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Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain Size Distribution: a Case Study of Sediments from Panzara River, Tapi Basin, Northern Maharashtra (India)

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Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity from Grain Size Distribution: a Case Study of Sediments from Panzara River, Tapi Basin, Northern Maharashtra (India) Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.35 F-Geology (No.1-2)2016:P.1-11 Print version ISSN 0970 4639 Online version ISSN 2320 3234 DOI 10.5958/2320-3234.2016.00001.9 ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION: A CASE STUDY OF SEDIMENTS FROM PANZARA RIVER, TAPI BASIN, NORTHERN MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) Golekar R.B.1*, Baride M.V.2, Patil S.N.3, Mohite Rajesh 3, Patil Sunil 3 and Ronad H. N.1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar, Islampur District Sangli - 415414 (India) 2 Department of Geology, Z. B. Patil College, Dhule - 424002 (India) 3 Department of Applied Geology, School of Environmental and Earth Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon - 425001 (India) * Present Address: Department of Geology, G.B. Tatha Tatyasaheb Khare Commerce, Parvatibai Gurupad Dhere Art’s and Shri. Mahesh Janardan Bhosale Science College, Guhagar Dist. Ratnagiri (India) 415703 * Corresponding author: Golekar R. B. (e-mail): [email protected] Received 02 August 2016 : Accepted 15November 2016 ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to determine the grain size of the sediments and estimation of hydraulic conductivity. A total 20 sediment samples were collected from 13 different locations from both the bank of Panzara river channel, Dhule district (Maharashtra). Geologically, this region belongs to Deccan Volcanic Province of upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene age. Weight percentage frequencies and cumulative weight percentage frequencies of the sediment samples were computed. The grain size parameters like graphic mean (Mz), graphic standard deviation (ϭ1), graphic skewness (SK) and graphic kurtosis (KG) were also computed. The coefficient of curvature (Cc), coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and hydraulic conductivity (Hc/K) were also calculated. The grain size results showed that sediments are moderate to poor sorted. Keywords: Grain size, sieve analysis, sediments, Panzara River, Maharashtra, India 1. INTRODUCTION Grain size distribution is one of the most important characteristics of sediment (Wentworth, 1922). This is true because of grain size is a powerful tool for describing a site’s geomorphic setting, interpreting the geomorphic significance of fluid dynamics in the natural environment and distinguishing local versus regional sediment transportation mechanism. The textural characteristics of the sediments are very important for dealing with problem of soil erosion (Ahmad and Hansnain, 2007). The present study deals with the textural characteristics and temporal distribution pattern of sediments of Panzara River channel, Northern Maharashtra, India. Golekar R.B., Baride M.V., Patil S.N., Mohite Rajesh , Patil Sunil and Ronad H. N. The river Panzara is a sub basin of River Tapi, located in Northern Maharashtra, India. The river Panzara originates from Sahyadri Mountains at altitude of 1058m amsl. The total area of Panzara river basin is an about 2758 km2. The area bounded by latitude 20°54’ to 21°13’ N and longitude 74°07’ to 74°56’ E in parts of Dhule districts of Maharashtra, India. Location map of the Panzara river basin has shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Location map of the Panzara river basin The climate of the area is characterized by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the monsoon season, i.e., June to September. The minimum temperature is 16°C in month of December and maximum temperature is 45°C in month of May. The normal annual rainfall is range from 500 mm to 655 mm (CGWB, 2009). 1.1 Geological Setting Geologically, study area belongs to Deccan trap of the Cretaceous to the Lower Eocene age. The Deccan Traps exhibits horizontal lava flows, development of flat-topped hills and step-like terraces. The horizontal basaltic lava flows are inferred to be due to fissure eruptions (Vaidyanadhan and Ramakrishnan, 2008). The study area is almost covered by Deccan basalts except few patches which are covered by thick alluvium and Quaternary sediments (GSI, 1984). In the area under study, two types of lava flows have been reported i.e. aa type flow and Pahoehoe type flow (GSI, 1984). Study area predominantly comprises of Pahoehoe type basaltic lava flows that have been intruded by numerous doleritic dykes. The aa type lava flows consist of thinly porphyritic basalts, hard and compact basalts and is occurred in the lower reaches of the river Panzara. The thickness of ‘aa’ flows is varies from place to place. In general, compound types of flows predominate in the northern part of Maharashtra and simple type of flows are 2 ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION: A CASE