otiGAN OF THE MOZAMBrouE LIBERATION v ' 1-flELiiMiP
REVOLUTION
JUNE 25 MOX/1MBII1M- REVOLUTION
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE MOZAMBIQUE LIBERATION FRONT FRELIMO
INDEPENDENCE ISSUE N.o61 DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION - FRELIMO LOURENQO MARQUES PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE
CONTENTS
Editorial: With our People's victory over colonialism and the establishment of the independent State of Mozambi- que, a new phase of struggle has begun Page 1 FRELIMO delegations visit five socialist countries Pages 3 and 4 President Samora in Tanzania and Zambia, two bastions of support and solidarity during the armed struggle against Portuguese colonialism Page 5 In the month which preceded independence our President toured Mozambique, holding meetings with the People in every province from the Rovuma to the Maputo. Pictures of the tour. Pages 6 to 8 Independence was marked by celebrations and cultural activities throughout the country. Report and pictures Pages 9 to 12 The National Anthem of the People's Republic of Mozam- bique Page 13 Proclamation of Independence and the birth of the People's Republic of Mozambique. Full text Pages 14 to 16 By decision of FRELIMO'S Central Committee Comrade Sa- mora Moises Machel was entrusted with the task of Pre- sident of the People's Republic of Mozambique. Declara- tion of the CC, read by Comrade Marcelino dos Santos, Vice-Presideflt of FRELIMO Page 17 The President's Message to the Nation on Independence Day . Pages 18 to 23 The Constitution of the PRM.. Pages 24 to 27 The first Council of Ministers of the PRM ...... Page 28 El
..,„, uro r «mauw,, of the People's Republic of Mozambique on June 25, 1975, the revolutionary process in our country entered a new phase, the phase of People's Demo- cracy, during which the lessons of the liberated zones during ten years of armed struggle ...in K- applied at the level of the nation. We are now engaged in the task of destroying an instrument of exploitation and oppression, serves the interests of the working masses. This phase will be a period of intense struggle. National independence was a precon- dition for the destruction of the system of capitalist exploitation in our country; but inde- pendence by itself does not destroy exploitation, and after June 25 millions of Mozam- bicans living outside the zone liberated during the armed struggle continued to be oppressed by the eld system. Ihj ei^my, his guns silenced, continued to use every means at his
x;But ft was in order to destroy exploitation and establish j*&bji>|jrSF Democratic Power throughout Mozambique that FRELIMO fought Portuguese colonialism. To allow a handful Of old and new exploiters to thwart this goal would be tovbetrqy all those who suffered and died in the war, indeed to betray every w^ehaj^;e)(|^" peasant in Mozambique. It woukfHbe etd turn ow vfcUKyJnta a new situation, therefore, demanded that we implement the policies of FRELIMO and transform our revolutionary objectives into reality with the minimum of delay. To this end certain measures have already been
All land _has bee|^^^^i|^^^|^^ is controlled by the O
The colonial educational system is being dismantled. Under this system the type _. education a child received depended on the colour of his skin and the wealth of his parents. There were private schools run by exploiters to create new exploiters. There were mis- sionary schools to produce docile, mystified Mozambicans who would serve the exploi- ting class without complaining. Now all schools have become the property of the State and education is based on the principle that books and study are tools to be used for the of our
All hospitals, clinics and consulting rooms now belong to the People. The colonial-capi- talist health system served to enrich private doctors while the majority of the population were denied a basic medical service because they were too poor to pay. Now, private medical practice has been abolished and the State is building a medical service which will cater for all, regardless of wealth. Private lawyers, whose services were available only to the rich, have been banned practising and the whole judicial system is being changed to conform with our tionary objectives. Funerals were used by the colonial bourgeoisie to divide, exploit and humiliate the People, by creating different classes of burial and forcing even the poorest bereaved families to pay crippling sums. This form of exploitation has also been stopped. The Government has taken over all funeral parlours and a uniform price has been fixed. These initial shots in the battle against injustice and inequality have removed land and the basic services from the area of exploitation, placing them firmly in the hands of the People. This has guaranteed immediate benefits for the People and created the conditions for na- tional development according to FRELIMO's revolutionary line but it has also sharpened the contradictions between the labouring classes and the enemies of progress and social justice. Heightened vigilance is therefore necessary at this time to combat any attempts by the enemy to sabotage national and ideological unity and deflect the course of the Revolution. And in this respect, the People themselves, organised throughout the country in «Grupos Dinamizadores», play the crucial role. These groups, through which, the People are gaining political experience and democratic control over their day to day lives in towns, villages and places of work, are soon to be supplemented at national level by organisations of workers, peasants and youth, as a result of decisions taken by the meeting of the Cen- tral Committee between June 19 and 21 this year. The People's democratic organisations are vital institutions in the struggle to cement unity, increase production and ensure vigilance. Equally vital are the Mozambique People's Liberation Forces, who are a force not only for national defence but also for production and political mobilisation. The FPLM, without whose heroism and sacrifices our country would still be under colonial domination, bring to the new struggle an incomparable ri- chness of combat experience. fctfs^^t»''•iS-JB'xSi'.yXsV -i"'-;;.•••<*.- {• ?-•>. Thp maaaiVAC taken seon far arae onlnnl\y aa hpninninbeginningn . AhaarAheadi liliee ninantir-gigantic tacb-taskcs inin inr-roacinincreasinng lie justice and establishing democratic methods of in the fields of agriculture, industry and commerce. And what makes these tasks particularly tough is the catastrophic situation bequeathed to our country by colonialism, a situation characterised by poverty, illiteracy and unemployment for the many and wealth and privileges for the few. We found the bank vaults empty, the country bled white. But despite this situation we have no doubt of our victory. During ten years of armed Struggle FRELIPvlO faced an implacable enemy backed by the armaments, money and pro- paganda of imperialism, but our motto never changed: Victory is certain! Bp^ri'':'2-''*'':"-">-"' ^> '•••""''•-• Today we recognise the tremendous difficulties that will be encountered in fulfilling the obligations enshrined in the Constitution of our People's Republic, in destroying the basis ^llglgp Of poverty and eliminating underdevelopment But FRELIMO pledges today that there will be no retreats or compromises, no let up in the battle against exploitation, no rest until our goals are reached. We shall not fail to -£l|$jj^iui£'vtp the expectations of our People, nor the fears of our enemies.
