Hazard Mitigation Plan
SHAWANO AND MENOMINEE COUNTIES
DRAFT DRAFTPlan Update: August 31, 2016
REPORT DOCUMENTATION
ABSTRACT: Shawano and Menominee Counties are vulnerable to a wide range of hazards that threaten the safety of residents and have the potential to damage or destroy both public and private property and disrupt the local economy and overall quality of life. While the threat from hazards may never be fully eliminated the Shawano and Menominee Counties Hazard Mitigation Plan recommends specific actions designed to protect residents, business owners and the built environment.
GRANT/SPONSORING AGENCY: This plan was funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency through the Department of Military Affairs Division of Emergency Management, via grant PDMC-PL- 05-WI-2014-005.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Shawano and Menominee Counties would like to acknowledge the contribution of EPTEC, Inc. throughout the plan update process.
EPTEC, Inc. Lenora G. Borchardt 7027 Fawn Lane, Sun Prairie, WI 53590-9455 608-834-0802 [email protected]
DRAFT Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...... 2 Acronyms ...... 6 Introduction and Background ...... 10 Plan Overview ...... 11 Previous Planning Efforts and Legal Basis ...... 11 Plan Preparation, Adoption, and Maintenance ...... 16 Physical Characteristics ...... 21 General Community Introduction ...... 21 Plan Area and Geology ...... 22 Topography ...... 24 Shawano County ...... 25 Menominee County ...... 25 Climate ...... 26 Hydrology ...... 30 Soil Types ...... 34 Wetlands ...... 34 Land Use ...... 36 Vegetation ...... 37 Demographics ...... 38 Human Settlement Patterns...... 38 Population ...... 39 Transportation Network ...... 42 Land Use and Development Trends ...... 42 Public Safety Support ...... 43 Archaeological and Historical Resources ...... 45 Hazard Analysis and Previous Mitigation Projects ...... 47 All Hazards ...... 57 Vulnerability ...... 58 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 58 Drought and Dust Storms ...... 65 Physical Characteristics ...... 65 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 67 Vulnerability ...... 70 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 71 Earthquakes ...... 72 Physical Characteristics ...... 72 Frequency ofDRAFT Occurrence ...... 74 Vulnerability ...... 78 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 78 Flooding and Dam Failure ...... 79 Physical Characteristics ...... 79 Watersheds ...... 84 Floodplain Regulations ...... 92
Page 2 Contents
Frequency of Occurrence ...... 92 Vulnerability ...... 94 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 95 Wildfires ...... 100 Physical Characteristics ...... 100 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 101 Vulnerability ...... 101 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 104 Severe Temperatures ...... 106 Characteristics ...... 106 Physical Characteristics: Heat ...... 106 Physical Characteristics: Cold ...... 108 Frequency of Occurrence: Heat ...... 109 Frequency of Occurrence: Cold ...... 110 Vulnerability ...... 111 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 111 Storms: Hail ...... 113 Physical Characteristics ...... 113 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 114 Vulnerability ...... 115 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 116 Storms: Lightning ...... 117 Physical Characteristics ...... 117 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 118 Vulnerability ...... 118 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 119 Storms: Thunderstorms ...... 120 Physical Characteristics ...... 121 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 121 Vulnerability ...... 122 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 122 Storms: Tornadoes and High Winds...... 123 Physical Characteristics ...... 124 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 126 Vulnerability ...... 127 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 130 Storms: Winter ...... 131 Physical Characteristics ...... 131 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 132 VulnerabilityDRAFT ...... 134 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 134 Utility Failure ...... 136 Physical Characteristics ...... 136 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 138 Vulnerability ...... 139 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 139
Page 3 Contents
Other Hazards ...... 141 Physical Characteristics ...... 141 Frequency of Occurrence ...... 149 Vulnerability ...... 150 Hazard Mitigation Strategies...... 150 Appendix A: Maps ...... 155 Shawano County Civil Divisions Map ...... 155 Shawano County Transportation Map ...... 156 Wisconsin Railroads and Harbors ...... 158 Soils Types ...... 159 Shawano County EMS Zones...... 160 Shawano County Fire and Jaws Zones ...... 161 Wisconsin County HazMat Teams Map ...... 162 Wisconsin HazMat Response System Map ...... 163 Earthquakes in Wisconsin ...... 164 Wisconsin Hail ...... 165 Wisconsin Lightning ...... 166 Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorm Winds ...... 167 Wisconsin 100+ mph Thunderstorm Wind Events ...... 168 Wisconsin Hurricane-force (74+ mph) Thunderstorm Winds ...... 169 Wisconsin Annual Precipitation ...... 170 Wisconsin 30-Year Average Precipitation ...... 171 Landslide Incidence and Susceptibility ...... 172 Karst Potential ...... 173 Wisconsin Wildfire Communities at Risk ...... 174 Shawano County Communities at Risk Composite ...... 175 Menominee County Communities at Risk Composite ...... 177 Shawano County Communities at Risk Municipal Map ...... 178 Menominee County Communities at Risk Municipal Map ...... 179 County Days With Hail ...... 180 Wisconsin Total Flood Events ...... 181 Wisconsin Tornadoes ...... 182 Wisconsin Tornadoes (1844-2011) ...... 183 Wisconsin 30-Year Average Snowfall ...... 184 Wisconsin Average Seasonal Snowfall ...... 185 Wisconsin Total Severe Weather Events ...... 186 Median Date of First Freeze ...... 188 Wisconsin Heat Wave Events...... 189 Wisconsin Heat Wave Days ...... 190 Wisconsin HeatDRAFT Wave Deaths ...... 191 Wisconsin Heat Vulnerability Index ...... 192 Electrical Substations ...... 198 Wisconsin Electric Service Territories ...... 199 Shawano County Electrical Utilities ...... 200 Natural Gas Pipelines ...... 201 Wisconsin Natural Gas Service Territories ...... 202
Page 4 Contents
Wisconsin Bedrock Geology & Indoor Radon ...... 204 Wisconsin Indoor Radon Levels ...... 205 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County ...... 206 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County ...... 218 Appendix D: Plan Adoptions ...... 225 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano ...... 227 Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies – Menominee ...... 245 Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies – Shawano ...... 256 Appendix H: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies – Menominee ...... 267 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano ...... 272 Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee ...... 282 Appendix K: Community Input ...... 291 Appendix L: Inter-Revision Updates ...... 326
DRAFT
Page 5 Acronyms
Acronyms
ACE Army Corps of Engineers ADA Americans with Disabilities Act ALS Advanced Life Support ARC American Red Cross ARES Amateur Radio Emergency Services ASCS Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service ASL Above Sea Level ASPR Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs Bq Becquerel, a unit of radioactivity
CAD Computer Aided Dispatch CAR Communities At Risk CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, or Explosive CDBG Community Development Block Grant CEMP Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan CERT Community Emergency Response Team CFR Code of Federal Regulations Ci Curie, a unit of radioactivity CI City CO County COAD Community Organizations Active in Disaster CO HWY County Highway Department COOP/COG Continuity of Operations & Continuation of Government CTH County Highway
DFIRM Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security DNR Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources DOD U.S. Department of Defense DOJ U.S. Department of Justice DOT DRAFT Department of Transportation DPW Department of Public Works DTM Digital Terrain Maps
EAP Emergency Assistance Program or Emergency Action Plan EF Enhanced Fujita Scale EHS Extremely Hazardous Substance
Page 6 Acronyms
EM Emergency Management EMS Emergency Medical Services EMT Emergency Medical Technician EOC Emergency Operations Center EOP Emergency Operating Procedure EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
F Fahrenheit or Fujita Scale FCC Federal Communications Commission FCIC Federal Crop Insurance Corporation FD Fire Department FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FIRMS Flood Rate Insurance Maps FMA Flood Mitigation Assistance FmHA Farmers Home Administration FOIA Freedom of Information Act FOUO For Official Use Only FSA Farm Service Agency
GIS Geographic Information System
HazMat Hazardous Materials HazMit Hazard Mitigation HAZUS Hazards United States HAZUS-MH Hazards United States Multihazard HMGP Hazard Mitigation Grant Program HUD U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development HVA Hazard Vulnerability Analysis HWY Highway
ICS Incident Command System
L Liter LE Law Enforcement LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee LID Land Information Department LIDAR Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging LOMA DRAFT Letter of Map Amendment LPDM Lagrangian particle dispersion LTPO Long-Term Power Outage LWC Land and Water Conservation Department
Page 7 Acronyms
MABAS Mutual Aid Box Alarm System MAP FEMA’s Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning ME Medical Examiner MHz Megahertz MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPH Miles Per Hour MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
NFIA National Flood Insurance Act NFIF National Flood Insurance Fund NFIP National Flood Insurance Program NFPA National Fire Protection Association NIDIS National Integrated Drought Information System NIMS National Incident Management System NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Service NRP National Response Plan NWS National Weather Service
PA Public Address (System) PDM Pre-Disaster Mitigation PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PH Public Health PSA Public Service Announcement POW Plan of Work P&Z Planning and Zoning
RACES Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service RES1 Single Family Dwelling RES2 Manufactured Housing RFC Repetitive Flood Claims
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SBA Small Business Administration SMART Spatial Management, Analysis and Resource Tracking SPI Standardized Precipitation Index SRL Severe Repetitive Loss STH DRAFT State Highway SWAT Special Weapons and Tactics
TN Township
UASI Urban Area Security Initiative UC Unified Command
Page 8 Acronyms
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture USFS U.S. Forestry Service USGS U.S. Geological Survey USH U.S. Highway UW University of Wisconsin UW Ext University of Wisconsin – Extension Office
VHF Very High Frequency VI Village VOAD Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster
WEM Wisconsin Emergency Management WISP Wisconsin Irrigation Scheduling Program
DRAFT
Page 9 Introduction and Background
Introduction and Background
The Shawano and Menominee Counties Hazard Mitigation Plan is intended to provide strategies for reducing susceptibility to future damage to public and private infrastructure in the county. The Shawano County Emergency Management Department applied for and received assistance from the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) to complete a joint plan with Menominee County. This grant program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security - Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and is administered by the Wisconsin Department of Military Affairs - Wisconsin Emergency Management (WEM). The procedures used in preparing this plan are based on guidance provided by FEMA and WEM and should therefore be considered consistent with the requirements and procedures in the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000.
Section 409 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (P.L. 93-228, as amended) is the impetus for involvement of state and local governments in evaluating and mitigating natural hazards as a condition of receiving federal disaster assistance. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has rules in 44 CFR Part 206 Subpart M for implementing Section 409.
