DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation of the Juan Fernandez Firecrown and Its Island Habitat

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conservation of the Juan Fernandez Firecrown and Its Island Habitat Oryx Voi 33 No 3 J..l\ ' JdO Conservation of the Juan Fernandez firecrown and its island habitat Michael S. Roy, Juan Carlos Torres-Mura, Fritz Hertel, Marina Lemus and Renate Sponer Abstract The Juan Fernandez Islands constitute two probably a very recent invader; (iv) maintains some distantly separated (182 km) major islands, of which genetic variation, although significantly lower than that Isla Robinson Crusoe is the closest (667 km) to the found in the green-backed firecrown island population. Chilean mainland, and a number of smaller surrounding Because of their relatively recent divergence the authors islets. The endemic Juan Fernandez firecrown Sephanoides aimed to find out if the two species compete for re- fernandensis once inhabited both major islands and sources. In addition, they assessed the conservation numbered many thousands. Today it exists only on Isla options for the Juan Fernandez firecrown and provided Robinson Crusoe and numbers just a few hundred. recommendations for its management. They concluded Another hummingbird, the green-backed firecrown that the survival of the Juan Fernandez firecrown is S. sephaniodes, inhabits this island but also occurs on the inextricably linked to the holistic restoration of eco- mainland. The islands are in ecological meltdown as a system/community function of the island. The initial result of the removal of much of the native (largely step must involve the removal of introduced mammals, endemic) biota. This degradation has been exacerbated followed by replanting of native flora. Although the by introduced herbivorous and carnivorous mammals, authors do not support the use of captive propagation which are extirpating all that remains. In a previous as a general conservation tool, they believe that, be- investigation the authors assessed the evolutionary re- cause the Juan Fernandez firecrown is composed of lationships and genetic variation in the Juan Fernandez only one small population that is under extreme threat firecrown population. They showed that the species: of extinction, a captive population should be estab- (i) is a relative of the high Andean hummingbirds; (ii) lished. is a close sister species of the green-backed firecrown; (iii) dispersed to the islands approximately 0.5-1 million Keywords Conservation, introduced mammals, years ago, unlike the green-backed firecrown, which is islands, Juan Fernandez firecrown, restoration. often found nowhere else. Although islands contain the Introduction most endangered ecosystems, they are also potentially Species on islands constitute a disproportionate number the easiest to conserve and restore. Because they are of the total number of threatened species on this planet independent and isolated, permanent removal of non- as a result of their often small population sizes, and native organisms and management of resources are vulnerability to natural and human-induced environ- relatively easy. However, for full restoration to be mental catastrophes (see Cronk [1997] for a full discus- successful, extinction of endemic organisms must be sion). Since 1600, 75 per cent of animal extinctions have avoided and their conservation made a priority. been of island species (Reid & Miller, 1989). Further- We visited the oceanic Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile) more, although only 20 per cent of bird species live on during the summer months of 1995-96, 1996-97 and islands, 90 per cent of extinct birds (in recent history) 1997-98 with the goal of investigating the evolutionary were from islands (Myers, 1979). However, the import- relationships of the Juan Fernandez avifauna, such as: ance of island species for conservation and mainten- phylogenetic relationships between island and main- ance of global biodiversity is high because they are land species, approximate time of dispersal to the islands, and amount of morphological and genetic change accompanied by their isolation on the island. Michael S. Roy (corresponding author) and In addition to these questions we have also attempted Renate Sponer Department of Zoology, University of Otago, to: (i) further our understanding of the biology of Dunedin, New Zealand. E-mail: [email protected] the islands' endemic flagship species, the Juan Juan Carlos Torres-Mura and Marina Lemus Museo Nacional de Fernandez firecrown (Trochilidae: Sephanoides fernan- Historia Natural, Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile. densis), whose preservation is critical if full restoration Fritz Hertel Department of Biology, University of California, of the unique and biologically rich Juan Fernandez Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. Islands is to be achieved; and (ii) provide practical Received 21 August 1998. Accepted 2 December 1998 1999 FFI, Oryx, 33(3), 223-232 223 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.234, on 24 Sep 2021 at 12:11:56, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00067.x 224 M. S. Rov et al. conservation plans for this end. Already designated as portion of this flora is endangered and two species are a world biosphere reserve, these islands have massive already extinct. The Juan Fernandez flora has diverse potential for conservation, biological research activities origins; the Lactoridaceae are otherwise known only (comparable to the Galapagos), and sustainable eco- by fossil remains from South Africa whereas the tourism, given the correct infrastructure and manage- marine algae have their origins in the Australasian ment goals. region. Forty-five per cent of the fern species are endemic, with one endemic monotypic genus, Thryrsopteris (Ricci, 1996). The Juan Fernandez Islands The native terrestrial fauna, derived from the South The Pacific archipelago of Juan Fernandez, a chain of American mainland, shows comparable endemicity. For young oceanic volcanoes, includes two principal ex- example, 35, of 46 species of mollusc and 440 of 687 posed peaks: Isla Robinson Crusoe or Masatierra (Fig. species of insect are endemic. The native vertebrate 1; 93 sq km, 33°40'S, 78°33'W), which is located 667 km fauna consists of land and sea birds and one species of west of the Chilean coast and is estimated to be 3.8- fur seal (there are no native amphibians or reptiles). 