Andres Otero- Primary Sources

Recollections of and Fenianism Vol. 1, John O’Leary (1893, Downey & Co.)

- Gives a detailed recant of John O’Leary’s experience as a ; O’Leary, a founder of

Fenianism along with , describes the process of starting the Fenian

movement and spreading it throughout and the United States

The Secret History of the Fenian Conspiracy: Its Origin, Objects, & Ramifications, John

Rutherford (1877, C. Kegan Paul & Co.)

- Gives detail on one of the founders of Fenianism and the IRB, James Stephens, explains

the rise of Fenian press such as the “Phoenix” and the “Irish People”

Was Fenianism Ever Formidable?, William O’Brien (1897)

- Questions whether the several insurrections the Fenians staged throughout the 1860’s

made any noise beyond Ireland, examines the extent to which the British government

and population saw the Irish and the IRB as a threat

Fenianism- Past and Present, Frank Hugh O’Donnell (1883)

- Makes a connection between the Irish revolution movement and the American Civil

War, explains how Irish Americans fighting for the Union Army helped rally support for

the early Fenian cause in America

The Irish People, Volume 2, Number 43, September 16, 1865

- Describes the arrest of several fenian leaders including Irish People editor John O’Leary,

highlighting the oppressive nature of the British government during the 1860’s due to

the spread of Fenianism Turbulent Paris; Baroness Bonde's Letters Describing the Revolution of 1848 (1848, New York

Times)

- Recalls the events that occurred during the Irish Revolution of 1848 against the British,

the first of its kind since the botched 1798 uprising and the event that triggered what

would become the formation of the IRB

Fenian Trials (1866, Chicago Tribune)

- Gives a description on the trials that were taking place in the conviction of fenian

leaders at the time. Highlights the oppressive nature of the British government during

the independence threat of the 1860’s

The Records and O'Donovan Rossa Personal Papers (1858-1909, Catholic

University of America)

- Details Fenian activity occurring throughout the latter 19th century in both Ireland and

the United States, highlighting invasions of Canada in 1866 and 1870, a small rebellion in

Ireland in 1867, all stopped by British forces

The Irish People: https://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:426929?type=AllFields

- Fenian newspaper that spread pro-Irish independence support throughout Dublin. The

Irish People fell under scrutiny from the British government and was ultimately

suppressed, with its editors being exiled/arrested. Gives summaries of Fenians activities

in the 1860’s