Section 409 states that the county is obligated to try to reduce damage susceptibility to any hazard that has received relief funding in the past. Developing a hazard mitigation plan provides an opportunity for communities to meet this requirement by developing strategies for reduction of potential losses from future natural disasters. Hazard mitigation planning is the process of developing a set of actions designed to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their effects. Completion of this plan should put Shawano and Menominee Counties in an advantageous position when competing for pre- and post-disaster mitigation project dollars because projects have been pre-identified. The cooperation of government, private, and volunteer agencies is DRAFTessential in mitigation efforts and over the long term it is hoped that implementation of this plan will save taxpayer dollars because less money is needed for post-disaster recovery activities. Furthermore, mitigation planning measures incorporated in economic or community development goals support more comprehensive and effective government. This plan evaluates the risks that all natural
Page 10 Introduction and Background
hazards pose to the citizens and property of Shawano and Menominee Counties by presenting:
A profile and analysis of past hazardous events An assessment of vulnerability of community assets Potential hazard mitigation strategies Methods for building community support
Plan Overview
The Shawano and Menominee Counties Hazard Mitigation Plan provides background information on Shawano and Menominee Counties and identifies those hazards that have occurred or could occur in the county. It includes a description of each hazard, its frequency of occurrence, appropriate actions in case of emergency and possible steps to mitigate the hazard. These hazards are the basis for the development of all county emergency plans.
A well-prepared plan allows emergency management to act swiftly and efficiently in the event of a hazard, reducing the damage and the cost incurred from displacing residents and businesses. Hazard mitigation activities will be emphasized in the plan as a major component of overall emergency management. The plan is intended to provide strategies for reducing future damages to public and private infrastructure in the county, including flood damage.
Previous Planning Efforts and Legal Basis
The Shawano and Menominee County Emergency Management Departments have completed and regularly updates their County Hazard Analyses (HVAs). They serve to identify all likely natural and technological hazards that might or have occurred within the county and are based on the State of Wisconsin’s HVA. The local HVA does not generally include detailed mitigation strategies for the identified hazards but the county used them as the bases for their original pre- DRAFTdisaster hazard mitigation plans and will continue to reference them as this combined plan is updated.
There have also been plans and ordinances completed by individual county departments or municipalities, some of these were used as reference materials for this plan, including:
Page 11 Introduction and Background
Shawano County 1 Floodplain Land Division Non-Metallic Mining Reclamation Shoreland Zoning Zoning
City of Marion 2 Chapter 282 Building Construction Chapter 423 Mining, Non-Metallic Chapter 596 Floodplain Zoning Chapter 608 Shoreland-Wetland Zoning Chapter 614 Subdivision of Land Chapter 625 Zoning
City of Shawano 3 Chapter 10 Zoning Code Chapter 12 Building Code
Town of Almon Town Licensing Ordinance
Town of Angelica 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Aniwa 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Belle Plaine Town Zoning Ordinance
Town of Bartleme Unzoned
Town of Birnamwood 4 County Zoning Ordinance
DRAFTTown of Fairbanks 4 County Zoning Ordinance
1 http://www.co.shawano.wi.us/departments/page_306ea7e23ccf/?department=c61420c5769b&subdepartment=81ea06aa58ca 2 http://www.ecode360.com/MA3078 3 http://www.ecode360.com/SH1665 4 http://www.co.shawano.wi.us/i_shawano/pu/zoning_ordinance_7-14_december_2014_fnl.pdf
Page 12 Introduction and Background
Town of Germania 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Grant 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Green Valley 4 5 2000-3 Land Division County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Hartland 6 Zoning
Town of Herman 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Hutchins Unzoned
Town of Lessor 7 8 Chapter 1.05 Land Division Ordinance Chapter 7.05 Landspreading Ordinance Zoning
Town of Maple Grove 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Morris 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Navarino 9 4 Land Division County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Pella Town Zoning Ordinance
Town of Red Springs 4 DRAFTCounty Zoning Ordinance
5 http://townofgreenvalley.com/ordinances 6 http://www.townofhartlandwi.com/docs/zoning/Final_Zoning_Ordinance.pdf 7 http://townoflessor.com/ordinances-and-resolutions 8 http://townoflessor.com/zoning/zoning-ordinance 9 http://www.townofnavarino.com/Town_Ordinances.html
Page 13 Introduction and Background
Town of Richmond Town Zoning Ordinance
Town of Seneca 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Washington 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Waukechon 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Town of Wescott 10 Chapter 12 Building Regulations Chapter 15 Land Regulations and Planning Chapter 18 Zoning
Town of Wittenberg 4 County Zoning Ordinance
Village of Bonduel 11 Chapter 103 Building Code Chapter 109 Shoreland-Wetland Zoning Code Chapter 111 Storm Water Management Chapter 115 Zoning
Village of Cecil 12 Zoning
Village of Pulaski 13 Chapter 26 Storm Water Utility Chapter 51 Zoning Chapter 52 Floodplain, Shoreland and Wetland Zoning Chapter 54 Building Regulations
Village of Wittenberg 14 Chapter 14 Building Chapter 17 Zoning DRAFTChapter 18 Floodplain Zoning Chapter 20 Shoreland-Wetland Zoning
10 http://www.townofwescott.com/ordinances 11 https://www.municode.com/library/wi/bonduel/codes/code_of_ordinances 12 http://www.villageofcecil.com/zoning_inspections.html 13 http://www.villageofpulaski.org/govt/ordinances.html 14 http://www.codepublishing.com/WI/Wittenberg/
Page 14 Introduction and Background
Menominee County and Town 15 16 Building Code Ordinance Zoning Ordinance Subdivision Ordinance
The local hazard vulnerability analysis serves as the starting point for the hazard mitigation plan. Other data on historical events is gathered from the National Weather Service’s storm report database, recent news reports, local resources (e.g., website; local community ordinances; local plans such as the comprehensive plan and storm water management plans), the FEMA Region V mitigation survey, and from the memories of the local planning team members. Team members were presented with this educational background data and asked to rank their concern on a five-point scale {very high (5), high (4), medium (3), low (2), very low(1)}. From that, team members, members of the community, survey respondents, and other planning participants are asked to determine hazard mitigation strategies that might benefit their communities.
Local existing plans are referenced again at this time, with the members and authors of these plans (e.g., comprehensive, storm water management) serving as core members of the workgroup committee. The selected mitigation strategies are recorded and detailed in each chapter as well as in the table in Appendices E and F.
Mitigation strategies are reviewed over the five years of the plan’s life by the leadership staff from the applicable departments (e.g., Emergency Management, Sheriff’s Department/Communications, Highway, along with those responsible for land and water conservation, planning, zoning and parks) with the elected leaders from the jurisdictions to triage projects and determine what can and should be done within the planning period. These options are usually discussed in open meetings prior to implementation, as required by Wisconsin state law. The determining factor for most projects is DRAFTobviously budget availability. The units of government have several options for funding implementation including grants, special taxing authority (for the project and/or any matching funds), general purpose revenue from existing budgets, and regulatory authority, which can be used to require that an individual or business complete
15 http://www.co.menominee.wi.us/departments/?department=1101cdbdb756&subdepartment=1f30e4ea241c 16 http://www.co.menominee.wi.us/departments/?department=1101cdbdb756&subdepartment=ffeb7bb5582f
Page 15 Introduction and Background
the project using their funds. The units of government use or improve, if necessary, the mechanisms described above to ensure the implementation of hazard mitigation ideas.
Plan Preparation, Adoption, and Maintenance
The Emergency Management Directors from Shawano and Menominee Counties contracted with Emergency Planning, Training and Exercise Consulting (EPTEC, Inc.) to draft this plan. Each county organized a hazard mitigation workgroup to oversee the completion of this plan. The committee members include:
Natalie Easterday, Shawano County Emergency Management Christa Hoffman, Shawano County Planning Department Bob Jacobson, Shawano County Planning Department Maria McCoy, Shawano County Sheriff’s Department Jay Moynihan, Shawano County/UW Extension Jamie Patton - Shawano County/UW Extension David Poffinbarger, Shawano County Tech Services Steve Hansen, Shawano County Technology Services Dan Mauel, City of Shawano Police Department Eddie Sheppard, City of Shawano Todd Chaney, Village of Bonduel Sharon Wussow, Village of Bonduel Art Bahr, Village of Gresham and Gresham Utilities Richard J. Stadelman, Town of Richmond Gerald Weisnicht, Town of Richmond Shelley Williams, Menominee County Emergency DRAFTManagement Dave Kristof, Menominee County Sheriff’s Department Robert (Butch) Summers, Menominee County Sheriff’s Department Tanya Sherman, Menominee County 911 Center Ruth Winter, Menominee County GIS
Page 16 Introduction and Background
Jeremy Johnson, Menominee County Conservation/Zoning Jennifer K. Gauthier, Menominee County/UW Extension Steve Wilke, Menominee County Highway Department Jeremy C. Weso, Menominee County Highway Department Kristi Onesti, Menominee County Technology Services Patrick Roberts, Town of Menominee Fire Department Wayne Towne, LLPRD Jaime Bodden, Shawano-Menominee Health Department Judy Sengstock, Shawano-Menominee Health Department Alyssa Gove, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (No longer stationed in Shawano) Roger Miller, Stockbridge-Munsee Community Lenora Borchardt, EPTEC, Inc. (Contractor)
An informational brochure was created and copies were distributed throughout the community. Meetings were held with officials from the municipalities to explain and gather input regarding the program (e.g., previous occurrences, mitigation strategies). The FEMA Region V survey was sent to every town, village and city clerk for distribution to the elected officials for discussion, review, and completion. Key county departments (e.g., planning/zoning, highway, Sheriff’s) for completion; surveys were received back from county offices and the incorporated municipalities as well as many of the unincorporated towns. The compiled results of the surveys, along with the cover letter, are in Appendix K.
The committee met several times, first to evaluate and incorporate input from local officials and then to review and provide input on the DRAFTprogress of the plan. A public notice was placed in the newspaper to invite members of the public, local officials, academia and business and industry leaders to review the plan. A working draft of the plan was distributed to the County Emergency Management Directors of the contiguous counties. Comments received were reviewed and incorporated into the plan as appropriate. A copy of the mitigation
Page 17 Introduction and Background
brochure and a list of meeting dates and informational sessions to gather public and official input can be viewed in Appendix K.
The Shawano and Menominee County Hazard Mitigation Plan Workgroups reviewed the past events records (generally gathered from the National Weather Service) and a consensus was reached on the anticipated probability of future events. This probability was designated as very high (1), high (2), medium (3), low (4), or very low (5) by the workgroup based on their evaluation and experience with the data.
The workgroups also, after reviewing the draft plan, selected the potential mitigation projects, which are listed in Appendices E and F (Summary of Mitigation Strategies) and discussed in more detail in each chapter’s Hazard Mitigation Strategies section. The workgroup participants were given the Mitigation Ideas: Possible Mitigation Measures by Hazard Type (Mitigation Ideas, FEMA-R5, 9/02) booklet as an aid to generating ideas. All of the ideas generated during the workgroup meetings were incorporated into the plan and can be found in the Hazard Mitigation Strategies section of each chapter and are summarized in Appendices E and F. Based on the information collected, each of these projects was assigned a “very high,” “high,” “medium,” “low” or “very low” priority based on the workgroup’s internal consensus assessment during a discussion of the balances of risk, reward, cost effectiveness (cost benefit) and likelihood of local will and funding (local or grant) to complete the strategy.
