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Down to Earth 31 October 2004

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Down to Earth 31 October 2004 DOWN TO EARTH H54 31 OCTOBER 2004 PRADIPSAHA Kakdwip They can't. Why? In November 2002, Wildlife Protection The problem is fisherfolk use a part t is October, 2004. In the Supreme Society of India director Belinda Wright of Jambudwip to dry the fish they catch Court (sc) in Delhi, there contin- shot off a letter to the Centrally 15 km south, in the sea. What, now, is ues a 2-year-old case that has Empowered Committee (CEC; it advises the point of fishing if the fish can't be become a clash of imperatives: pro- the Supreme Court on all cases related dried there? Itecting the environment — a fragile to forestry). The letter complained of It is a complex case mangrove ecology — versus people's 'encroachment' by fisherfolk in man- In the report CEC submitted post-com- livelihood: a sustainable style of fishing. grove-forested Jambudwip — an island plaint, fish-drying is categorised as a But let us turn away from the hectic 5 km south of the mainland, CEC issued non-forest activity. According to the atmosphere of a court hearing. Let us go a letter to the chief secretary, West Forest Conservation Act, 1980, such to the delta that lies at the fag-end of the Bengal, to take action; subsequently, on activity, if not approved by the Union Gangetic Plain, off West Bengal. August 25 2003, sc passed an interim ministry of environment and forests, Here the brute solidity of the sub- order that "no trawler or mechanised must be banned. The 10,000-odd fisher- continent's landmass gives way to water, boat shall enter the water adjoining folk are illegal users, for the use of a uneasily. Here, pockets of land mulishly Jambudwip Island until further orders". reserve forest for a non-forest purpose poke out of an immense has not been cleared. expanse of water: the land- This is where compli- mass refuses to give way, cations occur. Jambudwip and the Bay of Bengal was declared a reserved refuses to let go. In this forest as long ago as 1943. region that is water but Yet, older fisherfolk also land, October signi- remember the island being fies the beginning of a used to dry fish since the four-month fishing sea- 1950s. A seminal 1967 son. And here, this year, field study by anthropolo- more than 10,000 jaila gist Bikash Raychaudhary kaibartyas — a south — published as The Moon Bengal caste of traditional and the Net by the fisherfolk — wait with Anthropological Survey of Unapp ro ach able: hardly concealed despera- India — also testifies to a tion to set out to sea. But Jambudwip island looms in the horizon time-honoured activity. they won't. Indeed, fish-drying on Jambudwip continued even after the 1980 act was promulgated. As Kiranmoy Nanda, West Bengal's fish- eries minister, maintains, "All along, these fishermen were given seasonal permits by the forest department." Nanda adds, "The Wildlife Protection Act and the Coastal Regulation Zone under the Environment Protection Act protect the customary rights of fisher- men". This statement further compli- cates the picture: Jambudwip is an unin- habitated island; arguably, therefore, people have no rights here. Sukhlal Das was once a bahardar (master of the fleet). Now, he's jobless What happens to Moti Das? but net design and method. A behundi nately swathe through the seabed — gill Moti Das is a dryfish businessman. (local name for a stake net) is designed nets, typically what trawlers use — tran- Half-heartedly repairing his boats, he such that its holes are larger at the sient fishing uses stationary nets. But says he did a bit of business in 2002. In beginning and become tinier towards here, boats are used only to reach the 2003, he could not operate in the end. It takes almost 300 person-days place, fix nets and haul the catch. Jambudwip. So, he shifted fish-drying to prepare a behundi; its architecture The catch has to be hauled, then to Namkhana. "But we got a very low allows fishlings to swim through. Only nets turned to face the turning tide, in price," he says. "Namkhana is not the adults get caught. In approximately 400 about 7 minutes. A tide pulls the net to right place to dry fish, there is too much sq km of tide-determined water flow, the bottom; the fish follow the flow, and sand in the air. More than that, there are 1000 behundis are fixed. so get caught. For a few minutes before constant fights with Namkhana locals. Each net is 60-70 feet wide, fixed the tide turns, the net surfaces. Now the We have no alternative to Jambudwip." with bamboo poles rammed into the catch must be unloaded into the boat; sea-bottom, facing