4.2 million years old (Stuessy et al., 1984), and Isla There are nine terrestrial bird species, three of them Alejandro Selkirk or Masafuera (85 sq km, 33°45'S, endemic to the archipelago: the Juan Fernandez fire- 80°51'W), which is located 182 km west of Isla crown Sephanoides fernandensis (Trochilidae) and the Robinson Crusoe and is estimated to be 1.0-2.4 million Juan Fernandez tit-tyrant Anairetes fernandezianus years old (Bourne et al., 1992). The Juan Fernandez (Tyrannidae) of Isla Robinson Crusoe (Roy et al, 1999), Islands have never been connected to the mainland. and the Masafuera rayadito Aphrastura masafuerae The Juan Fernandez Islands contain 142 species of (Furnariidae) from Isla Alejandro Selkirk. Three avian vascular plants of which 69 per cent of species and subspecies are endemic to the Islands: Falco sparverius 18 per cent of the genera are endemic. The endemic fernandezianus (Falconidae) inhabiting both islands, and plants include the only living relict of the family Buteo polyosoma exsul (Accipitridae) and Cinclodes Lactoridaceae, Lactoris fernandeziana, and a remarkable oustaleti backstmemi (Furnariidae) on Isla Alejandro radiation of Compositae, which includes cabbage trees Selkirk. The three other species are also found in main- in the genus Dendroseris. Unfortunately, a high pro- land Chile: short-eared owl Asio flammeus, green-backed Caleta la Vaqueria Isla Robinson Crusoe Cumberland Bay ^—— San Juan Bautista Pte. Frances 5km Fig. 1 Isla Robinson Crusoe (93 sq km). Stippling indicates the principal areas containing native vegetation. They coincide largely with steep hillsides and ridges. 1999 FFI, Oryx, 33(3), 223-232 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.234, on 24 Sep 2021 at 12:11:56, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00067.x Conservation ot the Juan Kernancisz firecrown and its island habta: 225 from Europe to continental Chile and then to the islands). Ricci (1996) suggested little change in the distribution of native ferns since the first botanical collections were made in 1823 (Graham, 1824), 1824 (Douglas, 1836) and 1830 (Bertero, 1830), 250 years after the islands' discovery. This is surprising given the gross anthropogenic changes made to the environment since then and their effects on the angiosperm flora. The native fauna is directly affected by introduced mam- mals such as rodents and coatis Nasua nasua, which have been implicated in the predation of birds. The demography and biology of the Plate 1 An eroded hillside denuded of topsoil. Native evergreen hummingbirds forest would probably have covered this region just over 100 years ago (M. Roy). The Juan Fernandez Islands are listed as a priority 1 (critical) Endemic Bird Area of the World (Stattersfield et ah, 1998). Rottmann & Lopez-Calleja (1990) listed firecrown Sephanoides sephaniodes and austral thrush Sephanoides fernandensis as one of the most endangered Turdus falcklandicus. The California quail Callipepla cali- bird species in Chile. Listed as Critically Endangered fornica was introduced to Isla Robinson Crusoe at the in the IUCN red list (Collar et aL, 1994; IUCN, 1996), it beginning
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
    The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu­ rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius­ Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem­ blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Plant Species Thresholds in the Forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile
    Plant Ecology & Diversity ISSN: 1755-0874 (Print) 1755-1668 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tped20 Invasive plant species thresholds in the forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Stefanie M. Gärtner, Osvaldo J. Vidal, Jan R. Bannister & Aníbal Pauchard To cite this article: Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Stefanie M. Gärtner, Osvaldo J. Vidal, Jan R. Bannister & Aníbal Pauchard (2018) Invasive plant species thresholds in the forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, Plant Ecology & Diversity, 11:2, 205-215, DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2018.1444109 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1444109 Accepted author version posted online: 08 Mar 2018. Published online: 09 Mar 2018. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 96 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tped20 PLANT ECOLOGY & DIVERSITY 2018, VOL. 11, NO. 2, 205–215 https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1444109 Invasive plant species thresholds in the forests of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile Rodrigo Vargas-Gaete a, Christian Salas-Eljatiba, Stefanie M. Gärtnerb, Osvaldo J. Vidalc, Jan R. Bannisterd and Aníbal Paucharde,f aDepartamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; bBlack Forest National Park, Seebach, Germany; cInstituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile; dInstituto Forestal, Valdivia, Chile; eFacultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; fInstituto de Ecologia y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Background: Invasion by exotic plants worldwide can lead to the loss of native species, (Received 17 February 2017; particularly on islands with a high proportion of endemic plants, such as Robinson Crusoe Accepted 20 February 2018) Island (RCI).
