The impact of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on dogs & dog owners in the UK

26th August 2020 Table of contents

Executive summary 1 Introduction 2 Dog demographics 4 Gastrointestinal health 4 Dog owners 5 Owners’ bond with their dogs 5 Owners’ feelings about their dog during lockdown 6 Contingency planning 8 Management of dogs 9 Routine changes 9 Exercise 9 Walk location 9 On/off lead walking 9 Frequency of walking 9 Duration of walking 9 Meeting other dogs 9 House rules 9 Time left alone 10 Dog behaviour 12 Behaviour towards adults 12 Behaviour towards children 13 General observations 14 Reactivity 14 Attention seeking behaviour 14 Behaviour on walks 14 Separation-related behaviour 14 Behaviour when about to be left 14 Behaviour when left 14 Enrichment, games and training 16 Toys 17 Puppies: socialisation/habituation 18 Conclusions 19 Future work 20 Appendix 21

Dogs Trust 1

Executive summary

Lifestyle changes ensued for many people across the United Kingdom Dog behaviour (UK) in the Spring of 2020 due to ‘lockdown’ restrictions imposed to • Dogs’ behaviour towards household members was reported curb the spread of a newly emerged virus, SARS-CoV-2, which caused by owners to have changed considerably during lockdown, a global pandemic of the disease known as COVID-19. with large increases seen in the proportion of dogs reported to display attention-seeking and ‘clingy’ behaviours. Compared with More than 6,000 dog owners living in the UK completed our online February, there was an 82% increase in the proportion of owners survey between the 4th – 12th May 2020 (the most restrictive phase of who reported that their dog whined or barked when someone the lockdown measures). Dog owners were asked about their dogs’ was working or busy during lockdown, and a 41% increase in management and routine and behaviour at two time points; in early/ owners reporting that their dog was being clingy and following people around the house. With most people spending more time mid-February 2020 (before the lockdown was imposed and prior at home, it should be noted that these increases may be linked to individuals being likely to have changed their behaviour due to to the increased opportunity for dogs to display these behaviours COVID-19), and at the time of survey completion during the lockdown. and for owners to observe these behaviours, rather than an actual Owners also answered questions about their relationship with their change in the dogs’ behaviour towards their human household dog, and the impact of lockdown on their bond with their dog to help members. Further detailed investigation is thus important. us understand the population of owners who took part. • Behaviours generally associated with fear or frustration also were reported to have increased in dogs during lockdown but remained Key findings include: relatively rare amongst the population as a whole. For example, Dog-owner bond there was a 54% increase in the percentage of dogs that were • The people who completed the survey were closely bonded to reported to hide or move away when approached by an adult, their dogs, with almost three-quarters of dog owners (72%) but the proportion of dogs impacted by this remained below 3% believing dogs should have the same rights and privileges as of the population. family members. • There was a 57% increase in dogs growling, snapping or • One-third of owners (34%) reported feeling closer to their dog nipping children when approached or handled during lockdown, during lockdown and 97% of owners were happy to have the presumably linked with greater interactions between dogs and company of their dog during lockdown. children due to school closures. However, the overall number of dogs displaying these behaviours remained low, below 3% of the • Almost two-thirds of owners (65%) indicated that they would population. delay hospital treatment to care for their dog, if needed. • The percentage of dogs who showed separation-related • A quarter (26%) of owners were concerned about what would behaviour (including destructive behaviour, toileting inside the happen to their dog should they become ill with COVID-19, and home, vocalisation) when about to be left, and when left alone, 4% of owners reported that no one was available to care for decreased significantly during lockdown, probably as dogs were their dog (either due to a lack of availability or due to the dog’s left less often and for shorter periods. behaviour). A further 3% owners had not yet tried to organise someone to look after their dog but thought no one would be available. Overall, the findings in this report describe some of the many and varied ways in which dogs’ lives were impacted by the COVID-19 lockdown and highlight the strong bond between dog and owner, and Dog management & routine the role this bond has played for owners during the pandemic. The • There was an increase in how often people played with or trained findings have impacts for managing the canine welfare implications their dogs during lockdown, particularly for owners answering, of previous, current and future COVID-19 lockdowns. At the time of ‘More than once a day’, which increased from 38% before writing this report (August 2020), local lockdowns are in place in some lockdown to 49% during lockdown. regions of the UK, the Government’s furlough scheme is still in place • The majority of owners (80%) reported that their dog’s routine and many people are still working from home, and redundancy rates had changed (57% a little, 23% a lot), with only 1 in 5 owners have increased. Vet practices are not permitting owners into consulting (20%) stating their dog’s routine had not altered compared with rooms, or offering euthanasia of dogs at the owner’s home, unless the before lockdown. dog is too unwell to travel to the veterinary surgery. These, and other • Dogs were less likely to be walked off-lead during lockdown and factors may impact on the health and well-being of dogs and the well- were more likely to have just one walk per day (increasing to being of owners themselves. Of particular concern in relation to the approximately one half of dogs, from one third before lockdown), findings of this report is the potential impact of any sudden increase in instead of two or more walks. However, the total time spent on the hours dogs are left alone in relation to separation-related behaviour, walks was broadly similar with 79% of dogs walked for between and potential delays for dog owners seeking hospital treatment if they 30 minutes and 2 hours a day. do not have anyone available to help care for their dog(s). • The proportion of dogs left alone for 3 or more hours at a time decreased dramatically from 1 in 2 before lockdown to 1 in 20 during lockdown.

dogstrust.org.uk 2

Introduction

The initial lockdown phase of the COVID-19 pandemic restricted business and leisure activities, access to services and led many people to adopt changes in lifestyle. These changes have the potential to impact the short- and long-term health and behaviour of dogs, as well as the wellbeing of dog owners. This report describes data collected from online survey completion by UK dog owners between survey launch (4th May 2020) and 12th May 2020, (i.e. during the first ‘strict’ phase of COVID-19 lockdown within the UK, and before widespread initial easing of lockdown restrictions).

COVID-19 A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) linked to cases of human viral pneumonia was first reported in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China in December 2019, and the disease it causes was subsequently named COVID-19 in February 2020. The World Health Organisation (WHO) characterised COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11th March 2020, noting the alarming levels of spread and severity of the disease. The WHO called for countries to take urgent and aggressive action to prevent infections. These and further details published by the WHO around the COVID-19 timeline are available online1.