The municipal leaders were briefed regarding the need to formally adopt this plan as a prerequisite for future mitigation funding eligibility. A draft was sent to Wisconsin Emergency Management (WEM) for review and tentative approval. Based on WEM’s comments, a final draft plan was completed and was forwarded to FEMA for determination of approvability. Once deemed approvable by FEMA, a general meeting was held to review the plan with members of the public, local officials, academia, and business and industry leaders. Information and adoption paperwork was provided to the municipal leaders advising them of the need to formally adopt DRAFTthis plan as a prerequisite for future mitigation funding eligibility. A resolution was passed by the Shawano County Board of Supervisors; the City of Shawano; Villages of Aniwa, Birnamwood, Bonduel, Bowler, Cecil, Eland, Gresham, Mattoon, Tigerton, and Wittenberg; and the Towns of Almon, Angelica, Aniwa, Bartelme, Belle Plaine, Birnamwood, Fairbanks, Germania, Grant, Green Valley, Hartland, Herman, Hutchins. Lessor, Maple Grove, Morris,
Page 18 Introduction and Background
Navarino, Pella, Red Springs, Richmond, Seneca, Washington, Waukechon, Wescott, and Wittenberg. The ____ of ____ did not adopt the plan. Note that the Village of Pulaski is included in the Brown County Hazard Mitigation Plan and the City of Marion is included in the Waupaca County Hazard Mitigation Plan; neither participated or included strategies into this plan.
A resolution was passed by the Menominee County Board of Supervisors and the Town of Menominee Board of Supervisors. Scanned copies of the adoption resolutions can be found in Appendix D. The final plan has been submitted to WEM for review and certification and notice of acceptance has been received of FEMA plan approval as of XXX.
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires the monitoring, evaluation and updating of the hazard mitigation plan every five years. This hazard mitigation plan is designed to be a “living” document and therefore will be reviewed and updated within five years from its approval date. The Shawano and Menominee Counties Hazard Mitigation Plan Workgroups will provide leadership and guidance throughout the plan’s life cycle (i.e., monitoring, evaluating, and updating). Updates will allow municipal leaders and the public to provide input into the process. The public will be notified of this opportunity via legal public notices.
The process for integrating hazard mitigation actions into other planning mechanisms will be led by the county Emergency Management Directors. As they receive information between the five-year update periods (e.g., comprehensive or capital improvement plans) that might be included, it will be added to Appendix L: Inter-Revision Updates. Shawano and Menominee County Emergency Management Departments maintain responsibility and are the point of contact for all issues (e.g., monitoring, updating, and evaluating the effectiveness) in each county regarding this plan. Municipalities can contact the appropriate county Emergency Management Director to add updated local information to Appendix L at any time. The communications will query if there are new elements for the mitigation plan as well as DRAFTasking if there are any plans (new or updates) in which the mitigation plan can and/or will be used as a source plan. Note that after a disaster, a workgroup of local stakeholders and community leaders may also meet to discuss mitigation strategies that might be applicable as part of the recovery effort. Additionally, stakeholders will be invited to fully participate in the five-year plan update, which
Page 19 Introduction and Background
will be detailed in the updated plan documents and will fully conform to FEMA’s requirements.
During the plan’s lifecycle, the county and incorporated municipalities will consider the strategies listed in Appendices E and F as they annually prioritize “regular” maintenance projects, as they set their annual budgets, after a disaster period and as grants become available that might help off-set the costs of some of the strategies listed within the plan. The latter will be instigated by notice of these opportunities by the appropriate county Emergency Management Director. The Directors will keep and compile the inter- revision data for inclusion in the five-year update, which will be coordinated through county Emergency Management Departments beginning at least 18 months prior to expiration and at which time they will report on their progress towards meeting the hazard mitigation goals. The update will bring together many of the same workgroup members as well as any new stakeholders (e.g., elected officials, businesses, academia, members of the public) who respond to the invitation to participate and have an interest in mitigation planning.
The plan participants also recognize this document as an important planning tool within the community and will use this plan as a reference as they complete other related planning. County departments responsible for emergency management, land and water, conservation, planning, and zoning will use this plan as they update the county comprehensive plans as well as community ordinances such as zoning, shoreland, floodplain, wetland, etc. and in other stand-alone plans such as those for park and recreation, sustainability, and farmland preservation and will refer to it as they are involved in the planning and other preparedness activities of their municipalities. Many of these plans are on a regular updating cycle and as they come up for renewal, emergency management will be notified and provide any relevant planning materials (from the hazard mitigation plan and any additional information received since the plan’s approval). To date, the plans have not come up for review or have not been integrated. Municipalities with planning departments have also committed to referring to the mitigation plan in their zoning DRAFTupdates, flood and shoreland planning and in their comprehensive plans. After this plan has passed its reviews and is approved, the county departments and municipalities will receive a copy. They have committed to using and referring to the mitigation plan as they complete their regularly scheduled reviews and updates of the aforementioned plans. Emergency Management will also refer to this plan in their emergency preparedness activities.
Page 20 Physical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
General Community Introduction
Shawano County17
The area that is now Shawano County was inhabited by the Menominee Indians until 1850 when they were moved north to their present reservation. The first permanent settlement was in 1843 and Shawano County was created by the state legislature in 1853 from territory that had been part of Oconto and Winnebago Counties.
Agriculture was developed to a limited degree by the Menominee Indians but agriculture grew in conjunction with the lumbering industry. By the 1880's dairy farming had become widespread and farming still prevails as the dominant land use and is likely to remain so for many years.
Menominee County18
Menominee County was first inhabited by the Menominee Tribe, Wisconsin’s oldest continuous residents, who have lived in the area for more than 4,000 years. Non-Native people first contacted the Menominee in the year 1634, which began periods of French, British and American influence of the area.
A county form of government was adopted in the 1950’s. In 1968, a joint venture for developing land for recreation was established, which created Legend Lake, but shortly thereafter land sales stopped and the venture was terminated. Logging and recreational opportunities continue to be the primary economic drivers of the DRAFTcommunity.
17 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI115/0/Shawano.pdf 18 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI078/0/Menominee_WI.pdf
Page 21 Physical Characteristics
Plan Area and Geology
Shawano County covers approximately 909 square miles of which 893 square miles is land and 16 square miles (1.8%) is water.19 Shawano County is home to approximately 41,304 people20
Menominee County covers approximately 365 square miles of which 358 square miles is land and 7.4 square miles (2.0 %) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Wisconsin by total area. The 2015 census estimate is 4,573, making it the least populous county in Wisconsin. Menominee County is one of only two counties in Wisconsin with no incorporated communities. 21
Shawano County is split between the Northern Highland, Central Plain, and Eastern Ridges and Lowlands geographical provinces. Menominee County is part of the Northern Highland and Central Plain provinces.22
The Northern Highland belongs to a great upland area that stretches northward in Canada to Labrador and Hudson Bay. It has a strong southward slope and, as the highland is shield- shaped and gently arches, it also has east and west components of slope. The slant of a medial line from the northern to the southern border is less than six feet to the mile. The highland lies in the Driftless Area and therefore represents a portion not at all modified by glacial erosion and deposition but shaped entirely by weathering and stream erosion. This is a moderately hilly region, the tops of the hills reaching a general elevation of 1300 to 1400 feet above sea level. The deepest valleys are cut down to 1100 or 1200 feet, so that the local relief is only about 200 feet. The hills are so moderate in slope that practically all roads are laid out in the rectangular system of the township and section lines. In northern Wisconsin there are two distinctive kinds of topography related directly to the underlying rocks (i.e., the upland plains and several types of ridges).23
The Central Plain of Wisconsin is a crescent-shaped belt covering about 13,000 square miles. All of it is floored by the weak Cambrian sandstone, except in the northwest where the removal of the DRAFTsandstone has exposed the underlying Keweenawan lavas over a small area. The surface elevation ranges from 1,242 feet in the
19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawano_County,_Wisconsin 20 July 1, 2015 Estimate, http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/55115 21 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_County,_Wisconsin 22 http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/index.html 23 http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/northernhighland.html
Page 22 Physical Characteristics
western part of the crescent, to 785 feet in the central part of the plain and 685 feet near the eastern end of the lowland. The general slope is very gradual. All the characteristics of the sandstone plain are normal to an inner lowland of a belted plain. The name inner lowland is used in connection with slightly dissected coastal plains. Where uplift takes place in a coastal plain, made up of alternate layers of weak and resistant rock which dip gently toward the ocean, it will be carved by streams and the weather.24
The topography of the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands is controlled by cuestas. The westernmost ridge is the rather low, narrow cuesta formed by the resistant Lower Magnesian limestone. It is referred to hereafter as the Magnesian cuesta. The eastern upland is the higher and broader cuesta of Niagara limestone. The intermediate Green Bay- Lake Winnebago- Rock River lowland lies upon the belt of Black River and Galena limestone, with the gentle back slope of the Magnesian cuesta for one wall and the steep escarpment of the Niagara cuesta for the other. The cuesta of Lower Magnesian limestone varies in elevation from 724 feet above mean sea level (MSL) in Marinette County (near Pound) to 1240 feet above MSL in Dane County (at Lutheran Hill), showing a general increase in height from northeast to southwest. A west- and northwest-facing escarpment terminates the Magnesian cuesta. This crest overlooks the lowland of the Central plain. This escarpment in eastern Wisconsin is 175 miles long. It is 300 feet high in Dane and Columbia counties. The high portions of the escarpment are between Dane and Lodi and between Arlington and Poynette. The larger part of the escarpment, however, is much lower. In Marinette County the escarpment is only 50 feet high. 25
Shawano County is bordered on the east by Oconto and Brown Counties, on the south by Outagamie and Waupaca Counties, on the west by Marathon County, on the north by Langlade and Menominee Counties. Menominee County is bordered on the east by Oconto County, on the south and west by Shawano County, on the west and north by Langlade County.
In Wisconsin, there are three types of sub-county, full-service, local DRAFTgovernment units: towns, which are unincorporated, and villages and cities, which are incorporated. Shawano County contains the Cities of Marion and Shawano; the Villages of Aniwa, Birnamwood, Bonduel, Bowler, Cecil, Eland, Gresham, Mattoon, Pulaski, Tigerton, and Wittenberg; and the Towns of Almon, Angelica, Aniwa,
24 http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/centralplain.html 25 http://www.wisconline.com/wisconsin/geoprovinces/easternridges.html
Page 23 Physical Characteristics
Bartelme, Belle Plaine, Birnamwood, Fairbanks, Germania, Grant, Green Valley, Hartland, Herman, Hutchins, Lessor, Maple Grove, Morris, Navarino, Pella, Red Springs, Richmond, Seneca, Washington, Waukechon, Wescott, Wittenberg. (See Appendix A for a map.) Menominee County has no incorporated municipalities.