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Birdtree.Org [48] to Take Into Account Phylogenetic Uncertainty in the Comparative Analyses [67]
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/586362; this version posted November 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Distribution of iridescent colours in Open Peer-Review hummingbird communities results Open Data from the interplay between Open Code selection for camouflage and communication Cite as: preprint Posted: 15th November 2019 Hugo Gruson1, Marianne Elias2, Juan L. Parra3, Christine Recommender: Sébastien Lavergne Andraud4, Serge Berthier5, Claire Doutrelant1, & Doris Reviewers: Gomez1,5 XXX Correspondence: 1 [email protected] CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France 2 ISYEB, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 45 rue Buffon CP50, Paris, France 3 Grupo de Ecología y Evolución de Vertrebados, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia 4 CRC, MNHN, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, CNRS, Paris, France 5 INSP, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France This article has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology 1 of 33 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/586362; this version posted November 19, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Identification errors between closely related, co-occurring, species may lead to misdirected social interactions such as costly interbreeding or misdirected aggression. This selects for divergence in traits involved in species identification among co-occurring species, resulting from character displacement.
    [Show full text]
  • Hummingbird (Family Trochilidae) Research: Welfare-Conscious Study Techniques for Live Hummingbirds and Processing of Hummingbird Specimens
    Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University Number xx76 19xx January XXXX 20212010 Hummingbird (Family Trochilidae) Research: Welfare-conscious Study Techniques for Live Hummingbirds and Processing of Hummingbird Specimens Lisa A. Tell, Jenny A. Hazlehurst, Ruta R. Bandivadekar, Jennifer C. Brown, Austin R. Spence, Donald R. Powers, Dalen W. Agnew, Leslie W. Woods, and Andrew Engilis, Jr. Dedications To Sandra Ogletree, who was an exceptional friend and colleague. Her love for family, friends, and birds inspired us all. May her smile and laughter leave a lasting impression of time spent with her and an indelible footprint in our hearts. To my parents, sister, husband, and children. Thank you for all of your love and unconditional support. To my friends and mentors, Drs. Mitchell Bush, Scott Citino, John Pascoe and Bill Lasley. Thank you for your endless encouragement and for always believing in me. ~ Lisa A. Tell Front cover: Photographic images illustrating various aspects of hummingbird research. Images provided courtesy of Don M. Preisler with the exception of the top right image (courtesy of Dr. Lynda Goff). SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Museum of Texas Tech University Number 76 Hummingbird (Family Trochilidae) Research: Welfare- conscious Study Techniques for Live Hummingbirds and Processing of Hummingbird Specimens Lisa A. Tell, Jenny A. Hazlehurst, Ruta R. Bandivadekar, Jennifer C. Brown, Austin R. Spence, Donald R. Powers, Dalen W. Agnew, Leslie W. Woods, and Andrew Engilis, Jr. Layout and Design: Lisa Bradley Cover Design: Lisa A. Tell and Don M. Preisler Production Editor: Lisa Bradley Copyright 2021, Museum of Texas Tech University This publication is available free of charge in PDF format from the website of the Natural Sciences Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University (www.depts.ttu.edu/nsrl).