COVID-19 UK lockdown – key dates The first case of COVID-19 transmission in the UK was confirmed on 28th February 20202. Within the UK, lockdown restrictions around the message of ‘stay at home’ were announced by the Government on 23rd March 20203. Restrictions relating to staying at home, working from home where possible, closure of schools, exercise restrictions and restrictions to non-essential veterinary care were all hypothesised to impact canine welfare. Since 13th May, some restrictions have been eased. Key differences, statistics and dates across the four UK nations, which are relevant to this report, are summarised in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Key dates up to the end of the first phase of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in the UK.

1 who.int/news-room/detail/29-06-2020-covidtimeline Accessed 2nd July 2020. 2 bfpg.co.uk/2020/04/COVID-19-timeline/ Accessed 2nd July 2020. 3 gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-address-to-the-nation-on-coronavirus-23-march-2020 Accessed 2nd July 2020

Dogs Trust 3

Potential impacts of lockdown Lockdown restrictions around the Government message of ‘stay at home’ were suggested to impact pet dogs within the UK, in terms of their management, behaviour and bond with their owners. Implications for owners were also anticipated, relating to the relationship with their dog, anxiety around aspects of caring for the dog such as accessing veterinary care and emotional support provided by the dog during the COVID-19 pandemic. Examples of key areas of interest which formed the focus of this research are listed below:

Proportion of time that dog owners spent at home: • This increased for many owners due to working from home and/ or furlough. • Key workers (including NHS staff) worked longer hours leading to decreased time at home. • The closure of schools increased dog-child interactions during weekdays for households with children.

Exercise: • People were initially limited to one form of outdoor exercise per day, potentially reducing the amount of exercise that dogs were given, particularly for single-adult households. • Dogs may have reduced off-lead exercise and opportunities to interact with other dogs4, potentially leading to frustration.

The study described in this report was designed to investigate management of dogs, dog behaviour, dog health, puppy socialisation and changes in owner sentiment during the lockdown period, as well as touching on dog acquisition/relinquishment. Dog owners were asked for consent to be contacted about a follow-up survey, so that long-term effects of management during lockdown (and changes in management during lockdown) on canine health and behaviour can be subsequently assessed.

Whilst this nationwide strict lockdown may be a one-off event, local lockdown restrictions have already been implemented (such as occurred in Leicester5) and may continue for some time at varying frequency, geography and scale. Research into the impact of these lockdown measures on the wellbeing of dogs will allow Dogs Trust and other stakeholders to best support dog welfare.

The study methods are detailed at the end of the report (p21).

4 For example, UK Government guidelines stated: “When walking your dog in areas used by other people, you should consider putting your dog on a lead to ensure you can stay 2 metres away from others.” (gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-advice-for-people-with-animals) 5 bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53228067

dogstrust.org.uk 4

Dog demographics

The survey was completed for 6,004 dogs. Two-thirds of these (66%) Most of the dogs in the study were purebreds (55%; Figure 3), 28% were the only dog in the household, and there was a 1.1:1 ratio of were crosses of two purebred dogs, with a minority of dogs reported male to female dogs. Most dogs in the population were neutered as other/of unknown breeding (17%). (79% of males and 82% of females). Half the dogs were 4 years of age or younger, the minimum was 2 months and the maximum 19 Of the purebred dogs, the most common breeds were Border Collies years (Figure 2). (12%), Labrador Retrievers (11%), Cocker Spaniels (8%), Jack Russell Terriers (6%) and Greyhounds (5%).

Just under one-third of dogs (31%) had been sourced from Dogs Trust.

Specific breed 55 (e.g. Labrador Retriever, Whippet)

Mix of two specific breeds 28 (e.g. Labradoodle, Puggle) 66% Other or unknown 17 Only dog in 0 20 40 60 household Percent 22% Figure 3: Breed characteristics of participating dogs Live with one The vast majority of dogs (93%) had been living in the household other dog since before the end of January 2020, with 267 dogs (5%) acquired during February or March but before the official lockdown and 59 dogs (1%) had been acquired during the lockdown period after March 23rd. Twenty-six owners answered ‘Prefer not to say’ for when they acquired their dog. 19y 18y 17y 16y 15y 14y 59 Dogs (1%) 13y 12y were acquired 11y during lockdown 10y

Age 9y 8y 7y 6y Gastrointestinal health 5y Gastrointestinal health can be an indicator of dietary change, 4y infectious disease or stress. As an overview of gastro-intestinal health, 3y owners were asked about any vomiting, and digestive problems (loose 2y 1y or watery stools) noticed in their dog in February 2020 and in the past 7−12m 7 days of lockdown. An 18% increase in vomiting at least once in the Puppy past 7 days during lockdown (impacting 15% of dogs) was found as 250 0 250 compared to an average week in February (when just under 13% of Frequency dogs were said to vomit at least weekly). There were no discernible changes in the number of dogs with digestive problems, with 83-84% Female Male of owners answering that their dog had no such problems both in February 2020 and during the last 7 days of lockdown, and 15-16% of Figure 2: Age distribution of participating female and male dogs owners saying their dog had digestive problems at least once a week at each timepoint.

Dogs Trust 5

Dog owners

Owners’ bond with their dogs Very few people reported that they were considering giving up their Survey respondents reported having a strong attachment to their dog, dog; <0.5% of those who responded to this question indicated considering them to be a friend and part of their family (Figure 4). they had considered giving away their dog either prior to or during Almost three-quarters (72%) agreed that dogs should have the same lockdown. rights and privileges as family members and only 9% saw their dog as ‘just a dog’. All respondents agreed that dogs have emotional needs In terms of factors that may lead people to try to rehome their dog in and that it was their responsibility to ensure these were met. Whilst the future, rehoming was reported as a consideration by: recognising that the survey participants might be more attached to • 1 in 10 owners if they could not afford veterinary care, their dogs than the general UK dog-owning population (as evidenced • 1 in 17 owners if their dog had behavioural problems that they by their willingness to complete a 25-minute survey about their dog), struggled to manage, and around two-thirds of people (65%) indicated that they would delay • 1 in 70 owners if their adult dog was toileting in the house. hospital treatment to care for their dog, if needed.

