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Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: an Introduction South Sudan Studies Association Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: An Introduction Julia Duany, Rebecca Lorins, and Edward Thomas with contributions from Rachel Ibreck, Hannah Logan, Naomi Pendle, and Alice Robinson CONFLICT RESEARCH PROGRAMME Research at LSE About the Authors Julia Duany is currently Vice Chancellor of Dr. John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology, and the CEO and founder of Gender Equity and Women Leadership Program in South Sudan. Rebecca Lorins has been living in South Sudan since 2014, where she is an assistant professor at the University of Juba and co-founder of Likikiri Collective, an arts and education organisation. Edward Thomas has worked in Sudan and South Sudan for over 15 years, as a teacher, human rights worker, and researcher. About the South Sudan Studies Association The SSSA is a professional association of academics, students, activists and practitioners dedicated to the production, development, and promotion of knowledge on South Sudan. The SSSA has met on an annual basis since its founding in 2018 to consider various aspects of the research agenda for South Sudan, including the politics of humanitarianism, education and civicness, the political and social implications of the Covid-19 pandemic, regional dimensions of the conflict in South Sudan, and priorities for the newly established unity government. About the Conflict Research Programme The Conflict Research Programme is a four-year research programme hosted by LSE IDEAS and funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Our goal is to understand and analyse the nature of contemporary conflict and to identify international interventions that ‘work’ in the sense of reducing violence or contributing more broadly to the security of individuals and communities who experience conflict. © Julia Duany, Rebecca Lorins, and Edward Thomas, February 2021. This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 3 Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: An Introduction Table of Contents South Sudan Studies Association ............................................................................................4 Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan .............................................................5 Genesis of the research ...........................................................................................................5 Theoretical background to the research ...............................................................................5 Original aims of the research ..................................................................................................6 Civicness and Coercion: A History of Education in South Sudan .....................................8 Education in South Sudan during the first colonial period ................................................8 Education during South Sudan’s second colonial period ..................................................9 Education in South Sudan after Sudan’s independence ................................................ 10 Education and the Southern Regional Government, 1973-1983 .................................. 12 Education during Sudan’s second civil war....................................................................... 13 Education and South Sudan’s independence ................................................................... 14 The Papers in this Collection .................................................................................................. 17 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 21 4 Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: An Introduction South Sudan Studies Association identified South Sudan’s educational system as an area for examining the potentials This collection of papers addresses and limitations of civic public authority in a education, conflict, and civicness in South protracted conflict. Sudan. It is the outcome of a collaboration between the South Sudan Studies Together, the SSSA and the CRP have Association (SSSA) and the London School worked on participatory action research, and of Economics (LSE). theoretical dialogue The SSSA has produced policy papers and recommendations related The SSSA is a professional association to peace-making, humanitarian response of academics, students, activists, and and security sector reform in South practitioners dedicated to the production, Sudan, drawing upon the field research development, and promotion of knowledge produced by CRP. They also contribute on South Sudan. The organisation was a deep understanding of the realities of founded in July 2018 by a group of 12 South Sudan’s internal politics and the best prominent South Sudanese scholars, approaches to communicating agendas for academics, and practitioners that include change. vice chancellors at two South Sudanese universities (Catholic University of South Sudan and John Garang Memorial University) and distinguished South Sudanese professors working in South Sudan and other countries. The SSSA is developing a research agenda for South Sudan from within South Sudanese institutions. Right from the start, it identified education and society as paramount research concerns. LSE’s Conflict Research Programme (CRP) has collaborated with the SSSA since it was established in 2018. The SSSA has informed and influenced the CRP’s research agenda in South Sudan. The CRP is a multi-year research programme which looks at how conflict affects public authority. ‘Civicness’ is one way of organising public authority – civicness refers to a kind of public authority which is based on consent generated through deliberative processes based on respect for persons. Other kinds of public authority include the political marketplace – where power and loyalty are traded for money – or identity politics – which in times of conflict can often be excluding and fragmentative. With the SSSA, the CRP 5 Education, Conflict, and Civicness in South Sudan: An Introduction Education, Conflict, and Civicness Theoretical background to the research in South Sudan CRP research reveals a condition of turbulence in which political entrepreneurs Genesis of the research in South Sudan must accumulate political budgets and purchase loyalty to secure This research project has its genesis in power. For the past 15 years, most political discussions at a meeting in Tanzania in July budgets come from South Sudan’s oil 2018, between the CRP and a panel of South revenues, which flow to the state. Oil Sudanese academics who went on to form revenues have made political leaders the SSSA. This meeting illuminated the roles independent of the productive efforts of of academics as politically engaged public most ordinary South Sudanese people: authorities, subject to political repression South Sudan’s systems of production are and economic hardship, but also innovating only partially monetised, and the productive to create civic spaces and promote human capacity of its farmers and pastoralists has development in the midst of the civil war. been undermined by decades of conflict These discussions led to the development and displacement. So South Sudanese of a research project focusing on education, political leaders cannot easily siphon off conflict, and civicness in South Sudan.1 This wealth from these productive actors in writing project aimed to create a forum to a way that might turn them into political share the knowledge and experience of constituencies, in the way politicians do SSSA members concerning the political in countries where ruling elites or parties economy of education in South Sudan. It ally themselves with farmers, financiers, or led to a collection of essays, aiming to (i) factory workers in order to exercise control examine the nexus between politics, conflict, over society and the wealth it creates from and education; (ii) identify civic identities nature. When building constituencies, South and practices in the field of education and Sudanese political leaders must look for establish their political significance; and (iii) other formations, and they often use South build on existing scholarship establishing a Sudan’s many cultural/linguistic groups as relationship between educational inequality a starting point. They build these groups and conflict, and the potential for education into ethnic or tribal constituencies, often by to contribute to peacebuilding. The following violently reconfiguring relationships between essay collection aims to foreground the neighbouring groups, setting people against research of South Sudanese academics and each other, and making everyone insecure. teachers and their contributions to these South Sudan’s political leaders need to adopt debates. The collection also sought to draw an entrepreneurial approach to violence in on the experiences of the CRP South Sudan order to build support – especially when Research Network (The Bridge Network), their revenues contract. a network of South Sudanese researchers, many of whom also have current or previous But this violent reworking of ethnic experience as teachers and have conducted relationships is not the whole story. In research in schools. South Sudan and elsewhere, the CRP looks beyond military and political elites to identify plural forms of public authority engaged in forms
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