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Proposed One-Minute Rain Rate Conversion Method for Microwave Applications in Korea

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Proposed One-Minute Rain Rate Conversion Method for Microwave Applications in Korea J. lnf. Commun. Converg. Eng. 14(3): 153-162, Sep. 2016 Regular paper Proposed One-Minute Rain Rate Conversion Method for Microwave Applications in Korea Sujan Shrestha and Dong-You Choi*, Member, KIICE Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea Abstract Microwave and millimeter waves are considered suitable frequency ranges for diverse applications. The prediction of rain attenuation required the 1-min rainfall rate distribution, particularly for data obtained locally from experimental measurement campaigns over a given location. Rainfall rate data acquired from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for nine major sites are analyzed to investigate the statistical stability of the cumulative distribution of rainfall rate, as obtained from a 10-year measurement. In this study, we use the following rain rate conversion techniques: Segal, Burgueno et al., Chebil and Rahman, exponential, and proposed global coefficient methods. The performance of the proposed technique is tested against that of the existing rain rate conversion techniques. The nine sites considered for the average 1-min rain rate derivation are Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, Busan, Seogwipo, Seoul, Ulsan, Incheon, and Chuncheon. In this paper, we propose a conversion technique for a suitable estimation of the 1-min rainfall rate distribution. Index Terms: 1-Minute rain rate, Microwave communication, Rain rate model I. INTRODUCTION application to the prediction of experimental local data remains challenging [2]. Efforts to localize rain attenuation The advancement of technologies in the fields of satellite models however depend on the knowledge of the rainfall communications, multimedia applications, the Internet, and rate and the experimental data for the chosen location. The mobile communications has increased the demand for a high data further enhance the development of the local rain data transmission rate. Consequently, in the field of data attenuation model. In this paper, the experimental result of transmission technology, the emphasis has shifted to high- rainfall rate statistics of certain selected locations of Korea frequency microwave bands. However, the problem of rain is described. According to climatologists, recently, major is significant for operation frequencies of more than 10 GHz. cities in Korea have experienced unusually heavy rainfall, A reduction in the transmitted signal amplitude because of which might be attributed to urban heat island phenomena an atmospheric mechanism such as the absorption and [3]. A comprehensive effort for the characterization of scattering of radio waves results in rain attenuation [1]. the 1-min rainfall rate has been made by International Further, a communication system designer faces a problem Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Study in the prediction of the effects of rain on radar and the Group 3 (ITU-R, formerly the CCIR). Moreover, to convert remote sensing of a location on or above the Earth’s surface. a relatively high integration time’s rainfall data to the Although numerous rain attenuation models exist, their equivalent 1-min distribution, various procedures have been ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Received 05 July 2016, Revised 06 July 2016, Accepted 02 August 2016 *Corresponding Author Dong-You Choi (E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +82-62-203-7060) Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Chosun University, 309, Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea. Open Access http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jicce.2016.14.3.153 print ISSN: 2234-8255 online ISSN: 2234-8883 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright ⓒ The Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 153 J. lnf. Commun. Converg. Eng. 14(3): 153-162, Sep. 2016 enforced considering the relevant physical, analytical, and RSC) method is used for the conversion of the rainfall rate empirical models [4]. Because of the experimental statistics from a long integration time to a 1-min integration dependence and for simplicity, in this study, empirical time. This method is based on the simulated movement of models are selected as an appropriate method for rain cells over a virtual rain gauge, during the given determining the distribution of the rainfall rate at the 1-min integration time T, whose translation velocity depends on integration time. Further, in this paper, we emphasize on the both the type of precipitation and the observation period. difference between the measured rainfall rate statistics and The rainfall conversion is obtained using a virtual rain the ITU-R P.837-6 [5] model along with the applicable gauge according to the local mean yearly wind velocity, empirical nature methods. which is extracted from the ERA-40 database. The The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section II prediction approach is based on the annual rainfall amount presents a brief overview of the predicted point rainfall rate. of the convective type and the stratiform type along with the The experimental setup is described in Section III. Section probability of 6-hr rainy periods. Depending on the type of IV highlights the performed regression analyses for the precipitation, rain structures appear to move mostly because applicable empirical methods. Similarly, Section V details of the wind speed (convective rain) or because of the time the performance evaluation of the proposed technique. evolution (stratiform rain) [14]. The theoretical concept of Finally, Section VI draws some useful conclusions. this model is explained using a physical model-based methodology in [15] and in an update of Recommendation ITU-R P.837-5, Annex 3 [5]. EXCELL RSC is globally II. REVIEW OF SELECT 1-MIN RAIN RATE applicable and has strong physical soundness for CONVERSION MODELS measurements with an arbitrary integration time, T. The effectiveness of the EXCELL RSC model was tested using Several studies have been conducted to measure the effect various error analyses against other global models in [16], of this natural phenomenon on the radio propagation path where the EXCELL RSC model was found to be suitable for above 10 GHz, using the various rain attenuation statistical the estimation of the 1-min rainfall rate. models either globally or locally. Further, a considerable Several researchers around the globe have proposed amount of research work has been carried out in this area regional rainfall rate models. These rainfall rate models over the years locally [3, 6-10]. Interestingly, the have been developed from empirical equations using the experimental duration of the rainfall rate data is relatively results of field measurements collected over a long period of low, and more research needs to be carried out to ensure a time [12]. Similarly, the mathematical theory based on the reliable signal transmission. Furthermore, the rainfall rate principles for de-integrating a T-min experimental research carried out in the neighboring country Japan [11] probability distribution (pd) into the corresponding 1-min pd relies on the thunderstorm ratio and the regional climatic is presented in [17]. However, there is a need for more parameters of only one location of Korea as Daejeon. efficient propagation planning, based on the use of the Because of the variations in the performed experiment, this number and the duration of rain events along with the model has not been analyzed, but the exponential nature of fraction of the rain time. The experimental system used by rain rate variation has been studied. Rainfall rate models are Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) provides the classified into global and localized rainfall rate models [12]. experimental record only for the 1-min rainfall amount as Global rainfall rate models depend on climatic parameters discussed later in this paper. Despite the numerous models and geographical locations. In this study, we consider the proposed thus far, empirical techniques have been selected proposed global coefficient values as listed in [13], which due to its simplicity as they are all based on conversion extend global coefficients value’s application to rain rate coefficients determined by means of measured data and their conversion methods in temperate, tropical, and cold climates, simple formulation, which allows one to extend their along with the ITU-R P.837-6 [5] method. ITU-R P.837-6 applicability to more than one climatic regions. Empirical contains the software that implements the conversion of rain conversion techniques provide analytical laws expressing rate statistics with different integration times, adopted by the relationship between equiprobable rain rate values with Study Group 3 in Recommendation P.837-6, Annex 3. Of the available 1-min and T-min integrated distributions [4]. the two operational modes as recommended in the software, In this study, we test the applicability of the following Mode A is chosen for inputting data for various times and empirical conversion methods: the Segal method [18], percentage rain rate values. Similarly, the latitude and which provides a systematic approach for obtaining a longitude information of the sites along with various source specified number of rain zones in countries such
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