Topography
Wisconsin lies in the upper Midwest between Lake Superior, the upper peninsula of Michigan, Lake Michigan, and the Mississippi and Saint Croix Rivers. Its greatest length is 320 miles, greatest width 295 miles for a total area 56,066 square miles. Glaciation has largely determined the topography and soils of the state, except for the 13,360 square miles of driftless area in southwestern Wisconsin. The various glaciations created rolling terrain with nearly 9,000 lakes and several areas of marshes and swamps. Elevations range from about 600 feet above sea level along the Lake Superior and Lake Michigan shores and in the Mississippi floodplain in southwestern Wisconsin to nearly 1,950 feet at Rib and Strawberry Hills.
The Northern Highlands, a plateau extending across northern Wisconsin, is an area of about 15,000 square miles with elevations from 1,000 to 1,800 feet. This area has many lakes and is the origin of most of the major streams in the state. The slope down to the narrow Lake Superior plain is quite steep. A comparatively flat, crescent-shaped lowland lies immediately south of the Northern Highlands and embodies nearly one-fourth of Wisconsin. The eastern ridges and lowlands to the southeast of the Central Plains are the most densely populated and have the highest concentration of industry and farms.
The uplands of southwestern Wisconsin west of the ridges and lowlands and south of the Central Plains make up about one-fourth of the state. This is the roughest section of the state, rising 200 to 350 feet above the Central Plains and 100 to 200 feet above the Eastern Ridges and Lowlands. The Mississippi River bluffs rise DRAFT230 to 650 feet.26
26 http://www.uwex.edu/sco/state.html
Page 24 Physical Characteristics
Shawano County27
Within Shawano County there are three major areas with distinct physiographic characteristics. Major portions of Wescott, Waukechon, Navarino, and Belle Plaine Townships are in a broad, level glacial lake basin. Shawano Lake occupies part of this basin, and the Wolf River flows through it. In the sandier parts of the basin there is dune-like topography, especially in areas to the north of Shawano Lake, in western Navarino Township, and in southeastern Belle Plaine Township.
East of the lake basin is an undulating and gently rolling ground moraine with numerous basins and depressions. This area generally slopes to the east, except for a small area that slopes westerly toward the Wolf River. The highest elevation is about 1,030 feet, east of Bonduel, and the lowest is 760 feet, where the Oconto River leaves the county.
West of the lake basin the ground moraine continues, but it is interspersed with undulating outwash plains. Much of the outwash is pitted, and this gives the landscape a hilly appearance with many enclosed basins and depressions. The land west of the Wolf River generally slopes to the southeast. The elevation changes from about 1,413 feet near Aniwa to about 780 feet where the Wolf River flows out of the county.
About 87.7 percent of Shawano County lies within the Wolf River watershed. The eastern 12 percent of the county is drained by streams that empty directly into Green Bay. The extreme northwestern corner, about 0.3 percent of the county, drains west to the Plover River in the Wisconsin River watershed.
In general, the overall natural surface water drainage system is not well developed. The numerous basins and depressions tend to accumulate and hold runoff so that the release of surface water to flowing streams is greatly restricted
MenomineeDRAFT County28 The physiography, relief, and drainage of the county are primarily the result of glaciation. The elevation ranges from about 1,433 feet above sea level in the northwest corner of the county to about 841
27 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI115/0/Shawano.pdf 28 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI078/0/Menominee_WI.pdf
Page 25 Physical Characteristics
feet above sea level in the southeast corner. The primary drainage pattern in the county is irregular, and the secondary drainage pattern is poorly defined, as is typical in a glaciated region. Lakes, bogs, and marshes characterize the landscape. Two major river systems, the Wolf and Oconto Rivers, drain the county. The Wolf River and its tributaries drain nearly 75 percent of the county. The Oconto River and its tributaries, in the eastern part of the county, drain the rest.
Many of the lakes were formed from ice blocks that were buried in outwash deposits as the glaciers melted and receded. Some lakes formed in depressions in the glacial till areas. Generally, the lakes in the county are relatively shallow.
Climate
The Wisconsin climate is typically continental with some modification by Lakes Michigan and Superior. Winters are generally cold and snowy and summers are warm. About two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls during the growing season; this is normally adequate for vegetation although there are occasional droughts. The climate favors dairy farming and the primary crops are corn, small grains, hay and vegetables. Storm tracks generally move from west to east and southwest to northeast.
The average annual temperature varies from 39°F in the north to about 50°F in the south with statewide extreme records of 114°F (Wisconsin Dells, 7/13/1936) and minus 55°F (Couderay, 2/2/1996 and 2/4/1996). During more than one-half of the winters, temperatures fall to minus 40°F or lower and almost every winter temperatures of minus 30°F or colder are reported from northern stations. Summer temperatures above 90°F average two to four days in northern counties and about 14 days in southern districts. During marked cool outbreaks in summer months, the central lowlands occasionally report freezing temperatures.
The freeze-free season ranges from around 80 days per year in the upper northeast and north-central lowlands to about 180 days in the DRAFTMilwaukee area. The pronounced moderating effect of Lake Michigan is well-illustrated by the fact that the growing season of 140 to 150 days along the east-central coastal area is of the same duration as in the southwestern Wisconsin valleys. The short growing season in the central portion of the state is attributed to a number of factors, among them an inward cold air drainage and the low heat capacities of the peat and sandy soils. The average date of
Page 26 Physical Characteristics
last spring freeze ranges from early May along the Lake Michigan coastal area and southern counties to early June in the northernmost counties. The first autumn freezes occur in late August and early September in the northern and central lowlands and in mid-October along the Lake Michigan coastline, however a July freeze is not entirely unusual in the north and central Wisconsin lowlands.
The long-term mean annual precipitation ranges from 30 to 34 inches over most of the Western Uplands and Northern Highlands, then diminishes to about 28 inches along most of the Wisconsin Central Plain and Lake Superior Coastal area. The higher average annual precipitation coincides generally with the highest elevations, particularly the windward slopes of the Western Uplands and Northern Highlands. Thunderstorms average about 30 per year in northern Wisconsin to about 40 per year in southern counties and occur mostly in the summer. Occasional hail, wind and lightning damage are also reported.
The average seasonal snowfall varies from about 30 inches at Beloit to well over 100 inches in northern Iron County along the steep western slope of the Gogebic Range. Greater average snowfall is recorded over the Western Uplands and Eastern Ridges than in the adjacent lowlands. The mean dates of first snowfall of consequence (an inch or more) vary from early November in northern localities to early December in southern Wisconsin counties. Average annual duration of snow cover ranges from 85 days in southernmost Wisconsin to more than 140 days along Lake Superior. The snow cover acts as protective insulation for grasses, autumn seeded grains, alfalfa and other vegetation.29
Shawano County
The average growing season is defined as the number of days following the last 32°F freeze in the spring through the beginning of fall. Shawano County’s growing season averages 132 days.30
Shawano County Climate Normals31 Climate NormalsDRAFT Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Ave Daily High 22.8 27.3 39.0 54.8 68.4 77.0 82.0 78.4 69.2 58.2 41.6 27.2 (F°)
29 http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~sco/ 30 http://www.wisconline.com/counties/shawano/climate.html 31 Data from the weather station at Shawano 2 SSW, 44°46' N, 88°37' W, elevation 810’
Page 27 Physical Characteristics
Ave Daily Low 2.9 5.7 19.1 32.3 43.0 52.2 57.6 55.0 46.4 36.5 24.4 9.9 (F°) Growing Degree 0 0 19 135 322 476 607 544 344 162 25 1 Days Heating Degree 1615 1358 1113 642 314 86 18 44 221 546 960 1438 Days Cooling Degree 0 0 0 0 29 74 167 97 0 0 0 0 Days Ave Precipitation 1.24 1.08 1.93 2.74 3.57 3.58 3.50 3.64 3.97 2.56 2.23 1.53 (")
Ave Snowfall (") 12.0 8.6 8.2 1.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.0 12.8
Climate Normals and Growing Season Summary32
Menominee County
In winter, the average temperature is 16.7°F and the average daily DRAFTminimum temperature is 5.6°. The lowest temperature on record, which occurred at Breed on January 17, 1982, is -41°. In summer, the average temperature is 66.2° and the average daily maximum temperature is 80.5°. The highest temperature, which occurred on July 31, 1975, is 101°. The total annual precipitation is 32.19 inches.
32 http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/
Page 28 Physical Characteristics
Of this total, 21.36 inches, or 66 percent, usually falls in April through September. The growing season for most crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfall on record was 3.68 inches at Breed on May 17, 1992. Thunderstorms occur on about 34 days each year, and most occur in June. The average seasonal snowfall is 53.7 inches. The greatest snow depth at any one time during the period of record was 34 inches recorded on January 2, 1976. On an average, 91 days per year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on record was 12 inches, recorded on December 4, 1990. Menominee County’s growing season averages 98 days. The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about 63 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 82 percent. The sun shines 65 percent of the time possible in summer and 48 percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the southwest. Average windspeed is highest, 11.3 miles per hour, in April.
Menominee County Climate Normals33
Climate Normals Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Ave Daily High 23.8 28.1 39.4 55.0 68.6 77.3 82.4 79.0 69.3 58.4 41.5 27.4 (F°) Ave Daily Low 0.0 2.4 15.5 29.1 39.5 49.0 54.4 51.7 43.1 33.6 22.1 7.9 (F°) Growing Degree 0 1 18 131 320 462 588 531 339 167 25 1 Days Heating Degree 1646 1392 1163 690 360 107 25 65 267 589 993 1466 Days Cooling Degree 0 0 0 0 19 53 134 78 0 0 0 0 Days Ave Precipitation 1.22 1.04 2.10 2.84 3.58 3.87 3.34 3.82 3.96 2.53 2.39 1.69 (")
Ave Snowfall (") 12.0 9.3 10.0 3.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 5.0 13.5 DRAFT
33 Data from the weather station at Breed 6 SSE (Oconto Co.), 45°02' N, 88°25' W, elevation 860’
Page 29 Physical Characteristics
Climate Normals and Growing Season Summary34
Hydrology
The land in Wisconsin drains into Lake Superior, Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. The Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers form most of the western boundary. About one-half of the northwestern portion of the state is drained through the Chippewa River, while the remainder of this region drains directly into the Mississippi or St. Croix Rivers and into Lake Superior. The Wisconsin River has its source at a small lake nearly 1,600 feet above mean sea level on the Upper Michigan boundary and drains most of central Wisconsin. Most of its tributaries also spring from the many lakes in the north, although the Rock River is a Mississippi River tributary which flows through northern Illinois and eastern Wisconsin and drains into Lake Michigan.
