High Performance Flash and Arc Lamps Catalog
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An Application of the Theory of Laser to Nitrogen Laser Pumped Dye Laser
SD9900039 AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF LASER TO NITROGEN LASER PUMPED DYE LASER FATIMA AHMED OSMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physics. UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS MARCH 1998 \ 3 0-44 In this thesis we gave a general discussion on lasers, reviewing some of are properties, types and applications. We also conducted an experiment where we obtained a dye laser pumped by nitrogen laser with a wave length of 337.1 nm and a power of 5 Mw. It was noticed that the produced radiation possesses ^ characteristic^ different from those of other types of laser. This' characteristics determine^ the tunability i.e. the possibility of choosing the appropriately required wave-length of radiation for various applications. DEDICATION TO MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY SISTER NADI A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. AH El Tahir Sharaf El-Din, for his continuous support and guidance. I am also grateful to Dr. Maui Hammed Shaded, for encouragement, and advice in using the computer. Thanks also go to Ustaz Akram Yousif Ibrahim for helping me while conducting the experimental part of the thesis, and to Ustaz Abaker Ali Abdalla, for advising me in several respects. I also thank my teachers in the Physics Department, of the Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum and my colleagues and co- workers at laser laboratory whose support and encouragement me created the right atmosphere of research for me. Finally I would like to thank my brother Salah Ahmed Osman, Mr. -
Industrial Lighting a Primer
Industrial Lighting A Primer All through history people have sought better ways to illuminate their work. Even the cavemen needed torches to allow them to draw on the walls of their underground caverns. Fire brought both light and heat for thousands of years before crude lamps of animal fat gave way to the candle for general indoor illumination used around the world. Roman Grease Lamp An offshoot of the common candlestick became what we now call the Lacemakers Globe. This quite possibly could qualify as the world’s first industrial light source! It was observed that when a candle flame was aligned behind a rounded glass bottle filled with water, a magnifying and focusing effect was produced, in addition to simply lighting up a small area. This was high technology of the first order! No longer did the lacemaker have to pack it in when the sun went down, for soon the new Lacemaker’s Globe became fairly common in European Cottage Industry, enabling the production of lace at a greater rate than ever before. It is also not too much of a stretch to conclude that the repetitive patterns of the lacemaker could be looked upon as a forerunner to the theory of mass production, along with the pin makers who toiled away in the ‘second tier’ of the feeble light pool cast by the globe, hammering heads onto straightened bits of wire in order to make the common pin. This was mighty slim pickings by today’s standards to be sure, but just a few hundred years ago it represented a revolutionary increase in handiwork production after the sun went down, for the very first time in history. -
Solid State Laser
SOLID STATE LASER Edited by Amin H. Al-Khursan Solid State Laser Edited by Amin H. Al-Khursan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Solid State Laser, Edited by Amin H. -
Construction of a Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Laser and an Acousto-Optic
; UNITED STATES APARTMENT OF COMMERCE oUBLICATION NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 603 / v \ f ''ttis oi Construction of a Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Laser U.S. EPARTMENT OF COMMERCE and an Acousto-Optic Modulator National Bureau of for Mode-Locking Iandards — NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measure- ment system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scien- tific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of a Center for Radia- tion Research, an Office of Measurement Services and the following divisions: Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Heat—Mechanics—Optical Physics—Linac Radiation 2—Nuclear Radiation 2—Applied Radiation 2—Quantum Electronics 3— Electromagnetics 3—Time and Frequency 3 —Laboratory Astrophysics3—Cryo- 3 genics . -