Even under the conditions of lockdown and concerns associated with the virus, only 1 in 72 owners reported that they would try to rehome “Almost two-thirds of people their dog if they believed they could catch COVID-19 from their dog (Figure 4). However, several owners wrote that they were uncertain would delay hospital treatment about COVID-19 transmission and dogs, including an uncertainty to care for their dog, if needed” about both whether dogs can be infected with COVID-19 and whether they can transmit the virus. Where owners did express concerns about the risk of COVID-19 transmission from contact with their dog, they sometimes mentioned the potential risk from other walkers who stroked their dog.

It's my responsibility that my dog's emotional 0% 0% 100% needs are met

Dogs have emotional needs 0% 0% 100%

I feel that my dog is a part of my family 0% 0% 100%

I consider my dog to be a friend 2% 2% 96%

I believe that dogs should have the same rights 18% 10% 72% and privileges as family members If living alone I would delay hospital treatment 14% 21% 65% to care for my dog If my dog required vet care that I would struggle 75% 15% 10% to pay for, I would try to rehome the dog

I think my dog is just a dog 86% 5% 9%

If my dog had behavioural problems that I would 77% 17% 5% struggle to manage, I would try to rehome the dog If an adult dog had problems with house− 93% 5% 1% training/toileting I would try to rehome the dog If I thought I could catch COVID−19 from my dog, 94% 4% 1% I would try to rehome the dog

100 50 0 50 100 Percentage

Strongly Disagree Undecided Disagree Strongly Agree Agree

Figure 4: Owner responses to 11 statements about dogs. The percentages to the left and right of the figure indicate the combined percent that disagreed or strongly disagreed, and agreed or strongly agreed to each statement, respectively. The percent undecided is given along the centre line.

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Owners’ feelings about their dog during lockdown More than 9 out of 10 of our survey respondents (92%) reported that Overall, 99% of owners indicated that they felt as close or closer to they were happy to be able to go for walks with their dog. Many owners their dog during lockdown (65% felt as close and 34% closer). The described enjoying long or longer walks with their dog(s) and some vast majority of respondents (97%) reported that they were happy to were able to have more walks. Some owners noted that their increased have the company of their dog during lockdown, and more than half ability to walk their dog (more frequently or for longer periods) was (56%) reported that they were more relaxed when they were with due to being able to work from home or not working. Owners also their dog. mentioned being able to enjoy walks more ‘without feeling like it’s a chore’ or not being ‘in a rush to get to work’. Generally, owners seemed to have more flexibility and fewer time constraints. Some owners discussed how walks became shared family experiences and a motivation for children to go for a walk. For many, having a dog provided owners with a reason or excuse to physically get out of their house. Some felt less judged for being out with a dog or received ‘less suspicious looks’ when they had a dog with them. A few owners mentioned that walks were longer as they now only had one walk a day rather than their normal two or more, due to lockdown restrictions. Some owners were happy that it was easier to avoid other dogs (17%) and people (10%) while out with their dog, particularly those that described their dogs as having pre-existing behaviour problem, such as being reactive.

In contrast, others felt unease because their walking areas had become busier; this was especially concerning for owners of dogs with pre-existing behavioural issues who found it more difficult or stressful to walk their dog during lockdown. Travel restrictions and a lack of suitable local walks also contributed to less pleasant walking experiences for some owners.

A few owners (6%) were worried about having to leave the house to walk their dog and around a quarter of owners were worried that their dog was not getting enough exercise (22%). Other owners noted that they enjoyed seeing people during their dog walk. For some, this was stated as being the only time they saw other people and they enjoyed meeting other dog owners (while socially distancing). Around a quarter of owners indicated that they were concerned that their dogs As well as the information obtained from specific survey questions, were not able to meet other dogs (26%) or people (29%) outside the owners were able to use free text boxes to describe their experiences house. Furthermore, lack of socialisation for their dog was a significant (both positive and negative) of having a dog during lockdown. concern for some owners, particularly those with puppies and those Examination of free text data revealed some owners describing how with dogs who already had issues around other dogs and were unable important their dog was for their physical and mental wellbeing, to continue developing their social skills by interacting with friendly expressing the ‘support’ their dogs offered them, using terms such dogs. Reduced socialisation opportunities with other dogs and people as ‘relaxation’, ‘relief’, ‘stability’ and ‘keeping me sane’. Many owners were the most common concerns, although a number of owners also also reported that their dogs helped them to maintain a routine and mentioned difficulties in providing their puppy with experiences such some sense of ‘normality’, and that their dogs gave them a purpose as car travel and traffic. A set of questions relating specifically to puppy and ‘reason to get out of bed’ or motivated them to ‘get up and socialisation was included within the survey and responses to these about’. Many owners mentioned how their dogs improved their mood, questions are summarised elsewhere in this report (p18). describing their dogs as ‘funny’ and ‘entertaining’ and discussed how they made them ‘laugh’ or ‘smile’. Some owners who were now Some owners reported that walks had become less enjoyable due to the working from home, mentioned that their dogs helped them to stop behaviour of other dog walkers and expressed frustration with other working and get outside. dog walkers who they believed had only started walking their dogs during the lockdown. They believed that the ‘fair weather’ walkers and ‘new faces’ made their walks less pleasant. Particularly worrying was other owners not keeping their dogs on a lead, with numerous reports 9 out of respondents witnessing owners having to break social distancing rules in order to retrieve their dog. An increased amount of dog fouling of 10 was also noted. people happy to be able to go out for walks with their dog

Dogs Trust 7

Over half of respondents (57%) were happy that they did not need Questions related to specific aspects of behaviour displayed by dogs to leave their dog alone, and a third (33%) enjoyed having time to do were included within the survey and are summarised on p12-15 of extra training, with almost one quarter (24%) happy with the progress this report. made with training. However, some owners were concerned that their dog did not have enough to do in the house (15%), that they were With many respondents spending all their time during lockdown at missing training classes (12%) or that things were ‘going wrong’ with home, a major concern reported by owners was how their dog would their dog’s training (5%). More than 1 in 20 owners (7%) reported adjust when lockdown measures were eased, and household members that they were worried about changes in their dog’s behaviour, as return to work and school. Many specifically cited concerns about the exampled in the quotes highlighted below. potential development of separation anxiety. Only a very small minority reported as free text that they were enforcing ‘alone time’ for their dog in preparation for a return to ‘normal’.