Most of the streams and lakes in the state are ice-covered from late November to late March. Snow covers the ground in practically all the winter months except in extreme southern areas. Flooding is most frequent and most serious in April due to the melting of snow DRAFTand spring rains. During this period, flood conditions are often aggravated by ice jams which back up the flood waters. Excessive
34 http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/
Page 30 Physical Characteristics
rains of the thunderstorm type sometimes produce tributary flooding or flash flooding along the smaller streams and creeks.35
Groundwater reservoirs are recharged by direct precipitation. Spring is a prime time for recharge because evapotranspiration is low and melting snow and rainfall infiltrate and percolate the water table on unfrozen ground. Fall is another prime time for high recharge. During the summer, groundwater levels drop because precipitation is lower causing losses to evaporation and transpiration to exceed precipitation. In addition, groundwater is lost to surface waters by discharge in the form of springs.36 The winter period normally lacks infiltration because of frozen ground.
Groundwater resources constitute an extremely valuable element of the natural resource base of both counties. The groundwater reservoir not only sustains lake levels and provides the base flow of streams in the county but also comprises a major source of water for domestic, municipal and industrial water users. Like surface water, groundwater is susceptible to depletion in quantity and to deterioration in quality.
Wisconsin is a state with a large quantity of groundwater. There have not been any concerns about the availability of good quality groundwater in the majority of the county. The counties have a large, untapped supply of good quality groundwater found in layers of porous subsoil and bedrock known as aquifers. The water in an aquifer travels underground from its source to a discharge point such as a well, wetland, spring, or lake. These aquifers supply the water to county residents through private and municipal wells.
Land use decisions can have impacts on groundwater, as anything that is spilled or spread on the ground can impact water quality. As a result, pollution of the aquifers is a very real threat to the county’s water supplies.
Shawano County37
The many streams, lakes, and rivers in Shawano County furnish an abundant supply of surface water. For most uses, however, DRAFTgroundwater is the major source. In most areas of Shawano County, enough ground water is readily available to meet present and anticipated future needs for domestic, agricultural, municipal, and
35 http://www.uwex.edu/sco/state.html 36 DeVaul, 1967 37 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI115/0/Shawano.pdf
Page 31 Physical Characteristics
industrial uses. In the western half of the county, there may be inadequate supplies of ground water in some areas where glacial deposits are thin over the crystalline bedrock.
Ground water is at various depths below the surface depending upon the general topography, the elevation above the permanent stream level, and the character of the underlying rock formation. It is stored in porous strata called aquifers. At certain depths below the surface all pores and fissures in the bedrock or in unconsolidated material such as sand and gravel are filled with water. It is into these water-filled layers that wells must be drilled in order to obtain an adequate supply of water. The level of ground water will rise and fall from season to season and year to year depending on rainfall.
Glacial drift aquifers are the major source of ground water in the western three-fourths of the county. The glacial drift over most of this area is 50 to 200 feet thick and produces well yields of 100 to 1,000 gallons per minute. The bedrock aquifer is the major source of ground water in the eastern quarter of the county. The Cambrian sandstones, the Prairie du Chien Group, and the St. Peter sandstone form the principal bedrock aquifer in this area. In general, these rock units are hydraulically connected and act as one aquifer to produce well yields of 100 to 500 gallons per minute.
Ground water in Shawano County is generally of good quality whether it is from the bedrock aquifer or from the glacial drift aquifer. It is suitable for most domestic, municipal, and industrial uses but treatment may be required for special purposes. Local differences in the quality of ground water are the result of variations in the composition, solubility, and surface area of the individual particles of the soil and rock through which the water moves and the length of time the water is in contact with these materials. The main chemical constituents in the water are calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions derived from dolomite and glacial drift containing fragments of dolomite. Minor problems are caused by hardness and, in some areas, by high DRAFTconcentrations of iron. Menominee County38
The many lakes, streams, and rivers in the county supply abundant surface water. The supply of ground water is adequate for present
38 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI078/0/Menominee_WI.pdf
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and anticipated domestic, agricultural, municipal, and industrial needs. The availability of the ground water varies from place to place, however, and onsite investigation is needed when water developments are planned.
Ground water is stored in porous strata called aquifers. It is available at various depths, depending upon the general topography, the distance above the permanent stream level, and the character of the underlying rock formation. The main aquifer in the county is glacial drift, particularly glacial outwash and ice-contact sand and gravel. Generally, the fractured crystalline bedrock does not supply much water, although locally it provides a small amount for domestic uses. The bedrock or the thin deposits of glacial drift overlying the bedrock in the southwestern part of the county, west of Neopit and continuing through the central part and northeast to the Wolf River, generally yield only a few gallons of water per minute. Wells in Neopit are in glacial outwash and yield 125 to 325 gallons per minute.
The ground water in the county generally is of good quality. The main components in the water are calcium, magnesium, and iron. In some areas, particularly within moraines, the ground water is hard. A large concentration of iron is in the ground water throughout the county, but the iron is not considered to be a health hazard.
Most lakes in the county are small. The largest natural lake is Moshawquit Lake, which is 296 acres. The Legend Lake complex is a developed impoundment from the early 1970s. It has 1,350 surface acres of water and is 74 feet deep. The 128 lakes in the survey area have a total surface area of 3,730 acres of water. Streams in the county have a total length of 394 miles, 380 miles of which is classed as trout waters.
The Wolf River is the largest stream in the county and is also designated by public law, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (amended in 1980), as a wild river. Generally, the quality of the surface water in the county is good. Most of the lakes and streams are clear, but those that receive deposits of organic material from wetland vegetation are brownish. The streams that drain wetlands and the lakes they empty DRAFTinto commonly are discolored. The smaller lakes commonly are more discolored, and the larger ones are clearer. Pollution of the surface water generally is minimal because the county is forested and relatively undeveloped. There is little municipal or industrial waste.
The county has three types of lakes—spring lakes, seepage lakes, and drainage lakes. Spring lakes seldom have an inlet, but they have
Page 33 Physical Characteristics
an outlet with substantial flow. These lakes are fed by ground water rather than by surface drainage. Seepage lakes generally do not have an inlet or an outlet, but some have an intermittent outlet. The water level of these lakes is maintained by the water table or by a well-sealed lake bottom. Drainage lakes have an outlet and at least one inlet. Their main water source is drainage from streams.
The spring lakes in the county have the highest mineral content because they received the greatest amount of ground water. The drainage lakes have a lower mineral content than the spring lakes, and the seepage lakes have a very low mineral content. Drainage lakes have the greatest range in reaction. Water in the spring lakes has reaction similar to that of the ground water. The seepage lakes commonly are acid, and most of the drainage lakes are alkaline
Soil Types
There are various types of loamy and/or sandy soil found in each county. The soils of both counties has been created by the erosive action of water through the moraine topography of the area. As a result, they have variable permeability factors for draining excess water (i.e., floods). The soil survey reports completed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service for Shawano39 and Menominee40 Counties contain a large amount of very technical information and are available online for additional specific details.
Wetlands
From the sedge meadows of southern Wisconsin to the spruce bogs in the north, wetlands cover a wide array of landscapes. They share in common the ability to support aquatic or "water loving" plants, and provide habitat for more species of plants and animals than any other type of landscape in Wisconsin.
Habitat is not their only functional value. Wetlands can also store DRAFTwater to prevent flooding, purify water, protect lake and stream
39 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI115/0/Shawano.pdf 40 http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/wisconsin/WI078/0/Menominee_WI.pdf
Page 34 Physical Characteristics
shores from eroding and provide recreational opportunities for wildlife watchers, anglers, hunters, and boaters.41
Because wetlands provide many benefits to the environment, several municipal, state and federal ordinances/regulations protect wetland areas. The basic concept associated with these laws is that wetland areas on any property cannot be disturbed without a permit. Wetlands store flood waters and filter water from precipitation before it enters lakes and streams. Some wetlands also recharge local groundwater aquifers. By slowing water movement, wetlands reduce the likelihood that heavy rainfall or spring snowmelt will cause erosion and flooding. Wetlands retain eroded soil and hold nutrients that would otherwise promote excessive weed growth and algae blooms in lakes and streams. These nutrients, when held in the wetlands, produce a heavy growth of vegetation that provides nesting sites, food, and cover for waterfowl, small mammals, and many other types of wildlife. Wetlands also provide recreational opportunities for humans (wildlife observation, hiking, hunting, etc.).
There are three basic factors in determining whether or not a property is a wetland:
The presence of water at, near or above the surface (hydrology). Water present long enough to sustain aquatic plant life (hydrophytic vegetation). Soils indicative of wet conditions (hydric soils). It is important to note that “wetlands” are not only associated with the presence of water. It is possible for a property to have standing water for a portion of the year but not be a wetland; it is also possible that a true wetland with all three of the above characteristics may never have water present above the land surface.
The two main levels of jurisdiction (often overlapping) concerning wetlands in the counties are the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and municipal zoning agencies. The US Army Corps of Engineers also has some regulatory authority under Section 404 of DRAFTthe Clean Water Act.42 The departments responsible for planning and zoning have jurisdiction over wetlands in county zoning plans while wetlands within city or village boundaries are also subject to the appropriate municipality’s regulations.
41 http://dnr.wi.gov/wetlands 42 http://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/civilworks/regulatory/rw_bro.pdf
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According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Shawano County has approximately 127,778 acres of wetlands (approximately 22.4% of its total area). This is 2.4% of the total statewide acreage of wetlands. Menominee County has approximately 33,545 acres of wetlands (approximately 14.6% of its total area) equaling 0.6% of the total statewide wetland acreage. 43
Land Use
Both counties are dominated by a mixture of agricultural land, forests and waterways/wetlands. Residential development has been primarily located in and around smaller cities and villages.
The family-owned farms, food processors and agriculture-related businesses of Shawano County generate thousands of jobs and millions of dollars of economic activity while contributing to local income and tax revenues. Shawano County is home to a diverse and robust agricultural industry. Dairy is the county’s primary agricultural commodity, with Shawano County ranking in the top ten counties in the state for both cow and goat milk sales. Additionally, Shawano County ranks in the top ten Wisconsin counties for the production of cut Christmas trees, maple syrup, forages, oats for grain, pheasants, and goats and the top quarter of counties for the production of cattle and calves, laying hens, and corn for silage. Corn, soybean and small grain production are experiencing increased growth and complement the vibrant local exotic and domestic livestock industry.
In Menominee County, the average farm size is 89 acres and 75% of them are operated by a family or individual.44
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has identified no state natural areas in Menominee County and the following five in Shawano County:45
County K Woods Jung Hemlock – Beech Forest DRAFT Kroenke Lake Navarino Sedge Meadow
43 http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/wetlands/acreage.html 44 http://www.city-data.com/county/Menominee_County-WI.html 45 http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Lands/NaturalAreas/county.html
Page 36 Physical Characteristics
Wolf River Bottoms State natural areas were acquired to protect the state’s natural diversity, provide sites for research and environmental education and serve as benchmarks for assessing and guiding use of other lands in the state. Natural areas are defined as tracts of land or water that have native biotic communities, unique natural features, or significant geological or archeological sites. Generally, natural areas are remnant areas which largely have escaped disturbances since settlement or which exhibit little disturbance so that recovery has occurred and pre-settlement conditions are approached. Natural areas provide an important reservoir of the state’s genetic or biologic diversity.
