Understanding and Sharing Intentions: the Origins of Cultural Cognition
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Applewood Focused on Apple Varieties
- Advertisement - Applewood focused on apple varieties August 21, 2019 Applewood Fresh Growers LLC is distinguishing itself with planning for the “next best managed varieties,” according to Nick Mascari, Applewood’s president. The Michigan grower-packer-shipper is testing apple varieties in the ground as part of the work toward serving the trade with the best of oncoming special new apple varieties. “We are really looking at making a statement with managed varieties and higher-end apples.” Mascari said that, for competitive reasons, “I can’t be specific” on what is being tested, but “we have five potential new varieties in test blocks.” If those are not ready for production now, “they will be further out. We are on the forefront for new sport varieties, and new strains of old varieties, atop having new managed varieties.” Antonia Mascari was recently promoted to become 1 / 3 the vice president of marketing for Applewood Fresh Growers LLC.With this, Applewood’s sales and marketing arm is “using more data to guide growers and customers” toward the best of the apples that will be coming from Michigan. By tracking data from all growing regions on apple sales for 52 weeks a year, growers can have the best information for planning the timing of new plantings and “we can help guide our customers to have the right assortment at the right times in their stores.” Mascari said USDA statistical data shows “We are the second largest grower-shipper in Michigan. Period. Our growth in volume is due to our team. We are pleased to be the leading sales company in Michigan.” “Our quality and volume will be up this year,” he continued. -
Chimpanzees Are Rational Maximizers in an Ultimatum Game Keith Jensen Et Al
REPORTS sensitive to unfairness and punish proposers who Chimpanzees Are Rational Maximizers make inequitable offers by rejecting those offers at a cost to themselves, and knowing this, pro- in an Ultimatum Game posers make strategic offers that are less likely to be refused. Keith Jensen,* Josep Call, Michael Tomasello The ultimatum game has been used in dozens, possibly hundreds of studies, including 11 12 Traditional models of economic decision-making assume that people are self-interested rational various human cultures ( ) and children ( ). maximizers. Empirical research has demonstrated, however, that people will take into account Testing the ultimatum game on other species the interests of others and are sensitive to norms of cooperation and fairness. In one of the most would be an important contribution to the de- robust tests of this finding, the ultimatum game, individuals will reject a proposed division of a bate on the evolution and possible uniqueness of 6 monetary windfall, at a cost to themselves, if they perceive it as unfair. Here we show that in an human cooperation ( ). Chimpanzees are our ultimatum game, humans’ closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), are rational closest extant relatives and engage in cooperative maximizers and are not sensitive to fairness. These results support the hypothesis that other- behavior such as group hunting, coalitionary 13 regarding preferences and aversion to inequitable outcomes, which play key roles in human social aggression, and territorial patrols ( ). Further- organization, distinguish us from our closest living relatives. more, in experiments they have been shown to coordinate their behavior (14) and to provide help (15, 16). -
Fresh! Grade a Natural Whole Turkeys 49 1 Lb
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Outline of Michael Tomasello, a Natural History of Human Morality (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2016)
Outline of Michael Tomasello, A Natural History of Human Morality (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). John Protevi LSU HNRS 2030.2: “Evolution and Biology of Morality” I Chapter 1: The Interdependence Hypothesis A) Parallels of natural and moral cooperation 1) Natural cooperation (a) Altruistic helping (b) Mutualist collaboration 2) Human morality (a) Parallel human morality types: (i) Altruistic helping via compassion, concern, benevolence: ethic of the good / sympathy (ii) Mutualist collaboration via fairness: ethic of right / justice (b) Simplicity vs complexity (i) Sympathetic altruism is simpler and more basic: (i) Pure cooperation (ii) Proximate mechanisms: based in mammalian parental care / kin selection (ii) Fair collaboration is more complex: interactions of multiple individuals w/ different interests (i) “cooperativization of competition” (ii) Proximate mechanisms: moral emotions / judgments 1. Deservingness 2. Punishment: feelings of resentment / indignation toWard Wrong-doers 3. Accountability: judgments of responsibility, obligation, etc B) Goal of the book: evolutionary account of emergence of human morality of sympathy and fairness 1) Morality is “form of cooperation” (a) Emerging via human adaptation to neW social forms required by neW ecological / economic needs (b) Bringing With it “species-unique proximate mechanisms” or psychological processes (i) cognition (ii) social interaction (iii) self-regulation 2) Based on these assumptions, tWo goals: (a) Specify hoW human cooperation differs from other primates -
