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INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL FOREST ACADEMY,DEHRADUN TENDU LEAVES Trade and management practices in India By Uttam Kumar Sharma Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Distribution of tree 1.2. Annual production and value 1.3. Average collection per family 2. Management Practices 2.1. Regeneration 2.2. Collection of leaves 2.3. Drying and curing of leaves 2.4. Package and storage 3. Marketing Strategies in the state of MP 3.1. Marketing strategies in the state of Madhya Pradesh 3.1.1. Tendu leaves collection and trade practice 3.1.2. Group insurance scheme 3.1.3. Incentive wages to tendu leaves pluckers 3.2. Case study of Harda district union, MP 4. Issues & Concerns 5. Steps Taken by State Governments to tackle the Concerns 1. Introduction Leaves of tree species Diospyros melanoxyion are used as wrappers of tobacco to produce bidi. This tree is commonly known as "tendu," but also called "abnus" in Andhra Pradesh, "kendu" in Orissa and West Bengal, "tembru" in Gujarat, "kari" in Kerala, "tembhurni" in Maharahstra, and "bali tupra" in Tamil Nadu. Botanical name of the tree is Diospyros melanoxyion. Off-cuts of leaves are burned and the ash is used in tooth powder. Diospyros melanoxylon leaf is considered the most suitable wrapper on account of the ease with which it can be rolled and its wide availability. Leaves of many other plants like Butea monosperma, Shorea robusta etc. also find use as Bidi wrappers in different parts of the country but the texture, flavour and workability of diospyros leaves are unmatchable. The wide-scale use of Diospyros melanoxylon leaves in Bidi industry is mainly based on their enormous production, agreeable flavour, flexibility, resistance to decay and capacity to retain fires. Tendu leaves The broad morphological characters on which leaves, are selected and catagorised for Bidi making are size, thickness of leaves, texture, relative thickness of midrib and lateral veins. 1.1 Distribution of tree : The species is abundant in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. It generally grows in dry mixed deciduous forests, occurring alongside Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis. Tendu tree Tendu leaf is an important NTFP and provides seasonal employment to millions of tendu leaf collectors every year. The trade in tendu leaves has been nationalised in all the major MFP producing states, which means that only state government or its authorised agents can procure these leaves from the collectors or growers. Bidi rolling is the primary job which is very simple and can be done at any place at any time. It is a source of subsidiary occupation and supplementary income to lakhs of poor rural folk Bidi industry provides employment to the rural population during off season for collection of bidi leaves. Obviously, bidi industry has a vital role in rural welfare and in promoting rural economy. 1.2 Annual Production and Value: Around 371,000 tons of bidi leaves of more than Rs 937 Crore are produced annually in India, of which over 90 percent is collected from Madhya Pradesh, ChhattisGarh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (Table 1). Table 1. Annual production of tendu leaves State Production Value (Million Rs) (1000 tons) Madhya Pradesh 123.0 3075.0 ChhattisGarh 74.0 1849.5 Orissa 50.0 1250.0 Maharahstra 46.0 1150.0 Andhra Pradesh 39.0 975.0 Bihar 24.0 600.0 Rajastan 6.5 162.5 Uttar Pradesh 5.0 125.0 Gujarat 5.0 125.0 Tamil Nadu 2.0 50.0 West Bengal 0.5 12.5 Total 371.0 9374.0 Reporting of tendu leaves production by States is in Standard bag unit ( 1standard bag = 1000 bundles; 1 bundle = 50 tendu leaves) Conversion factor 1 standard bag = 45 kg has been used to arrive at figures in tons The value of these leaves is based on an average price of Rs 25,000 per ton, but rates vary from state to state, according to demand, availability of leaves, and location of bidi- making industries. Madhya Pradesh is the biggest Tendu Leaves (Leaves of Diospyros melonoxylon) producing State of India. The average annual production of Tendu Leaves in Madhya Pradesh is around 25 lakh standard bags, which is nearly 25% of the total Tendu Leaves production of the country. 1.3 Average Collection per family : About 1800 bundles annually ( one bundle is of 50 Tendu leaves) The two main cash earners among NWFP, Sal (Shorea robusta) seeds and tendu (Diospyros melanoxyion) leaves, are collected primarily by women. It is estimated that more than 350,000 tonnes of tendu leaves are harvested annually by 600,000 women and children. 