the tide. The nets are then quickly, the mouth is reversed. Why Jambudwip? First: placed where underwater creeks exist, Work stops on Ml moon and moonless Transient fishing (locally called sabar) is where deltaic rivers deposit nutrients, days; on these days the tide is too strong, one of the few traditional methods of thus attracting fish. Such a demand the net doesn't hold. For 120 days in 5 fishing still practiced in the world. turns buhundi placement into an art, months, the flsherfolk work the creeks. Fishing takes place for 150 days between fine-tuned through years of keen obser- An entire team stays at sea. October and February. Its sustainable vation and practice. Unlike unsustain- What they catch is sent, in a round- essence is not the kind of boats they use, able fishing practices that indiscrimi- the-clock operation, to Jambudwip. E y eOfth eS to r mPoisedbetween landmass andsea, Jambudwip is criticalto transient fishing operations f; Bangladesh border 110 kilometres Land area Sand area Underwater creek & BAY OF BE Fishing towns Transient fishing ground (400 iq km) put to drying before they start rotting A matter of origin and smelling. If we have to transport the Fishing infiltrates the entire delta raw fish over longer distances, refrigera- tion will increase our cost." The dis- Most of the fisherfolk that fish in the sea tance, 15-20 km, is covered using a 30- around Jambudwip came over from 45 horsepower boat in 3-4 hours. Bangladesh between 1950 and 1970. Fisherfolk involved in drying stay in Shishu Ranjan Das came to Kakdwip, Jambudwip in makeshift shelters. Fish West Bengal, when he was 23. He has are strung on bamboo bars, or laid on a been going to the sea since he was 7 bed prepared with a thick layer of straw with his father, when they used to stay in and mosquito nets on top. The straw Chittagong. Interestingly, most of the helps air flow under the fish. transient fisherfolk in Bangladesh hail The fisherfolk use the dry winter from Chittagong and come all the way north breeze — and plenty of sunshine east, in coastal Khulna, to operate: the — to quick-dry fish naturally. This is right kind of island to dry their catch probably why the season ends by exists in Rangabali, in Bangladesh-con- February: after that, the southern wind trolled Sunderbans. is moist. "It is not a wonder why Jambudwip dryfish attracts the best price in the market", explains Nanda. Why Jambudwip? Jambudwip is also the only island In Jambudwip, in a parallel operation, that, natural creek apart, has a forest fish unloaded from boats are dried and where fisherfolk can shelter during sent to the mainland. Since the interim cyclones or rough weather. order, there has much talk of an alterna- tive site. But fisherfolk assert this Rolling credit island's unique: it is the only one Over time, transient fishing has become between the fishing area and the main- capital intensive. In all, at least 10,000 Scenes from a capital intensive past: land that has a natural creek navigable people get directly employed — in fish- On top: A behundi (stake net). during high tides, which fisherfolk use Fisherfolk turn net around (middle); ing, drying and net-making — and fish-laden boats moored in to unload their catch. Also, only another 7,000 in the backward supply Jambudwip creek (above) Jambudwip has a flat land without sand, chain of implements and the forward ideal for drying fish. Kiran Das, a fisher- chain of transport and fishmeal pro- for a season looks very large. But we live man, pointed out the need for a place cessing in piggeries and poultries. on rolling credit. I can start my opera- such as Jambudwip: "The fish has to be Interestingly, local 'traders' who control tion with Rs 7-8 lakh. The point still the operation are part of the fishing remains that I'm responsible for all the community. They are called 'bahardars' people I employ, irrespective of what I Tarini Bhattacharya believes (roughly, 'master of the fleet'). All tree-felling continues at Jambudwip make." In fact, a bahardar usually bor- bahardars were once fishermen; all rows money. "And like most other busi- fishermen aspire to be a bahardar. ness in India, the wholesale buyer in Fishermen work for a bahardar for a Kolkata or Sheoraphuli is the money- salary of Rs 6,000 to Rs 20,000 for the lender," explains Harekrishna Debnath, season (the range is related to skill), 60 chairperson, National Fishworkers' per cent of this salary is paid before the Forum. "He enjoys the guarantee of get- fisherfolk set out to sea. A typical ting the product from the borrower at a bahradar owns at least 25 nets, each lower rate than the market value".
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