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Fertilizer Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Winter Wheat in the Willamette Valley

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Fertilizer Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Winter Wheat in the Willamette Valley AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Roger Keith Kjelgren for the degree of Master of Science in Soil Science presented on May 30, 1984 Title: Fertilizer Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Winter Wheat in the Willamette AT91e)p A Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy I. Neil W. Christensen Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer uptake by soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was measured over two cropping seasons across a range of soils and cropping histories in the Willamette Valley. Fate and potential losses of applied nitrogen were also assessed over a seventeen month period. 15 In both cropping seasons, N labeled nitrogen was used to obtain a direct assessment of fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and to follow the distribution of fertilizer N in plant and soil. Nitrogen rate experiments were used to obtain an indirect assessment of NUE by regressing total N uptake on fertilizer N applied. Plant uptake of applied N ranged from 42 to 67%, with sites having poor soils or high root disease potential giving the lowest 15 efficiencies. Direct assessment of uptake efficiency with N was more precise than indirect assessment, but was not necessarily more accurate. Recovery of fertilizer N in the grain ranged from 54% to 73% of the total fertilizer N taken up. Recovery in the grain was less the first year because of widespread leaf disease. Optimum economic N fertilization rates could be predicted (r2 = 0.92) based on uptake of soil N and NUE. Availability of soil N was the most important parameter in determining optimum economic rate of N fertilization. Accountability of fertilizer N in plant and soil after the first crop ranged from 65% to 108% of that applied. Fertilizer N left in the soil was almost exclusively found in an organically combined form, primarily in the top 15 cm of soil. The contribution of residual fertilizer N to the following year's crop was minimal, but only half of the residual N was accounted for following the second crop. It appeared that 10 to 31% of the applied fertilizer N was lost between the end of the first cropping season and before the winter of the second cropping season. NUE by winter wheat in the Willamette Valley appears to be higher than NUE by dryland wheat grown in the Midwest. Sufficiently accurate assessment of NUE can be determined by indirect methods. This determination, combined with a method for determining soil N uptake, can contribute to improved N fertilizer recommendations for wheat in the Willamette Valley. FERTILIZER NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY BY WINTER WHEAT IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY by Roger Keith Kjelgren A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed May 30, 1984 Commencement June 1985 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy dI Professorf Soil Science in charge of major Redacted for Privacy ad of Department of Soil Science Redacted for Privacy Dean of G ate School dr Date thesis is presented May 30, 1984 Typed by Roger Kjelgren for Roger Keith Kjelgren ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the financial support the STEEP project (Solutions To Environmental and Economic Problems) and Oregon Ag. Experiment Station provided for this research. The STEEP project is administered by the Science and Education Adm, Cooperative Research,USDA. I would like to thank University of California Kearney Agricultural Center for the use of so much of their equipment during the long, arduous process of completing this thesis while working at a full time job. At the same location I would very much like to thank Dr. David Goldhamer for allowing the me the time that was otherwise very hard to come by to finish this thesis. I would like to thank Dr. Peter Bottomly for giving timely input into the why's and howto's of this project, Dr. Moyle Harward for offering this project to me,Dr. Tom Jackson for providing the field sites for the experiments, and to Dr. Greg Gustafson for providing an economist's viewpoint on the data. I could not have reached this point without the dedicated interest and guidance of Dr. Neil Christensen, who, despite an onslaught of pregnancies, managed to persevere and provide tremendous support in finishing this thesis. I would like to thank Bill Inskeep, Priscilla Sheets, Dave Laird, and Alan and Lorrie Flint for their treasured friendship throughout my graduate work. For providing undying confidence, emotional and financial support, and keen interest in my work through all the years, I thank my parents. Finally, for waiting patiently up so many nights and weekends, and for giving me the boosts in confidence when I needed them the most, I thank my wife, Ronda. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATUREREVIEW 5 Nitrogen Pools 5 Fluxes Between Soil N Pools 5 Inputs 5 Transformations within the soil 6 Losses of nitrogen 8 Fate of Fertilizer Nitrogen 9 Plant recovery 9 Losses 10 Fertilizer N remaining in the soil 12 Nitrogen Uptake by Wheat 14 Nitrogen Use Efficiency 15 Use of 15N 16 MATERIALS AND METHODS 18 Site Descriptions 18 1981 18 1982 21 Nitrogen Rate Study 22 Nitrogen Recovery Study 23 Sample Analysis 26 Data Analysis 27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 Nitrogen Rate Study 29 Grain yield response 29 Fertilizer nitrogen uptake efficiency 34 Partitioning of fertilizer nitrogen 39 Economically optimum rates of nitrogen fertilization 39 Nitrogen Recovery Study 48 Growth stage sampling 48 Nitrogen balance sheet 50 Soluble nitrogen 53 DISCUSSION 56 CONCULSIONS 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 APPENDICES 66 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1 Diagram of porous cup used for sampling soluble nitrogen 25 2 Grain yield response to nitrogen fertilization, 1981. 30 3 Grain yield response to nitrogen fertilization, 1982. 31 4 Total and fertilizer N uptake as influenced by rate of applied nitrogen fertilizer, 1981. 35 5 Total and fertilizer N uptake as influenced by rate of applied nitrogen fertilizer, 1982. 36 6 Fertilizer N uptake by grain and grain plus straw as influenced by rate of applied fertilizer, 1981. 40 7 Fertilizer N uptake by grain and grain plus straw as influenced by rate of applied fertilizer, 1982. 41 8 Unfertilized grain yield as a function of soil N uptake by grain plus straw. 46 9 Total dry matter, %N, and fertilizer N uptake as a function of time after application of spring top dressed N. 49 10 Soluble N concentration in soil water extracted with porous cups placed at 30 cm depth in 1982. 54 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Locations, soil test data, previouscrop, and winter wheat varieties used for rate experiments in 1981 and 1982. 19 2 Grain yield response toN and KC1 in 1981. 32 3 Grain yield response to N and Cl in 1982. 33 4 N fertilizer use efficiency estimates and uptake of soil N as influenced by rate of applied N in 1981 and 1982. 37 5 Optimum economic N rates as influenced by grain and fertilizer N prices. 43 6 Economic N fertilizer rates as related to soil N avail- ability and fertilizer Nuse efficiency. 44 7 Residual NO3 -N and total soil N to a depth of 12" after cropping to wheat in 1981. 47 8 Recovery of spring topdressed N fertilizer over two cropping seasons. 51 9 Percentage of soluble nitrogen derived from labeled nitrogen fertilizer applied on April 13, 1981. 55 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Page 1 Individual plot grain yields as influenced by N and K rates at five locations, 1981. 66 2 Individual plot grain yields as influenced by N and Cl rates at four locations, 1982. 67 3 Individual plot data for 1 atom % 15N subplots inN rate study,1981. 68-69 4 Individual plot data for 1 atom % 15N subplots in N rate study, 1982. 70-71 5 Total dry matter, % N, and % fertilizer N from 15N labeled subplots, 1981. 72 6 Total, fertilizer, and soil nitrogen yields from 15N labeled subplots. 73 7 Total dry matter, % N, and % fertilizer N from 15N labeled subplots. 74 8 Total, fertilizer, and soil nitrogen yields from 15N labeled subplots. 75 9 Total dry matter, % N, and nitrogen yield from maxi- mum uptake sampling, 1981. 76 10 Total dry matter, % N, and nitrogen yield from maxi- mum uptake sampling, 1981. 77 11 Total dry matter, % N, and nitrogen yield from maxi- mum uptake sampling, 1982. 78 12 Equations for 1981 grain yield and N yield regressed on rate of applied N fertilizer. 79 13 Equations for 1982 grain yield and N yield regressed on rate of applied N fertilizer. 80 14 Dry matter, % total N, total N yield, % fertilizer N, and fertilizer N yield for growth stage subsampling from N recovery plots at Hyslop, Hamlin, and Bronson farms. 81 15 Plant analysis data from nitrogen recovery study using N fertilizer enriched to 5 atom % I5N, 1982. 82 16 Soil analysis data from nitrogen recovery study using N fertilizer enriched to 5 atom % 15N, 1982. FERTILIZER NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY BY WINTER WHEAT IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY INTRODUCTION Recent studies (Harward et al.,1981) have monitered water quality and erosion from two watersheds in the Willamette Valley;one each in south Polk county (Elkins Road) and northPolk county. Nitrate - nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations in discharge waters at the watershed outlets averaged 8.3 mg /iover three winters (1978-81) at Elkins Road, and 24.8 mg/1 at the north Polk county location. At Elkins Road the volume of dischargewas monitored for two winters. Estimated losses were 63 and 40 kg N/ha in 1978 and 1979, respectively. Since both watersheds contained substantial wheat acreage, concern was raised about the degree to which nitrogen ferti- lizer practices contribute to these losses.
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