&5SK; 'j^ZKff ^*. Hfc**^«-% STRONGER LINK: ALSS the period of Transitional Go- ...... ».n in Mozambique, FRELIMO delegations led by our President Comrade Samora Machel, made im- portant visits to five of the socialist countries, whose vanguard parties, go- vernments and peoples displayed exemplary internationalist solidarity with the Mozambican People during the long years of armed struggle. In December last year one of these legations visited the Gernuin Demo- cratic Republic and the Socialist Republics of Bulgaria and Romania; in reoruary and iviarch this year Pre- sident Samora led another to the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Ko- rea. These visits, which included dis- cussions with Party and Government leaders in each of the countries, re- sulted in the strengthening of existing links of political solidarity and impor- tant new agreements on future eco- nomic co-operation. ft: President Samora Machel pre- sents a Mozambican carving to Kim II Sung, Head of State of the Democratic People's Republic of • Below: The President of FRELIMC in Peking with Prime Minister Chou En-lai of the People's Re- public of China. The FRELIMO delegation in S c6*^ President Samora with Nicolae Ceausescu, Secre'ary-General of the Romanian Communist Party and President State Council. Right: the President with Erich Honecker, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of tte GDR PRESIDENT SAMORA TOURS TANZANIA AND In May th gation led by the President of FRELSMO. Comrade Samora Machel, toured Tanza- nia and Zambia, two countries whose Peoples were constant companions in our struggle against Portuguese colonialism. During these tours the delegation took part in a number of public meetings marked by the same spirit of militant soli- darity which characterised our relations during the armed struggle. Addressing the meetings President Samora acknowledged that the Peoples of these two countries, . in performing their revolutionary duty and giving total support to our struggle, had placed themselves in the front line as tar- gets for the enemy's bombs and bullets, suffering death, injury and privation. But by joining hands with the Mozambican People and participating in the liberation of Mozambique they had extended the base for the African Revolution. "All small pockets of colonialism which have resisted up to now will be destroyed," said President Samora. "We want to say thank you not only in the name of Mozambique — but also in the name of Africa." Right: President Samora in Tanzania with President Nyerere. Below: at a rally in Zambia with President ICaiinHo In the last few weeks of the life of the Transitional Government the President of FRELIMO, accompanied by the Vice-President and other militants, made a tour of each of Mozambique's ten provinces, begin- ning in Cabo Delgado in the north on May 24 and en- ding on June 23 in the capital, Lourenco Marques, in the southernmost province of Maputo. iSVv.*£^_* For thee MozambicaMozamhiran Raunlirtl/tRevolutiontfti^^tt^^oUrn *!,„ •»-- -'«-£~:---; -: ^ |« had valuable consequences, securing significant ad- vances on two key fronts. Firstiy, it served to em*- phasize that no region, no ethnic, tribal or religious group, occupies a special or privileged place in our country. Thus the tour reinforced and consolidated national unity from the Rovuma to the Maputo, the essential weapon in the struggle to liberate Mozam- jique. Secondly, ^-'pflind^^&ig orientation db(F% — FRELIMO were conveyed to the whole population in a more direct way than ever before, through the matf - who k:d the armed struggle to victory and who. as &l President, symbolises these principles and that orien- tation. A collection ci^*#jjjfai^^fa^i dent Samora during this tour at meetings with the People iliroughout the country is already being pre- pared, and wiH be published soon. • ^* •$*.* ;?• *-'*" * :jf Bfc " - '*'-' Mfc 'i#-' "-*" *•'.-,?''•"' « V- ~ 4 & '^!*-t»'4|St£l s^ *3 >••* S» f ,-: Pfc» s*s; President Samora addressing a mass meeting in Nampula B^'-";?3^1 ^ 6 *->j i.lLk.'~-J v ., J6iM '**^r Marino ck,s Santos at In Cabo Delgado, the President meets two veterans cf the ar.ried struggle ted during the armed struggle The President inspects a guard-of-honour on his arrival in Louren?o Marques on June 23 T8ON CELEBRATES From June 21 until June 29 the total independence of Mozambique, pro duct of ten years of armed struggle against Portuguese colonialism, was celebrated in every town, village and house from the Rovuma to the Ma- puto. Everywhere homes and streets were decorated with banners and posters, watchwords of FRELIMO and s^ognns hailing independence With tha active participation of the Mozambique People's Liberation For- ces, the People expressed their joy in all types of festivity — notably per- formances of revolutionary drama ; Revolutionary spectacles were per- formed in the city's cinemas and in the suburbs, culminating in a Festi- vaLpf Youth presented by the "c> tinuadores" — the youngsters will coniinue the Revolution. On June 23 the President of LIMj, Comrada S.imora Machel, and the Vice-President, Comrade Marce- lino dos Santos, arrived in Lourenco Marques after a tour of the country which took in every province. About half a million people lined the route from the airport to the Presidential residence to witness the occasion Joyful festivities continued in th suburbs for hours afterwards. (Continued on Page Top: Independence Day parade in Beira. Centre: Historic;]! drama in Quelimane. Bottom Traditional dancing in Chimoio. of the —_~- On the night of June 24 Mozambi- announcing the birth of the People's of the Women's Detachment and cans all over the country gathered Republic of Mozambique. niambers of the naval wing. Before to bear witness to the ceremonial the parade began the FPLM were termination of Portuguese colonial On the morning of June 25, the 13th presented by the President with their rule, and to usher in the new era a:i:iivcr3ary of the founding of FRE- flag — a red banner bearing the na- beginning at midnight. At that mo- LiiVi J, the Vice-President announced ;iom! emblem in gold. ment, the Portuguese flag was lo- r.; ci ceremony in the Lourenco Mar- wered on every flagpole and the new :;;jcs Town Hall that the Central Thj day's official celebrations ended flag of the People's Republic of Mo- Ou^v.i.ee of FRELIMO had decided in the evening with a State Banquet zambique was raised in its place. to entrust Comrade Samora Machel given by the President of the Repub- In Lourengo Marques this ceremony wit!) the task of President of the lic in the name of the Mozambican was held at Machava Stadium, on People's Republic of Mozambique;. People, for the delegations from for- the outskirts of the city, were thou- A'ter his investiture President Sa- eign governments and organizations sands of Mozambicans and dozens nora delivered a message to the wiio had been invited to participate of foreign delegations watched repre- Nation, b:o:idcast throughout the in the Independence festivities. sentatives of the three wings of the country by radio Among those present were the Chair- Poraiguose armed forces lower their man of the Organisation of African national flag for the last time in our In the afternoon, about 15,000 Mo- U:iky, President Siad Barre of Soma- country, after which the flag of Mo- zambicons — men, women and chil- ii;;; the Prime Minister of Tanzania zarnbique was raised by a veteran dren, workers, peasants, students and Vice-President of TANU, Rashid FRELIMO combatant. There was a and militants of the FPLM — took I'awawa; the Secretary-General of 31 -gun salute and a battalion of the p v; i:i ;: grand parade before the the Zambian United National Inde- Mozambique People's Liberation For- President, foreign gues's and hun- pendence Party, Grey Zulu; and the C33 and a company of the Mozam- d-crL-; o? thousands of local people, Prime Minister o; Portugal, Vasco bique Police Corps presented arms hi t/io parade — which was led by Go:ica!ve3. In his speech at the as the National Anthem was played. t*!Q "conlmiodores" — were about banquet President Samora expres- On the platform-of-honour the Presi- 2~!0 vehicles decorated to depict va- jod the Mozambican People's great dent and the Vice-President of FRE- -ious aspec'.s of the exploitation and joy in receiving the representatives LIMO saluted the flag. £ oppression of our People under Por- of so many forces which were at colonialism. The finale was our side in the most difficult hours, Then, in the name of the Mozambi- a marc'n-past by elements of the and his regret that it had not been can People, President Samora read FPLM, including regular forces, ar- possible to receive all our friends the Proclamation of Independence, i units, a section and comrades at this moment. Mozambique People's Liberation Forces in Independence Day parade in Lourenco Marques. U ' M U V/** MUNDD *>..ijaf • • ^ <**. '* -,>r w if-*jj# . »;-*,K -1- -^. s% . j Above: Mozambican workers march in the Independence Day parade in Lourenco Marques. ), .S^Btlyw'/of.^youin..'': Bel°Wi, Pre8ident Swnora with President Siad Barre of Somalia, Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity, at the State Banquet in the evening of Independence Day. :.fV'-,:.-.-;,:?,x'gs " ^V«5f.