“Since I’ve been home, he has Dog owners also had worries about the care of their dogs, including been playing up when being access to veterinary care, should their dog need it (33%). Owners of older dogs or dogs with pre-existing or terminal conditions were called in from the garden, he particularly concerned. Some concerns were linked to the owner’s shielding/vulnerable status and negotiating the practicalities of just doesn’t listen, every time I accessing veterinary care, as well as worries about not being able to let him out I have to go up the accompany their dog into the veterinary practice. The inability to keep up-to-date with vaccinations whilst veterinarians were not able to garden to get him in, he used offer non-emergency care was also a concern. Other worries noted by owners included accessing enough food for their dog (11%), to be really good at recall.” while relatively few owners reported being worried about the cost of keeping their dog (2%). Some owners had a general concern for the welfare of other dogs. Most of these concerns were associated with a “She was due to be spayed, risk of dog abandonment, either when people return to work and no but this was postponed due longer have the time to care for ‘iso-pups’ (puppies or dogs acquired during lockdown), or during the pandemic as owners face financial to covid so she went through difficulties, become unwell or have fears about their dogs transmitting the virus. Some were also worried about how ‘iso-pups’ will affect her first heat cycle. She started the landscape of dog walking in the future, given the reduced humping one of her beds. Now opportunities for socialisation during lockdown. Several respondents noted concerns for dogs who may be at greater risk of cruelty and she does this every evening neglect during lockdown. after eating her dinner. She has also bitten the corner of the couch, but this is when she hears something outside and gets agitated, and this is happening less often now.”

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Contingency planning One-quarter (26%) of owners were concerned about what would A quarter of respondents thought someone outside their house could happen to their dog should something happen to them (i.e. the probably help to walk (25%) and care for (26%) their dog but were owner) (Figure 5). This was reinforced by the free text responses, where yet to organise this. owners described their concerns about getting ill with COVID-19 and being unable to care for their dog. Many respondents reported that However, some people believed no one was available to help walk they could rely on someone else in their house to walk (36%) or care or care for their dogs. For some, their dog’s behaviour meant they for (40%) their dog, should this become necessary. However, others believed others would find it difficult to walk (4%) or care for their dog had organised people outside their house to walk (17%) and care for (1%), while 6% and 3%, respectively, felt that no one was available. (20%) their dogs, should it be needed, and 9% and 7% of respondents, Some other people believed it was unlikely that anyone was available respectively, had already had someone help in these ways. to walk (4%) or care for (3%) their dog but had not tried to arrange anything yet. In total, 13% of owners felt no-one was available or able Yes − someone else has done so to walk their dog if needed, and 7% felt no-one was available or able already to look after their dog’s other care if needed. Yes − I have organised someone, in case this is needed Someone else in the house can do this Probably not − but I have not tried to organise this yet Probably − but I have not organised this yet

No − no one is available

No − [my dogs]'s behaviour means this is difficult N/A − [my dog] is too old/unwell to need daily walks 0 10 20 30 40 Percent

Walk Care

Figure 5: Contingency planning for walking and care of dogs during lockdown, should the need arise.

Dogs Trust 9

Management of dogs

Routine changes On/off lead walking Compared with pre-lockdown, 1 in 5 owners (20%) stated that their During lockdown, owners were more likely to walk their dogs on a dog’s routine had not altered at all, whereas the majority of owners short lead or on a long/flexi-lead and less likely to walk their dogs off thought that their dog’s routine had changed a little (57%) or a lot lead (not to heel). (23%). February: Lockdown: Exercise Choice of walk location Walked off lead Walked off lead The choice of walk location based on the likelihood of meeting other (not to heel): (not to heel): dogs (and therefore people) differed markedly between February and during lockdown. Although just over half of owners (57%) chose their 43% 32%  walk location based on reasons other than the likelihood of meeting other dogs, other owners were more likely to avoid walking in places Walked long lead: Walked long lead: where there were likely to be other dogs during lockdown (Figure 6). 28% 32% 

Go to places with other dogs to allow [my dog] to play Choose the walk based on reasons other than the likelihood of meeting other dogs Walked short lead: Walked short lead: Avoid walking in places where there were likely to be other dogs 20% 25%  0 20 40 60 Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown Frequency of walking Figure 6: Criteria used to select dog walking locations before and during During lockdown half of the dogs in the study (50%) were walked lockdown. once a day, 36% were walked twice a day and 12% were walked three or more times a day. Compared to February, these data show Area that there was a distinct reduction in the number of dogs walked 2-4 The area where dogs were usually walked during lockdown tended to times a day, and a corresponding increase in dogs walked once a day be less likely to be rural and had a greater tendency for other dogs to or not at all (see Figure 8, below). However, the increase in dogs not be walked on lead, when compared with February (Figure 7). walked at all still only impacted a small percentage of the population with 3% not being walked during the last 7 days, compared with just Other dogs, mostly off the lead * 1% in February. Rural, out in the countryside *

Quiet, with few people about * Not walked

Urban, with lots of houses 1 per day Village or suburban, with some houses and some open space 2 per day Busy, with lots of people about 3 per day No dogs, or very rarely any dogs * 4+ per day Other dogs, but almost always on leads * 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent N/A − not walked during this time *

0 20 40 Before lockdown During lockdown Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown Figure 8: Frequency of dog walks before and during lockdown

Figure 7: Characteristics of areas dogs were walked in before and during lockdown. Respondents could select more than one option. *indicates that the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s Chi Square test). Areas are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest decrease during lockdown and those at the bottom the greatest relative increase during lockdown.