2. Management Practices The leaves are obtained from Tendu tree (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) belonging to Family Ebenaceae, which is endemic to Indian sub-continent. According to Troup (1921) Diospyros melanoxylon (inclusive of D. tomentosa and D. tupru) is one of the most characteristic trees of the dry deciduous forests throughout India, covering the entire Indian peninsula the area of distribution extends upto Nepal in sub-Himalayan tracts including the Indian plain, Gangetic plain, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, western coast upto Malabar and Eastern coast upto Coromandel. The plant is also met with on the Nilgiris and Serawalli hills in the south. Tendu is a slow growing plant of tree habit, but for ease of collection, the plants are pruned to retain them in the bush stage. They are abundant in degraded Sal and miscellaneous forests and also occur on wasteland adjoining forests. Tendu bushes are usually coppiced in February. The leaves then sprout and become ready for collection after about 45 days. Semi-mature leaves are collected from the first week of April to June. 2.1 Regeneration: There is wide variation in the quality of leaves from different locations. Superior-quality leaves of large size, papery texture, and inconspicuous veins fetch up to 5 times the price of inferior-quality leaves. There is, however, vast opportunity for propagating better strains artificially. About 40 percent of fresh seed germinates. Germination starts after 36 days and is complete in 80 days. It is best to raise seedlings in long narrow baskets and transplant the seedlings with the second rains. Seed can also be directly sown in lines. Under natural conditions, seed germinates in the rainy season and seedling production is plentiful. Seedlings tolerate considerable shade, but for optional development more light is required. Seedlings resist frost and drought, but are vulnerable to excessive dampness. The profusion and tenacity of root suckers ensure the survival and spread of the species without planting. For coppicing, the ideal girth of plants is 15 centimeters. Coppicing yields the best quality leaves and also facilitates easy collection. A light burning just before sprouting stimulates the dominant leaf buds and favors a better flush of numerous tender leaves. The best coppicing results are attained when stems are cut 15 centimeters above the ground, but cutting at such height is difficult. Therefore, the common practice is to cut flush with the ground Cutting occurs between January and March There is a bumper production of leaves once in four years. young tendu trees by side branch cutting 2.2 Collection of leaves: The procedure for collection and processing of tendu leaves has almost been standardised and almost the same procedure is used everywhere. The tendu plants are pruned in the months of February and March. Tree pruning or bush cutting is an important operation in the tendu leaf production process. This operation is executed directly by FD or its agents. The mature leaves are collected after about 45 days of pruning. Leaves are plucked just after they have turned from crimson to bright green and have a leathery texture Generally, collection starts from the second fortnight of April and continues until the onset of the monsoon. Bundles of 50, 70, or 100 leaves (depending on drying conditions) are assembled and tied with strings or fibers from bark. These bundles are brought by collectors to collection centers where they are processed. 2.3 Drying and Curing of leaves: Proper drying of leaves is important. Too much moisture makes the leaves black and mouldy with foul odor. Too much drying makes the leaves brittle, resulting in loss during handling. To dry, leaf bundles are spread or the ground, keeping the dorsal sides up for three to four days. The bundles are then turned upside down. Drying is complete in about 8 to 10 days. 2.4 Packing and Storage: Dried leaves are packed in gunny sacks for storage in godowns until sold or used for making bidis The number of leaves in one standard bag varies from state to state. Before filling the bags, the dried leaves are sprinkled with water to soften them and then filled tightly in jute bags and exposed to direct sunlight for 2 days. The bags, thus packed and cured can be stored till their use in Bidi manufacture. Great care is needed while plucking, curing and storage of tendu leaves. It is a sensitive product and with the slightest mistakes or oversight during any of these processes their quality deteriorates rendering them unfit for making Bidis. 3. Marketing Strategies in different states Tendu leaves trade in all the producing states is nationalized. Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Bihar are the main producer of tendu leaves and in all these states , trade in tendu leaves is nationalized. Nationalization means that State will have monopoly over trade. Different States did nationalization in different years. The primary objectives for nationalisation were – i. Stopping pilferage in government forest and other lands, ii. Provide definite value for Tendu leaves to growers, iii.