    [Show full text]
  • House Sparrow Eradication Attempt on Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile
    E. Hagen, J. Bonham and K. Campbell Hagen, E.; J. Bonham and K. Campbell. House sparrow eradication attempt on Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile House sparrow eradication attempt on Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile E. Hagen1, J. Bonham1 and K. Campbell1,2 1Island Conservation, Las Urbinas 53 Santiago, Chile. <[email protected]>.2School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia. Abstract House sparrows (Passer domesticus) compete with native bird species, consume crops, and are vectors for diseases in areas where they have been introduced. Sparrow eradication attempts aimed at eliminating these negative eff ects highlight the importance of deploying multiple alternative methods to remove individuals while maintaining the remaining population naïve to techniques. House sparrow eradication was attempted from Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile, in the austral winter of 2012 using an experimental approach sequencing passive multi-catch traps, passive single- catch traps, and then active multi-catch methods, and fi nally active single-catch methods. In parallel, multiple detection methods were employed and local stakeholders were engaged. The majority of removals were via passive trapping, and individuals were successfully targeted with active methods (mist nets and shooting). Automated acoustic recording, point counts and camera traps declined in power to detect individual sparrows as the population size decreased; however, we continued to detect sparrows at all population densities using visual observations, underscoring the importance of local residents’ participation in monitoring. Four surviving sparrows were known to persist at the conclusion of eff orts in 2012. Given the lack of formal biosecurity measures within the Juan Fernández archipelago, reinvasion is possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Dendroseris Pinnata (Bertero Ex Decne.) Col De Juan Fernández Hook
    Id especie: FICHA DE ESPECIE CLASIFICADA Nombre Científico Nombre Vernacular Dendroseris pinnata (Bertero ex Decne.) Col de Juan Fernández Hook. et Arn. En: Hook. et Arn. Comp. Bot. Mag. I. 32. 1835. Familia: Asteraceae tribu: Cichorieae (Muñoz 1973) subtribu: Sonchinae (Kim et al. 1996) subgénero: Phoenicoseris (Sanders et al. 1987) Sinonimia Rea pinnata Bert. en Hemsley (1884) Antecedentes Generales Especie perteneciente al género endémico Dendroseris. Endemismo de la isla Robinson Crusoe. Compuesta de porte arbóreo de hasta 3 m de altura, de aspecto de una pequeña palma. Monocárpico, con el tronco delgado, oblicuo u horizontal en su base, resto levantado y derecho, marcado por cicatrices foliares. Hojas reunidas a modo de plumero en la punta del tronco, peciolada, imparipinnada (con 9 a 16 pares de pinas, sésiles). Inflorescencia es una panoja lateral saliendo de la base del ramillete de hojas, compuesta, formada por 300 a 400 cabezuelas. Corola blanca, vilano blanco. Aquenios morenos, oblongos, comprimidos (Johow 1896). Especie monocárpica, es decir, produce flores a edad avanzada, reproduciéndose con abundancia y muriendo después (Johow 1896). Esta especie presenta alguna variabilidad genética (Crawford et al. 1998, Esselman et al. 2000), y se ha estudiado los mecanismos evolutivos del género (Crawford et al. 1992) La germinación comienza a los 30 días después de sembradas las semillas, llegando a solo un 2% al cabo de 6 meses (Ricci 1998) Distribución geográfica (extensión de la presencia) Desde Quebrada Piedra Agujereada hasta Cerro Chumacera; Cordón Salsipuedes; desde Puerto Inglés a Vaquería y Juanango y en Cerro Alto (Johow 1896; Skottsberg 1922, 1952; Ricci obs.). Se estima una extensión de la presencia aproximada, menor a 5 km2 Tamaño poblacional estimado, abundancia relativa y estructura poblacional Se contaron 96 individuos (Ricci 1990, 2005) en los distintos sectores de la isla, en todas las clases de tamaño, siempre individuos aislados, se infiere menos de 50% de individuos maduros.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Contents
