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Reserved Parking Marine Reserves and Small-Scale Fishing Communities: a Collection of Articles from SAMUDRA Report View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aquatic Commons SAMUDRA Dossier Reserved Parking Marine Reserves and Small-scale Fishing Communities: A collection of articles from SAMUDRA Report International Collective in Support of Fishworkers www.icsf.net SAMUDRA Dossier Reserved Parking Marine Reserves and Small-scale Fishing Communities: A collection of articles from SAMUDRA Report International Collective in Support of Fishworkers www.icsf.net Reserved Parking Marine Reserves and Small-scale Fishing Communities: A collection of articles from SAMUDRA Report SAMUDRA Dossier Published by International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF) 27 College Road, Chennai 600 006, India Tel: +91 44 2827 5303 Fax: +91 44 2825 4457 Email: [email protected] www.icsf.net March 2008 Edited by KG Kumar Designed by P Sivasakthivel Cover Illustration by Sandesh ([email protected]) Printed at Nagaraj and Company Pvt Ltd, Chennai 600 096, India Copyright © ICSF 2008 ISBN 978 81 904590 8 2 While ICSF reserves all rights for this publication, any portion of it may be freely copied and distributed, provided appropriate credit is given. Any commercial use of this material is prohibited without prior permission. ICSF would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. The opinions and positions expressed in this publication are those of the authors concerned and do not necessarily represent the offi cial views of ICSF. Contents Preface .................................................................................................... v 1. The diffi cult road to Rio...................................................................... 1 2. The view from the other side ............................................................. 4 3. The future reserved? ............................................................................ 11 4. Jammed in Jambudwip ......................................................................... 15 5. Parking in the right place ..................................................................... 19 6. Deal with hunger and poverty fi rst .................................................... 21 7. Recognize rights .................................................................................... 23 8. Filleting Nemo ...................................................................................... 26 9. The power of co-management ........................................................... 30 10. Dreams vs painful realities .................................................................. 32 11. Making local communities visible ...................................................... 37 12. An uncommon tragedy ........................................................................ 41 13. Only four years left to 2010! ............................................................... 43 14. Life studies ............................................................................................. 46 15. An integrated approach ....................................................................... 53 16. Reserving a role for communities ...................................................... 57 17. Towards a new commons .................................................................... 59 18. Reversing from a dead end.................................................................. 64 iii Preface As international concern grows about the rapid rate at which the earth’s biodiversity is being lost, marine protected areas (MPAs) are being widely propagated as one of the most effective tools available for the conservation of coastal and marine resources. Since most MPAs are located in coastal and marine areas of great biodiversity, their development has direct relevance and concern to the livelihoods, culture and survival of small-scale and traditional fi shing and coastal communities. The articles and other documents in this dossier, drawn chronologically from the pages of SAMUDRA Report, the triannual publication of ICSF, touch upon the gamut of issues currently being discussed about the link between fi sheries- based livelihoods and biodiversity, community participation in the MPA process, the perceived costs and benefi ts of MPAs for communities, and the most appropriate way forward for livelihood-sensitive conservation. Several articles in this collection highlight the fact that conservation and community livelihoods are closely intertwined, and that much before issues of conservation became part of the international agenda, it was coastal fi shing communities who were drawing attention to, among other things, the negative impacts of pollution, uncontrolled expansion of destructive industrial fi sheries and aquaculture, and technologies such as bottom trawling for shrimp, both on coastal biodiversity and on their livelihoods. Fishing-community organizations and their supporters who participated in the 1991 Rio Conference–the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)–that led to the adoption of Agenda 21, advocated for protecting both the coastal and marine environment, and small-scale fi sheries- based livelihoods, drawing on traditional ecological knowledge systems and principles of sustainable use. Many of their proposals were incorporated into the text of the Rio Declaration agreed on by States. The UNCED process and the Rio Declaration highlighted the need for sustainable development–socially responsible economic development that protects the resource base and the environment for the benefi t of future generations. It put human beings at the centre of concerns for sustainable development, and emphasized the importance of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. At the Rio Conference, States, as evidence of their commitment to sustainable development, signed the legally binding Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Yet, as some articles in this dossier reveal, the conservation approaches being adopted in different parts of the world are not always consistent with agreed principles. The costs of conservation, frequently linked to the setting up and expansion of MPAs, are, in many cases, being borne by fi shing communities, particularly by the poorest among them, whose harvesting practices often have minimal impact on the resources base. Refl ected in the articles are stories of exclusion from fi shing grounds and decision-making processes, and accounts of poverty and human-rights violations, associated with top-down, non- v participatory models of conservation. There is clearly something fundamentally wrong with conservation approaches that take on the poor and the powerless— potential allies in conservation, given their dependence on, and knowledge of, natural resources–while ignoring the environmental destruction being wreaked by the economically and socially powerful. At the same time, on a more positive note, this dossier also contains articles that show how fi shing communities have led conservation initiatives in which, for instance, they have actively sought to be part of MPA decision-making processes, using them as instruments against expansion of polluting industries, shrimp culture, sport fi shing, tourism, burgeoning maritime traffi c, and oil pollution. Fishing communities around the world have consistently made the case that it is possible to protect and conserve the environment while continuing with sustainable fi shing operations. They have strongly advocated for an integrated approach to fi sheries management and conservation of coastal and marine resources, arguing that establishing a reserve without simultaneously applying a management plan in the adjoining areas, will produce only limited results. We hope this collection of articles will be useful for policymakers, NGOs and others working on issues of coastal and marine conservation, and that it leads to a greater appreciation of fi shing-community concerns and perspectives, as well as of their socioeconomic reality, culture and knowledge systems. Only then can conservation become equitable, effective and sustainable in the long term, compatible with the principles of sustainable development. There is no other way to go. Chandrika Sharma Executive Secretary, ICSF vi SAMUDRA Dossier The diffi cult road to Rio Héctor Luis Morales Prior to the Earth Summit, fi shermen and their organizations have demonstrated a role in defending the environment and their rights as professionals he Rio de Janeiro United Nations Therefore, responsibility for paying the (UN) conference has awakened environmental debt should be shared and Tgreat hope throughout the world. be proportional for those who pollute more Its results could also lead to great frustration than others, in order to seek solutions that if government representatives fail to reach are more harmonious for peoples as well as a practical agreement to solve the serious for their relation to their environment, from environmental problems facing our planet. a perspective of long-term sustainability. This is diffi cult in practice, due to the high The preparatory meetings of the United cost involved and resistance to the changes Nations and the seminars, conferences that must take place in current production and publications by governments, research and consumption patterns. Responsibility centres, civil organizations and social for these changes should also be shared by movements have shown that the road to Rio the governments and civil society of the is diffi
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