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PART I a TRADITION of CONFLICT 1: Marriage of Convenience

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PART I a TRADITION of CONFLICT 1: Marriage of Convenience Notes PART I A TRADITION OF CONFLICT 1: Marriage of Convenience 1 Diogo Freitas do Amaral, Uma SolucËaÄo para Portugal (Lisbon: PublicacËoÄes Europa-AmeÂrica, 1985), p. 37. 2 AntoÂnio de SpõÂnola, PaõÂs Sem Rumo ± Contributo para a HistoÂria de uma Revo- lucËaÄo (Lisbon: Editorial SCIRE, 1978), pp. 41±2. 3 `Mozambique Parties Answer Osagyefo's ``Close Ranks Call'' ', Evening News, Accra, 6 June 1962, pp. 1,2. 4 `Memorandum of Conversation' between William L. Wight, Jr, deputy dir- ector, Office of East African Affairs, and Eduardo Mondlane at the State Department, Washington, DC on 16 May 1961. This and other State Depart- ment documents released at author's request under the Freedom of Informa- tion Act, Request No. 9101351 (hereinafter FOIA:). 5Eduardo Mondlane, `Present Conditions in Mozambique', 1 May 1961, pp. 10a, 12 from the Immanuel Wallerstein Collection of Political Ephemera, Reel Number 4, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University. 6 FOIA: Under Secretary of State Chester Bowles to National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy, 23 May 1961. 7 FOIA: `Memorandum of Conversation', 16 May 1961, op. cit. 8 FOIA: `Memorandum of Conversation' at the State Department on 8 February 1962. Participants: Robert Stephens, Office of Cultural Affairs; Charles W. Grover, Office of East African Affairs; and Eduardo Mon- dlane. 9 TelevisaÄo de MocËambique, 20 September 1997. 10 Francisco Ferreira, interview with author in Lisbon, 23±24 November 1988. Ferreira was an exiled Portuguese Communist Party member during Santos' visit to Moscow in 1957. 11 Udenamo and MANU statement, Dar es Salaam, 25May 1962. 12 Evening News, op. cit. 13 FOIA: `Memorandum of Conversation', 8 February 1962, op. cit. 14 FOIA: Foreign Service Dispatch, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 19 June 1962. 15Ibid. 16 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 26 June 1962. 17 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 29 June 1962. 18 FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 10 July 1962. 19 Ibid. 273 274 Notes 2: Profile of a Leader 20 AndreÂ-Daniel Clerc, `Eduardo Mondlane: Dados BiograÂficos pelo seu Tutor', Datas e Documentos da HistoÂria da Frelimo, LourencËo Marques 1975, pp. 361±369. 21 Eduardo Mondlane, `Mozambique' in Ronald H. Chilcote, `Emerging Nation- alism in Portuguese Africa ± Documents', pp. 410±411, Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 1972. 22 Professor Adriano Moreira, interview with author, Lisbon 9 December 1988. 23 NotõÂcias, 23 February 1961, pp. 1, 15; 26 March 1961, pp. 1, 4; and 30 March 1961, pp. 18±19. 24 Prof. Adriano Moreira, op. cit. 25Prof. Adriano Moreira, ibid. 26 Nadja Manghezi's `O meu coracËaÄo esta nas maÄos de um negro' (Maputo: Centro de Estudos Africanos, 1999) pp. 221±222. 27 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 15August 1962. 28 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 18 Septem- ber 1962. 29 Hlomulo Chitofo Gwambe, letter written from Cairo, 5September 1962, pp. 1,2. 30 FOIA: Official Use Only Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 6 Sep- tember 1962. 31 FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 22 October 1962. 32 Fanuel Mahluza, interview with author, Nairobi, 29 March 1982. 