    Traveler’s Guide WILDLIFE WATCHINGTraveler’s IN PERU Guide WILDLIFE WATCHING IN PERU CONTENTS CONTENTS PERU, THE NATURAL DESTINATION BIRDS Northern Region Lambayeque, Piura and Tumbes Amazonas and Cajamarca Cordillera Blanca Mountain Range Central Region Lima and surrounding areas Paracas Huánuco and Junín Southern Region Nazca and Abancay Cusco and Machu Picchu Puerto Maldonado and Madre de Dios Arequipa and the Colca Valley Puno and Lake Titicaca PRIMATES Small primates Tamarin Marmosets Night monkeys Dusky titi monkeys Common squirrel monkeys Medium-sized primates Capuchin monkeys Saki monkeys Large primates Howler monkeys Woolly monkeys Spider monkeys MARINE MAMMALS Main species BUTTERFLIES Areas of interest WILD FLOWERS The forests of Tumbes The dry forest The Andes The Hills The cloud forests The tropical jungle www.peru.org.pe [email protected] 1 Traveler’s Guide WILDLIFE WATCHINGTraveler’s IN PERU Guide WILDLIFE WATCHING IN PERU ORCHIDS Tumbes and Piura Amazonas and San Martín Huánuco and Tingo María Cordillera Blanca Chanchamayo Valley Machu Picchu Manu and Tambopata RECOMMENDATIONS LOCATION AND CLIMATE www.peru.org.pe [email protected] 2 Traveler’s Guide WILDLIFE WATCHINGTraveler’s IN PERU Guide WILDLIFE WATCHING IN PERU Peru, The Natural Destination Peru is, undoubtedly, one of the world’s top desti- For Peru, nature-tourism and eco-tourism repre- nations for nature-lovers. Blessed with the richest sent an opportunity to share its many surprises ocean in the world, largely unexplored Amazon for- and charm with the rest of the world. This guide ests and the highest tropical mountain range on provides descriptions of the main groups of species Pthe planet, the possibilities for the development of the country offers nature-lovers; trip recommen- bio-diversity in its territory are virtually unlim- dations; information on destinations; services and ited.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristotelia Chilensis
    Vergara et al. Nutrition Journal (2015) 14:27 DOI 10.1186/s12937-015-0008-1 SHORT REPORT Open Access The intake of maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) berry extract normalizes H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations in exhaled breath condensate from healthy smokers - an explorative study Daniela Vergara, Daniela Ávila, Elizabeth Escobar, Catalina Carrasco-Pozo, Andrés Sánchez and Martin Gotteland* Abstract Background: Respiratory diseases are associated with pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. Though studies in animal models suggest that dietary polyphenols improve lung injury, no intervention studies were carried out in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether the intake of an anthocyanin-rich maqui extract improved H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) from asymptomatic smokers. Findings: 15 asymptomatic smokers with mild cigarette smoking (3 pack-year [2.4 - 7.7]) (mean [CI95%]) were recruited in this exploratory longitudinal study. They ingested 2 g of maqui extract (polyphenol content = 5.18 ± 2.00 g GAE/100 g; FRAP value = 27.1 ± 2.0 mmol Fe++/100 g), twice daily for two weeks. EBCs were collected before and after treatment and the changes in H2O2 and IL-6 concentrations were determined by fluorimetry and Elisa, respectively. The EBC contents of H2O2 and IL-6 H2O2 before and after treatment in smokers were also compared with those determined in single EBC samples from 8 healthy non-smokers subjects. At baseline, the H2O2 concentrations were higher and those of IL-6 lower in the smokers than in the non-smokers. Maqui extract significantly decreased H2O2 (p < 0.0002) and increased IL-6 (p < 0.004) in the EBC from smokers.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Travel Chile 2018
    Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 WILDLIFE TRAVEL v Chile 2018 Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 # DATE LOCATIONS AND NOTES 1 18 November Departure from the UK. 2 19 November Arrival in Santiago and visit to El Yeso Valley. 3 20 November Departure for Robinson Crusoe (Más a Tierra). Explore San Juan Bautista. 4 21 November Juan Fernández National Park - Plazoleta del Yunque. 5 22 November Boat trip to Morro Juanango. Santuario de la Naturaleza Farolela Blanca. 6 23 November San Juan Bautista. Boat to Bahía del Padre. Return to Santiago. 7 24 November Departure for Chiloé. Dalcahue. Parque Tepuhueico. 8 25 November Parque Tepuhueico. 9 26 November Parque Tepuhueico. 10 27 November Dalcahue. Quinchao Island - Achao, Quinchao. 11 28 November Puñihuil - boat trip to Isla Metalqui. Caulin Bay. Ancud. 12 29 November Ferry across Canal de Chacao. Return to Santiago. Farellones. 13 30 November Departure for Easter Island (Rapa Nui). Ahu Tahai. Puna Pau. Ahu Akivi. 14 1 December Anakena. Te Pito Kura. Anu Tongariki. Rano Raraku. Boat trip to Motu Nui. 15 2 December Hanga Roa. Ranu Kau and Orongo. Boat trip to Motu Nui. 16 3 December Hanga Roa. Return to Santiago. 17 4 December Cerro San Cristóbal and Cerro Santa Lucía. Return to UK. Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 LIST OF TRAVELLERS Leader Laurie Jackson West Sussex Guides Claudio Vidal Far South Expeditions Josie Nahoe Haumaka Tours Front - view of the Andes from Quinchao. Chile, species list and trip report, 18 November to 5 December 2018 Days One and Two: 18 - 19 November.