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Duration of walking The number of non-household dogs that owners’ dogs had ‘met’ (been Despite a reduction in the number of walks for many dogs, the total in the same room, or within 2 metres if outside) in an average day time spent on daily walks was broadly similar when compared to walk decreased markedly. In February, 9% of dogs met no non-household time reported for February, with most dogs (79%) being walked for dogs in an average day, which increased to 26% of dogs in an average between 30 minutes and 2 hours (Figure 9). day during the previous 7 days of lockdown (Figure 11). Compared to February, the majority of dogs spent currently much less (43%) or a Not walked little less (16%) time socialising with dogs from outside the household. <30min per day 30−60min per day 1−2hrs per day None 2+hrs per day 1 or 2 dogs in total 0 10 20 30 40 Percent 3 to 5 dogs in total

Before lockdown During lockdown 6 or more dogs in total 0 10 20 30 40 Percent Figure 9: Dog walk duration per day before and during lockdown Before lockdown During lockdown Meeting other dogs Compared with February, dogs were much less likely to be allowed to Figure 11: The number of dogs met on an average day before and during ‘meet’ (sniff and/or play) with other dogs when out walking, regardless lockdown. of whether the owner’s dog was on/off the lead and whether the other dog was familiar or unfamiliar (Figure 10). For example, if the House rules owner’s dog was on the lead when they met an unfamiliar dog, then Owners reported little difference in the ‘house rules’ that were applied in February, 57% of dogs would have been allowed to meet the other to their dogs in February and during lockdown, relating to if the dog dog, compared with just 30% of dogs during lockdown. was… • Allowed on sofas or chairs February: Lockdown: • Allowed on human beds • Given human table scraps Allowed to meet Allowed to meet • Given treats (e.g. dog treats, cheese or sausage) unfamiliar dog unfamiliar dog (on lead): (on lead):

57% 30% 

Unfamiliar dogs, if [my dog] was on the lead *

Unfamiliar dogs, if [my dog] was off the lead *

Familiar dogs, if [my dog] was on the lead *

Familiar dogs, if [my dog] was off the lead *

N/A − [my dog] was not walked on the lead *

N/A − [my dog] avoids other dogs *

N/A − [my dog] was not walked off the lead *

No dogs, if [my dog] was off the lead *

No dogs, if [my dog] was on the lead * 0 20 40 60 Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 10: Dogs interactions with other dogs while on walks before and during lockdown. *indicates that the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s Chi Square test). Interactions are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest decrease during lockdown and those at the bottom the greatest relative increase during lockdown.

Dogs Trust 11

Time left alone (without human company) In February, 48% of dogs were left for three or more hours at a time, As anticipated, the extent to which dogs were left alone greatly whereas during lockdown only 5% of dogs were left alone for this decreased (Figure 12). The percentage of dogs that were not left length of time (Figure 13). at home (for at least 5 minutes) on any day during a weekly period increased substantially from 15% (before lockdown) to 58% (during February: Lockdown: lockdown). Not left alone Not left alone

Not at all (for more than 5 mins) (for more than 5 mins) 1 day during a week: during a week: 2 days 3 days 15% 58%  4 days 5 days 6 days Not at all 7 days Less than 5 minutes 0 20 40 60 Percent 5−19 minutes

Before lockdown During lockdown 20−59 minutes 1 or more hours but less than 3 hours Figure 12: Number of days per week that dogs were left alone before and 3 or more hours but less than 6 hours during lockdown 6 or more hours

0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 13: Longest periods that dogs were left alone without human company before and during lockdown

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Dog behaviour

Behaviour towards adults Owners reported: Overall, dog owners reported significant increases in the prevalence of behaviours directed towards adults in the household, which can be An 82% increase in dogs perceived as undesirable, from before to during lockdown. In addition, during lockdown fewer dogs were reported to show ‘none’ of the listed whining or barking when behaviours. Behaviour directed towards adult household members that increased the most during the lockdown period were those someone was working or busy associated with attention-seeking, such as vocalising or jumping up when someone was busy, ‘clingy’ following behaviour and vocalising when shut away from people. As shown in Figure 14, these behaviours A 54% increase in hiding or were also commonly seen in the population before lockdown. moving away when approached Other behaviour, less common prior to lockdown, were also reported to increase during lockdown. These behaviours are generally associated with emotional states of fear or frustration and include And a 41% increase in hiding/retreating when approached; grabbing at sleeves/trouser legs; being ‘clingy’ snapping or nipping during play; and barking, growling, snapping or nipping when approached or handled. However, these behaviours remained relatively rare amongst the population as a whole, as shown in Figure 14.

Whined or barked when someone was working or busy * Hidden or moved away when approached * Been very clingy or followed around the house * Jumped up when someone was working or busy * Whined or barked if shut behind a door or stairgate * Grabbed hold of sleeves or trouser legs not during play *

Snapped or nipped during play *

Pulled away, cowered or trembled when handled Growled, snapped or nipped when approached or handled Grabbed hold of sleeves or trouser legs during play * Barked when approached or handled Jumped up during a game or when excited * Growled, snapped or nipped around food (human or own) Stolen items belonging to members of the household

Bitten someone

0 10 20 30 40 50

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 14: Percentage of owners who answered ‘Yes’ their dog displayed the described behaviour towards adults before lockdown (in February) and in the past 7 days during lockdown. 30% and 28% of respondents reported ‘None of the above’ applied to their dog before and during lockdown, respectively; this difference was significant (p<0.05). *indicates that the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s Chi Square test). Behaviours are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest increase during lockdown and those at the bottom the greatest relative decrease during lockdown.

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Behaviour towards children Dog owners reported a greater relative increase of problem behaviours All behaviours towards children were reported to increase during towards children during lockdown, compared to before lockdown, than lockdown. However, the sample size of dogs living with children was they did for behaviour towards adults (Figure 15). Three behaviours smaller and not all of these changes were considered statistically showed a large, statistically significant increase in prevalence (see text significant*. right), and two of these were associated with attention seeking or separation related behaviour. Growling, snapping or nipping at children when approached or handled was reported to increase by 57%, which Owners reported: is a concern. However, it must be noted that the overall proportion of dogs displaying these behaviours amongst the population remained very A 53% increase in vocalising low, despite the large relative increase when compared to pre-lockdown when a child was busy levels. It should also be noted that the increase in prevalence of these behaviour might be related, at least in part, to the increased time that children were spending in the home (due to school closures), rather than A 57% increase in growling, as a result in a change in the behaviour of the dogs. Further investigation of this finding should be conducted before conclusions are drawn from snapping or nipping children the results reported here. when approached or handled As with behaviour towards adults, dogs also showed a large relative increase in behaviours often associated with attention seeking and excitement, with owners reporting a 46% increase in ‘clingy’ behaviour And a 46% increase in dogs acting towards children in the household and a 53% increase in vocalising when the child/children were busy. ‘clingy’ and following children