-i. •**•* '**%¥' . ^ **- " I 12 NATIONAL ANTHEM Viva viva FRELIMO Guide of the Mozambican People Heroic People who, gun in hand, toppled colonialism. All the People united From the Rovuma to the Maputo Struggle against imperialism And continue and shall win Viva Mozambique Viva our flag, symbol of the Nation, Viva Mozambique For thee your People will fight United with the whole world Struggling against the bourgeoisie Our Country will be the tomb Of capitalism and exploitation The Mozambican People Workers and peasants Engaged in work Shall always s^roduce wealth MSI The FRELIMO Central Committee's Nlirtoric proclamation, read by President Scmora Maehel at Machava Stadium, Lourenco Marques, Ort"'JunW;::J|[^*tfl75^. >** "Mozaml The :btflta|^6jf repression arid Workers and peasants, workers .hi the terror it TM»uifed, the cultural obsct plantations, in tBe.saW^onitls and in fhe tism systematically and deliberately aim- concessions, workers ;,ia, 'the mineV, in; ed at uprooting people from their envi- the railways, in the harbours and in the ronment, the cold-blooded spreading factories, intellectuals, civil servants, of alcoholism and other vices, prosti- students, Mozambican ^oSieirs ' jur Qte tution;'-the establishment of racism with Portuguese army, men and women, its inherent complexes, the programmed young people, compatriots: division of the people on the basis of "'( ' religion, and ethnic and regional origin, " %3^ of tOl of you, the systematisation of passive and sub- ^fw-^^V'. missive behaviour towards colonialism, IELIMO today solemr ^tt6 ^eractive-^oppeTt of the churches, the general armed insurrection of the •: j«e^ fcslb^of jbs various methods used Mozambican people against Portuguese by foreign domination to stifle the cre- colonialism, for the conquest of Mo- ative ability of the masses, and keep ^ coniplete Jnde- 'them' divided and impotent. However, if colonialism succeeded in struggle will not cease until the its purpose of conquest and domina- complete liquidation of Portuguese colo- tion, it did not manage to dominate the nialism. spirit of the masses and destroy their desire for freedom. The more blind from the Rovuma to the the repression the more hatred was aroused against the barbarian aggres- sors. The greater the oppression and Mozambique! humiliation, the stronger became the The birth of the People desire for freedom. The more brutal PlCS Long live F the exploitation and plunder, the more powerful grew the desire for revolution. dus of workers abroad, and protes Throughout the whole historical process mdvemettts wete Organised hi the urbai ^otds tbajt almost of the war of conquest, the Mozam- areas. eleven years ago, oil 25 th{' September bican People everywhere continually 1964, the Central Cw^mttbe of fRE- rose heroically against colonial greed. The t onialism intd LIMO issued thjj^^w^Vyprt^ From the resistance of -Mpnonjojapl* did not succeed in sti for the launching of the general armed to the insurrection of Barue, Mozam- fling the determination of the People insurrection against Portuguese colo- bican history can pride_ itself o__ n the Throughout the country, mothers edu •*'*^^ : •*- ' vJii \* " >-;V/v;^ •;.'... nialism and imperialism. glorious feats rpf- jthe maSe^in their <*& tneir children in the traditions stniggle^-^d^do^ii^fefede- ;"WtJo«Al resistance. This watchword met with a deep res- pendence. Tliis. ;h*Stenc resistance of ponse from among the broad masses the People owed its defeat exclusively - Ifle;JSguidation nazism, the creatioi continuing humiliation. The and Asian peoples, all stimulated na bican found himself deprived of his colonial dor national personality, his civilisation and entrenched throughout the territory, culture completely denied and despised, opposition to foreign domination per- Though still disorganised, there were his habits and customs ridiculed, trans- sisted and was even intensified: there popular uprisings like those in Muedt formed into an enslaved foreigner in were successive revolts against the colo- and Xinavane. The bloodshed of th( his own country. nial administration, an increasing exo- workers who were imprisoned, depor 14 s glorious and unforgettable f we venerate, that the Mo/ani- bican people consolidated their real unity, structured their organisation and, having exhausted peaceful means, laun- ched the armed struusile for national liberation. LIMO, guided by the political line clear in the formulation of objectives and in the definition of the enemy, that the Mozambican people defeated the Portuguese colonial army. Mozambicaita; Workers, peasants, Mozambican, jpeople, In the name of all of you, at 00 hours today, 25th June 1975, the Central Committee of FRELIMO solemnly pro- claims the total and complete Indepen- dence of Mozambique, and the crea- Ref The newly-born Republic is the - cretisation of the aspirations of all Mo- zambicans, the extension to the whole country of the freedom already con- jf Mozambiqu$£?Oii June 25, a few minutes after midnight. Comrade Samora quered during the liberation armed nt of FRELIMO, reads the Proclamation of Independence. struggle in some areas of our country, the product of the sacrifices of natio- nalist fighters, the whole Mozambican ted, massacred;" served •',;.' In two years, under the watchword of f our victory. to increase national ^consciousness. .unity and struggle against Portuguese colonialism and imperialism, FRE- from the It was in this context that on 25 June LIMO created the necessary conditions blood of the people. Its consolidation 1962, Mozambican patriots, under the £or-th£ liberation struggle to go over and development is a debt of honour leadership of Comrade Eduardo Chi- to the phase of general armed insurrec- for every patriotic and revolutionary vambo Mondlane, launched a new and tion, thus cementing and making opera- Mozambican. victorious phase of national resistance: tive die unity achieved. ^ the creation of FRELIMO, which made The sovereign and independent People's possible the Mozambican people's or- .leadership of HtjE- Republic of Mozambique is a People's ganised and united straggle. LIMO and integrated in the ranks of Democratic State, in which all patriotic FRELIMO that the Mozambican peo- strata under the leadership of the al- The creation ol FRELIMO provided pie redeemed the blood spilled over .,;-^l*^''"-«& '..&$$& and workers are ' the decisive and fundamental weapon generations, regained command of their engaging themselves in the struggle to of unity for the Mozambican people's own history, made useful the sacrifice destroy the vestiges of colonialism and fight. FRELIMO, rooting itself in the of their own lives, destroyed the en- imperialist dependence, to eliminate the purest traditions of the age-old struggle emy's vital forces, fully affirmed their system of exploitation of man by man, of the Mozambican working masses, African revolutionary personality, and and build the new material, ideological, assuming the true interests of the broad imposed defeat on the colonial-fascist political, cultural, social and adminis- exploited, oppressed and humiliated trative base of the new society. strata, was able to clearly define the re il aims and methods of the fight for It was under the leadership The People's Republic of Mozambique, liberation. dent Comrade Eduardo Chivambo a State of the Mozambican working 15 people will be guided by FRELIMO, always closely linked with the life conscience and the right of ever an instrument for the organisation and the interests of the masses. zen to practise a religion or not. the mobilisation of the Mozambican People in the struggle for national libe- The State will promote knowledge and Born of the liberation struggle for na- ration, which shall continue to guide revitalisation of Mozambican culture tional independence, the People's Re- the People in the new phase of the and will spread it nationally and inter- public of Mozambique is in fundamental struggle for the building of the people's nationally, as a part of the consolidation solidarity with national liberation move- democratic State, for rebuilding the of national unity and as an essential ments, and militant internationalism is nation, for liquidating the exploitation part a basic constant of its national and of man by man. ternational policies. |»MEI5£i£Wi-v-'V *'. - <• - "•• ~I~£'^'5R&- • At all levels the primacy of Party e People's Republic of Mozambique _ rds itself as an integral part of decisions and structures over those of ; out of the Government will be affirmed. mankind's oppressed peoples and clas- features of colonialism and underde- ses fighting to change the world and to velopment, will be a major concern. establish a new and just social order. The Mozambique People's Liberation The People's Republic of Mozambique Forces under the leadership of FRE- will extend the network of health ser- The People's Republic of Mozambique LIMO, educated and forged in the vices throughout the country, partic- has as its natural allies the socialist liberation and class struggle, is part ularly into the rural areas, with the countries, which constitute a liberated of our People's vanguard, their armed aim of benefiting the working masses, area of mankind, the young States, in whig, a force for the mobilisation of particular African countries committed the broad masses, an instrumen^fjft fo r • • * '•' *< *3M£££Lf with the national liberation movement hi national reconstruction, and fundamen- >ne of the main fronts of anti-imperi- tally a conscious revolutionary force alist struggle, the democratic and pro- ssive forces, the working masses of In the process 01 The People's Republic of Mozambique, of the new society, with agriculture as born of a long, hard and difficult strug- its base and industry as the propelling gle, learned and appreciates the value factor, relying upon its own forces and of peace. It will therefore undertake supported by its natural allies, the with no hesitations a policy aimed at People's Republic of Mozambique will establishing a genuine peace based on build a prosperous and independent justice, and here and now declares advanced economy, ensuring the control itself to be in favour of a general and over its natural resources for the benefit complete world disarmament. Because of the masses, progressively applying of the particular responsibility due to the just principle of to each according The People's Republic of Mozambique jts geographic position, the People's to ing IUV JLM/f/lVO 1-VWJt/Ul/UW \Jl ITlvuulluufuw ,,..»» .