33 FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 13 October 1963. 34 `Mozambique' in Ronald H. Chilcote, `Emerging Nationalism in Portuguese Africa ± Documents', op. cit. 35`Evoluc ËaÄo HistoÂrica do Pan-africanismo e Desenvolvimento dos Partidos de LibertacËaÄo em MocËambique (Confidencial)', General Staff of the Portuguese Armed Forces, March 1967, p. 119. 36 Ronald H. Chilcote, op. cit. 37 Mennen Williams, recorded interview, p. 63, John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program. 38 Robert Kennedy, letter to Mennen Williams, 25February 1963, John F. Ken- nedy Library, Boston. 39 Mennen Williams, letter to Robert Kennedy, Washington, 16 April 1963, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston. 40 James W. Symington, letter to Robert Kennedy, 11 April 1963, John F. Ken- nedy Library, Boston. 41 Nadja Manghezi, op. cit., pp. 221, 233, 237. 42 FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 20 June 1963. 43 FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 27 June 1963. 44 CIA Special Memorandum No. 28±65: `A New Look at the Prospects for the African Nationalist Movements in Angola and Mozambique', 17 November 1965, p. 10. Notes 275 45FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 13 October 1963. 46 `EvolucËaÄo HistoÂrica do Pan-africanismo e Desenvolvimento dos Partidos de LibertacËaÄoemMocËambique (Confidencial)', op. cit. 3: Southerners and Those from Afar 47 Mazisi Kunene, Emperor Shaka The Great: A Zulu Epic, (London: Heinemann, 1979). 48 Michael Westcott and Carolyn Hamilton, A Historical Tour of the Ngwane and Ndwandwe Kingdom (Manzini: Macmillan Boleswa, 1992). 49 A. Rita Ferreira, Povos de MocËambique: HistoÂria e Cultura (Porto: Afrontamento, 1975). 4: Mondlane's Dilemmas 50 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, Dar es Salaam, 15 October 1964. 51 Richard Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), pp. 187, 192±193, 204±205, 209±222. 52 Franco Nogueira, Salazar: A ResisteÃncia (1958±1964), Vol. V (Porto: Livraria CivilizacËaÄo Editora, 1984) pp. 514±519. 53 FOIA: Confidential Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 12 October 1963. 54 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 13 October 1963. 55 Franco Nogueira, op. cit., pp. 530±536. 56 FOIA: Confidential Memorandum, 4 November 1963. 57 Nadja Manghezi, op. cit. pp. 244±245, 250. 58 FOIA: Confidential Memorandum, 4 November 1963, op. cit. 59 FOIA: Secret Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 25 January 1964. 60 Author's interview with Frelimo official. 61 FOIA: Secret Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 21 May 1964. 62 Ludovick Mwijage, interview with author, Mbabane, 31 March 1992. 63 FOIA: Secret Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 10 May 1964. 64 Seifulaziz Leo MilaÂs, `What Is Wrong With the Mozambique Liberation Front', 19 September 1964, p. 3. 5: Independence War 65FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 19 October 1964. 66 BonifaÂcio Gruveta Massamba, interview in NotõÂcias, 13 September 1988, p. 8. 67 Portuguese Army General Staff: O Caso de MocËambique, Cadernos Militares, No. 7 August 1969; and Resenha HistoÂrico-Militar das Campanhas de A frica (1961±1974), Estado-Maior do ExeÂrcito, ComissaÄo para o Estudo das Cam- panhas de A frica, 18 Volume (Lisboa: Beira Douro, 1988). 276 Notes 68 JoaÄo Paulo Borges Coelho, O InõÂcio da Luta Armada em Tete, 1968±1969: A Primeira Fase da Guerra e a ReaccËaÄo Colonial (Maputo: Arquivo HistoÂrico de MocËambique, 1989), p. 62. 