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In Partial Fulfilment of Requirements for the Degree Of THE EFFECTS OF FEED-BORNE FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS ON THE PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by JAMIE MARIE HOOFT In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science May, 2010 © Jamie M. Hooft, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-67487-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-67487-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ¦+¦ Canada ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF FEED-BORNE FUSARIUM MYCOTOXBVS ON THE PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUSMTKISS) Jamie Marie Hooft Advisor: University of Guelph, 2010 Professor D.P. Bureau This thesis is an examination ofthe effects of low levels of naturally occurring Fusarium mycotoxins, predominately deoxynivalenol, on the performance and health of rainbow trout. Fish performance parameters including weight gain, growth rate, feed efficiency and nutrient utilization efficiency responded linearly or quadratically to low levels of deoxynivalenol ranging from 0.3 (control) to 2.6 ppm. Additionally, significant differences in growth rate, feed efficiency and carcass crude protein content between fish fed the diet containing 2.6 ppm and fish pair-fed the control diet were observed, suggesting that reduction of feed intake is not the sole mechanism of action of deoxynivalenol in rainbow trout. No significant differences in the apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy offish fed diets containing 0.3 (control) to 2.0 ppm deoxynivalenol were determined. However, histological examination indicated morphological changes of the livers of some fish fed diets containing 2.6 ppm DON. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of generous contributions from many people and organizations. I want to extend my sincere thanks to my advisor, Dr. Dominique Bureau, whose passion for research and dedication to his students are unquestionable. Dom, thank you for your guidance through every step of this process and for the opportunities you have given me. The expertise and guidance of my advisory committee members, Dr. Jim Atkinson and Dr. Trevor Smith, throughout this process have also been critical to the successful completion of my research and thesis. I would like to thank Hakeem Elmor of Zagazig University, Egypt for his contribution to the histopathological examination of tissues during his time in the Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory and Dr. Pedro Encarnaçao for his advice and assistance over the course of the project. Thank you to Dr. Margaret Quinton, whose statistical . advice and help was critical in the interpretation of the results. The funding of this project by Biomin was instrumental to the research presented in this thesis and is greatly appreciated. Additionally, the co-operation of research scientists and staffai Biomin in Austria and Singapore is gratefully acknowledged. My appreciation and thanks to the staff and students ofthe Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory for their support, friendship, encouragement and help with my experiments. It has been my privilege and good fortune to work with all of you. Thank you to my family and friends for your love and support during this process and always. To my parents, Jim and Pat Hooft, there are not enough words to thank you for everything you have given me and done for me. Thank you for teaching me by example that with hard work, perseverance and determination anything is achievable; for i your constant reassurance; for supporting my decisions; for your wisdom and advice; for listening to countless stories about the trials and tribulations of graduate school; and above all, for your unconditional love and support. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 - Objectives 4 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.1 - Introduction 6 2.2 - Mycotoxins .9 2.3 - Fungal species and mycotoxin production 10 2.4 - Factors affecting fungal growth and mycotoxin production 11 2.5 - Occurrence and global distribution of mycotoxins 14 2.6 - Fusarium mycotoxins 19 2.6.1 - Trichothecenes 19 2.6.2 - Zearalenone 34 2.6.3 - Fumonisins 37 2.7 - Conclusion 42 3 - THE EFFECTS OF FEED-BORNE FUSARIUM MYCOTOXINS ON THE PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH OF RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) 44 3.1 -Abstract 44 3.2 - Introduction 45 3.3 - Materials and Methods 48 3.3.1 - Fish and experimental conditions 48 3.3.2 - Experimental diets and feeding protocol 49 3.3.3 - Mycotoxin analysis 51 3.3.4 - Digestibility trial 53 3.3.5 - Chemical analysis 54 3.3.6 - Histopathological examination 54 3.3.7 - Calculations 56 3.3.8 - Statistical Analysis 57 3.4 -Results 58 3.4.1 - Growth performance 58 3.4.2 - Apparent digestibility 59 3.4.3 - Histological examination 60 iii 3.4.4 - Carcass composition 60 3.5 - Discussion 70 3.6 - Conclusion 78 4 - GENERAL DISCUSSION 80 5 - REFERENCES 88 IV LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 - Cost comparison offish meal and plant ingredients for inclusion in salmonid aquaculture feeds 7 Table 2.2 - Minimum, optimal and maximum temperatures and water activities required for the growth of common mycotoxin-producing fungal genera......„ 14 Table 2.3 - The influence of temperature on the relative quantities of DON and ZON produced by F. graminearum 14 Table 2.4 - Occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in agricultural commodities according to geographical region 17 Table 2.5 - Occurrence and levels of mycotoxins according to commodity 18 Table 3.1 - Analyzed mycotoxin content of the three corn sources used to formulate the experimental diets 51 Table 3.2 - Comparison of experimental diets and dietary mycotoxin concentrations.... 52 Table 3.3 - Growth, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and mortality of rainbow trout (initial average weight = 24.3 g/fish) fed the experimental diets for 56 days 61 Table 3.4 - Retained nitrogen, recovered energy, nitrogen retention efficiency and energy retention efficiency of rainbow trout (initial average weight - 24.3 g/fish) fed the experimental diets for 56 days 62 Table 3.5 - Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) for Diets 1, 3, 4 and 6 fed to rainbow trout (initial average weight = 8.5 g/fish) calculated over two collection periods (N=4 for each diet) 65 Table 3.6 - Chemical body composition of the whole carcass of rainbow trout fed the experimental diets for 56 days 69 Table 4.1 - Concentration of DON (ppm) in samples of corn gluten meal used as a feed ingredient of experimental diets for rainbow trout determined using ELISA 86 Table 4.2 - Comparison of the concentration of DON (ppm) in four samples determined using an ELISA kit and HPLC. 86 ? LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 - Chemical structures of DON and T-2 toxin 20 Figure 2.2 - Weight gains of rainbow trout fed diets containing graded levels of DON for 4 weeks 31 Figure 2.3 - Chemical structures of ZON and 17ß-estradiol 34 Figure 2.4 - Chemical structures of FBi, sphinganine and sphingosine 38 Figure 3.1 - Growth curves of rainbow trout (initial average weight = 24.3 g/fish) fed diets containing 0.3 (control), 0.8, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.6 ppm DON from a naturally contaminated source of corn 63 Figure 3.2 - Growth curves of rainbow trout (initial average weight = 24.3 g/fish) fed a diet containing 2.6 ppm DON and a pair-feeding treatment of the control diet 63 Figure 3.3 - Weight gain of rainbow trout (initial average weight = 24.3 g/fish) fed diets containing 0.3 (control), 0.8, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.6 ppm DON from naturally contaminated corn 64 Figure 3.4 - Feed efficiency of rainbow trout (initial average weight = 24.3 g/fish) fed diets containing 0.3 (control), 0.8, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.6 ppm DON from naturally contaminated corn 64 Figure 3.5 - Liver of a rainbow trout fed Diet 1 (control, 0.3 ppm DON) showing normal hepatic and sinusoidal architecture 66 Figure 3.6 - Liver of a rainbow trout fed Diet 3 (1.4 ppm DON) showing congestion and subcapsular edema with a fibrinous network 66 Figure 3.7 - Liver of a rainbow trout fed Diet 5 (2.6 ppm DON) showing multifocal areas of fatty infiltration 67 Figure 3.8 - Liver of a rainbow trout fed Diet 5 (2.6 ppm DON) showing phenotypically altered hepatocytes; pyknosis and karyolysis 67 Figure 3.9 - Pancreas of a rainbow trout fed Diet 5 (2.6 ppm DON) showing hydropic degeneration in the islet of Langerhan 68 Figure 3.10 - Comparison of the sensitivity of rainbow trout from two different studies and starter pigs to DON 71 vi 1 - GENERAL INTRODUCTION Feed represents the single largest production cost of an intensive aquaculture operation.
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