Section 8.3: Miscellaneous, Metals and Building Materials
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Section 8.3: Miscellaneous, Metals and Building Materials _________________________________________________________________________________________ Casey & Lowe 109-113 George Street, Parramatta Archaeological Investigation Section 8.3: Miscellaneous, Metal & Building Materials CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 List of Figures...................................................................................................................... 2 2.0 Artefact Analysis .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Overview of Analysis .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Architecture ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Overview of Architectural Artefacts ........................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Architectural Historical Context .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.3 Bricks ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.4 Building Stone........................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.5 Flooring and Roofing ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2.6 Architectural Mortars and Finishes ........................................................................................ 14 2.2.7 Structural and Roofing Hardware........................................................................................... 17 2.3 Services and Lighting ........................................................................................................ 20 2.4 Transport............................................................................................................................ 20 2.5 Work Tools........................................................................................................................ 21 2.6 Industry .............................................................................................................................. 22 2.7 Household and Storage ...................................................................................................... 22 2.8 Food and Beverage ............................................................................................................ 23 2.9 Personal.............................................................................................................................. 25 2.10 Recreation .......................................................................................................................... 29 2.10.1 Children’s Games................................................................................................................... 29 2.10.2 Adult Smoking ....................................................................................................................... 31 2.11 Clerical............................................................................................................................... 35 2.12 Economy ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.13 Unidentified ....................................................................................................................... 39 3.0 Significant Structures and Contexts................................................................................... 40 3.1 Pre-Hassall Period.............................................................................................................. 40 3.2 Leaseholder Historical Overview ...................................................................................... 40 3.3 The Hassall House Cellar, Timber Structure, Well and Boundary Wall ........................... 41 3.4 The Dairy........................................................................................................................... 44 3.5 The Eastern Building(s) ..................................................................................................... 47 3.6 The Chimney/Flue ............................................................................................................. 48 3.7 Pits near Eastern Strucutre 4824 and 4817 ........................................................................ 50 3.8 Area B Pits......................................................................................................................... 51 3.8.1 Western Pits – Group 1 .......................................................................................................... 51 3.8.2 Western Pits – Group 2 .......................................................................................................... 52 3.8.3 Western Pits – Group 3 .......................................................................................................... 54 3.8.4 Western Pits – Group 4 .......................................................................................................... 58 3.8.5 Eastern Pits 5058, 5054, 5063, 5061 and 5068 ...................................................................... 60 3.8.6 Southeast Oval Pit 4806 ......................................................................................................... 61 3.9 Unstratified ........................................................................................................................ 62 4.0 Area Contexts and Dating ................................................................................................... 64 4.1 Methodology...................................................................................................................... 64 5.0 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 66 5.1 The Structures.................................................................................................................... 66 5.2 The Pits.............................................................................................................................. 67 5.3 Evidence for Religious Structures and Artefacts ............................................................... 68 6.0 References ............................................................................................................................. 70 1 Miscellaneous, Metal & Building Materials 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background The artefacts discussed in this report comprise those catalogued as Building Materials, Metal and Miscellaneous by Robyn Stocks for Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd Archaeology and Heritage Consultants in 2005. The catalogue system was developed by Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd. All information was added to an Access database, with each item and fragment assigned to a three-step functional category. Significant artefacts were also drawn and photographed. The artefacts were discovered during the 2005 excavations 109 George Street, Parramatta, prior to redevelopment. The archaeological assessment of the site was done by Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd for Landcom.1 The subsequent 2005 excavations were supervised by Franz Reidel for Casey & Lowe Pty Ltd., and reported within this volume. The site comprised Lots 8-20 situated at the east end of the block bounded to the north by George Street, to the south by Union Street, and to the east by Argus Lane. During excavation the site was subdivided north and south, Areas A-B, corresponding to the east-west division of the building allotments. The pits and other features found in Area B were described in detail by area supervisor Tim Adams and incorporated within Reidel’s excavation report of this volume, Section 7. This part of Parramatta has been occupied by Europeans from 1790 with the people undertaking a variety of activities causing numerous physical changes to the site. The artefacts were used in a variety of domestic, work and religious settings and found within structures, storage and refuse areas and yards. To understand more about these residents and workers, the items used doing specific actions will be examined separately and then as a whole. Such activities include eating, drinking, recreation, writing and learning, fashion, grooming, hygiene, construction, services and transport. 1.2 List of Tables Table 1: General functional groups of artefacts. .................................................................................................. 4 Table 2: Summary of artefacts by general and specific function. ........................................................................5 Table 3: Bricks by feature, context and date. ....................................................................................................... 9 Table 4: Building stone by area and context. NB x indicates stone recorded but not sampled.........................