!History of Lightingv2.Qxd
CONTENTS Introduction 3 The role of lighting in modern society 3 1. The oldest light sources 4 Before the advent of the lamp 4 The oldest lamps 4 Candles and torches 5 Further development of the oil lamp 6 2. Gaslight 9 Introduction 9 Early history 9 Gas production 10 Gaslight burners 10 The gas mantle 11 3. Electric lighting before the incandescent lamp 14 Introduction 14 Principle of the arc lamp 15 Further development of the arc lamp 16 Applications of the arc lamp 17 4. The incandescent lamp 20 The forerunners 20 The birth of the carbon-filament lamp 22 Further development of the carbon-filament lamp 25 Early metal-filament lamps 27 The Nernst lamp 28 The birth of the tungsten-filament lamp 29 Drawn tungsten filaments 30 Coiled filaments 30 The halogen incandescent lamp 31 5. Discharge lamps 32 Introduction 32 The beginning 32 High-voltage lamps 33 Early low-pressure mercury lamps 34 The fluorescent lamp 35 High-pressure mercury lamps 36 Sodium lamps 37 The xenon lamp 38 6. Electricity production and distribution 39 Introduction 39 Influence machines and batteries 39 Magneto-electric generators 40 Self-exciting generators 41 The oldest public electricity supply systems 41 The battle of systems 42 The advent of modern a.c. networks 43 The History of Light and Lighting While the lighting industry is generally recognized as being born in 1879 with the introduction of Thomas Alva Edison’s incandescent light bulb, the real story of light begins thousands of years earlier. This brochure was developed to provide an extensive look at one of the most important inventions in mankind’s history: artificial lighting. -
Humphry Davy and the Arc Light
REMAKING HISTORY By William Gurstelle Humphry Davy and the Arc Light » Thomas Edison did not invent the first electric BRILLIANT light.* More than 70 years before Edison’s 1879 MISTAKES: Humphry Davy, incandescent lamp patent, the English scientist chemist, inventor, Humphry Davy developed a technique for produc- and philosopher: ing controlled light from electricity. “I have learned Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) was one of the more from my failures than from giants of 19th-century science. A fellow of the my successes.” prestigious Royal Society, Davy is credited with discovering, and first isolating, elemental sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron, barium, and strontium. A pioneer in electrochemistry, he appeared between the electrode tips, Davy had to also developed the first medical use of nitrous oxide separate the carbon electrodes slightly and care- and invented the miner’s safety lamp. The safety fully in order to sustain the continuous, bright arc lamp alone is directly responsible for saving of electricity. Once that was accomplished, he found hundreds, if not thousands, of miners’ lives. the device could sustain the arc for long periods, But it is his invention of the arc lamp for which we even as the carbon rods were consumed in the heat remember him here. Davy’s artificial electric light of the process. consisted of two carbon rods, made from wood Davy’s arc lamp of 1807 was not economically charcoal, connected to the terminals of an enormous practical until the cost of producing a 50V-or-so collection of voltaic cells. (In Davy’s day, thousands power supply became reasonable. -
Improved Laser Based Photoluminescence on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Improved laser based photoluminescence on single-walled carbon nanotubes S. Kollarics,1 J. Palot´as,1 A. Bojtor,1 B. G. M´arkus,1 P. Rohringer,2 T. Pichler,2 and F. Simon1 1Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Lend¨uletSpintronics Research Group (PROSPIN), P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary 2Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4., Vienna A-1090, Austria Photoluminescence (PL) has become a common tool to characterize various properties of single- walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) chirality distribution and the level of tube individualization in SWCNT samples. Most PL studies employ conventional lamp light sources whose spectral dis- tribution is filtered with a monochromator but this results in a still impure spectrum with a low spectral intensity. Tunable dye lasers offer a tunable light source which cover the desired excitation wavelength range with a high spectral intensity, but their operation is often cumbersome. Here, we present the design and properties of an improved dye-laser system which is based on a Q-switch pump laser. The high peak power of the pump provides an essentially threshold-free lasing of the dye laser which substantially improves the operability. It allows operation with laser dyes such as Rhodamin 110 and Pyridin 1, which are otherwise on the border of operation of our laser. Our sys- tem allows to cover the 540-730 nm wavelength range with 4 dyes. In addition, the dye laser output pulses closely follow the properties of the pump this it directly provides a time resolved and tunable laser source. -
