural polarity within the confines of a multi-ethnic locality. The other is the assertion of ‘collective image’ as unifying forces stemming from the notion of shared deprivation and marginalisation generated by conditions of the State and State institutions. This ethnographic study is based on two years fieldwork between January 1999 and December 2000 among three ethnic groups, Marma, Bawm and Tanchanga in Banderban district of southern CHT. The thesis is divided into three main parts. Part one deals with research context, the historical development in CHT and the main theoretical issues concerning the relationships between ethnicity, social movement and indigenous land rights. The second part looks at local perceptions of settlement, locality and village organisation and at the dimensions of linguistic identity at both group and collective levels. The third part examines broader issues, events and processes concerning ethnic mobilisation around the traditional land use system, jhum, and the politics ofkhas land, based on case materials of how jhum lands are leased out to Bengalis. This is followed by analysis of local electoral processes and a concluding discussion of ‘ethnic mobilisation’, ‘multi-ethnicity’, and ‘social movements’. The study promotes a deeper understanding of the multi-ethnic nature of the Bangladeshi State and provides a more balanced assessment of the relationship between ethnicity, environment, development and the state. It also contributes to the wider anthropology of forest-dwelling peoples of South Asia. It challenges the political use of environmentalism and anthropological knowledge in national and regional disputes over the control and use of natural resources. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................9 Introduction ............................................................................................12 The General Background of the CHT ...............................................................16 Outline of the Study............................................................................................23 Part One: Reseach Context, Theory and Methods............................................ 24 Part Two: Self-image-Dynamics of Ethnic Group Identity............................... 25 Part Three: Collective-image - Dynamics of Shared Identity ........................... 27 Chapter One............................................................................................32 Theoretical Considerations on Ethnicity and Environment ............... 32 Introduction..........................................................................................................32 Ethnicity: Theoretical Perspectives..................................................................33 The ‘Tribes’ of Bangladesh in National Cultural Context ............................40 Limitations of Ethnicity Theories.....................................................................43 Alternative Theories of New Social Movement and Collective Identity ....45 Environment as Social Context ........................................................................54 Review and Critique of Existing Ethnographic Literature on CHT.............63 A Brief Review of the Literature ......................................................................64 Colonial Understanding of CHT....................................................................... 64 Post-colonial Understanding............................................................................. 65 More Recent Studies......................................................................................... 67 The CHT in Ethnographic Details....................................................................69 Names and Numbers ......................................................................................... 69 Language and Ethnicity..................................................................................... 69 Social Organisation........................................................................................... 71 Social and Political Context of Land Tenure and Use................................... 72 Jhum...................................................................................................................72 Ownership and Rights....................................................................................... 74 Chapter Two ...........................................................................................77 Methodological Procedures and the Research Setting ....................... 77 Introduction..........................................................................................................77 Methodological Issues of Fieldwork ............................................................... 78 Doing Research at Home................................................................................... 79 Positioning Self and the Wider Consideration of the Research in the CHT 80 Penetrating the micro-level: acceptance and trust............................................. 81 Language Learning............................................................................................ 83 3 Initial fieldwork activities ................................................................................. 85 Journey to the Roangchari................................................................................. 86 Participant Observation ..................................................................................... 88 Observing local political process and degree of participation...........................89 Local understandings of agricultural system, land tenure and rights................ 91 Case Study Material.......................................................................................... 93 Archival work and Census material .................................................................. 95 The Research Setting......................................................................................... 96 Location for the Research.................................................................................. 96 Roangchari as multi-ethnic setting ...................................................... 