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Amerindian Culture History in Trinidad During Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Times

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Amerindian Culture History in Trinidad During Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Times 6 THE GUAYABITOID AND MAYOID SERIES: AMERINDIAN CULTURE HISTORY IN TRINIDAD DURING LATE PREHISTORIC AND PROTOHISTORIC TIMES ARIE BOOMERT Trinidad's geographical position and its environmental and social characteristics are unique. The island is relatively large, especially if compared to the Lesser Antilles, and shows varied topographical, micro-climatic, vegetational and faunal conditions, thus offering possibilities for differential economic and social adaptations. Being just offshore the South American mainland, Trinidad's S coast faces the sea channel, separating the island from the Orinoco deltaj its N and E shores are washed by the Atlantic Ocean, and its W coast by the calm waters of the Gulf of Paria (Fig. 1). In prehistoric times this geographical situation made the island the natural gateway for human migration, trade, and diffusion of culture from the mainland to the West Indies vice versa. Apparently Trinidad formed the crossroads of Amerindian geographical movement to and from four directions: firstly, the Orinoco Valley, secondly, the East Venezuelan Cordillera and coast, of which Trinidad's N shore and highest mountain- ridge, the Northern Mange, forms an Eastward extension, thirdly, the coastal area of the Guianas, and, finally, Tobago and the Windward Islands. It should be noted that seabound traffic from the Guianas is invariably directed to the S and E coasts of Trinidad by the Guiana Stream. As a result, Trinidad forms a unique ground for testing hypotheses relating to the prehistoric and protohistoric cultural sequence of the entire S part of the Caribbean area. As House and Harris have shown, cultural developments on the mainland were quickly felt in Trinidad and from ethnohistoric 94 information it can be learned that as late as the sixteenth century the W coast of the Guianas, S and W Trinidad, the W shore of the Gulf of Paria and the Lower Orinoco Valley were closely knit by aboriginal tribal relationships and ties of language, trade and culture. This region formed one Amerindian interaction sphere, internally connected by various waterways: rivers, sea channels and the Gulf of Paria (Boomert, 1983). 1.1. The Guayabitoid series: introduction The chronological framework for the Ceramic age cultural development of Trinidad as it has been presented by Rouse in various papers since the late 1940s (Rouse, 1947, 1953b, 1964, 1978) should and does reflect Trinidad's geographical situation. Rouse's sequence, of which the latest version can be found in Rouse & Allaire (in press), distinguishes between four subsequent ceramic complexes in Trinidad, from early to late, Cedros, Palo Seco, Erin, and Bontour. Cedros and Erin are considered to represent direct offshoots of the two earliest ceramic traditions of the Lower Orinoco Valley, the Saladoid and Barrancoid series respectively, while Palo Seco obviously forms a local Trinidad Saladoid complex which developed out of Cedros under strong Barrancoid influence, Evidence for the existence in Trinidad of another mainland ceramic series, Arauquinoid, is presented by Harris in his modification and detailing of Rouse's sequential framework (Harris, 1978). Using Rouse's terminology, the complex Harris describes as characterizing his Trinidad Period Illb could be called St Catherine's after the type site. Harris (1978, Fig. 6) places St Catherine's chronologically between Erin and Bontour. The upper boundary of Trinidad Barrancoid is dated by both Rouse and Harris at about AD 1000. According to Harris' sequence, the St Catherine's and Bontour complexes would be confined to the period between AD 1000 and 1500, although Rouse & Allaire 95 (in press, Fig. 4) allow for continuation of Bontour into the Historic age. Rouse & Cruxent (1903:125-126) note close similarities between Bontour and the only late-prehistoric ceramic tradition known from the Paria peninsula of NE Venezuela, the Guayabitoid series, reason why they include the Bontour complex in this pottery tradition. This paper reviews the late prehistoric to prohistoric cultural development of Trinidad. It attempts to show that in fact one post-Barrancoid ceramic series existed in the island until shortly before the discovery. Following House & Cruxent, this pottery tradition will be called the Guayabitoid series. Four Guayabitoid complexes are distinguished in Trinidad, from early to late, St Catherine's, Bontour, St Joseph, and Marac. A major break in the culture history of Trinidad is proved to have occurred about 600 BP, resulting in the development of a new ceramic series, Mayoid. Two Mayoid • 1 complexes are described, Guayaguayare and Mayo, of which the first one is still prehistoric whereas the second one dates from the Historic period. Seriation diagrams for temper and vessel shapes of the various Guayabitoid and Mayoid complexes, excluding St Catherine's, showing the major ceramic developments within these series, and a revised chronological chart for Trinidad (Fig. 2) are presented. In accordance with Harris' conclusions, the inception of the Guayabitoid series in Trinidad is felt to have been brought about by the same sequence of events that led to the decline of the Barrancoid series and the consequent destruction of the Los Barrancos trade network in the S Caribbean, i.e., the downward movement of the Arauquinoid series in the Orinoco Valley and its subsequent expansion towards the coasts of Venezuela and the Guianas. In terms of absolute chronology the establishment of Guayabitoid as an Arauquinoid-derived pottery series in Trinidad is placed about 1300/1350 BP or ca. AD 600/ 650, using the conventional radiocarbon calender. Its beginnings are thus dated somewhat later than the first Arauquinoid 96 influence in the Lower Orinoco Valley, resulting in the adoption of freshwater sponge spicules (cauixf) as tempering material by the Los Barrancos potters about 1450 BP (Sanoja, 1979:189), and simultaneously with the initial date for the Guarguapo complex (or "Post-Classical Barrancas" as Sanoja (1979:20) prefers to call it) in the Saladero/Barrancas area. 1.2. The St Catherine's complex St Catherine's is a shell midden site situated in SK Trinidad, ca, 1.5 km inland from the S coast (Fig. 3). The site was excavated by Harris in 1972 and 1974. In vertical cross section it shows a natural stratification of two shell layers, divided by sterile silt, probably resulting from flooding. The lower shell stratum (St Catherine's I) is characterized by Saladoid pottery, the upper shell layer (St Catherine's II) by ceramics of the St Catherine's complex (Harris, 1972:8-9,12,15, 1974, 1978; Hoffman, 1973, 1974; TTHS-AR, 1974, 1975/1976, 1976/1977; TTHSN, 2/71, 1/72, 3/72, 4/72, 1/73). Pottery similar to St Catherine's II is present at the Guayaguayare site near by. This is a multicomponent shell midden on the shore of Guayaguayare Bay (Fig. 3) which shows a definitely horizontal stratification: the prehistoric occupation seems to have moved gradually from the E and Central parts of the site to the W. In 1969 Harris dug three testpits (A, B and C) in the centre of the Guayaguayare midden, which yielded Barrancoid, St Catherine's and Bontour ceramics (Harris, 1971, 1972:7, 10-12, 1974. 1976a, 1978, 1980, pers. comm.; Hoffman, 1973, 1975; TTHS-AR, 1969/1970. 1975/1976, 1976/1977; TTHSN, 1/70, 2/70. 1/72, 2/72, 1/77, 3/77, 4/77, 3/78, 5/79, 2/80). Charcoal from the 0-25 cm level of testpit C yielded a radiocarbon date of 1260 + 100 BP (lVIC-785). Although originally attributed to the Barrancoid occupation of the site (Tamers, 1973), it is more likely that this date relates to the St Catherine's component present. 97 Using the published descriptions it is possible to summarize the characteristics of the St Catherine's complex as follows. Sherds are medium-thick and tempered with sand, shell and cauixi. Vessel shapes mainly include variants of globular jars with generally S-shaped profile, often called ollas, and simple unrestricted bowls with internally thickened rims, triangular in cross section. Composite, keeled jars with squarish, flattened lips, concave upper parts and restricted mouths next to biconical or simple restricted bowls are less common. A special form is represented by Harris' so-called canari, a sizeable jar with sharply everted, straight rim (cf. Harris, 1978, Fig. 13). Bases are flat or annular. Few handles occur; they are vertical as well as horizontal and D-shaped. Decoration consists of incision and punctation, often in combination. Incised lines are shallow and U-shaped. Motifs composed of rectilinear short lines ending in dots at both ends are especially found on the flattened parts of internally thickened bowl rims. A typical motif is formed by a freeze of such lines, placed vertically and horizontally in alternating order. Similar freezes executed in short incised lines without punctations also occur. Simple curvilinear motifs, including incised ovals and circles with or without central punctation are found on the inner rims of canaris and the interior walls of unrestricted bowls. The rim of one oval bowl shows a single broad punctation; another one is decorated with a "horned" lug with central punctation. Modelled motifs include appliqué fillets in "snake" pattern, small punctated knobs or pellets and rim lobes. One keeled jar is decorated with a four-legged zoomorphic adorno, only attached to the vessel wall by its feet. Probably similar, cauixi-tempered, keeled jars with squarish lips show modelled-incised human or animal faces in Barrancoid fashion (comparable to Cruxent & Rouse, 1958/1959, PI. 101:13) or incised curvilinear multiple-line motifs (Harris, 1978, Fig. 13, pers. comm.). It is obvious that the St Catherine's complex shows a blend of ceramic elements characteristic of the Barrancoid and 98 Arauquinoid series of Venezuela and the Guianas. Cauixf temper, unrestricted bowls with internally thickened rims, triangular in cross section, restricted biconical bowls, olla forms, horizontal handles, punctated and punctated-incised motifs of decoration, trapezoidal and triangular rim lugs, punctated appliqua fillets and modelled zoomorphic adornos are typically Arauquinoid.
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