    [Show full text]
  • Listas De Aves 2019
    List of bird of CUSCO BIRDING - CUSCO 3399 m.a.s.l N° ENGLISH NAME NOMBRE CIENTIFICO 1 Alder Flycatcher Empidonax alnorum 2 American Golden-Plover Pluvialis dominica 3 American Kestrel Falco sparverius 4 Amethyst-throated Sunangel Heliangelus amethysticollis 5 Andean Avocet Recurvirostra andina 6 Andean Cock-of-the-rock Rupicola peruvianus 7 Andean Condor Vultur gryphus 8 Andean Duck Oxyura ferruginea 9 Andean Flicker Colaptes rupicola 10 Andean Goose Oressochen melanopterus 11 Andean Guan Penelope montagnii 12 Andean Gull Chroicocephalus serranus 13 Andean Hillstar Oreotrochilus estella 14 Andean Lapwing Vanellus resplendens 15 Andean Motmot Momotus aequatorialis 16 Andean Negrito Lessonia oreas 17 Andean Parakeet Bolborhynchus orbygnesius 18 Andean Solitaire Myadestes ralloides 19 Andean Swallow Orochelidon andecola 20 Andean Swift Aeronautes andecolus 21 Andean Tinamou Nothoprocta pentlandii 22 Andean Tit-Spinetail Leptasthenura andicola 23 Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis 24 Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch Phrygilus plebejus 25 Ash-breasted Tit-Tyrant Anairetes alpinus 26 Ashy-headed Tyrannulet Phyllomyias cinereiceps 27 Azara's Spinetail Synallaxis azarae 28 Baird's Sandpiper Calidris bairdii 29 Bananaquit Coereba flaveola 30 Band-tailed Fruiteater Pipreola intermedia 31 Band-tailed Pigeon Patagioenas fasciata 32 Band-tailed Seedeater Catamenia analis 33 Band-tailed Sierra-Finch Phrygilus alaudinus 34 Band-winged Nightjar Systellura longirostris 35 Bank Swallow Riparia riparia 36 Bar-bellied Woodpecker Veniliornis nigriceps 37 Bare-faced
    [Show full text]
  • Peru: from the Cusco Andes to the Manu
    The critically endangered Royal Cinclodes - our bird-of-the-trip (all photos taken on this tour by Pete Morris) PERU: FROM THE CUSCO ANDES TO THE MANU 26 JULY – 12 AUGUST 2017 LEADERS: PETE MORRIS and GUNNAR ENGBLOM This brand new itinerary really was a tour of two halves! For the frst half of the tour we really were up on the roof of the world, exploring the Andes that surround Cusco up to altitudes in excess of 4000m. Cold clear air and fantastic snow-clad peaks were the order of the day here as we went about our task of seeking out a number of scarce, localized and seldom-seen endemics. For the second half of the tour we plunged down off of the mountains and took the long snaking Manu Road, right down to the Amazon basin. Here we traded the mountainous peaks for vistas of forest that stretched as far as the eye could see in one of the planet’s most diverse regions. Here, the temperatures rose in line with our ever growing list of sightings! In all, we amassed a grand total of 537 species of birds, including 36 which provided audio encounters only! As we all know though, it’s not necessarily the shear number of species that counts, but more the quality, and we found many high quality species. New species for the Birdquest life list included Apurimac Spinetail, Vilcabamba Thistletail, Am- pay (still to be described) and Vilcabamba Tapaculos and Apurimac Brushfnch, whilst other montane goodies included the stunning Bearded Mountaineer, White-tufted Sunbeam the critically endangered Royal Cinclodes, 1 BirdQuest Tour Report: Peru: From the Cusco Andes to The Manu 2017 www.birdquest-tours.com These wonderful Blue-headed Macaws were a brilliant highlight near to Atalaya.
    [Show full text]
  • List of the Birds of Peru Lista De Las Aves Del Perú
    LIST OF THE BIRDS OF PERU LISTA DE LAS AVES DEL PERÚ By/por MANUEL A.
    [Show full text]