98 Rockoywa Roa (Marma village) ......................................................................100 Bottoli Pada (Tanchanga village) .....................................................................101 Soanloo Para (Bawm village)...........................................................................102 Chapter Three......................................................................................105 Settlement, Social Organisation and Ethnic Identity....................... 105 Settlement and Identity.................................................................................... 106 Marma..............................................................................................................107 Bawm................................................................................................................109 Tanchanga...................................................................................................... 110 Notion of Attachment...................................................................................... I l l Social Organisation...........................................................................................112 Clan Organisation.............................................................................................112 Marma Clan Organisation............................................................................... 112 Bawm Clan Organisation...............................................................................114 Tanchanga Clan Organisation..........................................................................117 Descent, Family
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IPP: Bangladesh: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project
    Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248) Indigenous Peoples Plan March 2011 BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 March 2011) Currency unit – taka (Tk) Tk1.00 = $0.0140 $1.00 = Tk71.56 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADR – alternative dispute resolution AP – affected person CHT – Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTDF – Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Facility CHTRC – Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council CHTRDP – Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project CI – community infrastructure DC – deputy commissioner DPMO – district project management office GOB – Government of Bangladesh GPS – global positioning system GRC – grievance redress committee HDC – hill district council INGO – implementing NGO IP – indigenous people IPP – indigenous peoples plan LARF – land acquisition and resettlement framework LCS – labor contracting society LGED – Local Government Engineering Department MAD – micro agribusiness development MIS – management information system MOCHTA – Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This indigenous peoples plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 1 CONTENTS Page A. Executive Summary 3 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Deictic Elements in Hyow and Kuki-Chin
    Deictic Elements in Hyow and Kuki-Chin Kenneth P. Baclawski Jr Dartmouth College Program in Linguistics and Cognitive Science May 2012 1 1 Acknowledgements This thesis is indebted to the fieldwork and guidance of my advisor David A. Peterson, the dedicated work of Zakaria Rehman, and the cooperation of the Hyow people of Bangladesh. My second reader Timothy Pulju has also given invaluable feedback on earlier drafts of the manuscript. I would also like to thank Daniel Bruhn and James Matisoff at the Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus project at the University of California – Berkeley for their resources and kind support. The study is based in part on Hyow texts collected by Zakaria Rehman under NSF grant #BCS-0349021 to Dartmouth College (David A. Peterson, P.I.). My own research stems from earlier projects made possible by the James O. Freedman Presidential Scholars Program and the Leslie Embs Bradford 1977 and Charles C. Bradford Fund for Undergraduate Research. i Contents Abbreviations Used vi Introduction viii Chapter 1: Basic Phonology and Morphology of Hyow 1 1.1 Phonology 1 1.1.1 Consonant Phonemes 1 1.1.2 Vowel Phonemes 3 1.1.3 Diphthongs 4 1.2 The Hyow Syllable 5 1.2.1 The Syllable Canon 5 1.2.2 Tone 6 1.2.3 Sesquisyllabic Roots 7 1.3 The Phonological Word 8 1.4 Lexical Morphology 9 1.4.1 Noun Compounding 9 1.4.2 Verb Stem Formatives 10 1.4.3 Verb Stem Ablaut 12 1.5 Inflectional Morphology 14 1.5.1 Nominal Morphology 14 1.5.2 Verbal Morphology 15 1.6 Numerals 17 1.7 Verbal Participant Coding 18 1.7.1 Basic Paradigm
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
    ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh – Hindus – Awami League – Bengali Language
    Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: BGD30821 Country: Bangladesh Date: 8 November 2006 Keywords: Bangladesh – Hindus – Awami League – Bengali language This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. Are Hindus a minority religion in Bangladesh? 2. How are religious minorities, notably Hindus, treated in Bangladesh? 3. Is the Awami League traditionally supported by the Hindus in Bangladesh? 4. Are Hindu supporters of the Awami League discriminated against and if so, by whom? 5. Are there parts of Bangladesh where Hindus enjoy more safety? 6. Is Bengali the language of Bangladeshis? RESPONSE 1. Are Hindus a minority religion in Bangladesh? Hindus constitute approximately 10 percent of the population in Bangladesh making them a religious minority. Sunni Muslims constitute around 88 percent of the population and Buddhists and Christians make up the remainder of the religious minorities. The Hindu minority in Bangladesh has progressively diminished since partition in 1947 from approximately 25 percent of the population to its current 10 percent (US Department of State 2006, International Religious Freedom Report for 2006 – Bangladesh, 15 September – Attachment 1). 2. How are religious minorities, notably Hindus, treated in Bangladesh? In general, minorities in Bangladesh have been consistently mistreated by the government and Islamist extremists. Specific discrimination against the Hindu minority intensified immediately following the 2001 national elections when the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) gained victory with its four-party coalition government, including two Islamic parties.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Low-Carbon Architecture Pedagogy in Bangladesh