• will have political and administrative The People s Republic of Mozambique, Mozambicans, women and men. structures designed to apply the prin- by following FRELIMO's political line, ciple of People's Democratic Power, in will be engaged in the struggle for the This is the first State in which power which the democratically appointed emancipation of woman, for her total belongs to us, this is our own country representatives of the working masses liberation from the diverse forms of born out of the plunder, ruins, sacri- will exercise power at all levels. traditional and capitalist oppression, so fices> and bloodshed. that she may recover her role as a EDUCATION- citizen enJ°yin8 ful1 ng11*8 in our soci' We salute our flag, symbol of our vic- ety, and so giving all her -—'• tory, and we salute its honourable insig- The objective public civic and social contribution. nias of study, work, and struggle. of Mozambique is the cultural wellbeing of all citizens, to achieve which it will The Pe°Ple s. ^public of Mozambique United under the leadership of FRE- promote the spread of education at all regards special protection of war wid- LIMO from the RoVuma to the Ma- levels through democratisation guided ows and orphans, as well as people puto, dedicated to the liberating work by the State, the wiping out of elitism crippled by war, as an absolute duty that is the basis for all things, with and discrimination hi education based of all Mozambicans. They are a sym- the banner of vigilance raised high,' on wealth, and the formation of a new bol of the sacrifices offered by millions let us build, consolidate and develop popular and revolutionary mentality in of Mozambicans during the period of our State, and our Power, and our the new generation. colonial domination and of the struggle for national liberation. LONG LIVE FRELIMO! YOUTH: The People's Repubh'c of Mozambique will be a secular State in which there LONG LIVE THE PEOPLE'S RE- The youth, the lifeblood of the nation, will be total separation between the PUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE! will be protected and priority will be State and any church or religion. The given to their education, which will be State will guarantee full freedom of THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES! 16 President Samora and Vice-President Marcelino do« AMo»^^?klWN^IP^^ •~T , ;t:. .• -• •.":7.%" On the day of Independence, the •:-. 17 THE PRESIDENTS MESSAGE TO THE NATION ON INDEPENDENCE DAY X ^3m&.^y^-M •l^v Mozambican *£% i ^..^ ady took on material Mozambican men, i loria that we are going to form in our liberated areas and which, Workers, peasant erss,, s \fe wish, above all, to recall before it was transformed into the natio- Compatriots, t ,,^4is to foresee and plan the nal reality we are celebrating today, dy alive in our consciousness. At 00 hours tc V'-: .'•'/"/ ?. .v.V'-^jiScr'.'jvV' public of Mozambique was born, a We wish first and foremost to recall We ask every Mozambican from the State born of our people's struggle for the memory of our heroes, those who Rovuma to the Maputo to join us in freedom and independence, which fell in the struggle against the foreign .ibsening a minute of silence in their spanned many centuries, a State in invaders, those who perished in the memory. which the power of the alliance of slaughter-houses of Portuguese colo- working people is being established in nialism, through deportation, the slave The People's Republic of Mozambique our country for the first time. trade and forced labour, those who is being born as the fruit of the Mo- were condemned by colonial-fascism zambican people's unshakable will and The profound historical significance of to slow death, family disintegrati iron determination to win back their this moment hi the life of our people spiritual disintegration and depersoi freedom and enjoy the supreme and cannot escape any Mozambican, nor lisation. inalienable right of all peoples — na- any citizen of any other country, whe- :*_-*iP MlLr*— *j?*_- • 'J-k"Tvl* r"t >i- administrators «et histoty&.&'-dj#j^ liberation pro- Qur politico-military victories having into forced labour. through the events which took raacjc Portuguese colonialism more des- place in it. But a recapitulation of the perate and increased the isolation of It was in order to appropriate political process involved, albeit brief. the strata among us with exploitative of our soil that entire regions were set is needed in order to understand the designs, the contradictions between the aside for certain crops, such as cotton. birth today of the People's Republic masses and the exploitative system be- which ihe people were forced to grow, of Mo/ambiqiK: and the line that gui- came more marked. dying of hunger while the big concessio- des it. In Mo/ambican history, the nary companies accumulated fabulous fight for a revolutionary political line In a desperate attempt to stave off their profits. has been intrinsically bound up with inevitable defeat, the colonialist and thc fight for unity. reactionary forces joined forces and It was in order to plunder our sub-soil launched an offensive of manoeuvres that the big multinationals were granted The struggle to defend and consolidate and crimes against the correct political concessions and mining facilities which unity, the driving force of ,the libera- line headed by Qgjn_rajie_JEduardo they used to drain our country of its tion struggle, demanded permanent yk Mondlane. wealth. gilance and action to neutralise and eliminate the manoeuvres of the enemy The Second Congress of FRELIMO. It was in order to keep our people and of national opportunist and reac- which was held in the liberated areas subjected to its domination that colo- tionarUv,.».y, forces*v,.~~. Thi»^os sam.~~.~e .^-66struggl.e re- of Niassa Province in June 1968, ex- nialism tried — in some cases, particu- quired a constant fight to clarify and posed and neutralised the reactionary larly in the urban areas, with some develop FRELIMO's political line, es- forces and their ideas, enabling the success — to destroy our personality, pecially as regards the definition of broad masses to consolidate their unity sow division and create a slave men- who is the enemy and the nature, me- behind FRELIMO's just and clear tality towards the foreigner. Assimila- thods and jpj^^^&^libt , objectives. tion was not merely the fascist caprice of a senile dictator, but was in fact The successive dividing lines that were This fresh victory unleashed a wave of mental enslavement to the foreigner in drawn within FRELIMO and the pro- reactionary violence in which new na- its purest form, a deliberate process of cess of cleansing our ranks which was tional exploiters, now openTQniiedlwith negating all the culture, history and established, revealed in practice that the colonial-imperialist forces, started traditions of our people. A man thus the contradictions which arose reflected a process of physical liquidation of re- spiritually destroyed became a living antagonistic interests, the contradiction volutionary militants and leaders, a corpse, a docile receptacle for the co- between the working masses and a process which culminated in the bar- lonisers' way of thinking, acting and handful of new exploiters who wanted barous assassination of Comrade Eduar- living. to take the place of the coloni; do Chivambo Mondlane on 3 February geoisie as an exploiting clas 1969. Religion, and especially the Catholic cnurcn, was a powerful factor in the By defining racism, regionalism and The assassination of the leader wh cultural and human alienation of the tribalism as enemies to be fought embodied the national and revolutio- Mozambican, to make him a docile ins- against, just like colonialism, the Cen- nary dimension of our struggle and the trument and object of exploitation, and tral Committee meeting held in Octo- actual implementation of FRELIMO's smash any display of resistance in the ber 1966 deprived the opportunists of line and practice, was aimed at deca- name of Christian resignation. the chief instruments of their anti- pitating the Mozambican Revolution 19 and enabling representatives of the new minga, sharpened the contradictions created for people's power to be really exploiting classes, faithful servants of, and strengthened the people's determi- extended and consolidated in our coun- the bourgeoisie and imperialism, to nation to destroy the enemy. try. seize power. At the international level, Portuguese We need to be conscious of the great Assuming the hcrilag colonial-fascism, which still had some difficulties we shall have to face as a Eduardo Mondlane, closely integr room for manoeuvre, thanks to the ac- result of the colonial situation, which with the masses of the people and re- tive complicity of the capitalist coun- the Transitional Government could solutely supported by the fighters of tries, and particularly some members obviously only partially tackle. the People's Forces for the Liberation *:''M$&?"-^' Ar"-'-•^•'^vfilS^H of Mozambique, the most dedicated With the proclamation of the People's sons of the people, the revolutionary Republic of Mozambique we are star- ting a new phase of our history in vanguard of FRELIMO stood up which we are going to put into prac- against the forces of opportunism and * «**^&i$ tice everywhere in die country the poli- reaction during the historic Central v •„..•. ' - v>- r;^f!~. -V.."\" . • ' .•' >••* Committee meetings held in April 1969 ssued by the Central tical, ideological, economic, social and and May 1970, and exposed, isolated, Committee m December 1972, calling " struggle. neutralised and eliminated the erro- f The new battle is only beginning. I cx •*-- . I Against us are the exploiters and pri- vileged, who will try to impede the revolutionary process with all the means available to them. We must not be deceived by the fact that the enemy are not now resorting to direct action. They are only weakened, not dead. Their methods will therefore beco more treacherous. Right now ready have proof' of this acti infiltration, attemptsto disto and political opportunism: Our unitj^riJLbe an essential target of enemy activity. Unity, we continue to repeat, is not just a feeling or some- thing abstract. Vital unity is sustained By a clear concept of our objectives and a precise understanding of the tasks for each moment. Unity jrnplies dra- i wing an ever^SS£ngTnfe:f firmer dividinFTme vI\/Listening between us an.d J thii_ ^_ enemy_ ' _~~~~, regardles™ ' v—Tt s / ofjhe form he may take. $. \?i'"'~?i''-^.:.'.'•'-''*?'•' j iMuuii 115111 against colonial-imperialist aggres- Through practice and its action, FRE- meeting sion, and also in the fight against both LIMO has asserted itself as the leading decide^ tp giw the setting old and new exploiters. The historical force in our society. For this very *.