Barked when approached or handled Growled, snapped or nipped when approached or handled * Whined or barked when someone was working or busy * Pulled away, cowered or trembled when handled Growled, snapped or nipped around food (human or own) Been very clingy or followed around the house *

Snapped or nipped during play *

Jumped up when someone was working or busy * Whined or barked if shut behind a door or stairgate * Hidden or moved away when approached Grabbed hold of sleeves or trouser legs during play Stolen items belonging to members of the household Jumped up during a game or when excited * Grabbed hold of sleeves or trouser legs not during play

Bitten someone

0 10 20 30 40 50

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 15: Percentage of dogs that live with children (830 dogs) whose owners answered ‘Yes’ their dog displayed the described behaviour towards the child/ children pre-lockdown (in February) and in the past 7 days during lockdown. 61% and 60% of respondents reported ‘None of the above’ applied to their dog before and during lockdown, respectively; this difference was not significant. *indicates that the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s Chi Square test). Behaviours are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest increase during lockdown.

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General observations Behaviour on walks Owners were more likely to describe their dogs as ‘relaxed and settled Owners reported a significant decrease in interest towards other people for most of the day’ during lockdown, and less likely to describe them or dogs when walked during lockdown as compared to February as ‘restless or agitated intermittently during the day’, as compared to (Figure 18). This could be due to dogs receiving extra social stimulation before lockdown. in the home, fewer people and/or dogs encountered on walks, or due to both people and dogs being further away during walks due to social Reactivity distancing requirements. Owners were asked to select under which contexts their dogs were ‘reactive (e.g. barking, running about)’. Reactivity to everyday Show interest when passing people on walks * occurrences outside (such as a postal worker coming or other dogs Show interest when passing other dogs on barking) was high, reported by over 95% of owners before and during walks * lockdown (Figure 16). Overall, less than 1% of owners reported that Pull towards people on walks * their dog was not reactive to any of the situations listed. During Pull towards other dogs on walks * lockdown, all forms of reactivity were reported to show a small but None of the above * statistically significant increase, with the exception of reacting to family members being excited or noisy, which did not significantly change. N/A − not walked during this time * 0 20 40 60 Percent He/she sees things outside (e.g. people walking past, birds in the garden) * Before lockdown During lockdown There are unusual or loud noises (e.g. thunder, gunshots) * He/she hears normal things outside (e.g. Figure 18: Interest shown by dogs toward other dogs and people while the postman coming, other dogs barking) * on walks before and during lockdown. *indicates that the difference was Family members are excited or noisy statistically significant. Behaviours are ranked according to relative change

0 25 50 75 100 between time points, with those at the top having the greatest decrease Percent during lockdown and those at the bottom the greatest relative increase Before lockdown During lockdown during lockdown.

Figure 16: Reactive behaviours displayed by dogs before and during Separation-related behaviour lockdown. In addition, 0.9% and 0.8% of respondents reported ‘None of The percentage of dogs who were reported to have shown specific the above’ applied to their dog before and during lockdown, respectively; behaviours that could be indicative of separation-related behaviour when this difference was not significant. *indicates that the difference was about to be left decreased significantly during lockdown (Figure 19). statistically significant. Behaviours are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest increase Scratched / damaged furniture * Scratched / damaged around the door, during lockdown. skirting boards, windows or entrance to the house * Attention seeking behaviour Urinated and/or defecated inside the home * When asked a specific question on how frequently their dogs sought Chewed or destroyed non−food items other than toys * attention, there was a 20% increase in owners answering ‘frequently’ Vocalised (barked / howled / pined / (from 39% to 47%), with a corresponding decrease in answers of whined / cried) * Paced around, or turned in circles or chased ‘occasionally’ and ‘rarely’ (Figure 17). his/her tail * 0 5 10 15 Percent “I do think [dog name] has become Before lockdown During lockdown more ‘needy’ during lockdown. But Figure 19: Separation-related behaviours displayed during periods when dogs were about to be left alone, before and during lockdown. *indicates that may be my imagination because that the difference was statistically significant. Behaviours are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top we’re all craving a little space.” having the greatest relative decrease during lockdown.

Rarely wants me to give him/her attention Occasionally wants me to give him/her attention Frequently wants me to give him/her attention 0 20 40 Pecent

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 17: Percentage of dogs who sought attention from owners before and during lockdown.

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Similarly, fewer owners reported behaviours that could be indicative of separation-related behaviour during lockdown when dogs were alone “The percentage of dogs (Figure 20). who showed separation-related behaviour in anticipation of Scratched / damaged furniture *

Chewed or destroyed non−food items other being left decreased significantly than toys *

Urinated and/or defecated inside the home * during lockdown, probably as Scratched / damaged around the door, skirting boards, windows or entrance to the dogs were left less often and for house * Vocalised (barked / howled / pined / whined / cried) * shorter periods by owners.” Paced around, or turned in circles or chased his/her tail * 0 5 10 15 Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 20: Separation-related behaviours displayed during periods when dogs were alone before and during lockdown. *indicates that the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s Chi Square test). Behaviours are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest relative decrease during lockdown.

These findings may be related to dogs being left alone less often and for shorter periods, and hence showing less anxiety before and during periods left alone.