Shawano County has experienced a population decline of -1.6% while Menominee County has experience growth of 8.1% between the 2010 census and the 2015 census estimates. The overall state growth was 1.5%.46 As with all American communities, proper land use planning and implementation of that planning will be very important for the future of both counties and for sound resource management and conservation. Vegetation Mostly maple, hemlock, and yellow birch cover Shawano County with large areas of black spruce, tamarack, and cedar in the northeast, north-central, south-central, and eastern portions.47 Menominee County contains roughly 223,500 acres of heavily forested lands, representing the largest single tract of virgin timberland in the State of Wisconsin.48 The area is mostly maple, hemlock, and yellow birch with jackpine and prairie grasses found in the east-central and southeast areas.49 DRAFT
46 http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/55,55115,55078 47 http://www.wisconline.com/counties/shawano/index.html 48 http://www.co.menominee.wi.us/ 49 http://www.wisconline.com/counties/menominee/index.html
Page 37 Demographics
Demographics
Human Settlement Patterns
Shawano County
For hundreds of years prior to 1843, Shawano County was principally the domain of the Menominee and Chippewa Indians. Between the mid-1600s and mid-1800s, some Europeans moved through the area, primarily French explorers, fur traders, and missionaries, but few established permanent dwellings. In 1843, Samuel Farnsworth paddled up the Wolf River in a canoe from New London. Finding the area heavily forested with stands of pine, hemlock, cedar, and maple, he determined to establish a logging industry in the area. A year later, he sent a crew to transport machinery and provisions to the area, having acquired the land at the junction of the Wolf River and Shawano Lake for a sawmill.50
By 1851, other logging companies had moved into the area and logging spread out to other rivers that flowed into the Wolf. In 1853, “Shawanaw” County was established with some of the area pulled from Oconto and Outagamie Counties; at this point, the population of the region had grown to 254 inhabitants. During the mid-1800s, the county borders continued to shift, with land being exchanged among Shawano, Oconto, Waupaca, and Winnebago Counties.51 Shawano became the county seat.
Early on, the settlers that came to Shawano County were primarily people from the New England states and Canada. As the community grew and the land became logged off, Germans, many from what was then Prussia, came in large numbers to clear the land of stumps, drain the swamps and establish the farms that remain to this day. European settlers also included Bohemians, Norwegians, Irish, and, to a lesser extent, English and French.
In 1870, Shawano County had grown to over 3,000 people. The DRAFTvillage of Shawano became incorporated in 1871 and three years later became a city. Immigration to the area continued through the late 1800s; by 1900, most of the prime farmland had been settled and immigration fell. The dairy and supporting industries began to
50 http://wigenweb.org/shawano/history.html 51 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawano_County,_Wisconsin
Page 38 Demographics
supplant logging as the main economic driver in the county. In 1881, Langlade County was split off from Shawano. During the 1880s, a major flood destroyed many bridges and dams along the river, which helped accelerate the end of lumbering as a primary industry. As lumbering began to decline in the early 20th century, Shawano transitioned to a more service and tourist-based economy. The city and surrounding areas, including Lake Shawano, remain a popular summer destination to this day.52
Menominee County
Menominee is Wisconsin's newest county, having been created from the northeastern portion of Shawano County on July 3, 1959. 53 Today Menominee County is essentially coterminous with the boundaries of the federally recognized Menominee Indian Reservation. Most of the land within the county boundary is under Federal trust for the exclusive use by enrolled members of the Menominee nation. Scattered parcels that were sold, including the many lots around the Legend Lake area in the southeastern part of the county, are the only parts of the county that are privately owned by non-Native Americans. Most of Menominee County's population consists of members of the Menominee nation.54
Population55
Shawano County
Shawano County’s population has decreased from 41,955 to 41, 304 between 2010 and 2015. According to the 2014 U.S. census report, there are 17,019 households with an average of 2.41 people per household. The 2014 U.S. census numbers indicate that the median household income is $46,903 and that the per capita income is $23,843. Approximately 11.2% of the people live below the poverty line and there are approximately 20,714 housing units within the county.
According to the 2014 census report, the majority of people reported DRAFTthat they were white. People of Hispanic or Latino origin were
52 http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=Ny:True,Ro:0,N:4294963828- 4294963805&dsNavOnly=Ntk:All%7c%7c3%7c%2c&dsRecordDetails=R:CS2422&dsDimensionSearch=D:shawano+county,Dxm:Al l,Dxp:3&dsCompoundDimensionSearch=D:shawano+county,Dxm:All,Dxp:3 53 http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wimenomi/ 54 http://everything.explained.today/Menominee_County,_Wisconsin/ 55 http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/55,55115,55078
Page 39 Demographics
counted as a subcategory of those reporting that they were white, as another race, or as two or more races.
Race
White
Black 0.5% 2.6% 2.1% 0.4% 0.0% American Indian 13.2% 87.3% 8.0% Asian
Hispanic
Other Race
Two or more races
Other miscellaneous demographic information reported by the census bureau is detailed below. These figures identify potential needs for special consideration in a disaster response or in recovery operation planning and implementation.
Age
19.2% 20.0% 16.8%
15.0%
10.0% 5.4% 5.0%
0.0% < 5 years < 18 years > 64 years DRAFT
Menominee County
Page 40 Demographics
Menominee County’s population has increased from 4,232 to 4,573 between 2010 and 2015. According to the 2014 U.S. census report, there are 1,238 households with an average of 3.49 people per household. The 2014 U.S. census numbers indicate that the median household income is $37,740 and that the per capita income is $15,201. Approximately 29.1% of the people live below the poverty line and there are approximately 2,256 housing units within the county.
According to the 2014 Census report, the majority of people reported that they were American Indian. People of Hispanic or Latino origin were counted as a subcategory of those reporting that they were white, as another race, or as two or more races.
Race
American Indian 2.1% Black 0.8% 2.1% White 5.3% 21.6% 0.0% 82.2% Asian 12.1% Hispanic
Other Race
Two or more races
Age
40.0% 32.8%
30.0%
20.0% 10.9% 12.6% DRAFT10.0% 0.0% < 5 years < 18 years > 64 years
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Transportation Network
Rail service in Shawano County is provided by two lines that interconnect in the city of Shawano. All parts of the county can be reached by good hard-surfaced or gravel roads. State Highway 45 is the main north-south road in the western part of the county. State Highways 22, 47, and 55 are the main north-south roads in the eastern part of the county. State Highway 29 is the main east- west road in the county. The latter four of these highways intersect in the city of Shawano. The county also maintains miles of its own highway system and, in addition to the federal, state and county highways, there are many miles of townships roads.
A network of federal, state, county, and local logging roads service the majority of Menominee County. The major routes in Menominee County are U.S. Highways 47 and 55. U.S. Highway 55 connects Keshena with Shawano to the south. Keshena is connected to Antigo by U.S. Highway 47 to the northwest and is connected to Crandon by U.S. Highway 55 to the north. These highways, along with a few paved county roads, connect a large number of gravel-surfaced roads and provide some access to most parts of the county. The maps in Appendix A shows the various county roads.
Airports, aviation, and aviation-related industries play a significant role in the economic success of many Wisconsin communities. Major commercial air transportation for both counties is provided at airports in Green Bay, Appleton, and Wausau. Small aircraft can use Wilmer Zueske Field at Shawano.
Land Use and Development Trends
Both counties are primarily rural communities in the northeast portion of the state. There are some natural areas that will not be developed as well as logging, farming, light manufacturing, and service businesses that have chosen to locate in the area. DRAFTShawano County is experiencing no growth, nearly on par with the state as a whole. Menominee County is experiencing some growth. As of the time of this plan, it is expected that this growth trend will continue.
In Shawano County, permitting for construction projects is managed by incorporated municipalities (i.e., cities and villages) and for the
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towns that choose to do their own permitting for projects within their own boundaries; Shawano County permits development for the other unincorporated town areas. There are no incorporated municipalities in Menominee County, therefore the county does all permitting.
Public Safety Support
Medical
The Shawano and Menominee County Departments of Emergency Management, city and county emergency services responders, hospital emergency staff and various departments have developed medical and mass casualty plans for use in a disaster.
Shawano County is served by a range of health facilities and health professionals. These resources coordinate to ensure the best utilization of services and the least injury or loss of life from a disaster situation. There are no hospitals located in Menominee County and ThedaCare Medical Center – Shawano is Shawano County’s hospital. 56
The counties rely on a mix of paid, paid on—call, and/or volunteer staff to provide pre-hospital emergency medical services to their service areas. See the EMS Districts Map in Appendix A for district boundary details.57 Each of these departments provides training to their staff and they participate in periodically scheduled disaster exercises with area hospitals, other emergency medical services, law enforcement, fire services and emergency management.
Fire Service
Local fire departments are staffed by volunteer firefighters. See the Fire Zones Map in Appendix A for district boundary details. Some county fire departments also feature specialized skills such as water DRAFTrescue/dive, and confined space entry.
56 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/guide/hospitaldir.pdf 57 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/ems/provider/shawano.htm
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Shawano County has 11 fire departments that provide services58 and Menominee County has one fire department. 59
Law Enforcement
Five departments in Shawano County are responsible for law enforcement duties within the county. The Shawano County Sheriff’s Department provides deputies for unincorporated areas of the county and for those without full-time coverage. The Menominee County Sheriff’s Department provides deputies for all areas of the county. 60 Also, the Wisconsin State Patrol provides limited coverage from their North Central Region office in Wausau. 61
Special Teams
Hazardous materials (HazMat) response is performed by Type II and Type III Teams in the Northeast Task Force. 62 Wisconsin Emergency Management contracts and manages twenty-two Regional Hazardous Materials Response Teams. The teams are divided into Task Forces: Northeast Task Force, Northwest Task Force, Southeast Task Force and the Southwest Task Force. These Task Forces are then divided into Type I, Type II and Type III teams, all with complimentary capabilities and training requirements.
The Wisconsin Hazardous Materials Response System may be activated for an incident involving a hazardous materials spill, leak, explosion, injury or the potential of immediate threat to life, the environment, or property. The Wisconsin Hazardous Materials Response system responds to the most serious of spills and releases requiring the highest level of skin and respiratory protective gear. This includes all chemical, biological, or radiological emergencies.