•<$&'$"$• '^J**^»y ,SC~yy%-:> circumstancevnvumsuiuv^os experiencecApcncuw;du boy our peopeo- reason, the broad masses, from the P'e °ver the past decade have made RovumaJ to the Maputo, have quite f llc tas'c of. mobilising and organising the Mozambique People's Liberation spontaneouslnnn<;Ky; fullyu identifie',r\<*nt;f,aAd ^vit!.,;»!h, the masses in the tougtouch class strueelstruggle ForcteFnrefes Ha orcatgreat anqndjnexhaustiblH i e sjore FRELIMO's principles and f" fyhich is approaching can be entrusted of revolutionary cadres. ditfy to cadres who have been put to This tremendous popular support has the test of practice. One_pf Jhe_njain By consistently raising the political and tremendous potential and, properly bastions_pf_thg_ system of eYploJtatfon class consciousness of the fighters, con- channelled and structured, is an inex- of man_is_jthe complex machinery w» sistentfy .Rising their educational,^ cul- haustible source ofi progressprogress,, ann invininvin- a^ej i -regards administration,. tural and technical levele, , strengtheninsrengenng cible force. At a time when the tasks ffie_Judiciary. education, health, etc, discipline in our ranks, reinforcing the of consolidating the------powe- r of* th•"-e- wor- feeling of internationalist duty and edu- ker-peasant alliance are a priority and Irrespective of• rth - . e~ goodwil^— l and ''ft • • ':~ l«rj'* "^ new generatio^**^«**«.*»*iiV^*n* oV/if. A.tKllltwlfighterOs when the new phasr e of nationa' *A* . i l recons,- f\T tllA nAStf^lB peoplA »*fl"irte mnlrAwh oC * maki e it up, Jhis in the glorious revolutionary tradition traction is starting, it is essential that machinery was designed solely to serve of the Mozambique People' Liberation FRELIMO be in a position, structu- foreign domination and the system of Forces, we shall always have a decisive rally and organisationally, to carry exploitatipn. oi man. H "is" therefore force to defend our country, the Revo- through the giant tasks that face it. JragefittlVi^ of the masses .r^pSr:^tf-S^^-;sfewK %$&&; ^^&^&($&j It is primarily a matter of carryinr>omring» /-.,,ou*t &.tft imjffl;,'a^rJmeifiQdmitlH f,£n, VnA^kAilns •I n' . A*».-e. jfcopt«I«e an ideological offensive to wipe out the S*K> are in tt. , Tins work can be done coionialand capitalist mentality which is_deeply rooted in the urban areas, as well as the feudal traditional menta- lity whjch is predominant in the E.f9S*--' »~?*~*-v*r;1^ , . on areas, An ideological offensive liese factors explain the reasons, some tnese tronts will enable the fighters to enable the working masses to unders- of the main reasons, why FRELIMO internalise the political dimension which tand their historic role, their leading must remain the leading force in State will prepare them always to perform role in the process of transformation structures. iheir patriotic and revolutionary duty. which is now underway. This task must be preceded by the consistent In the present battle, the people have a The participation of women in the heightening of the political and ideolo- most valuable instrument: the Mo- Mozambique People's Liberation For- gical level of cadres seasoned and for- zambique People's Liberation Forces, ces wiffiin the _jWm e_wp rk of the ged in the process of the people's libe- forged and seasoned in the tough Women's Detachment, is imperative to the battlft fr> In establishing our development stra- couraging them to multiply and develop, jft the light to involve women in the tegy, we must attach special value to In this way, it will be possible to revolutionary process. .Women's parti- what is our chief strength, the mobili-jL^rovide the people with services which cipation in work traditionally~rcgarclcd zation and organisation "f **"" ppnptel will really enable them to enjoy greater as exclusively for men is a profoundly Here too, we must seek inspiration from well-being, especially by raising their momiismg tactor, a decisive factor_gstaib- our own experience, in particular in technical and educational level, and 1ty lishing sexuaj^gualitv in practice. " the liberated areas. One need only supplying water, electricity. hefnjTcare •" ™'-'" compare the successes in the work of ana cultural activities. The Organisation of Mozambican reconstruction in the liberated areas, men (OMM) is called upon to develop which are '^vFl^^i^t'tdeyety^ne..-'Organising communal societies must be its activities everywhere in the country, with the misery in whlcjj people UVs!d, a priority in our activity, for both the dealing with the crying problems faced in the enemy concentration eafnrK/des- Patty ^m4 the'State. The Party must pite (he large/sums spent on, ^ them. Wp~3j-by women. '-'.-^/'.rf1 •'•;",•-!.' t launch a big campaign to mobilise and jfcW£.-"Ai.-'rv*L ~'£'~ *?* -'""• \' ~ Therefore, we shauliot'seekl1 soiutiQjDS explain, at the best living and produc- In order to fulfil Hs task, OMM must , fo our problems in miraculous pallia- .tion, conditions." rely firmly and surely onjhe Women's tives coming from abroad, but we shall Detachment, which is iri practice the rely above all on our own forces, getting The fulfillment of the giant tasks that Mnramhiciin woman's vanguard. : down to work with determination, with lie ahead of us Hnplies. achieving -a clear programme and clear objectives. conSQlidating unity. To be unit The battle f<^w6mbtfg L emancipatioq. is not enough to state that one is united. is_^ago~~an ideological battle "against In this respect, we should like to em- It is necessary to wage a constant battle ideas~which agtti^ trom decadent tra- phasise the role we continue to ascribe gainst all divisive situations and tcn- djji^ono s and against the multiple attempts to the liberated areas, to FRELIMO's bybyIKeK " bourgeoisie to destroy lhe~varae of Inspiration tor our Revolution. It It is necessary to understand is in these areas that the population has deur, diversity and complexity erf our already been living long years outside country. Knowing this complexity colonial society and its vices, defects means studying the divisiveness in our and corrosive influence. It is in our country and the ways of combating it. organisations, i . .... nialism, Mozambican society has to a and workers, need to come into being, continuadores (the continuers of the very high degree one typical form of after prior work by FRELIMO to rcA/Qlntinn) discrimination, that based on racial an* organise those sectors. social groups. Clearly, the creation of a new life in In Mozambique we'8*>s^ia«illel socie- e1 when we are proclaiming the liberated areas was not an accident ties, taking the form of clubs, set up idence, we must carefully or the automatic result of breaking of on the_basis of race or of greater or avoid being carried away by emotional contact with colonial society. Far- lesser pigmentation, which have no con- feelings of euphoria, especially in analy- reaching political, ideological and org- tact with one another apart from sing our economic and social situation. anisational efforts had to be made to compulsory and superficial contact du- It in no way diminishes the greatness overcome the influence of the past, the ringjjbeir working hOHj8,h~ of attempts of traditional forms to reassert themselves and the new exploiters. This kind of social organisation abounds the, gconomjc and financial situation is with superiority ahjrinferiority"comple- catastrophic, as a result of unbridled It is important to remember this expe- xes. with repressions ancTtensionsT [plunder, thp. financial conditions jm- rience in order to prepare for the new . _ rnd the disorpa- phase. Anyone who visits our whole It is iin^l^^ai;these specific jf our potentials. country can note the big problem posed peculwHfie^^vfe Way to.; 1 unity by the scattered population and the bej Mozambicans. Ws__donot It is therefore necessary to undertake difficulty, under these Circumstances, regions, races or religious a cool-headed analysis, sector by sector for the Government to organise social, beliefs. WP. know only of economic, social, educational, cul- educational and health services, in short, who are equally ex tural and health conditions in our coun- to improve the living conditions of these desirous, of try, so as to arrive at better methods people. Hence, under the leadership of fighting. This will be the first task of FRELIMO, the scattered population We should like also to devote our atten- of our Government. Some of the prob* in the rural areas will be structured in tion to the problem of the relations lems to whicfe. pripjity will be given revolutionary societies, in the final which have traditionally existed be- are solving the problems of unempjoy- jmalysis in communal villages, wjjgie tween the church, religion and the State rnent, poverty.' iiliteracyZIaDandoned children, prostitution andbanditry. — • —- We must therefore draw up a national moting the exchange of kr development policy, a correct policy on In the society we want to the use of our resourqpj.'. J^Bbe; .d^W» In accordance with available means State will be based on the principle tion of the policy to be pursued is and observing the principle of self- that all change irt society is a result of essential to establishing the priorities reliance, the State will give all possible man\. nn thp fmntt Tif rlass to be observed. these communal societies, en- struggle, the fight for production and 22 scientific innovation, anH th<> mn. People's Republic of Mozambique fully without any complexes of any kind, so tradictions in natural phenomena. assumes the internationalist dimension that we can build a future of friend- of the fight for the liberation of Africa ship together, without hatred or feelings Colonialism, capitalism, the different and mankind and that our common of revenge, on the basis of mutual systems of exploitation of man in our society, have always been with religious institutions, nial State transformed the tievers into a tool torjieutralisinf^the Chairman of the Organisation of peace, friendship and solidarity with all people's legitimate rebellion. African* $16^ IjBAto) lw»^yisk t6'/I^S*^''"4>e^es« the People's Republic of Mo- all of independent Africa, our great and zamN"»- »-'«h« *« «*»»;«!establish. healthh,..ithvy It is the duty Of the Sfate to/guarantee reliable_rearjaag. Through his " cooperation freedom of conscience for its citizens nous person as a revolutionary African with all States, irrespective of their militant, we wish to hail the political, social regime, on the basis of non-inter- ofjAildren againstjndoctrinatioirwithin moral, diplomatic, and material support ference in internal affairs, absolute State institutionsT as Tiappcned in the of African countries and-their1: Consis- equalit'y an'd mutual colonial schools which