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    Social Monitoring Report Project Number: 43467-016 May 2018 Period: October 2011 – June 2017 IND: Madhya Pradesh Energy Efficiency Improvement Investment Program - Tranche 2 Submitted by: Madhya Pradesh Paschim Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Co. Ltd. (DISCOM-W), Indore This report has been submitted to ADB by Madhya Pradesh Paschim Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Co. Ltd. (DISCOM-W), Indore and is made publicly available in accordance with ADB’s Public Communications Policy (2011). It does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB. This social monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Social Monitoring Report Period- October 2011 to June 2017 Madhya Pradesh Paschim Keshtra Vidyut Vitaran Co. Limited- DISCOM-WEST, GPH, Compound, Pologround, INDORE (MP) Feeder Separation Project (M.P. Energy Efficiency Improvement Investment Program-Trench-2) Under ADB Loan-2830-IND PREPARED BY: SMS Envocare Limited Vijay Nagar, Indore 0 CONTENTS DESCRIPTION PAGE No. ABBREVIATIONS 3 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Project Background &Description 4 1.2 Purpose of Report 8 2 Project Resettlement Entitlement, Assistant & Benefits 9 2.1. Introduction 9 2.2. Cutoff Date for Entitlement 9 2.3. Entitlement Matrix 9 3 Project Impact & Implementation Status 14 3.1 Overview of Social Impacts 15 4 Compensation 16 4.1 Land Compensation 16 5 Consultation and Disclosers 17 5.1 Consultation 17 5.2 Disclosures 18 6 Grievance Redress Mechanism 19 7 Institutional Arrangements 21 8 Monitoring and Evaluation 23 8.1 Addition Benefit Under Project 23 8.2 Site Observation 24 8.3 Positive Impacts (internally & Externally) 24 9 Conclusion 26 10 Annexures 27 1 LIST OF TABLE Table No.
  • 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sr.N O. Candidate Address Mobile No Landli

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sr.N O. Candidate Address Mobile No Landli

    BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION M.P. BHOPAL LIST OF SELECTED CANDIDATES FOR CENTRAL SECTOR SCHOLARSHIP 2011-12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sr.N Candidate Name And Landli Institute Name Bank Name And Address With Bank Entitlem o.Roll No Candidate Address Mobile No ne And Address Code And IFSC Number Bank A/C No ent No. Amount File Name SATSANG NAGAR BANSAL KUTHLA PANNA INSTITUDE STATE BANK MOD KATNI RESERCHE OF INDIA TEH.KATNI,KATNI- AND SHAHNAGAR Science APOORVA 483501,Madhya TECHNOLOGY DISTT-PANNA General 1 217219891 KANKANE Pradesh 9755079707 NULL BHOPAL (MP) 3508 SBIN0003508 31906840544 11-1 10000 Merit SBI IIT PAWAI ASHIRWAD GUPTA BRANCH