Local (County) Hazardous Materials Response Teams respond to chemical incidents which require a lower level of protective gear but still exceed the capabilities of standard fire departments. Forty counties, including Shawano County, currently have level 4 DRAFTHazardous Materials Response Teams. Those teams may provide
58 http://www.firedepartment.net/directory/wisconsin/shawano-county 59 http://www.firedepartment.net/directory/wisconsin/menominee-county 60 https://wilenet.org/html/directory/Law%20Enforcement%20Directory%2020151124.pdf 61 http://wisconsindot.gov/Documents/about-wisdot/who-we-are/dsp/dsp-regions-map.pdf 62 http://emergencymanagement.wi.gov/training/docs/Regional_Hazardous_Materials_Resp_Teams_Map.pdf
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assistance to surrounding counties and are approved by the Local Emergency Planning Committees. 63
Archaeological and Historical Resources
The Wisconsin Historical Society has a listing of archaeological sites that have been identified in Shawano and Menominee Counties; this list is available to governmental agencies upon request. The National Register of Historic Places also includes a listing of the locations in both counties.64 As mitigation projects are considered, the counties are committed to ensuring that archaeological and historical sites are preserved.
Shawano County Historic Sites Historic Site Name Municipality or Address Township Vacant/Not in Use (None) Historic Districts Roughly including E. Shawano Main Street Division St. and S. Main Shawano Historic District St. State Listing Laney School / Maple N1675 Laney Rd. Maple Grove Grove Town Hall65 Lutheran Indian Mission / Immanuel NE of Gresham on WI G Gresham Mohican Lutheran Church Roughly including E. Shawano Main Street Division St. and S. Main Shawano Historic District St. Shawano Post Office 235 S. Main St. Shawano DRAFTTigerton Village Hall 215 Cedar St. Tigerton and Engine House
63 http://emergencymanagement.wi.gov/epcra/hazmat.asp 64 http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/hp/register/welcome.asp 65 This location is listed on the state registry but has been removed.
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Menominee County Historic Sites Historic Site Name Municipality or Address Township Vacant/Not in Use (None) Historic Districts (None) State Listing Saint Joseph of the Menominee Lake Church and (Address Restricted) Reservation Cemetery / BME 001
All of these sites have been reported to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and are protected sites. If there is concern that a mitigation project will impact one of these or any other identified or suspected archeological site, the county will work with the proper authorities to ensure that all applicable laws and regulations are followed.
DRAFT
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Hazard Analysis and Previous Mitigation Projects
The following sections identify those hazards that have occurred or could occur in Shawano and Menominee Counties. Each includes a description of a hazard and its frequency of occurrence. Also included is a section that describes the general vulnerabilities of the community and its infrastructure to each particular type of hazard. More detailed and specific analyses will be conducted as projects are identified for inclusion in grant applications. As part of the application process, the methodology of data collection and future development patterns will be addressed. Estimates of potential dollar losses and the methodology used to arrive at those estimates will also be described during this application process.
WEM completed and regularly updates the State Hazard Mitigation Plan, which was last revised in 2011. This plan describes the hazards that have occurred or are most likely to occur within the state and includes the frequency of occurrence, potential impacts, and suggested actions to mitigate the hazard. This plan is the basis for the development of all emergency management plans and is distributed upon revision to county emergency government directors and other stakeholder agencies. It includes the definition, frequency of occurrence, and actions to mitigate the hazard. In general, the threat of most hazards is consistent throughout the county. The hazards where there were differences identified within the county were coastal erosion, dam failure, flooding, landslides, and wildfire; for those hazards, specific locations are identified.
For this plan the Shawano and Menominee Counties Hazard Mitigation Plan Workgroup reviewed the past events records and an internal workgroup consensus was reached on the anticipated probability of future events. This probability was designated as very high (5), high (4), medium (3), low (2), or very low (1) by the workgroup based on their evaluation and experience with the data. DRAFT(See tables below.)
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Shawano County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if Misc. Notes Occurrence* It Does Happen* Drought 3 4 Severity of effects will be higher for agriculture Dust Storm 1 1 Earthquake 1 2 Flood 4 3 City of Shawano is in the process of buying out two houses regularly subjected to flooding (located by the dock on MM) as part of the trail completion project (Stewardship Grant; being done through DNR and Parks). Dam Failure Severity of effects very high County 2 3 for Gresham Dam (up for Red River Area 3 4 recertification; has been pending for a number of years) on Red River – there is a moratorium on building (the change to a 500-year map will put more houses in the risk area) Wolf River dams – well- monitored Upper Shawano Dam (located on Balsam Row Road and commonly referred to as the Balsam Road Dam) – relatively small amount of water behind it Embarrass River – not much area behind dams, mostly agriculture in front of the dams Wildland Fire (covers 5 4 The county has a fairly high grass and forest fires) road density so fires, when they do start, tend to not get as big. Extreme Temperatures Higher severity of effects Heat risk for agriculture during Overall 3 3 extreme heat events; heat Ag 4 4 events with lower ColdDRAFT 4 3 temperatures and/or durations than required for impact to humans can still impact agriculture, particularly dairy Hail 3 4 Crops, more open area Lightning 4 2 Has taken out communications in the past
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Shawano County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if Misc. Notes Occurrence* It Does Happen* Wind Events: Tornado & 3 4 Impacts are primarily to Derecho agriculture and from dropping trees on houses Thunderstorm 4 2 Short, intense rain-burst storms cause localized flooding and crop damage Shawano Lake tends to reduce storm severity (although it also tends to divert tornadoes toward Menominee County). Winter Storms Severity in part depends on (Ice/Snow) how big a priority a Overall 4 3 particular area is for the Ag 4 5 power company; after some previous ice storms, some households were without power for up to five days while those in priority areas had power restored very quickly. Highway 29 has an icing risk due to the high use of this road combined with its many curved sections. There can be significant wildlife kill with heavy snow or ice storms (animals cannot get to food sources). The higher severity score for agriculture reflects the impacts of being unable to transport milk and animal feed when roads are impacted as well as issues with milking and maintaining milk temperature when the power is disrupted. Utility Failure Rural areas have a higher Electricity risk of outages, with General 4 4 potentially high impact. Ag 4 5 Hazard mitigation options RestDRAFT may include installing General 3 2 backup generators (e.g., for Ag 3 3 EOC, shelter, highway garages). There are two municipal utilities in the county: Gresham Utility Office and Shawano Municipal Utilities. The county also owns a
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Shawano County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if Misc. Notes Occurrence* It Does Happen* small utility for the nursing home. Gresham School currently does not have power backup. The county is fairly sandy so there is a low risk if severe effects from septic/sewer backup. Cyber Attack 2 5 The county may be affected peripherally by an attack outside the county as well. There have been an increasing number of warnings of cyber-attacks, especially on law enforcement agencies. Data security is critical. Concern regarding Denial of Service attacks impacting the 911 center. Hazardous Materials 3 4 Highway 29 is a major route for materials being transported between Minneapolis and Green Bay, including hazardous materials. There are only 12 planning facilities so transit-related hazardous materials incidents are the primary concern. Climate Change NA NA This will not be broken out as a separate scored category; it will instead be discussed as a planning consideration (threat enhancer / multiplier), particularly for long-term infrastructure planning (e.g., for selecting culvert DRAFTdiameters). Biological Hazards/Epidemics General 4 4 Ag 3 4 Structure Fires Downtown Shawano has a General 3 2 higher risk of severe effects Shawano 3 4 if structure fires occur in that
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Shawano County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if Misc. Notes Occurrence* It Does Happen* Ag 3 4 area (buildings are all attached and fire will spread easily). Invasive Species (e.g., 4 4 These are of particular Eurasian milfoil, gypsy concern with tourism (both moth) in terms of tourism aiding in the spread of invasive species and of the presence of invasive species negatively impacting tourism). Contaminated Water Nitrates in water, Supply particularly private wells, Private 4 4 are the primary concern. Municipal 2 4 Radiological 2 3 A small portion of the county is in the ingestion zone for Point Beach Nuclear Power Plant. The severity of effects score is primarily related to negative impacts on the dairy/agriculture exports from that zone, should an incident occur.
Menominee County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if It Misc. Notes Occurrence* Does Happen* Drought 3 4 Dust Storm 1 1 Earthquake 1 1 Flood Downtown Keshena floods General 3 3 due to frazil ice; this affects Keshena 4 5 Highway 47. Dam Failure 1 3 The dams in Menominee County are generally well monitored and maintained. They also show seepage so there is advanced warning of DRAFTproblems. Downtown Keshena is downstream from an earthen dam. Moshawquit Lake is mostly vacation homes.
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Menominee County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if It Misc. Notes Occurrence* Does Happen* Wildland Fire (covers 5 5 County is heavily wooded, grass and forest fires) increasing fire risk and severity of effects Extreme Temperatures 3 4 Hail 3 2 Trees mitigate hail damage Lightning 4 4 Severity of effects score is due primarily to forest fire risk with lightning, although loss of communications has also occurred. Wind Events: Tornado 3 4 Fatality during a wind event in & Derecho 2013, risk of falling trees, tornado in 2007 Shawano Lake tends to steer tornadoes towards Menominee County (from Shawano County) Thunderstorm 4 4 Severity of effects score primarily based on wind- related damage Winter Storms 3 3 Severity of effects score (Ice/Snow) primarily based on trees falling
Utility Failure Severity of effects likely to be Electricity 4 4 higher for populations with Rest 3 3 functional and access needs. (e.g., elderly, disabled) The county is primarily on well and septic, with the exception of Keshena; there are no rural electrical co-ops or community utilities except for tribal utilities, which do not fall under this plan. Cyber Attack 2 5 The county may be affected peripherally by an attack outside the county as well. There have been an increasing number of warnings of cyber-attacks, especially on law enforcement agencies. Data security is DRAFTcritical. Concern regarding Denial of Service attacks impacting the 911 center. Hazardous Materials 1 2 No planning facilities, very little transit
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Menominee County Hazard Vulnerability Assessment Hazard Likelihood of Severity of Effects if It Misc. Notes Occurrence* Does Happen* Climate Change NA NA This will not be broken out as a separate scored category; it will instead be discussed as a planning consideration (threat enhancer / multiplier), particularly for long-term infrastructure planning (e.g., for selecting culvert diameters). Biological Hazards 1 1 Epidemics 2 2 Menominee and Shawano Counties share a Health Department Structure Fires 2 2
Invasive Species (e.g., 4 2 The severity of effects is lower Eurasian milfoil, gypsy due to the lower amount of moth) tourism in Menominee County Contaminated Water 2 2 Supply
Radiological None None Not an ingestion county; very little transit
The emphasis in the following sections is on mitigation activities for each hazard as a major component of overall emergency management. Mitigation or prevention activities reduce the degree of long-term risk to human life and property from natural and man-made hazards. The cooperation of government, academia, the private sector, and volunteer agencies is essential in mitigation efforts. The Shawano and Menominee County Emergency Management Departments are committed to working with municipalities and the private sector to ensure that county mitigation information is shared and it is incorporated into their planning as appropriate.
Each community will have access to the plan to use as a reference during their own preparedness activities (i.e., planning, training, DRAFTpermitting, zoning). Communities that have their own comprehensive plan will reference this mitigation plan and its contents in the next scheduled plan update. County and municipal planners were included in the hazard mitigation workgroups and are aware of the benefits and requirements associated with use of this plan as they go about their preparedness activities.