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Enrichment, games and training

There was an increase in the frequency with which people reported When asked what games (with people) or training the dog had that they, or someone in their household, had played with or done participated in, some activities decreased during lockdown (agility some training with their dog during lockdown (Figure 21). This was training; obedience training; tug of war games; fetch or retrieve particularly evident for the category ‘more than once a day’, which games; wrestling / rough and tumble type games) and others increased increased from 38% before lockdown to 48% during lockdown. (chasing games, trick training, searching or ‘find it’ games, scent work) (Figure 22). However, most changes were small: the largest changes More than once a day relative to pre-lockdown levels were the percentage of dogs taking part in agility training, which fell by 25%, and in owners doing scent Once a day work with their dogs which increased by 6% during lockdown. 5−6 times

3−4 times Agility training * Obedience training (e.g. sit/ Once or twice stay/walking to heel) * Less than once a week Tug−of−war or ragger *

None Wrestling/rough and tumble games 0 10 20 30 40 Fetch or retrieve Percent Chasing games (person chases Before lockdown During lockdown [dog] or [dog] chases the person Searching or find−it games * Figure 21: Frequency with which owners reported that they, or someone Training to do tricks * in their household, had played with or trained their dog, before and Scent work (asking [dog] to during lockdown. find things using his/her nose) * 0 20 40 60 Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 22: Enrichment, games and training undertaken before and during lockdown. *indicates that the difference was statistically significant (McNemar’s Chi Square test). Activities are ranked according to relative change between time points, with those at the top having the greatest decrease during lockdown and those at the bottom the greatest relative increase during lockdown.

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Toys Although more than half of owners gave their dogs toys to play with more than once a day before and during lockdown, this behaviour was significantly more common during lockdown (Chi Square test for trend, p=0.03) (Figure 23). Approximately 6% of the population weren’t given a toy to play with in either an average week before lockdown or in the 7-days during lockdown.

More than once a day

Once a day

5−6 times/week

3−4 times/week

Once or twice a week

Less than once a week

Not given a toy

0 20 40 Percent

Before lockdown During lockdown

Figure 23: Frequency that owners gave their dogs toys to play with, before and during lockdown

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Puppies: socialisation/habituation

176 owners responded that their dog was a puppy, 6 months of age or younger. We asked these owners about their puppies’ experiences during the previous 7-days of lockdown.

90% of puppies had been outside in public on the ground and 16% had been outside in people’s arms during the previous 7 days of lockdown (Figure 24). During the same time period, more than one quarter of puppies had not met/heard the postman/woman, and only 32% of puppies had encountered livestock. Approximately one quarter of puppies (28%) had not been in a moving car. Many puppies (61%) had heard loud noises (such as bangs or fireworks), but one quarter had not (and 12% of owners reported that they were not sure). Most puppies (83%) had been near light traffic, but only 42% had been near heavy traffic and the majority of puppies had encountered a person riding a bicycle (79%) or jogging (79%). However, presumably due to lockdown restrictions, only 4% of puppies had visited a house other than the one they lived in, only one-third of puppies had met someone who came to the door, and only 14% met someone who came into their house. One experience that is likely to be a relatively new phenomenon is that 42% of puppies had seen someone with their face covered, or partially covered.

Having a lead put on 5% 0% 95%

Being out in public on the ground 10% 0% 90% Being near light traffic (e.g. cars passing, 18% 0% 82% quiet road), except when inside a vehicle Having a collar put on 19% 0% 81%

Encountering a person riding a bicycle 19% 2% 79%

Encountering a person out jogging 19% 2% 79%

Travelling in a moving car or other vehicle 28% 0% 72%

Meeting/hearing the postman/woman 24% 5% 71%

Having a harness put on 30% 0% 70%

Being put in a stationary car or other vehicle 31% 0% 69%

Hearing loud noises (e.g. bangs, fireworks etc.) 26% 12% 61% Encountering a person in a 31% 16% 53% high−visibility/fluorescent jacket or backpack Seeing someone with their face covered/partially 42% 16% 42% covered (e.g. motorcycle helmet or surgical mask) Being near heavy traffic (e.g. trucks passing, 51% 7% 42% busy road), except when inside a vehicle Meeting someone who came to the door 66% 0% 34%

Encountering livestock 68% 0% 32%

Being out in public in my arms 84% 0% 16%

Meeting someone who came into the house 86% 0% 14% Visiting other houses than the one he/she lives 96% 0% 4% in 100 50 0 50 100 Percentage

No Unsure Ye s

Figure 24: Experiences of puppies during lockdown. The percentages to the left and right of the figure indicate the combined percent of respondents that indicated their puppy definitely did or did not encounter each experience, respectively. The percent undecided is given along the centre line.

