Socio-Religious Factors Influencing the Increasing Plausibility of Faith Healing in Ghana

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Socio-Religious Factors Influencing the Increasing Plausibility of Faith Healing in Ghana Socio-Religious Factors Influencing the Increasing Plausibility of Faith Healing in Ghana Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Philosophy I of the Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg, Department for Anthropology and Philosophy in fulfilment for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) in Social Anthropology by Adadow Yidana Born in Accra Ghana: 17.02.1973 Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Richard Rottenburg Prof. Dr. Reinhold Sackmann Mentor: Dr. James M. Thompson Date of Submission: 02.08.2013 Date of Defense: 25.06.2014 i DECLARATION STUDENT NUMBER: 210247620 I hereby declare that this Ph.D. thesis entitled ‘Socio-religious factors influencing the increasing plausibility of faith healing in Ghana’ has been compiled by me under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Richard Rottenburg, (Seminar for Ethnology), Prof. Dr. Sackmann Reinhold (Institute of Sociology), Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg. I declare that all the material presented in this thesis is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the form of reference. I declare that this is my first time of writing this thesis and it has not been previously submitted for the award of any diploma, degree, fellowship or its equivalent to any other University or Institution. Adadow Yidana Halle, 02.08.2013 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the assistance of many great individuals, this endeavour would not have been possible. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my first and second supervisors, Professor Dr. Richard Rottenburg (Seminar for Ethnology) and Professor Dr. Reinhold Sackmann (Institute of Sociology), at the Martin-Luther-University, Halle-Wittenberg. I thank them for their constructive criticism, invaluable suggestions, stimulating and demanding guidance, knowledge, friendship and generous support. This work would not have been possible without your patience and advice. To my mentor, Dr. James Thompson (Senior Research Fellow at the Graduate School “Society and Culture in Motion”), I want to thank him for all the advice and personal experience he shared with me. I am most grateful for everything. My profound appreciation and gratitude also go out to the Graduate School “Society and Culture in Motion” for research scholarship, which enabled me to carry out this work. Special thanks also go out to Dr. Hagen Findeis, the academic coordinator of the Graduate School “Society and Culture in Motion”. I thank him so much for the coordination of the supervising activities– I appreciate every bit of it. My debt of gratitude also goes to Cornelia Heimann (Seminar for Ethnology) and Oliver-Pierre Rudolph (Graduate School “Society and Culture in Motion”) for their assistance over the past three years. My appreciation also goes to all of the Senior Research Fellows at the Graduate School “Society and Culture in Motion” for their advice and suggestions during the Work-in-Progress sessions. I cannot forget to thank all of my fellow Ph.D. candidates, and would like to thank each and every one of you. In Ghana, my appreciation goes to Rev Albert Luguterah, Rev Edward Azeka, Rev Kingsley- Agye Sarpong and Pastor Charles Tuffour for all the assistance during the data-collection phase of my research in Ghana. I am grateful for all the information you provided me and for allowing me to talk to some of your followers, especially the sick and those who were healed. I am also grateful to Mustapha Issahaku and David Dokurugu Sebyam for their moral support and prayers over the years. You both are indeed true friends and colleagues. My appreciation also goes to the entire staff of the Department of Community Health and Family Medicine (School of Medicine and Health Sciences) of the University for Development Studies, Tamale, for their moral support throughout my studies. iii Special thanks also goes to my brothers and sisters; Alhaj Baba Mumuni Yidana (Department of Arts and Social Science Education, University of Cape Coast, Ghana), Dr. Mark Sandow Yidana (Department of Earth Science, University of Ghana, Legon), Goerge Mumuni Yidana (Vittim Senior High School, Tamale, Ghana), William Yidana, Peter Yidana, Kande Yidana and David Yidana for their moral support and prayer throughout this challenging period. I am very proud to have them as siblings. To my father, Chief Daniel Mumuni Yidana, and my mother, Martha Yidana, I thank them for everything. A special debt of gratitude and appreciation go out to my dear wife, Faridatu Sulemana, and children, Michael Mam-Mariba, Manal Pam-Maliba and Mubarak Puumaya, for their unwavering support, patience and willingness to manage with