    Afroz, R. (2020). Developing a low-carbon architecture pedagogy in Bangladesh. Buildings and Cities, 1(1), pp. 637–649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.54 SYNTHESIS Developing a low-carbon architecture pedagogy in Bangladesh Rumana Afroz1 Abstract Architectural education and training can help ensure low-carbon emission for projects. Despite some broad initiatives to address this, there are still gaps in the curricula, theory and practices. The current pedagogical trends and approaches in Bangladesh are identified and examined for how climate mitigation is addressed in the architecture curriculum. This has revealed a lack of awareness, limited education and training, and inadequate pedagogical (i.e. teaching) approaches for low-carbon education in architecture curricula. A lack of alignment exists between curricula orientation and the national agenda for climate change and low-carbon development. In order to integrate a sustainable low-carbon education in the architecture pedagogy, a set of recommendations for pedagogical approaches, education and training framework is proposed to offer crucial guidance to academia and other relevant stakeholders. Practice relevance Bangladesh is acutely affected by climate vulnerability due to its geographical location in the Ganges Delta. Although mitigation and low-carbon development policies are part of the national agenda, this has not been incorporated into the additional capabilities required by architects to deliver this. Low-carbon design and sustainability issues in architectural curricula are still in the initial phases of development. A lack of awareness, inadequate education and training, and lack of alignment between curricula orientation and the national agenda are identified as important factors. A set of scalable solutions and recommendations for education and training for architectural students is suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Islamic Da'wah in Bangladesh: the Christian
    IIUC STUDIES ISSN 1813-7733 Vol. – 4, December 2007 Published in April 2008 (p 87-108) Challenges of Islamic Da‘wah in Bangladesh: The Christian Missions and Their Evangelization Dr. Md. Yousuf Ali∗ Abu Sadat Nurullah∗∗ Abstract: Although Bangladesh is the second largest Muslim populated country in the world, there are several challenges of Islamic da‘wah here. The Christian mission, taking the opportunity of people’s poverty and distress, is evangelizing them through financial assistance and other means. The rapidly increasing number of conversion to Christianity among the tribal population is alarming. The missionary activities are spreading around the country, chiefly in the intellectual arena, in educational institutions, and in other aspects of life. The influence of it on the culture, education, religion and lifestyle of people results into converting people to the Christian ideology. Particularly the young generations are inclining towards this lucrative dogma of the new age. Media, both print and electronic, are propagating and claiming the banning of the da‘wah movement. In these situation, the Islamic da‘wah movements require to explore and implement new methodology to face the enormous challenges to prevent Bangladesh from becoming a Christian country in future. Keywords: Islamic da‘wah, Christian mission, and evangelization. Introduction: Bangladesh has the fourth largest concentration of Muslim populations in the world with a population of about 140 billion, of which 88 percent are Muslims. However, majority of the population (74 percent according to 2001 census) reside in rural area with lower economic condition and lowest standards of living. In fact, about half of the ∗ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, IIUM, Malaysia ∗∗ Student Department of Sociology and Anthropology, International Islamic University Malaysia IIUC Studies, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Uhm Phd 9519439 R.Pdf
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality or the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106·1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 Order Number 9519439 Discourses ofcultural identity in divided Bengal Dhar, Subrata Shankar, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1994 U·M·I 300N. ZeebRd. AnnArbor,MI48106 DISCOURSES OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN DIVIDED BENGAL A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DECEMBER 1994 By Subrata S.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts
    Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts Shahana Nasrin Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) Registration No. 143 and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 May 2017 Certificate from the Supervisor This is to certify that the thesis entitled Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts done by Ms. Shahana Nasrin is an original research work. The views expressed in the thesis are originated from field-based data and is entirely her contribution. The thesis has not been submitted anywhere else for any purposes, e.g., degree or publications. This may be submitted to the examiners to evaluate for conferring the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare. (Dr. Muhammad Samad) Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 i Declaration I hereby solemnly declare that this thesis represents my own work based on field-based data, except where due acknowledgment is made, and that it has not been previously included in a dissertation or report submitted to any university or other tertiary institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. (Shahana Nasrin) Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to a number of people and organizations for their cooperation and good advice to complete the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh Public Disclosure Authorized
