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Germany Section 2D: German Military Government Over Europe the Ss & Police Inoccupied Europe

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Germany Section 2D: German Military Government Over Europe the Ss & Police Inoccupied Europe ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL O~fl I - I -- I I - ----- I r -, ~m~tT1idC TobetflI L AlFFAIRS HANDBOOK GERMANY SECTION 2D: GERMAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT OVER EUROPE THE SS & POLICE INOCCUPIED EUROPE - a I I I-- -II eer 'I ' I RWa II 111IrA// m Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con- a ne Wn restricted documents and the essentia l characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be communicate d to the public or to the press except by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.) I -_ - -- I ----- II I I I- - - - I--- HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 8 APRIL 19.44 ARMY SERVICE FORCES MM M356-2D Civil Affairs -I I I - ---- -L C -~ -""C -AP~-P~~~----rr --~l~~n~-~BTc- U ----- -- ---- L ~msa IY--LL~--~L~I CIViL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK GERMANY SECTION 2D GERMAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT OVER EUROPE THE SS & POLICE INOCCUPIED EUROPE - C --~- ~ICII~-ql --~-~I~I~BJ~ F-9~-B~ l Hk HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 8 APRIL 1944 h. Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con- tained in restricted documents and the-essential characteristics of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will net be communicated to the public or to the -press except by authorized military publi s agencies. (See also par. 18b, AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.) NUMBERING SYSTEM OF ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indicated by consecutive numbering within the following. categories: Mi - M99 Basic and Advanced Training M100 - M199 Army Specialized Training Program and Pre- Induction Training M200 - M299 Personnel and Morale M300 - M399 Civil Affairs M400 - M499 Supply and Transportation M500 - M599 Fiscal M600 - M699 Procurement and Production 700 - M799 Administration M800 - M899 Miscellan e ous M900 up Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES Washington 25, D. C. 8 April 1944 Army Service Forces Manual M 356-2D, German Military Government over Europe - The SS and Police in Occupied Europe, has been prepared under the supervision of the Provost Marshal General and is published for the information and guidance of all concerned. UPX 461 (21 Sep 43)7 By command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELL: W. D. STYER, Major General, General Staff Corps, Chief of Staff. OFFICIAL: ''Oak J. A. ULIO, Major General, Adjutant General. - iii - This study on German Military Government over Europe - The SS and Police in Occupied Europe was prepared for the MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS BRANCH, OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES OFICERS USING THIS MATERIAL ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE SUGGESTIONS AND CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKE THIS MATERIAL MORE USEFUL TOR THEIR PURPOSES. THISE CRITICISMS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE CHIEF OF THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, PMGO, 2807 MUNITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. - iv - INTRODUCTION Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbook. The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist the Commanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder and (3) to create the conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible. The Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understood that they do not imply any given official program of action. They are rather ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making. SI VIL APF AI RS HANDBOOKS TOPICAL OUTLIN 1. Geographical and Social Background 2. Government and Administration - 2D - German Military Government over Europe - The SS and Police in Occupied Europe 3. Legal Affairs 4, Government Finance 5. Money and Banking 6. Natural Resources 7. Agriculture 8. Industry and Commerce 9. Labor 10. Public Works and Utilities 11. Transportation Systems 12. Communications 13. Public Health and Sanitation 14. Public Safety 15. Education 16. Public Welfare 17. Cultural Institutions This study on Government and Administration - German Military Govern- ment over Europe - The SS and Police in Occupied Europe- was prepared for the MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS BRANCH OF THE OFFICE OF STRATEGIC S3RVICES. - vi - GERMAN MILITARY GOVERNMENT OVER EUROPE A. Principles of Nazi Occupation M 356 - 2B B. German Controls in Occupied Europe 1. The German Army in Occupied Europe M 356 - 20C 2. The SS and Pelice in Occupied Europe M-356 - 2D . 