subjected chil- tent solidarity with our struggle. drenlrf differing religious origins to the These principles, however, do not per- evangelising of the Catholic church. We wish, in particular, to hail our ™it us to sacrifice the true interests of brothers from Tanzania and Zambia the people to transitory historical cir- In order fS^respect freedom of cons- who, without any hesitation or calciila- cumstances. As_has__alway^ been the cience^.jjjiifr State cannot be connected tion of any kind, accepted all the risks case, in the, past, wp any religions or appear to have involved in their position as our jtra- with fascism and colonalism. with any of them. tegTc rear, who suffered loss of life and property ^because they did not corn- We attach great importance to deve- to ensure 'the promise with colonialism and made loping our relations with the States of exercised right of every citizen their contribution to Africa's libera- Africa, Asia and Latin -America, elieve or not believe. The mobi- which are also victims- Ipl:- fi lisation of the masses is a 'right and plunder and aggression. won solefe^iy FRELIMO Because our struggle was, correctly, a arduous struggle against colo- part of the common anti-imperialist nialism and imperialism. (The close fight, the Mozambican people, under association of religious institutions~wH the leadership of FRELIMO, took, up countries,. Finland and Holland,, which the machinery of aggression and domi- their posts in the great world front of were able to understand the justness of the anticolonial cause. nation over our people certainly does revolutionary forces. It is within' this . - . ':. . f..£. not give _thgjn_any right tod^y to ^e- context of political and ideological soli- mand something against which t daritjf Jhat w,e see, our^ relations with S& •„ -ft the socialist countries, a liberated area ponsibilities" within the African and of "mankind where a new society is international community and, within The Mozambican people did not strugg- being built free from the exploitation of this context, we ^aifrattftlv fr>r mem- le alone. Throughout the tough armed man by man. :ight for national liberation FRELIMO m- established relations of friendship, soli- The People's Republic of Mozambique sRtifln, h^th international organisations darity and mutual help with peoples will develop and intensify its militant which have served the cause of national and countries sharing the same aspi- relations with all socialist countries, liberation and peace. rations of freedom, independence and seeking to benefit from their experience, social progress. in so far as it is .the common patrimony Mozambican ^women, Mo: of mankind in the political, ideological, men- This assertion does tiot stem only from organisational, economic, social and f- , . .-•».•--•-...•<*, , -j feelings of gratitude although, on this cultural spheres. We have won our independence by dint day of happiness, we cannot fail to say of our struggle, our sacrifices and our how much the Mozambican people In hailing the progressive fnrr-f»«j we revolutionar' y consetotisnes" "' : appreciate and esteem the fraternal and cannot taiT to salute the Portuguese disinterested help they received from people, who were always our allies in We peoples, countries, organisations and 'tha^Jieht against colonial-tascism_ and defend the interests c individuals who made their efforts and with whom we have bonds of fraternal the working people. •t-.--^ sacrifices effective and victorious. solidarity forged through our mutual help and reciprocal contribution in the In starting out thjs^hew minated by the of our martyrs I. fe firs, Unes of Uus comba, froa, slru^c for ,he Oration of our ,wo ^S&"°SSaiO^SSSS we find the IwtK>nd;-^im|»fe> line, we have one unshakable certainty: ments, fighters in the same fight and the same trench , comrades in arms who Because nur strupflle never took on a struggled alongside us and with whom .racialcharacter and because our people WE SHALL MAKE REVOLUTION we have established fraternal and in- iaScZaTways abfe- to distinguish Kilweeii TRIUMPH! LONG LIVE FRELIMO! •destructible relations of solidarity. To thg_cplonial-fascist regime and thpi Pnr- _ LONG LIVE THE PEOPLE'S RE- them we wish to affirm, above all, in Uiguese people, today we can extend_a_ PUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE! THE this liberated African land, that thi .nd to the^o'fTugiiese"^eople. STRUGGLE CONTINUES... 23 SECTION I correct de- tural at*! ating conditions for raising velopment of the country's General Principles greas;" the living standards of the wealth and its use for the the defence and con- working people. In pursuing benefit of solidation of national this aim. the State essentially relies on the creative force — UM.L.JL ^^ff^J^^-^-^V - -j^ •-' J'-I^T-' ',, -""• of the people and on the The People's Republic of Mo- — the establishment and country's economic resources. zambique, the fruit of the development of friend- Mozambican People's centu- ly relations and coo- ries-old resistance and their r*<• iftBfttUOiiiwirirflh other heroic and victorious struggle, driving factor in the national peoples and States; ductive enterprises, and un- economy. under the leadership of FRE- — the pursuit of the dertaking the exploitation of LIMO, against Portuguese struggle against colo- natural resources. In the pro- State property is given special colonial domination and im- nialism and imperia- cess of building an advanced perialism, is a s , inde- protection, its development lism. economic base for the Peo- and expansion being the res- pendent pie's Republic of Mozambique, ponsibility of all State organs, State. the State shall proceed to ^fffvf social organisations and citi- eliminate the zens. fi&S^m&^i^^ man by man. ARTICLED The People's Republic of Mo- State power, the MozainbiqUB ".x1. . '"' '*; .''" •'*,•'''• •'' ••••-"'. .' •" ' , zambique is a State based People's Liberation Forces - ARTICLE' 7 on people's democracy in have a fundamental responsi- The State encourages indivi- which all patriotic strata en- bility for the defence and In the People's Republic of dual peasants and workers to gage in building a new soci- consolidation of national in- Mozambique work is es- organise themselves in collec- ety, free from the exploitation dependence and unity. At teemed and protected, and is tive forms of production. of man by man the same time, they are a the driving force of develop- whose development it sup- force for production and for ment. Work is the right and ts and guides. In the People's Republic of the political mobilisation of duty of every citizen of either Mozambique power belongs the masses of the people. sex, and it is the criterion for ARTICLE 12 to the workers and peasants the distribution of national united and led by FRELIMO. The activity and development wealth. The State recognises and and is exercised by the or- of the nal property. gans of people's power. Liberation on FRELIMO' 13 ership with the people. . -•»•-"-;—»•''•<••;-r\'<«*ra^^^H ' ''* Obligations are attached to The People's Republic of Mo- Participation in the Mozam- private property. Private pro- zambique is guided by the bique People's Liberation For- perty cannot be used to the political line laid down by ces, with its great tradition detriment of the interests FRELIMO, which is the leading of struggle, heroism and iden- defined in the Constitution. force of the State and Society. tification with the revolutio- • "•••'*'^i£i£^^^H§iSSS FRELIMO lays down the basic nary cause of the people, is Income and private property political orientation of the an honour and a sacred duty are subject to progressive ta- State and directs and super- for all citizens, of both sexes, xes, established on the basis vises the work of state or- A^Wtt*;,; of criteria of social justice. of the People's Republic of • • .. " i*. ,\. • . •"••"' •-'•., "* t^J^Cvt'is'*.1ti gans, in order to ensure that Mozambique. the State policy is in confor- The land and the natural mity with the peo] resources of the soil and sub- »$*£' The Commander-in-Chief of rests. Foreign capital shall be autho- rised to operate within the dent of FRELIMO. framework of the State's of the State. The State deter- economic policy. The People's Republic of Mo- mines the conditions zambique has the following development and use. FrVT~ fundamental objectives: the Mozambique People's Li- beration Forces has the power — the elimination of colo- e's Republic of Mo- The People's Republic of Mo- nial and traditional ~~. _ _ . ... . ^ structures of oppres- Charter of Economic Rights zambique carries out a vigo- sion and exploitation and Duties of States adopted rous battle against illiteracy and the mentality that by the 29th Session of the and obscurantism, and pro- underlies them; General Assembly of the Uni- motes the development of the — the extension and The People's Republic of Mo- ted Nations Organisation. national culture and persona- strengthening of peo- zambique, taking agriculture lity. The State strives to ple's democratic pow- as the base end industry as ARTICLE 9 make the Mozambican culture er the propelling and decisive known internationally and to — the building of an inde- factor, directs its economic The State promotes and plans ensure that the Mozambican pendent economy and policy towards wiping out the economy, with a view to people benefit from the revo- •-. lutionary cultural gains of ARTICLE 22 Any acts aimed at jeopar- ite promotes the cre- other peoples. dising social harmony, or ation of bodies which guar- The People's Republic of Mo- creating divisions or privile- antee the exercise of that ARTICLE 16 zambique consolidates and ged positions based on colour, right. develops solidarity with its race, sex, ethnic origin, place ARTICLE 33 The People's Republic of Mo- natural allies the socialist of birth, religion, level of edu- zambique organises a health countries, solidarity forged in cation, social position or system which shall benefit the struggle for national inde- occupation, are punishable by Individual freedoms are guar- pendence. law. anteed by the State for all citizens of the People's Repu- The People's Republic of Mo- blic of Mozambique. These zambique establishes and de- freedoms include the inviola- bility of the home and the The emancipation of women secrecy of correspondence, is one of the State's essential and they cannot be limited tasks. In the People's Repu- forces in the world. tion, to take part in the pro- except in cases specially pro- blic of Mozambique women ^•i-V"^"••*••<•"*•'''' ••"^s cess of creating and consoli- vided for by the law. and men have equal rights '?3^?;v - - - TT~iT-;.