Inflated Praise Leads Socially Anxious Children to Blush
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) When gushing leads to blushing: Inflated praise leads socially anxious children to blush Nikolić , M.; Brummelman, E.; Colonnesi, C.; de Vente, W.; Bögels, S.M. DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2018.04.003 Publication date 2018 Document Version Final published version Published in Behaviour Research and Therapy Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Nikolić , M., Brummelman, E., Colonnesi, C., de Vente, W., & Bögels, S. M. (2018). When gushing leads to blushing: Inflated praise leads socially anxious children to blush. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 106, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.04.003 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:24 Sep 2021 Behaviour Research and Therapy 106 (2018) 1–7 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Behaviour Research and Therapy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/brat When gushing leads to blushing: Inflated praise leads socially anxious T children to blush ∗ Milica Nikolića, , Eddie Brummelmana,b, Cristina Colonnesia, Wieke de Ventea, Susan M. -
Empathy and Altruism. the Hypothesis of Somasia
A Clinical Perspective on “Theory of Mind”, Empathy and Altruism The Hypothesis of Somasia Jean-Michel Le Bot PhD, University Rennes 2, Rennes doi: 10.7358/rela-2014-001-lebo [email protected] ABSTRACT The article starts by recalling the results of recent experiments that have revealed that, to a certain extent, the “ability to simultaneously distinguish between different possible perspec- tives on the same situation” (Decety and Lamm 2007) exists in chimpanzees. It then describes a case study of spatial and temporal disorientation in a young man following a cerebral lesion in order to introduce the hypothesis that this ability is based on a specific process of somasia. By permitting self-other awareness, this process also provides subjects with anchor points in time and space from which they can perform the mental decentring that enables them to adopt various perspectives. This process seems to be shared by humans and certain animal species and appears to be subdivided into the processing of the identity of experienced situa- tions, on the one hand, and of their unity on the other. The article concludes with a critique of overly reflexive and “representational” conceptions of theory of mind which do not distin- guish adequately between the ability to “theorise” about the mental states of others and the self-other awareness ability (which is automatic and non-reflexive). Keywords: Social cognition, theory of mind, empathy, altruism, neuropsychology, somasia, humans, animals, mental states, decentring. 1. INTRODUCTION In their seminal paper published in 1978, Premack and Woodruff stated that “an individual has a theory of mind [ToM] if he imputes mental states to himself and others” (Premack and Woodruff 1978). -
The Origins of Grammar in Self-Modelling I Am What I Am: the Origins of Grammar in Self-Modelling
Martin Edwardes I Am What I Am: the origins of grammar in self-modelling I Am What I Am: The origins of grammar in self-modelling Language is often identified as a defining difference between humans and nonhumans; but is it a feature with its own evolutionary explanation, or is it an adjunct of some other trait, evolved for reasons only indirectly related to language? Despite Noam Chomsky‟s view that language evolved for thinking1, it is generally believed that language is a product of socialisation, the need for individuals to exchange social information. And, if we look at the social information exchanged, we see forms of modelling that are absent from signalling systems used by other animals. First, there is modelling of the relationships between others: the simple sentence Alf likes Beth requires the receiver not just to recognise a single referent or context, but to bring two conceptualised individuals together and establish a relationship between them. Second, there is modelling of events in the past and future: where other animal signalling is dominated by current events, these play only a small part in human discourse. Third, there is modelling of what-if: we can discuss not just future probabilities and past certainties, but events that are unlikely to, or did not, happen. Fourth, there is modelling of the intentions of others; and fifth, there is modelling of our own self. The question of selfhood has long been recognised as vital to understand what makes us human. Even before Darwin‟s theory of evolution by descent, Wilhelm von Humboldt stated that: … the customary demands of mankind are satisfactorily met by forces of nature and by the mechanical continuation of human activity. -
