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This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Being Dogla Hybridity and Ethnicity in Post-Colonial Suriname Iris Marchand PhD in Social Anthropology University of Edinburgh 2014 Declaration I declare that that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Part of the historical and political background information in Chapter One and parts of an earlier version of Chapter Two will appear in a forthcoming publication (Marchand 2014), and an ethnographic vignette in Chapter Four appears in a previous publication (Marchand 2012), but the text has been adapted and updated for this thesis. Text that has been used elsewhere has been referenced as such, and with its sources appearing in the bibliography. Signed: Date: 1 For my mother, Chantal Bosch 2 Abstract This thesis explores hybridity and ethnicity in Nickerie, Western Suriname. It undertakes this exploration from the perspective of doglas, Surinamese people with mixed African and Asian parentage. In Suriname’s postcolonial process of nation- building, ethnicity has been essentialized, with doglas representing a category of anomaly, but also of uncertainty. What I have termed ‘dogla discourse’ refers to the opinions, experiences and negotiations among and about doglas in Nickerie that both shored up and destabilized Suriname’s ethnic essentialism. Dogla discourse fuses and confuses ethnic categories and boundaries in its insistent hybridity. The thesis shows that being dogla does not simply align with common tropes of ‘mixed-race’. I argue that in embracing conflicting paradigms of ethnicity, doglas in Nickerie both emphasized and undermined ethnic essentialism. This was expressed in idioms of kinship and sexual relations, in notions of the pure/impure dogla body, and in the relevance and irrelevance of ‘cultural spirituality’. Furthermore, dogla discourse problematized the role of ethnicity in the enduring struggles of how to define ‘the national’ in postcolonial states. Thus, the thesis presents an ethnographic contribution to studies of ‘mixed-race’ in contexts of postcolonial nation-building, and theoretically expands conceptualizations of ‘the hybrid’. 3 Contents Figures .......................................................................................................................... 5 Acronyms ..................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 10 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 19 Research Methodology: What I Did in the Field ................................................... 60 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................... 66 PART I Making and Un-Making Ethnicity in Suriname Chapter One ............................................................................................................... 71 The Colonial Encounter with Ethnicity in Suriname: An Historical Overview Chapter Two ............................................................................................................. 104 The Ethnic Taboo and the Bouterse Taboo: National Politics and Dogla Voting in 2010 Chapter Three .......................................................................................................... 136 Names and Spaces: Identity-Mapping of Everyday Dwelling in Nickerie PART II Hybridity and Ethnic Essentialism in Nickerie’s Dogla Discourse Chapter Four ............................................................................................................ 174 “Who Lives Life Best”: Ethnic Stereotypes and Women’s Sexuality in Hindustani and Creole Families Chapter Five............................................................................................................. 205 The Wavy Curl of “Real” Doglas: Racialized Bodies and Beauty in Dogla Discourse Chapter Six ............................................................................................................... 231 “Ethnic Spirits” and Intra-Kin Rebirths: ‘Nourishing’ Cultured Bodies and Spirits in Dogla Discourse Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 259 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 271 4 Figures Figure 1: Map of Suriname .................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2: Table of the Ethnic Composition of the Surinamese Population ............................ 17 Figure 3: Mosque and Synagogue in Paramaribo .................................................................. 90 Figure 4: Tourist Postcard with Ethnic Dresses in Twentieth Century Suriname ................. 96 Figure 5: Baba and Mai Monument in Paramaribo ................................................................ 97 Figure 6: Kwakoe Statue in Paramaribo ................................................................................ 98 Figure 7: NDP Flag on Car Window, Nieuw Nickerie ........................................................ 105 Figure 8: Table of Election Results for Nickerie District .................................................... 111 Figure 9: Table of Number of Votes for the Candidates Listed for the MC in Nickerie ..... 113 Figure 10: New Front Flags on Brom .................................................................................. 117 Figure 11: 'Dogla' Flag of Four Major Parties in Surinamese Politics ................................. 118 Figure 12: Westkanaalstraat, Centre of Nieuw Nickerie ..................................................... 136 Figure 13: Google Maps of Nickerie ................................................................................... 144 Figure 14: Thomson’s Map .................................................................................................. 145 Figure 15: Street Map of Nieuw Nickerie ............................................................................ 146 Figure 16: Announcement of the GLIS Project ................................................................... 148 Figure 17: GLIS Project Asking for People’s Perceelkaart ................................................ 149 Figure 18: Rowell's Map ...................................................................................................... 156 Figure 19: Ivy’s Map(s) ....................................................................................................... 161 Figure 20: Film Posters of Wan Pipel / One People ............................................................ 180 Figure 21: Jhandis in Nickerie ............................................................................................. 252 Figure 22: Liberty/Slavery Postcard .................................................................................... 259 5 Acronyms ABOP Algemene Bevrijdings- en Ontwikkelings Partij (General Liberation and Development Party) ABS Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek (General Bureau of Statistics) ADRON Anne van Dijk Rijst Onderzoekscentrum Nickerie (Anne van Dijk Rice Research Centre Nickerie) CCN Cultureel Centrum Nickerie (Cultural Centre Nickerie) DNP De Nationale Assemblee (The National Assembly) DOE Democratie door Ontwikkeling en Eenheid (Democracy through Development and Unity) DSB De Surinaamsche Bank (The Surinamese Bank) GIS Geographical Information System GLIS Grondregistratie en Land Informatie Systeem (Ground registration and Land Information System) IOL Instituut voor de Opleiding der Leraren (Institute for the Education of Teachers) KTPI Kaum Tani Persatuan Indonesia (Indonesian Peasant Party) MC Mega Combinatie (Mega Combination) NDP Nationale Democratische Partij (National Democratic Party) NF Nieuw Front (New Front) NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPS Nationale Partij Suriname (National Party Suriname) NS Nieuw Suriname (New Suriname) NTC Nickerie Tennis Club PAR Participatory Action Research PL Pertjajah Luhur (‘Exalted Faith’ Party) PMU-GLIS Project Management Unit – GLIS (see acronym above) PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SPA Surinaamse Partij van de Arbeid (Surinamese Labour Party) SZN Streekziekenhuis Nickerie (Regional Hospital Nickerie) VA Volksalliantie (People’s Alliance) VHP Vooruitstrevende Hervormingspartij (Progressive Reform Party) VVV Verenigde Volks Vergadering
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