*.^-~£.;'r and duties, this equality «TC5;t' <-*•*• " i>:^ ^f%%.-^ antees extending to the political, eco- The People's Republic of Mo- freedom of citizens nomic, social and cultural zambique establishes relations spheres. of friendship and cooperation enjoy freedom of opinion. ARTICLE 18 with all States on the basis ly and association. of the principles of mutual 3m respect for sovereignty and The youth ha — State ensures special pro- a decisive role in the national territorial integrity, equality, L lection for the orphans and liberation struggle, and they non interference in internal other dependents of FRELIMO have a fundamental respon- affairs and reciprocal benefit. militants who died while ful- sibility in the construction of filling missions, as well as for a new society. The People's Republic of Mo- those maimed or disabled in zambique accepts, observes the liberation struggle. The State encourage*$&•':s an.d and applies the principles of promotes youth's initiative in the United Nations Charter and the Charter of the Orga- the reconstruction and de- ARTICLE 28 V ntaaion of African Unity, , fence of the country. - . All citizens of the People's '••TO" ARTICLE 24 Mozambique no one can ARTICLE Republic of Mozambique over arrested or tried except under 18 years of age are entitled terms of the law. The State The People's Republic of Mo- The People's Republic of Mo- to vote and be elected, with guarantees accused persons zambique is a secular State zambique defends the prin- the exception of those legally the right to legal defence. in which there is absolute ciple of the general and uni- deprived of that right. separation between the State versal disarmament of all States. ARTICLE 36 and religious institutions. ^VJH-:^V;~" •.:•'. "',•; ' In the People's Republic The People's Republic of Mo- the People's zambique defends the princi- 4%WSi«e's" Republi""•—S2£c ;o f ARepubli" Cit-izenc osf Mozambiqu°f e have Mozambique the activities Mozambique women and men the duty to respect the Cong. religious institutions must ple of turning the Indian Ocean into a non-nuclear zone enjoy the same rights and are titution and the law. The conform with the State's subject to the same duties. laws. of peace. State prohibits any misuse of This principle shall guide all individual rights and freedoms ir^-- the legislative and executive ARTIO£-»J The People's Republic of Mo- prejudicial to the people's zambique pursues a policy of work of the State. interests. The State protects marriage, The People's Republic of Mo- peace, resorting to force only The State severely punishes in the case of legitimate the family, motherhood and all acts of treason, subver- zambique struggles against j_* childhoodAu:i.JU__.i. the exploitation of man *:.&: sion, sabotage and, in general, man, against imperialism acts carried out against FRE- colonialism, for the unity of LIMO's objectives and against revolutionary people's order. African peoples and States on Active participation in the de- the basis of respect for the The People's Republic of Mo- zambique grants the right of fence of the country and the liberty and dignity of these Revolution is the right and peoples and States and their asylum to foreigners perse- cuted because of their strug- the highest duty of every man SECTION III right to political, economic and woman citizen of the Peo- and social progress. gle for peace, democracy and lational and :^jjf» Republic of Mozambiqu^ State Organs ' - "" u• - The People's Republic of Mo- U^^J^'/iiJi*•£>•'*/ ,*' -r- - < i.- "-i-;•« *> •'.•!^fS*-ir'.:-tJ:&:i£'''L--tf$ ?•-• r*s V-.-j*' zambique pursues a policy of ARflCl£3V. VPTER I strengthening relations of >iiift&h*«f1II ^.'•-f:-: •..'. '•„••> Lvr-.A'1 ', ,--«• 3=»T>>' *«>'VJ' ••:'"• ?V'HF? friendship and mutual help In the PBopttt^jjatigti:*;. ;«$ 's Assembly MnTumhini ia uinrb anrl oHn- with young States engaged Jamental rights Mozambique work and edu- in the same battle to conso- cation are the right and duty a^:\" 37 lidate national independence and duties of of every citizen. Combating and democracy, and to regain the situation of backwardness created by colonialism, the Assembly is the use and control of their supreme organ of the State natural resources for the be- State promotes the necessary nefit of their peoples. f conditions for extending en- in the People's Republic of joyment of those rights to Mozambique. Republic of Mozambique all citizens. The People's Assembly is the ARTICLE 21 enjoy the same rights and highest legislative organ of the are subject, to the same People's Republic of Mozam- The People's Republic of Mo- duties, irrespective of colour, ARTICLE 32 bique. zambique gives its support race, sex, ethnic origin, place Pending further definition of and solidarity to the struggle of birth, religion .level of edu- All citizens have the right to the composition and require- of the peoples for national cation, social position or assistance in the event of ments for the election of mem- liberation. occupation. disablement and in old age. bers of the People's Assem- bly. it shall comprise the (e) To approve the re- ARTICLE 45 mander of the Police following members: port on Government Corps of Mozambi- activities; It is the duty of the Perma- que; 1. The members of FRE- (f) To ratify legislative nent Commission of the Peo- ( i) To appoint and dis- LIMO's Central Com- acts of the Perma- ple's Assembly to assume the miss the rector of mittee; nent Commission of functions of the People's As the University; 2. The members of FRE- th peonie-s Assem sembly in the periods betwe- To promulgate and LIMO's Executive Com- en meetings of that body, have issued laws and . "*•%_. (g) To grant amnesties; submitting its legislative acts icyiaiauvlegislativec decreesucuiccs,; 7/16 .Mmlsters, ^ (h) To sanction the sus- for ratification at the follow- (k) To declare a state of Vice-Mmisters of the ' pensio: n o-«f constitu»:»..- inin/gi meetinrvtantingn f\fof ththveA Dartnla'People'os W3T an9rtr4d /conclud* /i n o I 11 He o Government of .*# tional guarantees Assembly. peace treaties on the People's Republic o when a state of siege The Permanent Commission decision of FRELI- Mozambique; or emergency is de- of the People's Assembly is 4. The Provincial Gover- clared; answerable to the People's nors; (i) To authorise the Pre- Assembly. (I) To proclaim general 5. Members chosen by sident of the People's or partial mobilisa- FRELIMO's Central . •*' '• . •->• ••'•.'..»•.", tion; Republic of Mozam- ARTICLE 46 Committee from among bique to travel (m) To accredit diploma- the cadres of the Mo- tic representatives of zambique People's Lib- The Permanent Commission of the People's Assembly is other countries; eration Forces; ARTICLE 41 (n) To appoint and dis- 6. Two representatives presided over by the Presi- dent of the Republic. miss diplomatic re- per province of demo- Legislation may be initiated presentatives of the cratic mass organiza-. by the following: People's Republic of tions, designated by Mozambique in other FRELIMO's Central (1) FRELIMO's Central CHAPTER III Committee; countries; Committee; (o) To pardon and com- 7. Members chosen by (2) FRELIMO's Executive President Committee; mute sentences; the Central Committee of the Republic (p) To declare a from among FRELIMO (3) The President of the Republic; siege or cadres; / '"'. . No more than ten rep- (4) The Pennanent Com- ARTICLE 47 ARTICLE 49 , mission of the Peo- utable citizens chosen by FRELIMO's Central ple's Assembly; The President of the People's The President of the Repub Committee. (5) Organs of the Peo- Republic of Mozambique is may annul decisions of pro- ple's Assembly; the President of FRELIMO. vincial assemblies. (6) The Council of Mi- ARTICLE 38 nisters. The President of the People's ARTICLE Republic of Mozambique is People's Assembly shall the Head of State. Ms have no more than two hun- the dred and ten members. He. to the symbol of national President of the Republic The People's Assembly may unity and represents the Na- swears the following oath: deliberate only if the majority tion at home and interna- I swear on my honour of its members are present. tionally. as a FRELIMO militant to Decisions of the People's As- ARTICLE 48 devote all my energy to sembly are taken by an abso- defending, promoting and lute majority vote of members It is the duty of the President consolidating the gains of ARTICLE 42 of the People's Republic of the Revolution, to the Mozambique: welfare of the Mozambi- '*&&*..** The People's Assembly is con- can people, to see to it vened and presided over by (a) To see to it that the that the Constitution is electoral law shall duly the President of the Republic. Constitution is res- respected and ensure jus- establish the conditions, meth- The People's Assembly meets pected and to ensure for all citizens. od and date of general elec- in ordinary sessions twice a that the state organs tions. year, and in extraordinary ses- function properly; The first general elections sions when so required by (b) To create ministries shall take place within a year FRELIMO's Central Committee, and define their juris- The President of the Republic of the holding of FRELIMO's the President of the Republic, diction; decides who shall represent 3rd Congress. the Permanent Commission of (c) To direct the activi- him in the event of his ab- the People's Assembly, or by ties of the Council of sence or incapacity, or in the at least one-third of the mem- Ministers and preside performance of certain specific ^Z&l bers of the People's Assem- over its meetings; tasks. bly. (d) To appoint and dis- The functions of the People's miss members of the Assembly of the People's Re- ARTICLE 43 Council of Ministers; public of Mozambique are as (e) To appoint and dis- In the event of death, resig- follows: No member of the People's miss the President nation or permanent incapa- (a) To Instate on basic Assembly may be arrested, and Vice-President of city of the President of the except when caught in the the Supreme Peo- Republic, his functions shall matters related to in- act, or tried, without the con- ' be immediately assumed by ternal and external sent of that organ or of its FRELIMO's Central Commit- policy; -of tee, which shall name a new Permanent Commission. the Republic; (b) To approve the re- President of the Republic in (f) To appoint and dis- port on the imple- Ible space mentation of the past miss provincial go- " year's budget, the ge- -; •> .