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Geological Controls on Carbon Budgets the Global Role of Sediments As a Sink and Store for Carbon: a Literature Review

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Geological Controls on Carbon Budgets the Global Role of Sediments As a Sink and Store for Carbon: a Literature Review Geological Controls on Carbon Budgets The global role of sediments as a sink and store for carbon: a literature review. Coastal Geology and Global Change Impacts Programme Internal Report IR/03/135 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY INTERNAL REPORT IR/03/135 Geological Controls on Carbon Budgets Tappin, D.R., Humphreys, B., Rowlands, K., Vane, C. The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Ordnance Survey licence number GD 272191/1999 Key words Carbon cycle, global warming, literature survey. Front cover The global carbon budget (BGS) Bibliographical reference TAPPIN, D.R., HUMPHREYS, B ROWLANDS. K AND VANE, C., .2004. Geological Controls on Carbon Budgets. British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/03/135. 77pp. © NERC 2004 Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2004 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG Sales Desks at Nottingham and Edinburgh; see contact details 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 below or shop online at www.thebgs.co.uk e-mail: [email protected] The London Information Office maintains a reference collection www.bgs.ac.uk of BGS publications including maps for consultation. Shop online at: www.thebgs.co.uk The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA Desks. 0131-667 1000 Fax 0131-668 2683 The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of e-mail: [email protected] Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the London Information Office at the Natural History Museum surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research (Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in SW7 2DE geology in developing countries as arranged by the Department for International Development and other agencies. 020-7589 4090 Fax 020-7584 8270 020-7942 5344/45 email: [email protected] The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton, Exeter, Devon EX2 7HU 01392-445271 Fax 01392-445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 20 College Gardens, Belfast BT9 6BS 028-9066 6595 Fax 028-9066 2835 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491-838800 Fax 01491-692345 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793-411500 Fax 01793-411501 www.nerc.ac.uk BGS Report IR/03/135 Tappin et al., 2003 Foreword This report is the result of a study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) as a contribution to the ‘Carbon Dynamics Project’ that forms a part of the ‘Coastal and Global Climate Change Programme’. It is a review of the present state of knowledge on the Earth’s carbon cycle based on peer reviewed published literature and Internet data. It has been formulated and written to identify the potential contribution the British Geological Survey can make to the NERC science programme in the context of the NERC publication ‘Science for a Sustainable Future’, and as a contribution to deliberations now taking place (March 2004) on the next BGS five year programme (2005-2010). The Carbon Dynamics Project is a scoping study with the overall objectives of: 1. preparing a review of the long term role of sediment storage in the carbon cycle, 2. reviewing the carbon flux between sediments, the sea and the atmosphere over geological timescales, 3. estimating the volume of the long term carbon store, 4. providing data to calibrate models of the NERC Earth Science Modelling Initiative (NESMI), 5. providing a BGS context for contributing to the NERC Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) Initiative, 6. providing a discussion document for the new BGS five year plan (2005-2010), and 7. providing a foundation for BGS publications on the Public Understanding of Science (PUS). Acknowledgements BGS staff contributions are as follows: Report - main author: D. R Tappin Overview of the carbon cycle: Dave Tappin, Barry Rawlins and Bernard Humphreys. Geological aspects of the Carbon cycle: Dave Tappin Carbon distribution in sediments: Organic carbon: Chris Vane and Keith Bateman Carbonate reefs and carbonate rich sediments: Andy Butcher, Dave Tappin, Graham Lott, Bernard Humphreys, Anna Jarrow and Kathryn Rowlands, Methane hydrate: Graham Lott, Chris Rochelle, Keith Bateman, Peter Jackson, Dave Long and Dave Gunn. Diagenetic and Chemical factors and carbonate fluxes: Barry Rawlins, Chris Vane, Bernard Humphreys, Graham Lott, Keith Bateman and Chris Rochelle. Release of stored CO2 from sediments: Barry Rawlins, Dave Tappin. Impacts of climate change: Barry Rawlings and Bernard Humphreys. Controls on Carbon Dynamics v Coastal Geoscience and Global Change Programme BGS Report IR/03/135 Tappin et al., 2003 Theoretical and experimental factors: Keith Bateman, Chris Rochelle and Chris Vane. Recommendations: All Controls on Carbon Dynamics vi Coastal Geoscience and Global Change Programme BGS Report IR/03/135 Tappin et al., 2003 CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................ V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... V CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... VII SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. XI BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... XI THE CARBON CYCLE ....................................................................................................... XI THE IMPORTANCE OF CARBON ................................................................................. XII THE GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT ..................................................................................... XII THE BGS CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................................ XIV BGS RESEARCH THEMES............................................................................................. XIV 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 17 2. CARBON AND CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................. 19 2.1 CLIMATE BACKGROUND ......................................................................................... 19 2.2 DATING ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 MANS IMPACT .............................................................................................................. 22 2.4 KYOTO PROTOCOL .................................................................................................... 24 3 WHY STUDY CARBON? ....................................................................................................... 27 3.1 GREENHOUSE GASES................................................................................................. 27 3.2 CARBON RESERVOIRS............................................................................................... 27 3.2.1 The surficial reservoir ........................................................................................................ 28 3.2.1.1 Man’s Impact 29 3.2.1.2 The Problems and the Questions 30 3.2.1.3 The Politics 31 3.3 THE GEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ......................................................................... 32 4 GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE ................................................................................................. 37 4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE CARBON CYCLE ................................................................... 37 4.1.1 The terrestrial carbon cycle .............................................................................................. 38 4.1.2 The oceanic carbon cycle ................................................................................................... 38 4.2 LAND-OCEAN CARBON TRANSPORT .................................................................... 40 4.2.1 The role of continental shelves .......................................................................................... 40 3.2.2 Recent observations of continental margin carbon fluxes .............................................. 42 5 CARBON FLUXES OVER GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALES ............................................ 49 5.1 PROCESSES CONTROLLING GEOLOGICAL CARBON FLUXES .................... 49 5.2 MEASURING CARBON FLUXES ............................................................................... 50 5.3 ISOTOPIC CARBON AND STRONTIUM .................................................................. 52 5.4 TECTONICS ................................................................................................................... 55 5.5 MANTLE DEGASSING ................................................................................................. 56 5.6 THE DEEP OCEAN
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