Systematically Integrating DNA Information Into Breeding: the MAB
Systematically integrating DNA information into breeding: The MAB Pipeline, case studies in apple and cherry Amy Iezzoni January 31, 2013 Cornell MSU Susan Brown Amy Iezzoni (PD) Kenong Xu Jim Hancock Dechun Wang Clemson Cholani Weebadde Ksenija Gasic Gregory Reighard Univ. of Arkansas John Clark WSU Texas A&M USDA-ARS Dave Byrne Cameron Peace Nahla Bassil Dorrie Main Univ. of Minnesota Gennaro Fazio Univ. of CA-Davis Kate Evans Chad Finn Karina Gallardo Jim Luby Tom Gradziel Vicki McCracken Chengyan Yue Plant Research Intl, Carlos Crisosto Nnadozie Oraguzie Netherlands Oregon State Univ. Eric van de Weg Univ. of New Hamp. Alexandra Stone Marco Bink Tom Davis Outline of Presentation The MAB Pipeline Apple skin color Cherry flesh color The MAB Pipeline “Jewels in the Genome” - discovering, polishing, applying QTL discovery MAB Pipelining Breeding (looks promising...) (polishing...) (assembling into masterpieces) Socio-Economics Surveys (example for apple) Washington Michigan Market Breeders Producers Producers Intermediaries Fruit flavor 43 41 23 Fruit crispness 15 23 10 Exterior color 26 Fruit firmness 6 7 5 Shelf life at retail 7 7 3 Sweetness/soluble solids 6 7 3 Sugar/acid balance 9 7 External appearance 13 No storage disorders 7 4 Disease resistance 2 5 Storage life 5 Other fruit quality…2 3 Size 3 Juiciness 2 Tartness Shape Phytonutrient Aroma % of respondents020406080100 Reference Germplasm McIntosh Melba LivelRasp Jolana Williams F_Spartan Spartan PRI14-126 Starr OR38T610 F_Williams NJ53 PRI14-226 Minnesota Delicious KidsOrRed -
Surging Secondary Market Spurs on Organics Maaking Farms Smaarter
Australian Fruitgrower Summer 2019 • Vol 13 • Issue 4 BMSB: Global spread calls for extra vigilance this season Water budgeting and scheduling Variety performance is key to profitability Surging secondary market spurs on organics Maaking farms smaarter. Tie Up Farming is an end-to-end software solution designed for the horticultural industry. UsingUi a full fll suite i of f modules, dl ourr--cloudldbdf based farm management softwaref can he help with planning, management, forecasting and budgeting of harvests, from planting to packing. > Horticulture focused > Costing + ROI > Chemical fertiliser management > Packing shed managemennt (Spray Diaryy)) > Smart dashboard - 360 ananalytics > Labour management (including harvestt)) Call us on 1300 944 318 or email us at [email protected] www.tieupfarming.com CONTENTS A P A L NEWS BIOSECURITY CEO Report ...............................................04 News – $18.6m for Vic/SA netting funding . .05 FEA TURE 12 06 BMSB: Global spread of exotic stink bug calls for extra vigilance Surging secondary this season market spurs on organics Learning from the US BMSB experience . .16 S T A T E R O UNDUP RAISING T H E BAR : R&D - LED INSIGH T S I N T O S M A R TER GROW T H State roundups . .19 FUTURE BUSINE S S Minimising the cost of doing business . .24 33 EXPORT Codling moth biocontrol with Mastrus ridens 26 Integrated pest management – steps forward . 37 Sentinel a step towards national pest surveillance . .38 Agtech drives pesticide use efficiencies . .40 Australian pears Water budget the basis for irrigation scheduling plan . .41 show promise in Finding the triggers of biennial bearing in apple . -
Tribal Social Instincts and the Cultural Evolution of Institutions to Solve Collective Action Problems