• • -Y-.-I >Jt'rfj.-» vernorsSKsrcvfl; ; ••- -A- • '- - >-v,^V ': v*J> - *.£*i^-^^fC neral State budget (g) To appoint and disli^'- v CHAPTER IV and national econom- miss the governor ic plans; The Permanent Commission o>ff and deputy-governor 'tSfcl (c) To determine the the People's Assembly con- of the Bank of Mo- of Ministers basis of tt^&ianftK7', sists of fifteen members elec- zambique; policy; ted by the People's Assembly im To appoint and dis- TICLE 53 (d) To ratify or denounce from among its members, on miss the general international agree- the. proposal of FRELIMO's commander and de- Council of Ministers com- ments and treaties; s the Ministers and Vice- 26 -Ministers of the People's ARTICLE 57 ARTICLE 66 ARTICLE 69 Republic of Mozambique. The highest State organ in a Judges are independent The emblem of the People's The Council of Ministers is province is the Provincial Go- discharging their duties. Republic of Mozambique has presided over by the Presi- vernment, presided over by as its central features a book, dent of the Republic. the governor. The governor ARTICLE 66 a 3un all and a hoe over a map is the represesentativr e of the of Mo/a mbique and represen- ARTICLE 54 President of ththee Republic and 'rJfakJ iiiiiifc t'n9 res! respectively: education, is answerable defence and vigilance, and the le '° FREL!^ from the Publi"c Prosecutor's f The Council of Ministers is and jth. Government:**.&' peasant class and agricultural office, whose duty it shall be production. answerable to the People's to represent the State. The Assembly for the implemen- Attorney-General of the Re- tation of internal and external ARTICLE 58 public shall be answerable to policy of the State. the People's Assembly. ES|r|f!y'>'';3H?'?>-.''" " *','':. ..v ' There shall be a Provincial In the centre there is a rising In its work the Council of Assembly in each province. sun, the symbol of revolution Ministers must comply with The Provincial Assembly shall SECTIONIV and of tre new resolutions of FRELIMO's legislate on matters of exclu- Congress, Central Committee sively provincial interest and Symbols of the People's and Executive Committee, shall take part in decisions **^ Bordering • these; _ laws of the People's Assem- related to the province. Republic of Mozambique bly and its Permanent Com- wheel, symbolising the wor- mission, and decisions of the king class and industry, the ARTICLE 69 ARTICLE «7 President of the Republic. ..' ••';. .-. ", factor giving impetus to economy. The Provincial Government is The symbols of the People's is the specific purview of Republic of Mozambique are the Council of Ministers: made up of the governor of Around the the province and the provin- the flag, the emblem and the is, on the right (a) To draw up the ge- cial heads of the various sec- national anthem. and cob, and on neral State plan and tors of the Administration, or sugar cane, which general State budget persons appointed to repre- agricultural wealth. and implement them, sent the said sectors. after approval by At the top, in the centre, a FRELIMO's Central ARTICLE 60 red star symbolises the inter- Committee and the nationalist spirit of the Me People's Assembly; zambican Revolution. draw up draft The President of the Republic £'i»ws and decisions may annul decisions of the In the lower part, governors. Provincial Govern- to be submitted to ARTICLE 68 red band bearing the inscrip- the People's Assem- ments and Provincial Assem- tion wPeople's Republic of blies. bly, the Permanent The National Flag has five Mozambique)). Commission of the ARTICLE 61 colours, four of them sepa- People's Assembly rated by white bands, and SECTION; &^ or the President of The competence, organisation, placed diagonally, starting the Republic; composition and structure of from the upper left-hand cor- Final and transitional (c) To enact legislative administrative bodies or other ner. The colours, in order decrees through dele- provisions organs of local administration from top to bottom, repre- gated power and shall be determined by law. sent: within the scope '' ARTICLE .Jo! j attributed by the Green — the wealth of People's Assembly, CHAPTER VI Mozambique's soil; Pending the creation of and to enact de- Assembly with constituent t ... jL'Zs \; s Judiciary Red — the centuries-old powers, any alteration to the To direct and coor- resistance to colonialism, Constitution is the task of dinate the activity of the armed struggle for FRELIMC's Central Com- the Ministries and ARTICLE 62 national liberation and mittee. and other state or- the Revolution; vA«rRSUE^-: gans which come In the People's Republic of under the Council of Mozambique the judicial func- Black —the African Con- Former legislation which is Ministers; tion shall be performed by tinent contrary to the Constitution 3) To guarantee the the courts, through the Su- is automatically revoked. rights and freedoms preme People's Court and Yellow —the wealth of Former legislation which is of citizens. other courts provided for in the sub-soil. not contrary to the Consti- .'•i '*vrS*•'*',' -v • '• ,' -v . P- the law on the judiciary. tution shall be maintained in Their composition and com- The white expresses the just- force until such time as ft is VCHAPTBIV petence shall be determined ness of the Mozcimbican peo- altered or revoked. by law. ple's struggle and the peace ARTICLE 63 that struggle is aimed at Administrative establishing. organisation People's Court Until the People's Assembly '^.filSp promote the uniform In the upper left-hand comer starts to function, its legisla- and local state organs the law by all there is an emblem consisting tive powers shall be exercised courts to serve the interests of, a cog wheel (symbol of by the Council of Mintst ART.CLE* of the people of Mozambique, working class and indus- and shall ensure the fulfilment § production) which encir- The People's Republic of Mo- of the Constitution, laws and a book (symbol of edu- • TT • • • i .-.xJ-.»»•<»•* I3»JHL zambique is administratively legal norms of the People's ——• on which are supe- The Constitution of the Peo- organised in provinces, dis- Republic of Mozambique. a crossed gun and ple's Republic of Mozambique tricts and localities. ising defence and comes into force at 00 hours peasant class on 25 June 1975. ARTICLE ana aynuuuurcii pruuuuuunproductionnrnrli iot nn. Approved by acclamation The guiding principles of re- The President of the Supreme ^jtopKjJjfct inside the cojfe by the Central Committee gional administration People's Court is appointed wheel, there is a red star, of the Mozambique Libe- unity, centralism and by the President of the Re- symbolising the Mozambican ration Front on 20 June initiative. people's internationalist spirit. ^&^*K**53E;*HM 27 THE Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Mozambique, the first Government of our sovereign State, took office on July 1 at a ceremony in Lou- ren?o Marques. At the investiture, the 18 Council members swore that, for the defence and triumph of the Revolution, they would dedicate all their energies to the service of the Mozambican People, in exercising the functions' entrusted to them by the President of the Republic. In a speech at the ceremony the Presi- dent noted that the Government was composed of people of different races and from different regions but that none of them was the representative of a race or a colour or a region. He said: «Our Govern- ment collectively, and its members individually, repre- sent exclusively the power of the worker-peasant class I*,."*1 alliance, the interests of the Mozambican People united Minister for Development Minister for Foreign Affairs: Minister for National from the Rovuma to the Maputo. Above all, the and Economic Planning: Joaquim Alberto Chissano, fence: Alberto Joaquim Chi- Government represents the political line of FRELIMO Marcelinarcelino ddoos Santos. Vice- member of Central and Ex- pande, member of Central . •I^UJMdVm* ecutive Committees of FRE- and Executive Committees at the level of the State.)) ."*»«»"~ of FHELIMO. : "' '' : v . , Minister for Home Affairs: Minister for Information: Minister for Labour: Ma- Vice-Minister for National inister for Foreign Af- Armando Emilio Guebuza, Jorge Rebelo, member of riano Matsinha, member of Defence: Sebastiao Marcos fairs: Armando Panquene, member of Central and Ex- Central and Executive Com- Central Committee of FRE- Mabote, member of Central member of Central Corn- ecutive Committees of FRE- mittees of FRELIMO. LIMO. Committee of FRELIMO. mittee of FRELIMO. LIMO, National Political fnrtirtiiccar " ' Minister of State in the Minister for Agriculture: Vice-Minister for Home Af- President's Office: Jose Joaquim Ribeiro de Car- fairs: Daniel Saul Mbanze, dscar Monteiro, member of valho, member of Executivxue e membememer of Executivxecuve Comom- Executive Committee of Committee «». ''•/-fa -t-t Minister for Industry and Minister for Transport and Minister for Justice: Rui Minister for. Public Works Minister for Finance: Salo- Commerce: Mario da Graca Communications: Jose Luis Baltazar dos Santos Alves. and Housing: Julio Zamith mao Munguambe. Machungo Cabaco. Carrilho. 28 (What seemed unaccomplishable for those dominated by reactionary and imperialist prejudices has become a fact: the victory of peasants and workers over a bourgeois army, technically fit, experienced in wars of aggression and powerfully armed. Qurjstruggle showed once again that, when united by ff correct politicaHine, fundamental interests, the People are able to crush any aggressor, however powerful he might 4>e.T Comrade Samora Machel addressing the 24th session of the Organisation of African Unity Liberation Committee in Dor es Salaam in January this year. ^iH^f-^:: :""i:-v-"-.••--"-;" ';^r"-; The last Portuguese soldiers leaving Mozambique in June, 1975 OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE MOZAMBIQUE LIBERATION FRONT — fRELiMO FLAG NATIONAL FLAG