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Natural Resources TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN 5. Natural, Agricultural & Cultural Resources 5.1 Natural Resources Overview Natural resources relate to most, if not all, of the comprehensive plan chapters. As a result, natural resource issues may arise relating to each specific chapter and implementation of chapter goals, actions, and objectives. Several key resources and supporting information will be reviewed outlining the importance of issues relating to natural resources, cultural resources, and agriculture. Natural Resource Inventory & Analysis Understanding Town of Atlanta’s natural features provide a framework for analysis and suggest possible disadvantages and advantages for particular land uses. It is essential to understand the location of environmentally sensitive areas to make responsible land use decisions. Maintenance of sensitive natural features is also important for the visual attractiveness of Town of Atlanta and for the functions they perform as natural communities. Representation of this information can help Town of Atlanta in making informed decisions relative to the goals for natural resource use, protection, and restoration. Additionally, the information ties to the Land and Water Management Plan and Agricultural Farmland Protection Plan. Because the natural environment has fixed locations, communities have options regarding the location of human development. Topography & Elevation Rusk County is found in the Northern Highland Geographical Province of Wisconsin. This region is characterized by an abundance of hills, lakes, streams and forests. The entire county lies within an area of recent glaciations; stream valleys are shallow, and drainage is not well established. As a result, the Township of Atlanta is dotted and laced with numerous swamps and streams. Glaciation has also resulted in a general drainage pattern from northeast to southwest. Map 5.1 Topography Chapter 5 Page 1 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ** Source Rusk County Conservationist Soils Deposits of glacial drift (a mixture of sand, silt, clay and boulders) cover the entire Town with the exception of a few small areas where bedrock is exposed. Depth of glacial drift material varies from several inches to over 100 feet. Many depressions are filled with muck or peat. Along the Chippewa River is a broad sandy plain. Along the western border is a range of steep quartzite ridges forming the backbone for the Blue Hills. Map 5.2 Soil Map Chapter 5 Page 2 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ** Source Rusk County Conservationist Steep Slopes Areas with steep slopes (18% and greater) are scattered around Rusk County, but are mostly found towards the west and northwest of the county. The towns of Wilson, Wilkinson, Strickland, and Rusk have the greatest slopes in the county. Steep slopes are generally associated with either oval hills of glacial lift or directly adjacent waterways. Forest Cover Forests and woodlands play an important role in providing habitat for plants and animals as well as shaping the economy of many communities. The dominant forest cover type in Rusk County is Northern Hardwood. Map 5.3 Land Cover Chapter 5 Page 3 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Legacy Places The “Wisconsin Land Legacy Report” produced by the WDNR is a statewide assessment and description of places the public and Department staff identified as most important to meet Wisconsin’s conservation and recreation needs for the next 50 years. Within Town of Atlanta, the WDNR has identified 2 legacy places: the Blue Hills and the Upper Chippewa River. Both are large areas which extend into or through the Town of Atlanta. A considerable amount of formal protection has already taken place or been attempted in the Blue Hills while little formal protection has occurred on the Chippewa River. Any protection attempted is the work of individual land owners. Both areas possess excellent ecological qualities and contain species of regional significance. Restoration efforts have a high likelihood of success. They also possess excellent recreational potential. Chapter 5 Page 4 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN Both areas possess excellent ecological qualities, and contain plant and animal species of regional significance. Restoration efforts have a high likelihood of success. They also possess excellent recreation potential. Wetlands A wetland is defined by state statute as “an area where water is at, near, or above the land surface long enough to be capable of supporting aquatic or hydrophilic (water- loving) vegetation and which has soils indicative of wet conditions.” Wetlands may be seasonal or permanent and are commonly referred to as swamps, bogs, or marshes. Wetland plants and soils have the capacity to store and filter pollutants ranging from pesticides to