UC Riverside Cliodynamics Title Tribal Social Instincts and the Cultural Evolution of Institutions to Solve Collective Action Problems Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/981121t8 Journal Cliodynamics, 3(1) Authors Richerson, Peter Henrich, Joe Publication Date 2012 DOI 10.21237/C7clio3112453 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Cliodynamics: the Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical History Tribal Social Instincts and the Cultural Evolution of Institutions to Solve Collective Action Problems Peter Richerson University of California-Davis Joseph Henrich University of British Columbia Human social life is uniquely complex and diverse. Much of that complexity and diversity arises from culturally transmitted ideas, values and skills that underpin the operation of social norms and institutions that structure our social life. Considerable theoretical and empirical work has been devoted to the role of cultural evolutionary processes in the evolution of social norms and institutions. The most persistent controversy has been over the role of cultural group selection and gene- culture coevolution in early human populations during Pleistocene. We argue that cultural group selection and related cultural evolutionary processes had an important role in shaping the innate components of our social psychology. By the Upper Paleolithic humans seem to have lived in societies structured by institutions, as do modern populations living in small-scale societies. The most ambitious attempts to test these ideas have been the use of experimental games in field settings to document human similarities and differences on theoretically interesting dimensions. These studies have documented a huge range of behavior across populations, although no societies so far examined follow the expectations of selfish rationality. -
Michael Tomasello [March, 2020]
CURRICULUM VITAE MICHAEL TOMASELLO [MARCH, 2020] Department of Psychology & Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Duke University; Durham, NC; 27708; USA Deutscher Platz 6; D-04103 Leipzig, GERMANY E-MAIL: [email protected] E-MAIL: [email protected] EDUCATION: DUKE UNIVERSITY B.A. Psychology, 1972 UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Ph.D. Experimental Psychology, 1980 UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG Doctorate, honoris causa, 2016 EMPLOYMENT: 1980 - 1998 Assistant-Associate-Full Professor of Psychology; Adjunct Professor of Anthropology, EMORY UNIVERSITY 1982 - 1998 Affiliate Scientist, Psychobiology, YERKES PRIMATE CENTER 1998 - 2018 Co-Director, MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY 1999 - 2018 Honorary Professor, Dept of Psychology, University of Leipzig 2001 - 2018 Co-Director, WOLFGANG KÖHLER PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER 2016 - James Bonk Professor of Psychology & Neuroscience, DUKE UNIVERSITY - Director of Developmental Psychology Program - Secondary App’ts: Philosophy, Evol. Anthropology, Linguistics 2016 - Faculty of Center for Developmental Science, UNC AD HOC: 1987 - 1988 Visiting Scholar, HARVARD UNIVERSITY 1994 (summer) Instructor, INTERNATIONAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE INSTITUTE 1994 (summer) Visiting Fellow, BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1995 (spring) Visiting Professor, UNIVERSITY OF ROME 1996 (spring) Visiting Professor, THE BRITISH ACADEMY 1998 (spring) Visiting Scholar, MPI FOR PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 1999 (summer) Instructor, INTERNATIONAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE INSTITUTE 2001 (winter) Instructor, LOT (DUTCH GRADUATE -
Animal Communication Animals Are Smarter Than You Think
Animal Communication Animals are smarter than you think. Joseph Poulshock, PhD It’s not going to be Planet of the Apes any time soon. But animal communicators are still amazing. Key Words/Outline Design Features Animals? • Duality--二重性 Main ! Point • Birds and Duality Vervet Monkeys • Arbitrariness--恣意性 Animals can communicate. They can use symbols or calls to • communicate with each other. When working with humans, • Gray Parrots • Displacement --転位; Stimulus Freedom they can learn to communicate with humans and use human • Koko the Gorilla --刺激反応自由 language in surprising ways. • Lucy the Chimp • Structure Dependence --構造依存性 Kanzi • • Creativity--創造性 • Rico and Chaser • Recursion --帰納 (反復) Once upon a time, N’kisi: Gray Parrot Alex a lady went for a walk, and she met a parrot. The parrot said: N'Kisi is a gray parrot. • New York times, reporting on the death • of Alex. • Aimee Morgana is N’kisi’s human. • He learned more than 100 English • Morgana claims N'Kisi knows 950 words. words. Dr. Irene Pepperberg & Griffin Parrots The Vervet Monkey • Vervet have a special alarm call for each enemy. • Talking birds show the design feature of duality. • A “rraup” for eagles/hawks. • They can learn many words and phrases. • ワシ • Do they produce words and phrases based on structural rules, or • A “chutter” for snakes. are they memorizing chunks? • ヘビ • A “chirp” for lions/leopards. Can Monkeys Talk? • ライオン/ヒョウ The Vervet Monkey Vervet Monkeys • Specific calls for each predator. • They use alarm calls to escape predators. Chimps and Hawk! Run to the center of the tree. Each call shows a different kind of • danger.