    SFG2305 GPOBA for OBA Sanitation Microfinance Program in Bangladesh Public Disclosure Authorized Small Ethnic Communities and Vulnerable Peoples Development Framework (SECVPDF) May 2016 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation (PKSF) Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. Executive Summary 3 B. Introduction 5 1. Background and context 5 2. The GPOBA Sanitation Microfinance Programme 6 C. Social Impact Assessment 7 1. Ethnic Minorities/Indigenous Peoples in Bangladesh 7 2. Purpose of the Small Ethnic Communities and Vulnerable Peoples Development Framework (SECVPDF) 11 D. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation 11 E. Beneficial measures/unintended consequences 11 F. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 12 G. Monitoring and reporting 12 H. Institutional arrangement 12 A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the Government of Bangladesh driving its National Sanitation Campaign from 2003-2012, Bangladesh has made significant progress in reducing open defecation, from 34 percent in 1990 to just once percent of the national population in 20151. Despite these achievements, much remains to be done if Bangladesh is to achieve universal improved2 sanitation coverage by 2030, in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Bangladesh’s current rate of improved sanitation is 61 percent, growing at only 1.1 percent annually. To achieve the SDGs, Bangladesh will need to provide almost 50 million rural people with access to improved sanitation, and ensure services are extended to Bangladesh’s rural poor. Many households in rural Bangladesh do not have sufficient cash on hand to upgrade sanitation systems, but can afford the cost if they are able to spread the cost over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Dipen Barua
    Dr. Dipen Barua 4.15, 4/F, Centre of Buddhist Studies, The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Mobile: +852–54403891 E-mail: [email protected] Research Interest Pāli Textual Studies, Buddhist Philosophy, South and Southeast Asian Buddhism Academic Qualifications 07/2017 – 03/2021 PhD Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Thesis: “Identity and Continuity of ‘Personality’ of Selfless Being: A Study of the Concept of Bhavaṅga-citta in Theravāda Buddhism” 09/2014 – 03/2017 MPhil Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Thesis: “Developments of the Concept “Fetter” (Saṃyojana) in the Pāli Canon” 09/2012 – 11/2013 Master of Buddhist Studies (Distinction) Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 07/2010 – 06/2012 Master of Arts (Outstanding) Department of Pali, Savitribai Phule Pune University (formerly University of Pune), India 08/2007 – 07/2010 Bachelor of Arts with Honours (First Class First) Major: Pali University of Calcutta, India Scholarship and Awards 07/2017 – 06/2020 Hong Kong PhD Fellowship (HKPF) for PhD Studies Research Grants Council, Hong Kong 09/2014 – 12/2016 Glorious Sun Group Postgraduate Scholarship for MPhil Studies The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 09/2012 – 08/2013 Dhammapala Postgraduate Scholarship for Master of Buddhist Studies Wang Fat Ching She, Hong Kong 02/2011 B.A. Honours First Class First Prize Winner Sanskrit College and University (formerly Government Sanskrit College), Kolkata, India Academic Employment –Teaching and Research 09/2017 – 12/2019 Tutor Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Courses: BSTC6045 Reading in Buddhist Sanskrit Texts (Elementary) BSTC2008 Sanskrit Language [Section 1A, 2017] 9/2014 – 05/2015 Tutor Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong Course: BSTC6045 Reading in Buddhist Sanskrit Texts (Elementary) 02/2017 – 05/2020 Teaching Assistant to Professor G.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanskritisation of Bengali, Plight of the Margin and the Forgotten Role of Tagore
    Journal of the Department of English Vidyasagar University Vol. 11, 2013-2014 Sanskritisation of Bengali, Plight of the Margin and the Forgotten Role of Tagore Sandipan Sen It is well known that, after the victory of Lord Clive against Sirajuddaula at the battle of Plassey in 1757, there was an unprecedented reign of loot in Bengal, as the British presided over a drainage of wealth from Bengal. According to one estimate, apart from the “official compensation” to the British army and navy, the members of the Council of the British East India Company received an amount of L 50,000 to L 80,000 each, and Clive alone took away L 234,000 over and above a jaigir worth L 30,000 a year (Smith 473). This apart, most British men carried out a grand loot at individual levels, the extent of which is difficult to imagine. The magnitude of the loot can be estimated from the fact that Govind Chand, the descendant of Mahatab Chand - the Jagat Seth during the battle of Plassey who had a staggering annual income of Rs 26,800,000 in 1765 - was reduced to penury as a result of the loot, and the British rulers granted him a monthly dole of Rs 1200 (Sikdar 986). Needless to say, this grand loot completely destroyed the economic structure of Bengal, which was a prosperous and wealthy kingdom. However, it often eludes our attention that the arrival of the British not only destroyed the economy of Bengal, but also the language of Bengal, i.e. the Bengali language.
    [Show full text]
  • Prayer-Guide-South-Asia.Pdf
    2021 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & Unreached People Groups = LR-UPGs = of South Asia Joshua Project data, www.joshuaproject.net (India DPG is separate) Western edition To order prayer resources or for inquiries, contact email: [email protected] I give credit & thanks to Create International for permission to use their PG photos. 2021 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & LR-UPGs = Least-Reached-Unreached People Groups of South Asia = this DPG SOUTH ASIA SUMMARY: 873 total People Groups; 733 UPGs The 6 countries of South Asia (India; Bangladesh; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Maldives) has 3,178 UPGs = 42.89% of the world's total UPGs! We must pray and reach them! India: 2,717 total PG; 2,445 UPGs; (India is reported in separate Daily Prayer Guide) Bangladesh: 331 total PG; 299 UPGs; Nepal: 285 total PG; 275 UPG Sri Lanka: 174 total PG; 79 UPGs; Bhutan: 76 total PG; 73 UPGs; Maldives: 7 total PG; 7 UPGs. Downloaded from www.joshuaproject.net in September 2020 LR-UPG definition: 2% or less Evangelical & 5% or less Christian Frontier (FR) definition: 0% to 0.1% Christian Why pray--God loves lost: world UPGs = 7,407; Frontier = 5,042. Color code: green = begin new area; blue = begin new country "Prayer is not the only thing we can can do, but it is the most important thing we can do!" Luke 10:2, Jesus told them, "The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Ask the Lord of the harvest, therefore, to send out workers into his harvest field." Why Should We Pray For Unreached People Groups? * Missions & salvation of all people is God's plan, God's will, God's heart, God's dream, Gen.
    [Show full text]