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Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 41 Number 3 Spring Article 6 April 2020 Vol. 41, no. 3: Full Issue Denver Journal International Law & Policy Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation 41 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. Denver Journal R of International Law and Policy VOLUME 41 NUMBER 3 SPRING-2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES UNESCO, PALESTINE AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN CONFLICT ............................... David Keane 309 and Valentina Azarov UNILATERAL NON-COLONIAL SECESSION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DECLARATORY GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS: TEXTUAL CONTENT AND LEGAL EFFECTS ... Glen Anderson 345 HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: To PROTECT STATE SOVEREIGNTY ..... Dr. Jasmeet Gulati 397 and Ivan Khosa THE EU's ETS AND GLOBAL AVIATION: WHY "LOCAL RULES" STILL MATTER AND MAY MATTER EVEN MORE IN THE FUTURE ...................... Michael L. Buenger 417 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy VOLUME 41 NUMBER 3 SPRING-2013 BOARD OF EDITORS BRIANNA EVANS Editor in Chief WESLEY FRY DAN WARHOLA LAURA WOOD Managing Editor Executive Editor ManagingEditor FRANK LAWSON DAN ST. JOHN SARAH EMERY Cite & Source Editor Online Editor in Chief Business Editor ALEXIS KIRKMAN TANYA SEVY MICHAEL COX Candidacy Editor Survey Editor Candidacy Editor AMANDA WALCK VICTORIA KELLEY WILLIAM KENT Projects Editor Alumni Editor Sutton Editor RACHEL SIPrIN Training Editor STAFF EDITORS BRAD BOSSENBROEK TREANA HICKEY KRISTEN PARISER LISA BROWNING LINA JASINSKAITE SAMANTHA PEASLEE KAITI CARPENTER MAHA KAMAL SCOrr PETIYA GABY CORICA PHILLIP KHALIFE LINCOLN PUFFER WHITNEY DENNING CASSANDRA KIRSCH LYDIA RICE THOMAS DUNLOP KATELIN KNOX TAUSHA RILEY MARA ESSICK AIDEN KRAMER THOMAS SCOrr OLGA FALLER JAIME MENEGUS BAILEY WOODS TRAVIS GARDNER ALEXANDER MILGROOM KATHARINE YORK STACY HARPER BRYAN NEIHART OLGA ZHIVNITSKAYA FACULTY ADVISOR VED P. NANDA ADvIsoRy BOARD THEODORE L. BANKS LARRY JOHNSON JAMES A. NELSON M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI FREDERIC L. KIRGIS BRUCE PLOTKIN UPENDRA BAxI RALPH B. LAKE GILBERT D. PORTER 1AN B. BIRD JOHN NORTON MOORE WILLIAM M. REISMAN SHERRY B. BRODER EKKEHART MULLER-RAPPARD DANIEL L. RITCHIE SID BROOKS JAMES A.R. NAFZIGER DAVID P. STEWART EDWARD GORDON CHARLES C. TURNER 2012-2013 University of Denver Administration Robert D. Coombe, Chancellor Gregg Kvistad, Provost Craig W. Woody, Vice Chancellorfor Business and FinancialAffairs Kevin A. Carroll, Vice Chancellor of Marketing and Communications Barbara J. Wilcots, Associate Provost for Graduate Studies Paul H. Chan, University General Counsel Martin J. Katz, Dean of the Sturm College of Law Fred Cheever, Senior Associate Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor of Law Alan Chen, Associate Dean for Faculty Scholarship and Professor of Law Patricia Powell, Associate Dean of Student Affairs and Lecturer Catherine E. Smith, Associate Dean for Institutional Diversity and Inclusiveness and Associate Professorof Law Eric Bono, Assistant Dean for Career Opportunities lain Davis, Assistant Dean of Student FinancialManagement and Admissions Laura E. Dean, Assistant Dean of Alumni Relations Clint Emmerich, Assistant Dean of Budget and Planning Meghan S. Howes, Assistant Dean of the Office of Communications Daniel A. Vigil, Assistant Dean of External Relations and Adjunct Professor Susan D. Daggett, Executive Directorof the Rocky Mountain Land Use Institute and Lecturer Ricki Kelly, Executive Director of Development Mark A. Vogel, Director of the GraduateProgram in Taxation and Associate Professor of Taxation Julie Gordon, Registrar Molly Rossi, Human Resources Manager Lauri Mlinar, Director of Events Sturm College of Law Faculty List David Akerson Rashmi Goel Rock W. Pring Robert Anderson Lisa Graybill Raja Raghunath Rachel Arnow-Richman Robert M. Hardaway Paula Rhodes Debra Austin Michael Harris Edward J. Roche Rebecca Aviel Jeffrey H. Hartje Tom I. Romero, II Katina Banks Mark Hughes Howard I. Rosenberg Tanya Bartholomew Timothy Hurley Laura Rovner Arthur Best Sheila K. Hyatt Nantiya Ruan Jerome Borison Scott Johns Thomas D. Russell Stacey Bowers Jos6 R. (Beto) Judrez, Jr. Ann C. Scales (1952-2012) Kelly Brewer Sam Kamin David C. Schott J. Robert Brown, Jr. Hope Kentnor Mark Sidel Teresa M. Bruce Tamara L. Kuennen Michael R. Siebecker Phoenix Cai Jan G. Laitos Don C. Smith Katherine L. Caldwell Christopher Lasch John T. Soma John Campbell Nancy Leong Michael D. Sousa Bernard Chao Matthew Lister Mary A. Steefel Christine Cimini Kevin Lynch Joyce Sterling Roberto Corrada Justin Marceau Robin Walker Sterling Patience Crowder Lucy A. Marsh Kate