69 PIDE ± PolõÂcia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado. Communique issued on 26 December 1964, `Datas e Documentos da HistoÂria da Frelimo', JoaÄo Reis and Armando Pedro Muiuane (eds) (LourencËo Marques: Imprensa Nacional, 1975). 70 PIDE ± PolõÂcia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado. Communique issued on 30 May 1965, `Datas e Documentos da HistoÂria da Frelimo', op. cit. 71 FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Consulate, LourencËo Marques, 8 September 1965. 72 FOIA: Airgram, American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 30 July 1964. 73 Portuguese Army General Staff: `O Caso de MocËambique', op. cit. 74 FOIA: Secret Research Memorandum, `Mozambique: The Status of the Rebel- lion', 9 August 1968, by Thomas L Hughes, State Department's director of intelligence and research. 75Augusto dos Santos, Tirar a A  gua ao Peixe in Jose Freire Antunes, A Guerra de A frica 1961±1974, Vol. I (Lisbon: CõÂrculo dos Leitores, 1995), p. 288. 76 KauÂlza de Arriaga, Guerra e PolõÂtica. Em Nome da Verdade dos Anos Decisivos (Lisbon: EdicËoÄes Referendo, 1987), pp. 305±307; 311±315. 77 Costa Gomes, General Paradoxo, in Jose Freire Antunes, op. cit. p. 121. 78 O Processo RevolucionaÂrio da Guerra Popular de LibertacËaÄo (Maputo: 1977) pp. 109, 112, 182±183. 79 Eduardo Mondlane, Lutar por MocËambique (Lisbon: Sa da Costa, 1977) pp. 153±157. 80 Eduardo Mondlane, speech at The Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 7 March 1968, p. 6. 6: Zambia Backs Frelimo Dissidents 81 Jose Baltazar da Costa Chagonga, letter to Dr Eduardo Mondlane, Zambia, 4 November 1964. Original kept at the Museu da RevolucËaÄo, Maputo. 82 Eduardo Mondlane, letter to Jose Baltazar da Costa Chagonga, Dar es Salaam, 10 December 1964. Original kept at the Museu da RevolucËaÄo, Maputo. 83 Paulo Jose Gumane, Failure of Unity Talks, 15February 1965,in Ronald H. Chilcote, op. cit., pp. 479±481. 84 Fanuel Gideon Mahluza, interviews with author, Nairobi, 29 March 1982 and 13 November 1988. 85FOIA: Limited Official Use Telegram, American Embassy, Lusaka, 8 April 1965. 86 A. J. K. Kangwa, Conclusions of the Committee Set Up Yesterday 24th March 1965To Consider Some Common Basis For Unity, from the Immanuel Wal- lerstein Collection of Political Ephemera, op. cit. 87 FOIA: Limited Official Use Airgram, American Embassy, Blantyre, 7 February 1965. 88 Eduardo Mondlane, letter to Janet Mondlane, Monrovia, 24 October 1965in Domingo, 25 June 1995, p. 5. 89 CIA Special Memorandum No. 28±65, op. cit. pp. 11, 12. Notes 277 90 Coelho, op. cit., pp. 62, 63. 91 Richard Gibson, African Liberation Movements (London: Oxford University Press, 1972) p. 289. 92 Coremo, Memorandum Submitted to the 3rd Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the OAU, Lusaka, (1966), pp. 2, 3 in Ronald H. Chilcote, op. cit. pp. 481±483; and O Combatente,O rgaÄo Oficial do Coremo, 2 March 1972, pp. 1±6. 93 Times of Zambia, 4 March 1972. 94 Jose da Silva Ramalho, interview with author, Johannesburg, 28 October 1980. Ramalho served as an interpreter during interrogations of captured PAC guerrillas. 7: Mondlane and Che Guevara 95FOIA: Confidential Telegram, American Embassy, in Dar es Salaam, 17 March 1965. 96 Secret memorandum from Mennen Williams, 23 June 1965. W. Averell Harriman Papers, Container No. 495, Library of Congress, Manuscript Divi- sion. 97 FOIA: Secret telegram from American Embassy, Dar es Salaam, 29 July 1965.
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