loneliness. iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my children, Michael Mam-mariba Yidana, Manal Pam-maliba Yidana and Mubarak Puumaya Yidana. v ABSTRACT: This study sought to explore the increasing plausibility of faith healing in Ghana. It was approached using phenomenological images of religion and economic model of rational choice theory and qualitative research model. Social problems and illness create tension, where witches and sorcerers are mostly blamed. Traditional healers continue to perpetuate this explanatory model as a pragmatic response to dealing with such fears, and as a means of maintaining order in society. The study revealed that the apparent increase in the plausibility of faith healing in Ghana is due to Pentecostal ability to appropriate local belief into their activities, which helps them entrench their positions in society. This study argues that consumers’ choice of one healing system over another is rational in view of the fact that the providers of these services do so in line with their plausibility structures. Moreover, it is speculated that once societies continue to share these beliefs, the activities of faith healers will continue to thrive. Key terms: Religion, Faith, healing, Pentecostalism, Plausibility, Charisma, Innovation, Ghana, Divine-industry, Divine-actor. KURZFASSUNG: Diese Studie bemühte sich um eine Erkundung der steigenden Glaubwürdigkeit von Geistheilung in Ghana. Dies erschloss sich mittels phänomenologischer Eindrücke von Religion, des ökonomischen Theoriemodells von rational choice und qualitativer Forschung. Soziale Probleme und Krankheit erzeugen Spannungen, für die zumeist Hexen und Magier verantwortlich gemacht werden. Traditionelle Heilpraktiker halten solche Erklärungsmodelle als pragmatische Antwort im Umgang mit auftretenden Ängsten aufrecht, wie auch als Mittel, um gesellschaftliche Ordnung zu bewahren. Ein Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung liegt in der Enthüllung, dass der offenkundige Anstieg einer Glaubwürdigkeit von Geistheilungspraktiken auf die Fähigkeit der Pfingstgemeinde-bewegung zurückzuführen ist, lokale Glaubensmodelle in ihre Handlungen mit einzubeziehen, entsprechend die eigene gesellschaftliche Stellung tiefer einzugraben. Die Position dieser Studie lautet, dass die Wahl, welche Konsumenten für ein Heilungssystem gegenüber einem anderen treffen, als rational betrachtet werden kann angesichts des Umstandes, dass Anbieter solcher Dienstleistungen im Einklang mit Plausibilitätsstrukturen handeln. Des Weiteren wird spekuliert, dass die Tätigkeiten von Geistheilern weiterhin ansteigen werden, sobald Gesellschaften solche Überzeugungen teilen. Schlagworte: Religion, Glaube, Pfingstgemeinde, Glaubwürdigkeit, Charisma, Innovation, Ghana, Göttliche Industrie, Göttlicher Akteur. vi Zusammenfassung Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war es zu untersuchen, die sozio-religiöse Faktoren verantwortlich für die zunehmende Plausibilität des Glaubens Heilung in Ghana. Dabei untersucht die Studie die Beziehung zwischen Pfingst-und traditionellen Heilmethoden in Ghana und die Umstände, unter denen Pfingstbewegung Heilung auf dem Vormarsch ist in Ghana, ein Entwicklungsland in Westafrika. Daher untersucht die Studie diese drei Bereiche: 1) die jüngste Explosion der Pfingstbewegung in Ghana, 2) warum Heilung ist ein Kern von fast allen Pfingst göttlichen Branchen in Ghana und die Umstände, unter denen die Dämonisierung der indigenen Heiler schwingt so stark unter den Menschen vor Ort, und 3) die Umstände, unter denen Pfingstbewegung Anhänger und die breite Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen glauben an Geistheilung im Allgemeinen und Pfingstkirchen Geistheilung im Besonderen. Ich stellte die Hintergrund-Informationen durch die Überprüfung der Verwendung von traditionellen Heilweisen in Ghana und die Umstände, unter denen diese Systeme eingesetzt werden. Als Teil der Überprüfung habe ich gezeigt, dass individuelle und kollektive Rückgriff auf Religion zu erklären Gesundheit und Krankheit verbundenen Probleme in ghanaischen Gesellschaften eine tägliche Angelegenheit ist. Dieses Phänomen erklärt, warum viele Menschen zum Glauben Heiler zurückgreifen, wenn sie Krankheit oder Unglück in ihrem Leben erfahren. Ich zeigte auch, dass die Beziehung, die zwischen den kolonialen Missionare und traditionellen Ärzten bereits vor der Einführung der herkömmlichen Gesundheitsversorgung in Ghana weder freundlich noch friedlich war. Dies war aufgrund der Haltung der Missionare zu den Praktikern der traditionellen Medizin, die man von Hass und Verachtung war. Die Bewertung zeigt auch, wie die Missionare, um die Aktivitäten der lokalen Heilern in ihrem Versuch, das Christentum zu verbreiten und warum sie nicht erfolgreich waren ersticken versucht. Die Unfähigkeit der Missionare an die Adresse sehr braucht die Religion, sie
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