Stoker Stephen Daniels Michael G. Massey Celia Taylor Kelly Davis G. Kristian Miccio David Thomson Rosemary Dillon Viva Moffat Kyle C. Velte Michael C. Duff Suzanna K. Moran Ann S. Vessels K.K. DuVivier Ved P. Nanda Eli Wald Nancy Ehrenreich Stephen L. Pepper Lindsey D. Webb Ian Farrell Justin Pidot Annecoos Wiersema Eric Franklin Nicole Porter Edward Ziegler Brittany Glidden UNESCO, PALESTINE AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN CONFLICT DAVID KEANE AND VALENTINA AZAROV I. INTRODUCTION On 23 November 2011, Palestine became a member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ("UNESCO"), and acceded to and ratified a number of UNESCO's Conventions.' Some observers view this membership as decisive, or at least significantly dispositive, in the debate on the international recognition of Palestinian statehood. UNESCO is characterized as a springboard by which Palestine can further recognition of its international sovereignty, which, at the present time, is inexorably stalled. However, this recognition is not without challenge-for example, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has not recognized Palestine's acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction.3 UNESCO has, in turn, descended into a budgetary crisis with the withdrawal of funding from the U.S. and other states, which represent twenty-two percent of its budget. In February 2012, UNESCO responded to this crisis with a plan to "re-engineer" the organization, implicitly confirming that it will not allow any revocation of the Palestinian membership vote,5 despite a campaign to "un-admit" Palestine.6 This paper analyzes the legal consequences of ** Mr. Keane is a Senior Lecturer in Law, Middlesex University, London; Ms. Azaraov is a Lecturer in Human Rights and International Law, Al-Quds Bard College, Al-Quds University, Palestine. The authors would like to thank Shane Darcy and Michael Kearney for their comments. The authors assume all responsibility for the content cited in this paper. Please direct comments to [email protected]; [email protected]. 1. Palestine,UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION, http: //www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/Palestine (last visited Mar. 4, 2013). 2. William A. Schabas, Relevant Depositary Practice of the Secretary-Generaland Its Bearing on PalestinianAccession to the Rome Statute, PHD STUDIES INHUMAN RIGHTS (Nov. 3, 2011), http:// humanrightsdoctorate.blogspot.com/20 11/11 /relevant-depositary-practice-of.html. 3. Office of the Prosecutor, Situation in Palestine, INT'L CRIM. CT. 11 5-7 (Apr. 3, 2012) [hereinafter Situation in Palestine],available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/C6162BBF-FEB9- 4FAF-AFA9-836106D2694A/284387/SituationinPalestine0304l2ENG.pdf. 4. See, e.g., Steven Erlanger & Scott Sayare, UNESCO Accepts Palestinians as Full Members, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 1, 2011, at A8. Canada, which contributes about $10 million to UNESCO per year, also withdrew UNESCO funds. Canada Won't Cover UNESCO Budget Gaps, CBC NEWS: WORLD (Nov. 1, 2011), http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/201 1/11/01 /palestinians-un-agencies-unesco.html. 5. Director-General of the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), FinancialSituation of the Organizationand its Implicationsfor the Implement of Document 36 C/5, 1 2, U.N. Doc. 189 EX/15 (Feb. 7, 2012), available at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002152/2152 02e.pdf. 6. See, e.g., JIM ZANOTITI, U.S. FOREIGN AID TO THE PALESTINIANS, CONG. RESEARCH SERV. 22- 23 (2013), available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS22967.pdf 309 310 DENV. J. INT'L L. &POL'Y VOL. 41: 3 Palestine's membership in UNESCO and its ratification of UNESCO conventions through an examination of the protections afforded by the UNESCO treaty framework governing cultural, amongst other forms of, heritage. This is particularly relevant as Palestine's application for UNESCO membership took place in the context of what are termed the Palestinian U.N. initiatives, intended to further Palestine's status and activate its rights as a state in the international legal order.7 The initiatives manifested in a resolution adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on 29 November 2012 "upgrading" Palestine's observer status. For more than a century, Palestinian cultural heritage and property has been the subject of capture and destruction by other states. Palestine's accession to various UNESCO conventions testifies to the effect that no other sovereign controls its cultural heritage and property. Palestinians have habitually asserted internationally-recognized principles as a point of departure in "final status"
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