History of Electric Light
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 76. NUMBER 2 HISTORY OF ELECTRIC LIGHT BY HENRY SGHROEDER Harrison, New Jersey PER\ ^"^^3^ /ORB (Publication 2717) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AUGUST 15, 1923 Zrtie Boxb QSaftitnore (prcee BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations v Foreword ix Chronology of Electric Light xi Early Records of Electricity and Magnetism i Machines Generating Electricity by Friction 2 The Leyden Jar 3 Electricity Generated by Chemical Means 3 Improvement of Volta's Battery 5 Davy's Discoveries 5 Researches of Oersted, Ampere, Schweigger and Sturgeon 6 Ohm's Law 7 Invention of the Dynamo 7 Daniell's Battery 10 Grove's Battery 11 Grove's Demonstration of Incandescent Lighting 12 Grenet Battery 13 De Moleyns' Incandescent Lamp 13 Early Developments of the Arc Lamp 14 Joule's Law 16 Starr's Incandescent Lamp 17 Other Early Incandescent Lamps 19 Further Arc Lamp Developments 20 Development of the Dynamo, 1840-1860 24 The First Commercial Installation of an Electric Light 25 Further Dynamo Developments 27 Russian Incandescent Lamp Inventors 30 The Jablochkofif " Candle " 31 Commercial Introduction of the Differentially Controlled Arc Lamp ^3 Arc Lighting in the United States 3;^ Other American Arc Light Systems 40 " Sub-Dividing the Electric Light " 42 Edison's Invention of a Practical Incandescent Lamp 43 Edison's Three-Wire System 53 Development of the Alternating Current Constant Potential System 54 Incandescent Lamp Developments, 1884-1894 56 The Edison " Municipal -
Miniature and Low Wattage HID Lamps?
Miniature HID Lamps? Page 1 of 4 Miniature and Low Wattage HID Lamps? I know that some of us want a more energy efficient flashlight or a more energy efficient bicycle headlight or the like. And some of us wonder why commercial products to satisfy those desires aren't out there? As for flashing a xenon strobe rapidly with low energy flashes - there is a bit of a problem. Performance of xenon flashtubes largely gets better with higher flash energy and worse with lower flash energy. If the energy is high enough to give satisfactory improvement of energy efficiency over halogen lamps, any economical flashtube including all made of glass as opposed to quartz will not survive such flashing repeated rapidly enough to appear to glow continuously. NOTE - It takes 50-60 flashes per second to avoid flicker! Movies avoid flicker at 24 frames/second by having the "on" fraction of each cycle being about 80 percent of the cycle as opposed to the fraction of 1 percent that a fast xenon strobe would have. (NOTE - someone tells me that movie projectors "blink" twice per frame for 48 "blinks" per second, and this may well be true for just some projectors.) You need the off time to be under 20 or preferably under about 16 milliseconds to make the light appear continuous. Further discussion of this is in a separate file on making xenon glow continuously. Now back to miniature HID lamps: One obstacle is the thermal conduction loss from the arc. This is surprisingly proportional to the overall length of the arc and surprisingly independent of the width of the arc or the gas/vapor pressure or the power. -
What Makes the Powerarc a Better Illuminator