STUDY OF SEDIMENTS FROM PANZARA RIVER, TAPI BASIN, NORTHERN MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) spread over southern part of Maharashtra. Vesicular or amygdaloidal basaltic flows are rare and subordinate in these areas. These lava flows show thin blocky vesicular massive upper part and lower part is compact and fine-grained (Subbarao and Hooper, 1988). Red boles separate these flows from one another with its thickness varying from a few centimeters to more than a meter. The area under study shows variety of landforms such as mountains and hills forming gently slope topography. Flat plains covered by alluvium are seen along the river courses. Alluvial zone is confined to elevation below 640m amsl forming low-lying areas. Pediment zone is restricted to hill slopes. 2. METHODOLOGY In the present study, field work was carried out to collect the sediment samples from the Panzara River channel. Twenty sediment samples were collected in 2013, sampling starts from the origin of Panzara River up to confluence of main River Tapi. These samples were collected to show the variety of samples in the area. Sample locations were given in Table 1. Table 1: Sediment sampling locations from the Panzara River, Northern Maharashtra, India Altitude Sr. No. Sample ID Location Latitude Longitude (m amsl) 1 1 Pimpalner 20°57’ N 74°07’ E 515 2 2 A Malpurkasare 20°56’ N 74°15’ E 444 3 2 B Malpurkasare 20°56’ N 74°15’ E 444 4 2 C Malpur Kasare 20°56’ N 74°15’ E 444 Panzara kan sangam 5 3 A 20°58’ N 74°20’ E 395 (Right bank) Panzara kan sangam 6 3 B 20°58’ N 74°20’ E 395 (Left bank) 7 4 Kan river 20°58’ N 74°20’ E 393 8 5 A Akkalpada (Right bank) 20°56’ N 74°27’ E 342 9 5 B Akkalpada (Left bank) 20°56’ N 74°27’ E 355 10 6 A Ner (Right bank r) 20°56’ N 74°30’ E 345 11 6 B Ner (Left bank) 20°56’ N 74°30’ E 343 12 7 Kusumbe 20°55’ N 74°36’ E 308 13 8 War village 20°54’ N 74°41’ E 276 14 9 Dhule 20°55’ N 74°48’ E 248 15 10 Nyhalod 20°59’ N 74°51’ E 267 16 11 A Mandal (Right bank) 21°04’ N 74°51’ E 188 17 11 B Mandal (Left bank) 21°04’ N 74°51’ E 187 18 12 A Betawad (Left bank) 21°09’ N 74°54’ E 165 19 12 B Betawad (Right bank) 21°09’ N 74°54’ E 164 20 13 Mudawad 21°13’ N 74°56’ E 138 Where, amsl - above mean sea level, ° and ’stands for degree and minute Sediment samples were taken from 8cms down from the river bed with the help of plastic spatula. The bulk sediments sample were reduced by coning and quartering, and a 50 3 Golekar R.B., Baride M.V., Patil S.N., Mohite Rajesh , Patil Sunil and Ronad H. N. gm portion of the sample were taken for laboratory analysis. Organic matter was separated from the samples by treatment with 30 % by volume H2O2and SnCl2 adopted by the standard procedures (Rajganapathi, 2013). The sediment samples were dried at 40°C using hot air oven. After this pre-treatment, the sediment samples were sifted at ASTM sieve (from 45 µm to 4.75 mm sizes) sets using a sieve shaker for 15 min. Weight percentage frequencies and cumulative weight percentage frequencies were computed by the standard procedures (Folk and Ward 1957). The sieved materials were weighed separately. The grain size parameters like graphic mean (Mz), inclusive graphic standard deviation (SD), inclusive graphic skewness (Sk) and graphic kurtosis (KG) were computed. The various graphic and moment measures were calculated with the help of formulae of Folk and Ward (1957). The grain size analysis log graphs were plotted with the help origin pro 8 software. Origin Pro 8 software is used for the graphing and data analysis. The coefficient of curvature (Cc) and coefficient of uniformity (Cu) calculated by using the formulas suggested by Holtz and Kovacs (1981) and also calculate the hydraulic conductivity of sediments. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Statistical summary of grain size parameters like percentage of granules, sand, silt, graphic mean (Mz), inclusive graphic standard deviation (SD), inclusive graphic skewness (Sk) and graphic kurtosis (KG) were presented in Table 2. The obtained results of hydraulic conductivity from particles size distributions were presented in Table 3. 3.1 Statistical Analysis of the Grain Size Graphic mean (Mz) is a measure of central tendency, which is calculated by using following formula, (1) The obtained value of mean phi ranged from -1.06 to -0.20 Φ (Fig. 2). These value in general show the dominance of granular conglomerate size sediment. The variations in graphic mean reveal that the differential energy conditions and resulting in their deposition. Figure 2: Graphic Mean trends of sediment samples The graphic standard deviation is measurement of sorting particles size distribution and it is calculated by using formula, 4 ESTIMATION OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY FROM GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION: A CASE STUDY OF SEDIMENTS FROM PANZARA RIVER, TAPI BASIN, NORTHERN MAHARASHTRA (INDIA) (2) The values of standard deviation of sediment samples were obtained ranged from 0.67 to 1.56 Φ; these results shows that the most of sample are moderately to poorly sorted (Fig.
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