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Assessment of the Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Mangrove Dynamics

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Assessment of the Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Mangrove Dynamics ioprospe , B cti ity ng rs a e n iv d d D o i e Pramanik, J Biodivers Biopros Dev 2016, 3:1 v B e f l Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting o o l p DOI: 10.4172/2376-0214.1000155 a m n r e n u t o J ISSN: 2376-0214 and Development ResearchResearch Article Article OpenOpen Access Access Assessment of the Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Mangrove Dynamics in the Indian Part of Sundarbans Using Geospatial Techniques Malay Kumar Pramanik* School of International studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India Abstract The intertidal mangrove ecosystem of Indian Sundarban is now as a critical ecosystem due to climate change- induced sea level rise. The present study analyses the responses, migration, destruction and vulnerability of the four deltaic mangrove ecosystem, such as Jambudwip, Bulcherry, Dalhousie and Bangaduni Islands along the ocean sides. The changes in this deltaic ecosystem studied by using GIS and remote sensing with collecting data about sea level of nearest tidal gauge station Haldia (2.59 ± 1.0 mm/year) and Diamond Harbor (4.67 ± 0.68 mm/year). The study finds that if the sea level rises about mangrove surface, the mangrove retreats landward and also decline the land areas, increases soil erosion that affected in the southern and south-western part where these vulnerable mangrove islands are located. Moreover, the study indicates that the low-level mangrove islands would threaten with the rates of increasing sea level under present climate change. However, the amount of net loss is about 10009 ha at the rate of 164.08 ha per year of the four more vulnerable islands. In the context of climate change induced sea level rise there also needs long-term thinking and coastal zone management option that must have economic feasibility. Thus, the dynamics of the mangrove ecosystem in response to projected sea level rise enable to take appropriate planning for reducing threats and human safety along the coastal areas. Keywords: Sealevel rise; Mangrove dynamics; Landward migration; [25-28]. After sea level rise, Storm surges play the role in the decreasing Mangrove vulnerability; Sustainable mangrove management mangrove area and deteriorate the ecosystem and the effects may combine that can accelerate to the landward migration also [23-31]. Introduction The limitation of land and a vertical increase of water level may effects The important consequences of present climate warming are of water logging causing the death of mangroves with associated flora sea level fluctuation causing the melting of Antarctic and Greenland and related habitats [32,33]. Therefore, the assessment of the impacts ice sheets, glaciers and the thermal expansion of regional climatic of sea level rise as well as climate change and related events in the fluctuations [1]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Mangrove belt as an additional risk that have a significant adverse (IPCC) report mentioned that, the Predicted sea level of the 21st effect of stressing coastal habitats [34]. So, the present study analyses century, increases gradually at the rate of 1-2 mm per year, causing the changes and vulnerability of Mangrove ecosystem to the increasing by physical and human-induced global climate change. The fourth sea level rise as the significant coastal habitat of Sundarbans. assessment report of IPCC estimates (by tidal gauge observation) that Study area and its importance as a coastal biosphere reserve the change of average sea level in the 20th century is about 1.5 ± 0.5 mm per year [2], although he has been estimated it is about 1.8 ± 0.3 mm The study area covers 21°13´- 22°40´ north latitude and 88°05´- per year in between 1950 to 2000. However, the existence of mangrove 89°06´ east longitude in Southern West Bengal, Eastern coast of as a ecosystem depends on the sea level when the rising rate is up to 9-10 part of Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (Figure 1). It is located about 100 km cm per hundred years. south-east of Kolkata in South 24 Pargana district. Most of this district Mangroves are one of the most valuable primary resources of predominated by flood and cyclone prone area. The tides of the study intertidal deltas and coastal regions of the tropical and subtropical area are semi-diurnal, and floor varies from 0.9 m to 2.11 m above sea regions all over the world. The ecosystems also help in the protection level in different regions during different seasons, mainly it reaches of shoreline and living habitat by the attenuating power of wave a maximum during monsoon and minimum during the winter. This energy [3,4]. These coastal habitats are now threatened due to sea level tidal level influenced by the direct connection with the sea at the Hugli oscillations causing climate change [5-8]. The sea level oscillations may river mouth and also through the