Pathology.Pre-Test.Pdf
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Pathology PreTestTMSelf-Assessment and Review Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example, and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Pathology PreTestTMSelf-Assessment and Review Twelfth Edition Earl J. Brown, MD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Quillen College of Medicine Johnson City, Tennessee New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-150965-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-147182-0. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the ben- efit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such desig- nations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales pro- motions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at [email protected] or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licen- sors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as per- mitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETE- NESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guar- antee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or any- one else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such dam- ages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071471820 For more information about this title, click here Contents Preface. ix Introduction . x High-Yield Facts High-Yield Facts in Pathology . 1 General Pathology Questions . 41 Answers . 95 Cardiovascular System Questions . 191 Answers . 209 Hematology Questions . 233 Answers . 258 Respiratory System Questions . 293 Answers . 306 Head and Neck Questions . 321 Answers . 326 Gastrointestinal System Questions . 333 Answers . 359 v vi Contents Urinary System Questions . 397 Answers . 409 Reproductive Systems Questions . 427 Answers . 446 Endocrine System Questions . 471 Answers . 484 Skin Questions . 503 Answers . 512 Musculoskeletal System Questions . 523 Answers . 534 Nervous System Questions . 547 Answers . 558 Bibliography . 577 Index . 579 Student Reviewers Amy S.Arrington, PhD Baylor College of Medicine Class of 2007 Silke Heinisch Temple University School of Medicine Class of 2010 Farrant Sakaguchi University of Utah Class of 2008 Dedication To Steve and Luke, who showed me that the race is not always won by the young and swift, but sometimes by those who persevere and keep on running, and to Karen, who reminded me that running fast is so much better than running slowly. vii Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. viii Pathology Laboratory Values Substance Source Normal Albumin Serum 3.2–4.5 g/dL Alkaline phosphatase Serum 20–130 IU/L Bicarbonate Plasma 21–28 mM Bilirubin, direct (conjugated) Serum <0.3 mg/dL Bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated) Serum 0.1–1.0 mg/dL Bilirubin, total Serum 0.1–1.2 mg/dL BUN Serum 8–23 mg/dL Calcium Serum 9.2–11.0 mg/dL (4.6–5.5 meq/L) Chloride Serum 95–103 meq/L Cholesterol Serum 150–250 mg/dL Creatinine Serum 0.6–1.2 mg/dL GGT (γ-glutamyltransferase) Serum 5–40 IU/L Glucose (fasting) Serum 70–110 mg/dL Insulin Plasma 4–24 µIU/mL Iron Serum 60–150 µg/dL Iron saturation Serum 20–55% Osmolality Serum 280–295 mosm/L Phosphorus Serum 2.3–4.7 mg/dL Potassium Plasma 3.8–5.0 meq/L Protein Serum 6.0–7.8 g/dL Sodium Plasma 136–142 meq/L T3 resin uptake Serum 25–38 relative % uptake Thyrotropin (TSH) Serum 0.5–5 µIU/mL Thyroxine, free (FT4) Serum 0.9–2.3 ng/dL Thyroxine, total (T4) Serum 5.5–12.5 µg/dL Triiodothyronine (T3) Serum 80–200 mg/dL Hematology Platelet count 150,000–450,000/µL White cell count 4,440–11,000/µL Lymphocyte count 1,000–4,800/µL (about 34%) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80–96 µm3 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 27.5–33.2 pg (MCH) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 33.4–35.5% concentration (MCHC) Hemoglobin Whole blood Female 12–16 g/dL Male 13.5–18 g/dL Preface The study of pathology, a science so basic to clinical medicine, has been abbreviated sadly in many medical schools in recent years, and that too at a time when explosive growth is occurring in the science. Recent advances in immunopathology, diagnosis of bacterial and viral diseases including AIDS, and detection of infectious agents such as papillomavirus in cervical dysplasia are proceeding at a tremendous rate. The eleventh edition of Pathology: PreTestTM Self-Assessment and Review includes such new subject areas as predictive values in the interpretation of laboratory data, the importance of cytokines, the molecular basis of genetic and other disease processes, and molecular biology techniques as these apply to lymphopro- liferative disorders and other tumors. The medical student must feel submerged at times in the flood of information—occasionally instructors may have similar feelings. This edi- tion is not intended to cover all new knowledge in addition to including older anatomic and clinical pathology. It is, rather, a serious attempt to present important facts about many disease processes in the hope that the student will read much further in major textbooks and journals and will receive some assistance in passing medical school, licensure, or board examinations. ix Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use. Introduction Each PreTestTM Self-Assessment and Review allows medical students to compre- hensively and conveniently assess and review their knowledge of a particular basic science, in this instance pathology. The 500 questions parallel the for- mat and degree of difficulty of the questions found in the United States Med- ical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1. Practicing physicians who want to hone their skills before USMLE Step 3 or recertification may find this to be a good beginning in their review process. Each question is accompanied by an answer, a paragraph explanation, and a specific page reference to an appropriate textbook or journal article. A bibliography listing sources can be found following the last chapter of this text. Each multiple-choice question in this book contains four or more possible answer options.