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Conclusions

Overall, the findings in this report describe some of the many and varied despite the large relative increase when compared to pre-lockdown ways in which dogs’ lives have been impacted by the initial UK COVID-19 levels. Given the increase in time household members spent with their lockdown (23rd March-12th May 2020) and highlights the strong bond dogs during lockdown, it is possible this increase in observed behaviour between dog and owner, and the role this bond has played for owners was due to more opportunities to observe/interact with the dog. during the pandemic. The findings can be used to inform strategies to Alternatively, it is possible that for some dogs, the extended presence manage the welfare implications of COVID-19 lockdowns for dogs, of their human household, combined perhaps with the reduced number as well as for the health and well-being of dog owners themselves. of trips outside of the household, led to increased frustration or stress. COVID-19 lockdowns are currently on-going at a local level (August Either way, it is reassuring that these behaviours remained low within 2020), and could continue over the coming months as efforts are made the overall population. to reduce transmission of the virus. Some additional findings of relevance to the continuing pandemic Lockdown restrictions led to changes in routine and management for emerged from the questions around the dog-human bond. One of the most dogs across the UK whose owners took part in this survey. This emerging themes across all such questions was the value dog owners typically manifested itself in household members (adults and children) placed on their dog’s companionship during lockdown, with many spending much more time at home, with dogs very suddenly not left owners enjoying their time spent walking their dogs. One in three dog alone anymore, or left for much shorter periods than usual. Many dogs owners reported feeling closer to their dogs during lockdown, and were walked less frequently than usual, with 1 in 2 dogs walked just almost all were happy to have their dog’s company at this time. More once a day and a small proportion of dogs not walked at all. The type of than half of owners felt they were more relaxed when in their dog’s exercise dogs received also differed, with dogs less likely to be walked off company, and many mentioned how their dog improved their mood. A lead and less likely to be taken to places where they would be allowed to small proportion of dog owners felt unease about walking their dogs, play with other dogs, as owners tended to avoid walking in places where as walks had become busier, particularly for owners of dogs with pre- there would be other dogs and people. existing behavioural issues. Many owners were concerned about the reduced opportunities to socialise their dogs, and some puppy owners Approximately 6% of dogs weren’t given toys to play with both before expressed difficulties in habituating their dogs around car travel and and during lockdown, but the percentage of dogs who were given toys traffic. One in twenty owners were worried about changes in their dog’s to play with multiple times a day increased slightly during lockdown. behaviour, and many cited concerns about the potential development This may be an artefact of owners being home with their dogs more, so of separation-anxiety. One in three dog owners were concerned about having more opportunity to play with their dogs, but the change was access to veterinary care should their dog need it, particularly if their dog small. There were small increases in the number of owners who played was elderly or had pre-existing conditions. searching or ‘find-it’ games with their dogs during lockdown, as well as doing scent-work with their dogs, but other aspects of play and training Of relevance to human healthcare was the finding that almost two- (such as agility work, basic obedience training, ‘tug-of-war’ play and thirds of owners indicated that they would delay hospital treatment to fetch) generally decreased slightly during lockdown. However, there was care for their dog, if needed. Potentially exacerbating this issue was the an increase in how often people reported they played with or trained finding that 13% and 7% of dog owners, respectively, indicated that their dogs during lockdown, particularly for owners answering, ‘More no-one was available (or able) to help walk or look after their dog’s than once a day’, which increased from 38% before lockdown to 48% other needs if required. In some cases, this was because the dog had during lockdown. behaviour issues that meant they couldn’t easily be walked or cared for by other people. Dog owners reported a number of changes in their dog’s behaviour during the lockdown period. Unsurprisingly perhaps, with dogs not left Although the nationwide lockdown of Spring 2020 was (hopefully) a alone as much or for as long, the number of dogs reported to exhibit one-time event, the findings described in this report have impacts for separation-related behaviour decreased dramatically during lockdown. managing the canine welfare implications of future lockdowns, many of Other large-scale changes included owners being much more likely to which are currently (August 2020) on-going at local or regional levels, as describe their dogs as ‘clingy’ during lockdown, and large increases in well as for the health and well-being of dog owners themselves. Of most owners reporting their dogs showing attention-seeking behaviour and concern moving forwards is the impact that any sudden increase in the increased vocalisation (whining or barking) when household members number of hours dogs are left alone may have in relation to separation- were busy. These changes are thought to be linked to the increased related behaviour. For dog owners, there is the worry of potential delay amount of time people were spending at home. in seeking hospital treatment for COVID-19 if no-one is available or able to help care for their dog(s). Another aspect of concern in relation to the Owners also reported small increases in behaviours commonly considered lockdown period is the future behaviour of puppies purchased during as problematic, such as jumping up on people when excited, snapping or lockdown, who will not have had the opportunities they usually would nipping during play and growling, snapping or nipping when handled by for appropriate socialisation and habituation. The long-term impacts of children. Dogs were also reported to be significantly more likely to hide lockdown on canine behaviour and welfare will be investigated in follow- or move away when approached during lockdown than in February. up surveys completed over time, and using the data collected here to However, it must be noted that the overall number of dogs displaying help understand the role that owner management and experiences of these behaviours amongst the study population remained very low, dogs has had during this time.

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Future work

A more in depth analysis of data summarised within this report will be conducted, and additional Phase 2 data (collected as lockdown restrictions were variably changed in the UK nations, between 13th May and 3rd July 2020) will be analysed and reported, together with results from follow-up surveys of respondents to investigate long-term changes stemming from the COVID-19 lockdown.

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Appendix

Methods Recruitment A cross-sectional study design was used to investigate factors The survey URL was live from 4th May 2020 and advertising of the survey related to dog ownership during the UK lockdown phase of the commenced on 5th May 2020. The survey was advertised through social COVID-19 pandemic. media including paid Facebook advertisements, a Dogs Trust e-newsletter, New Scientist magazine, and emails to dog owners participating in the Generation Pup study (generationpup.ac.uk) or the Dogs Trust Post Data collection Adoption study. Participants in a previous survey administered by the Data were collected by a self-administered online survey created Dogs Trust research team who had consented to be contacted about using SmartSurveyTM software. The survey was piloted and refined as further research opportunities were also invited to participate. 6 necessary before the final version was created. Questions included dog and owner demographic information, owner reports of dog Data presented here were collected between 4th and 12th May 2020, behaviour, management/environment of the dog and household data after which Government guidelines around exercise limitations began relating to household composition. Many questions required owners to be relaxed across the four nations of the UK. to describe the dog’s behaviour/management during the last seven days (i.e. during the first phase of lockdown), and also during early/ mid-February 2020 (i.e. before social distancing measures had been Data analysis introduced/before owners started changing behaviour prior to official Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) are reported, together lockdown). The majority of questions were optional. with the percentage change in frequency (where applicable) for data reported for both pre-lockdown (early/mid-February 2020) and Most questions required respondents to select one or more pre-defined lockdown (‘the last seven days’) periods. Most questions were optional, responses, sometimes with the option to add in free text ‘other’ and percentages presented are based on available responses. The responses if required. The survey was estimated to take approximately McNemar’s Chi square test was used to assess changes between data 25 minutes to complete. reported before and during lockdown, with statistical significance set at P<0.05. Inclusion criteria Free-text comments were imported into NVivo (v.12) software. Analysis Study participants were required to be at least 18 years of age, to live began by open-coding the data, with codes applied to sentences, or in the United Kingdom (UK) and to either currently own a dog, or to sometimes individual words, to denote their meaning. In the second have owned a dog when the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions were stage, these initial codes were combined and grouped into more general rd introduced on 23 March 2020. categories. From this catalogue of codes, several general themes were identified that help to understand dog ownership during lockdown. Owners were instructed to complete the survey for the dog that had joined the household most recently, and if more than one had joined at the same time, then the dog whose name was first alphabetically. Ethical review The study was approved by the Dogs Trust Ethical Review Board (ERB036).

6 Preview version of the survey available at: smartsurvey.co.uk/s/preview/C19-survey/ECA9F252A67F27164BE9D3BD8523C9 - note that responses are not collected when using this version.

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This report was prepared by the Dogs Trust Research Team

Contacts For enquires related to the research conducted for this study: [email protected] For press related enquiries: [email protected]

Dogs Trust