Ganga-Brahmaputra estuaries. affect the distribution of mangrove habitats along the coastlines [9- Sundarban mangroves are a part of the world’s largest delta of 11] and the displacement of all dependent coastal ecosystems [12-14]. Mangrove not only affected by sea level rise but also have a significant threat to salt marsh habitat and intertidal wetlands and related *Corresponding author: Malay kumar Pramanik, CIPOD, School of International ecosystem [15-17]. The declining rates of mangrove coastlines from Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India, Tel: 09733377208; 198000 km in 1980-146530 km in 2000 have been observed by [18- E-mail: [email protected] 22]. Mangrove characteristics should be changed in a destructive way Received September 11, 2015; Accepted November 23, 2015; Published when the rate of sea level rise exceeds more than 10 cm per hundred December 10, 2015 years. This effect should change the significant adverse impacts on Citation: Pramanik MK (2015) Assessment of the Impacts of Sea Level Rise coastal ecosystems. The gradual increase of the water level could affect on Mangrove Dynamics in the Indian Part of Sundarbans Using Geospatial Techniques. J Biodivers Biopros Dev 3: 155. doi:10.4172/2376-0214.1000155 mangrove diversity and health of the associated changes in the soil salinity, soil erosion, sediment deposition and inundation [23,24]. All Copyright: © 2015 Pramanik MK. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted of these adverse conditions can change the mangrove zonation and use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and migration from seaward to landward side along the oceanic regions source are credited. J Biodivers Biopros Dev ISSN: 2376-0214 IJBBD, an open access journal Volume 3 • Issue 1 • 1000155 Citation: Pramanik MK (2015) Assessment of the Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Mangrove Dynamics in the Indian Part of Sundarbans Using Geospatial Techniques. J Biodivers Biopros Dev 3: 155. doi:10.4172/2376-0214.1000155 Page 2 of 10 Figure 1: Map of study area. India and Bangladesh. The delta has formed in the estuarine region of satellite images (Landsat) that cover whole Indian parts of Sundarban Ganga - Brahmaputra and Meghna River. Sundarban mangroves also Biosphere Reserve were downloaded from the freely available USGS have the ‘Region of largest halophytic formation’ along the coastline. (United States Geological Service) GLOVIS. These Orthorectified It was also declared a “World heritage site” (1987) and “Biosphere images (with Universal Transverse Mercator Projection and World reserve” (1989) of which 2125 sqkm occupied by mangroves across Geodetic System 84 datum) are Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) 56 islands by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and data (Columns 1953, Rows 1459, Dated 5th Dec, 1975), Landsat Natural Resources (IUCN) [35] and United Nations Educational and Thematic Mapper (TM) data (Columns 3708, Rows 2754, Dated 12th Scientific Cooperation (UNESCO) [36-38] respectively. The Indian Dec 1990), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data (Columns part of Sundarban has an aerial extend about 4262 sqkm. This part 7809, Rows 5833, Dated 27th Nov 2002) and Operational Land Imager consists of 106 deltaic islands therein 54 have human habitation and all (OLI) data (Columns 3710, Rows 2771, Dated 23rd Jan 2014). These over the region characterized by most of the innumerable rivers, tidal images are possibly collected at same season and less likely to have had creeks and small channels. Sundarban biodiversity has been important miss-classification error during spectral analysis of different LULC as an abandoned biodiversity of which 37 are mangrove species in 87 categories. Topographic maps (NF 45/11, NF 45/12, NF 45/7, and NF plant species. In the last century, the probabilities of flood and bank 45/8) are used that has been downloaded from Texas library at the scale erosion have accelerated due to increased rate of siltation and erosion of 1: 250000. of riverbeds. The continuous rise in sea level is now a significant adverse Identification of Mangrove Boundary:The boundaries of the effect on the existence of this fragile ecosystem. study area were identified by a manual digitizing method by mangrove Materials And Methods area and the deltaic environment. The area extracted from satellite images and Toposheet by masking method in Arc-GIS 10.2.1 software Analysis of rising sea level in different period. The official record of the exact mean sea level of the study area Identification of Vulnerable Mangrove Area:From the satellite is not available. So, the nearest tide gauge station with available tidal images, we found four more vulnerable Mangrove island in the ocean data in the study area is Diamond Harbour and Haldia. Seasonal for the analysis of the trend of mangrove dynamics. The manually changes calculated using the both station’s tidal gauge data recorded digitized boundary of all satellite images and Toposheet fit in a frame for 54 years from 1952-2013 indicates a 2.59 ± 1 mm per year.
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