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS FLUORESCENCE GRATINGS & OEM SPECTROMETERS What makes the PowerArc OPTICAL COMPONENTS CUSTOM SOLUTIONS PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION a better Illuminator RAMAN / AFM-RAMAN / TERS SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY SPR IMAGING A 75 Watt Xenon Arc Lamp Illuminator Provides the Same Power Output as a 450 Watt Xenon Arc Lamp in a Vertical Lamp Housing! Users of old style vertical arc lamp housings are throwing Please note that the PowerArc™ series of lamp housings away as much as 90% of the lamps output, due to are designed for lamps from 75 watts to 150 watts. poor collection efficiency. These old style vertical lamp Please also refer to our KiloArc™ light source for ultra high housings have a collection lens in front of the arc lamp and intensity requirements with 1,000 watt arc lamps. sometimes, but not always, a back reflector behind them. The problem with this old design is that only the light that Arc Lamp Housing actually strikes these optical elements is delivered outside At the heart of the PowerArc™ lamp housing is a of the lamp housing. All other photons emitted by the lamp proprietary on-axis ellipsoidal reflector. Our reflectors are wasted, simply heating the inside of the lamp housing. collect up to 70% of the radiant energy from the arc lamp, Conversely the unique PowerArc™ lamp housing has an versus only 12% for typical condenser systems in vertical enveloping ellipsoidal reflector that collects virtually all of lamp housings. The ellipse literally wraps around the arc the light emitted by the lamp arc, delivering those photons lamp, collecting 5 to 6 times more output power than a to a secondary focal point outside of the lamp housing, conventional system. -
Basic Physics of the Incandescent Lamp (Lightbulb) Dan Macisaac, Gary Kanner,Andgraydon Anderson
Basic Physics of the Incandescent Lamp (Lightbulb) Dan MacIsaac, Gary Kanner,andGraydon Anderson ntil a little over a century ago, artifi- transferred to electronic excitations within the Ucial lighting was based on the emis- solid. The excited states are relieved by pho- sion of radiation brought about by burning tonic emission. When enough of the radiation fossil fuels—vegetable and animal oils, emitted is in the visible spectrum so that we waxes, and fats, with a wick to control the rate can see an object by its own visible light, we of burning. Light from coal gas and natural say it is incandescing. In a solid, there is a gas was a major development, along with the near-continuum of electron energy levels, realization that the higher the temperature of resulting in a continuous non-discrete spec- the material being burned, the whiter the color trum of radiation. and the greater the light output. But the inven- To emit visible light, a solid must be heat- tion of the incandescent electric lamp in the ed red hot to over 850 K. Compare this with Dan MacIsaac is an 1870s was quite unlike anything that had hap- the 6600 K average temperature of the Sun’s Assistant Professor of pened before. Modern lighting comes almost photosphere, which defines the color mixture Physics and Astronomy at entirely from electric light sources. In the of sunlight and the visible spectrum for our Northern Arizona University. United States, about a quarter of electrical eyes. It is currently impossible to match the He received B.Sc. -
Solid-State Lasers for Medical Applications 129
5 Solid- state lasers for medical applications J. ŠULC and H. JELÍNKOVÁ, Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic DOI: 10.1533/9780857097545.2.127 Abstract: The goal of this chapter is to provide the fundamentals of solid- state lasers used in medical applications. After a brief introduction, the fundamental properties of solid- state laser active media are described. The main part of this chapter contains the description of a solid- state laser system, its pumping and cooling, modes of operation, and emission wavelength control, including a non- linear conversion of radiation. In the following part, a detailed description of selected solid- state laser types used in medical applications is given. At the end of this chapter, the construction and materials of some novel solid- state lasers are described. Key words: solid- state lasers, non- linear conversion of radiation, laser crystal, diode pumping, Q-switching, tunable solid- state laser. 5.1 Introduction Solid- state lasers (SSL) are attractive sources of coherent radiation for various scientifi c as well as industrial applications. As was mentioned in Chapter 2 , lasers can be divided into fi ve groups: solid- state, semiconductor, liquid, gas, and plasma lasers. According to the state of a laser active environment, solid- state and semiconductor lasers can be integrated into one group, because both these active media are in solid form. But, in a narrower sense of the term, solid-state lasers are systems whose active medium consists of a transparent solid matrix (e.g. crystal, glass or ceramics) doped by an optically active ion and using optical pumping for excitation.