animal wastes. Wetlands can make rivers, lakes, and streams cleaner and drinking water safer; and provide valuable habitat for both aquatic and terrestrial animals and vegetation. Rare, threatened, and endangered species are found in wetlands. Some wetlands replenish groundwater supplies. Groundwater discharged from wetlands can be important in maintaining stream flows during dry months and can contribute high quality water to lakes and streams. Draining and filling of wetlands, or development near wetlands can remove these natural functions and values. Floodplains The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designates floodplain areas. These are areas that are predicted to be inundated with floodwaters in the 100-year storm event (a storm that has a 1% chance of happening in any given year). FEMA produces flood hazard maps called Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) showing areas subject to flooding that are currently regulated by FEMA. The State requires local regulation of development in floodplains. Development is discouraged in floodplains to avoid both downstream and on-site property damage. For official delineation and elevation, the FIRMs should be referenced for floodplain boundaries and can often be reviewed at local government offices and the Rusk County Courthouse--Zoning Office. Groundwater Groundwater is the water that occupies the spaces in between soil particles and rocks below the earth surface. Groundwater is the only source of drinking water for residents of Town of Atlanta. Groundwater is also important for supplying fresh water to lakes, streams, and rivers. Contamination of groundwater by human activity can be a severe problem because contaminants generally travel unnoticed, are difficult to remove, and may persist for decades. Water percolating through the soil can pick up human-made pollutants and transport them to the groundwater. Contaminants may also enter the groundwater through unused wells that are not properly sealed. Groundwater Chapter 5 Page 5 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN contamination comes from a variety of sources including leaking underground petroleum pipes and tanks; use and storage of road salt; improper use, disposal, and storage of hazardous materials; and mismanagement of fertilizers, animal waste, and pesticides. Hydrologic Areas The state is divided into 3 major river basins each identified by the primary water body into which the basin drains. In Wisconsin, they are the Lake Superior Basin, Lake Michigan Basin and the Mississippi River Basin. Town of Atlanta is located within the Mississippi River Basin along with two-thirds of the land in Wisconsin. These areas are hierologically based subdivisions of the larger major basins of the state. Town of Atlanta is within the Upper Chippewa River Basin Water Management Unit. Watersheds are interconnected areas of land draining from surrounding ridge tops to a common point such as a lake or stream confluence with neighboring land area. Watersheds are further hydrologic subdivisions of the Water Management Units. Map 5.4 Hydrology Map Chapter 5 Page 6 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN ** Source Rusk County Conservationist Shore lands Shore lands include lands within 1000 feet of the ordinary high water mark of a lake or pond and lands with 300 feet of ordinary high water mark or landward edge of the floodplain of a river or stream. Surface Water Surface waters are comprised of rivers streams, lakes, ponds and flowages. There are no lakes located in the Town of Atlanta. The Chippewa River forms the eastern boundary of Town of Atlanta. Streams located in Town of Atlanta include Devils Creek, Hay Creek, Becky Creek, and Alder Creek. Surface water resources have been evaluated and rated for water quality, wildlife, fish, and aesthetic values of the WDNR. High quality water resources were classified as either Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW) or Exceptional Resource Waters (ERW). Outstanding Resource Waters are defined as a lake or stream having excellent water quality, high recreational and aesthetic value, high quality fishing, and are free from Chapter 5 Page 7 TOWN OF ATLANTA COMPREHENSIVE PLAN point source or non-point source pollution. Exceptional Resource Waters are defined as a stream exhibiting the same high quality resource values as an ORW but may be impacted by point or non-point sources of pollution or have the potential for receiving a wastewater discharge from a non-sewer community in the future. Devils Creek is rated ORW. Becky and Alder Creeks are rated ERW. Impaired waters, as defined by Section 303(d) of the federal Clean Water Act, are those waters that do not meet the state’s water quality standards. In 2006, WDNR developed a proposed Impaired Waters List update. The list has not been finalized by WDNR and USEPA.
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