5. Military and Police Tribunals in Occupied Europe 356 2E 4. The Nazi Party in Occupied Europe 356 2F 5. Technical and Economic Troops in Occupied Europe 356 2G 6. Economic Controls in Occupied EuropB 356 2H 7. Labor Controls in Occupied Europe 356 2J 8. Propaganda in Occupied Europe 356 2K 9. The Protectorate of Bohemia - Moravia 356 2L C. The Nazi Occupation of Individual Regions 1. German Military Government - Belgium 361 2A 2. German Military Government - Czechoslovakia 363 2A 3. German Military Government - France 352 2A 4. German Military Government - Greece 351 2A 5. German Military Government - Netherlands 357 2A 6. German Military Government - Norway 350 2A 7. German Military Government - Poland 364 2A The study of German Military Government over Europe 1939-43 is a descriptive analysis of the controls which the Nazis have established for the subjdgation and exploitation of conquered countries. The study emphasizes the agencies and institutions which the Nazis have been using. The results which were produced by the Nazis in the various countries are included only insofar as they illustrate the practices of Nazi adminis- tration. - vii - TABLE OF CONTENTS Pam4 I. Introduction 1 II. The German Police and the Security Service of the Reich Leader SS 2 A. Basic Reforms 2 B. Police Organization 5 1. The Order Police, the Security Police, and the Security Service 5 2. The Higher SS and Police Leaders 5 C. The Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) 6 1. The Protective Police (Schutzpolizei) 6 2. The Rural Police (Gendarmerie) 7 3. The Administrative Police (Verwaltungspolizei) 7 4. The Fire Protection Police (Feuerschutzpolizei) 6 5. The Harbor and River Protection Police (Wasserschutzpolizei) 8 D. The Security Police 8 1. The Criminal Police (Kriminalpolizei) 8 2. The Secret State Police (Geheime Staatspolizei) 9 35. The Security Service of the Reich Leader SS (Sicherheitsdienst) 9 III. The Organization and Functioning of the Police and Security Service in Occupied Europe 9 A. General 9 B. Denmark, Belgium, France and Greece 11 1. Employment of the German Police and Security Service 11 2. Reorganization of Native Police Institutions 12 - viii - TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) C. Norway, the Netherlands, the General Government, the Protectorate, Serbia, the Ostland, and the Ukraine 1. The Higher SS and Police Leaders 2. The Lower Echelons 5. Personnel, Pay, and Supply 4. The Order Police 5. The Security Police 6. The Reorganization of Native Police Forces and the Establishment of German Control 7. The Special Native Police of the New Order D. The Police and SS as Terror Organizations IV. The Waffen*SS A. General B. History Early Development Pre-War Mission Development since 1959 C. Recruitment, Training, and Employment of Personnel 27 1. "Racial Germans" (Volksdeutsche) 27 2. Foreign Waffen-SS Personnel 29 - ix - SUMMARY The army police and SS are the chief instruments employed by Nazi Germany in the control of occupied Europe. The police are in a position to contribute to the system of control because they are militarized, thoroughly dependable from the political point of view, and trained to follow uniform procedures.- Every element of the police has been active in occupation work. The Gestapo and the Security Service of the Reich Leader SS play a predominant role in guarding German interests. The Administrative Police have been responsible for the interior administration of the police abroad and have accomplished much in the reorganization of the native police in countries under German control. The regular uniformed branches of the police have provided leadership for native police units and have been formed into shock troop units for action against guerrillas or revolutionaries. The organization of the police abroad has been adapted to the requirements of each country. In some areas, native police institutions have been left intact; in others, the Germans have had to provide a complete system of control. In every part of Europe, the local commander of the German police remains under the direction of the Chief of Police in Berlin for matters pertaining to security and to the interior administration of the police, An important aspect of German control is the development of native organizations which cooperate with the police. The SS has contributed to this work by providing mil ng and front-line experience to pro-German personnel in the ranks of the Waffen-SS. In some areas IRS faffen-SS recruitment is highly selective and the troops are carefully trained as friends of greater Germany. In other areas, the need for manpower has taken precedence over the Pan-German ideal and recruitment has been pushed forward on a mass basis. -1- I aRODUCTION Germany has successfully established a system of controls over the populations of occupied Europe.
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