AADI ROOM NO 193 SANKRACHHA HOSTEL NO 3IIIT RYA MARG BOMBAY NEAR IIT MAIN Science ASHIRWAD PAWAI,BOMBAY- IIT BOMBEY GET PAWAJ General 2 211519302 GUPTA 400076,Maharashtra 0762066360 NULL PAWAI MS MUMBAI 01109 SBIN0001109 20091088843 11-2 10000 Merit BANK OF INFRONT OF BIHAJI BARODA, JI TEMPLE, CHOWK CHOWK BAZAR,CHHATARPU 07682 BAZAR Science SRAJAN R-471001,Madhya 24785 IET, DAVV CHHATARPUR General 3 212215102 KHARE Pradesh 8871782942 0 INDORE MP 012 BARB0000012 09590100011536 11-3 10000 Merit WARD NO 7 KHANGARAYA MUHAL BANSAL MAHARAJPUR,CHHA INSTITUTE OF STATE BANK TARPUR- SCIENCE AND OF INDIA, Science ABHILASHA 471501,Madhya TECHNOLOGY, PIPLANI General 4 212217974 SAHU Pradesh 8962169193 NULL BHOPAL BHOPAL 30442 SBIN0030442 20102505043 11-4 10000 Merit NEAR OF BOHRA MASZID RAJA BANK OF MOHALLA BARODA OPP HOSHANGABAD,HOS HOME GUARD HANGABAD- OFFICE Science RACHANA 461001,Madhya UIT RGPV HOSHANGABA HOSH BARB0HOSHA General 5 216722857 SHARMA Pradesh 7489055354 NULL BHOPAL D AN N 30080100003865 11-5 10000 Merit Page 1 BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION M.P.
  • Madhya Pradesh Functional

    Madhya Pradesh Functional

    Functional 24X7 PHC (BEmONC) as on June 2008 S. No. Name of District Name of BEmONC Institution Type 1 BETUL Athner CHC 2 BETUL Chicholi CHC 3 BETUL Shahpur CHC 4 BETUL Amla CHC 5 BETUL Multai CHC 6 BETUL Pr. Pattan CHC 7 BETUL Hidli PHC 8 BETUL Jhallar PHC 9 BETUL Bhoura PHC 10 BETUL Bordehi PHC 11 BETUL Barvi PHC 12 Bhopal Najirabad PHC 13 Harda Timarni CHC 14 Harda Sirali PHC 15 Harda Rahatgoan PHC 16 Hoshangabad Babai CHC 17 Hoshangabad Bankhedi CHC 18 Hoshangabad Sukhtawa CHC 19 Hoshangabad Dolaria PHC 20 Hoshangabad Jamani PHC 21 Hoshangabad Semri Herchand PHC 22 Raisen O'Ganj PHC 23 Raisen U'Pura CHC 24 Raisen Devri PHC 25 Raisen Sanchi CHC 26 Raisen G'Ganj CHC 27 Raisen Silwani CHC 28 Raisen Sultanganj PHC 29 Raisen Badi PHC 30 RAJGARH Khilchipur CHC 31 RAJGARH Sarangpur CHC 32 RAJGARH Boda CHC 33 RAJGARH Khujner PHC 34 RAJGARH Suthaliya PHC 35 RAJGARH Pachore PHC 36 RAJGARH Kurawar PHC 37 RAJGARH Talen PHC 38 RAJGARH Machalpur PHC 39 RAJGARH Chhapiheda PHC 40 Sehore Shyampur CHC 41 Sehore Bilkishganj CHC 42 Sehore Ichhawar CHC 43 Sehore Jawar CHC 44 Sehore Maina PHC 45 Sehore Budhni CHC 46 Sehore Rehati CHC 47 Vidisha Gyaranpur CHC 48 Vidisha Kurwai CHC 49 Vidisha Lateri CHC 50 Vidisha Tyonda CHC 51 Vidisha Shamshabad CHC 52 Vidisha Pathari PHC S. No. Name of District Name of BEmONC Institution Type 53 Barwani Rajpur CHC 54 Barwani Niwali CHC 55 Barwani Thikari CHC 56 Barwani Anjad PHC 57 Barwani Ojhar PHC 58 Barwani Warla PHC 59 Barwani Khetia PHC 60 Barwani Julwania PHC 61 BURHANPUR NEPANAGAR CHC 62 BURHANPUR SHAHPUR CHC 63