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Shawano and Menominee Counties and their municipalities have a history of identifying, planning and completing hazard mitigation projects including these, which received supplemental funding.
It was noted by the workgroup that there are several opportunities for grant funding from various federal and state resources including:
HMGP - The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) is authorized by Section 404 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended. The key purpose of HMGP is to ensure that the opportunity to take critical mitigation measures to reduce the risk of loss of life and property from future disasters is not lost during the reconstruction process following a disaster. HMGP is available, when authorized under the Presidential major disaster declaration, is available in all areas of the state following a Presidential disaster declaration.66
PDM - The Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program is authorized by Section 203 of the Stafford Act, 42 USC. 5133. The PDM program is designed to assist States, Territories, tribal governments, and local communities to implement a sustained pre-disaster natural hazard mitigation program to reduce overall risk to the population and structures from future hazard events, while also reducing reliance on Federal funding from future major disaster declarations.67
o Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Projects Funded in the State – all projects listed for Shawano and/or Menominee Counties were grants provided to WEM for technical assistance personnel, travel, and supplies for the benefit of all affected counties.
o PDM Plans Funded in the State
. 2006C Shawano County Shawano $69,613 New plan . 2007C WEM was granted $402,574 with the DRAFTUW for a HAZUS flood risk assessment that benefitted all of the counties in the state.
• FMA – The Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program is authorized by Section 1366 of the National Flood
66 http://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-grant-program 67 http://www.fema.gov/pre-disaster-mitigation-grant-program
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Insurance Act of 1968, as amended with the goal of reducing or eliminating claims under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). The Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC) program has the goal of reducing flood damages to individual properties for which one or more claim payments for losses have been made under flood insurance coverage and that will result in the greatest savings to the National Flood Insurance Fund (NFIF) in the shortest period of time.68
o Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Projects Funded in the State - all projects listed for Shawano and/or Menominee Counties were grants provided to WEM for technical assistance personnel, travel, and supplies for the benefit of all affected counties.
• 406 Mitigation – The Public Assistance-Section 406 Mitigation Funding may be considered by FEMA in a federal disaster declaration to fund mitigation measures to a public facility damaged by the event that enhance the facility's ability to resist similar damage in future events. This funding is authorized under Section 406 of The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act and provides discretionary authority to fund mitigation measures in conjunction with the repair of the disaster-damaged facilities, which usually present themselves during the repair efforts. The mitigation measures must be related to eligible disaster-related damages and must directly reduce the potential for future similar disaster damages to the eligible facility. This work is performed on the parts of the facility that were actually damaged by the disaster and the mitigation provides protection from subsequent events. Mitigation measures must be determined to be cost-effective, technically feasible, and in compliance with statutory, regulatory, and executive order requirements. In addition, the measure cannot cause a negative impact to the facility's operation, surrounding areas, or susceptibility to damage from DRAFTanother hazard.69
• CDBG – The US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block
68 http://www.fema.gov/flood-mitigation-assistance-program 69 http://www.fema.gov/public-assistance-local-state-tribal-and-non-profit/hazard-mitigation-funding-under-section-406-0
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Grant (CDBG) Disaster Recovery Assistance provides flexible grants to help cities, counties, and states recover from Presidentially-declared disasters, especially in low- income areas, subject to availability of supplemental appropriations. In response to disasters, Congress may appropriate additional funding for the CDBG program as disaster recovery grants to rebuild the affected areas and provide crucial seed money to start the recovery process. Since CDBG Disaster Recovery assistance may fund a broad range of recovery activities, HUD can help communities and neighborhoods that otherwise might not recover due to limited resources. Disaster Recovery grants often supplement the disaster programs of FEMA, the SBA, and the US Army Corps of Engineers (i.e., these funds can be used for the local matching requirement of other federal grants). 70
• Municipal Flood Control Grant Program – This Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) grant is available to all cities, villages, towns, tribes, and metropolitan sewerage districts. Assistance is provided with items such as the acquisition of property, vacant land, structure removal, flood proofing, administrative support, and others. 71
• Dam Removal Grant Program – This Wisconsin DNR grant is available to all cities, villages, towns, tribes, and metropolitan sewerage districts and provides 100% of eligible project costs up to a maximum of $50,000 to remove a dam. Assistance is provided with items such as: the acquisition of property, vacant land, structure removal, flood-proofing, administrative support, and others. 72 DRAFT
70 http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/communitydevelopment/programs/drsi 71 http://dnr.wi.gov/Aid/MunFloodControl.html 72 http://dnr.wi.gov/aid/damremoval.html
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All Hazards
One of the bedrock principles of emergency management is to approach issues from an all-hazards perspective. This is generally very cost effective because it accomplishes preparedness and/or mitigation goals for many types of disasters with one resource. Some of the all hazards mitigation projects that Shawano and Menominee Counties would like to accomplish are detailed in the following sections.
The planning committees also used the all hazards approach to identify mitigation goals for their counties and all of the municipalities. The purpose hazard mitigation plan is to identify hazard areas, to assess the risks, to analyze the potential for mitigation and to recommend mitigation strategies where appropriate. Potential mitigation projects will be reviewed using criteria that stress the intrinsic value of the increased safety for people and property in relation to the monetary costs to achieve this (i.e., a cost-benefit analysis). With that in mind, the planning goals of the mitigation planning committee were:
Objective 1: To preserve life and minimize the potential for injuries or death. Objective 2: To preserve and enhance the quality of life throughout the communities by identifying potential property damage risks and recommending appropriate mitigation strategies to minimize potential property damage. Objective 3: To promote countywide planning that avoids transferring the risk from one community to an adjacent community, where appropriate. Objective 4: To identify potential funding sources for mitigation projects and form the basis for FEMA project DRAFTgrant applications.
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Vulnerability
One common vulnerability that threads through the all-hazards banner is communications between responders (interoperability and the public. It is a continuing challenge of securing funding to keep up with the rapid technological changes and advances in the public safety communications infrastructure and when departments cannot communicate with each other, they cannot be effectively coordinated in a disaster which could cause potential delays in providing critical services and information to citizens in need.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
In general, most of the projects that can be done with current budgetary dollars are not capital improvement projects and are not very expensive. Projects that require significant capital outlays are, for the most part, grant-dependent. Since the profile (e.g., economic, geographic) of an area may change between the identification of a project in this plan and the availability of grant funds, projects will be identified within the plan and be slated for detailed study and analysis at such time as grants become available. The detailed study will identify the types and numbers of existing and future structures, the potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures, and the lead agency or department who will manage the project. At that point, grant-eligible projects will be evaluated using the appropriate grant criteria for factors such as:
Overall benefit to the community Economic feasibility (i.e., a cost-benefit analysis) Compliance with environmental, social justice and other laws The hazard mitigation strategies listed below are not “bricks and mortar” changes. Rather, they are enhancements to computer and radio equipment and plans that allow better communication with the public in times of crisis and therefore do not reduce effects for DRAFTexisting or future buildings and infrastructure. Public Alert and Notification
Public alert and notification plans are vital in a time of crisis to reduce property damage and human casualties. An advance plan allows the
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appropriate authorities to perform their emergency duties in an efficient manner. The counties will maintain the following:
Facilities, systems and procedures to activate warning and communication capabilities, Systems to support communications, including: o Sirens to warn the public o Telephone and radio to notify public personnel o Local television, radio, and newspaper to spread warning information o Local law enforcement, fire, and rescue communications o An emergency communications center.
The Shawano and Menominee County Emergency Management Directors receive and distribute warning information to the public and emergency response agencies.
During an emergency, the general public receives information by sirens, NOAA weather radio, local broadcast or printed media, door- to-door notification by emergency response personnel and any other methods available. It should be noted that the ability to use the NOAA weather radio system for an expanded list of emergency messages is a positive move that makes this alert and warning tool even more valuable. As a result, the counties will continue to promote increased use of these radios among the public by sponsoring public information campaigns.
Each county should be capable of the following:
Disseminate emergency warning and notification to the public though its county-wide warning systems, Support emergency management operations, Provide adequate warning and communication systems, and Plan for alternative means and resources in the event of a DRAFTwarning or communication system breakdown.
Shawano and Menominee Counties will prepare facilities, systems, and procedures to activate warning and communication. During an emergency, they will deliver prompt and accurate warnings to businesses and residents and will explore the following projects:
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Shawano: Periodically and regularly test the alert siren system that is used in the event of tornadoes/ high winds, severe storms, etc. o Evaluate options for park wide notification system (i.e. PA System) o Map the county-wide weather siren locations to include the sirens in the villages. Once mapped, look for gaps in siren coverage, especially in higher population areas. o Add up to two sirens in the Village of Bonduel. The village had one siren, circa 1965, which became non-operational during this plan update and was replaced by a new siren in June, 2016. Costs are estimated at up to $20,000 per siren. o Continue to evaluate possible additional siren(s) for the Village of Bowler. Menominee: Investigate possible funding sources for additional emergency alert sirens. Areas of need already identified include: o Community of South Branch – current siren requires manual activation o Hillstop area – sirens cannot be heard o Zoar – outlying community o Lake area – for boater alerts
Interoperable Communications and Technology
Budget from county and grant dollars to maintain communications systems have thus far been sufficient and as technology improves and additional interoperability grant funding is made available, the emergency management departments, the dispatch centers, and the counties’ municipalities will monitor and improve the system as able.
Adequate communications among first responders is the core of an effective public safety system and is a focus of the communities. DRAFTThese projects are very expensive and can be a significant public outlay drawing many of the available local budget dollars making grants critical to forwarding mitigation projects. Following is an example of the technology (and its costs) for an E911 upgrade done in 2011 by Menominee County:
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Radio Control Equipment: $100,864.00 - Electronics for three workstations, computers, radio equipment and interface, installation and operator training. E911 and Telephone Administrative Equipment: $44,289.00 - Server, UPS, Ethernet hubs, speakers, monitors, telephone card cage, Interface cards, power supply, server license, programming, headset jacks, telephone punch blocks and mapping viewer. Telephone Trunk and Networking: $2,930.00 - Costs for the telephone company to set up circuits, trunks and the landline database for the county. Cellular/Landline database conversion and management: $3,000.00 - Contract costs to provide database and location based services with which to operate the equipment. Project Management and Oversight: $45,000.00 - Project management services ensuring project is completed as specified, in a timely fashion, and within budget. GIS Development and Interface: $9,912.00 - Purchase of ARC Info GIS equipment. This equipment is necessary to provide the GIS data that will interface with the computer aided dispatch software currently in use.
Total Cost: $205,995.00
Proposed hazard mitigation strategies include:
Shawano: Continue exploring options to create system redundancies for communications and other critical infrastructure: o Investigate options for a county-wide emergency alert program for county and city residents and businesses that could be used in the event of tornados/ high winds, severe storms (thunder/lightning), severe winter storms, flooding, extreme heat or cold, etc. o Explore adding the “I Am Responding” text paging system DRAFTcounty-wide for fire-EMS responders o Sheriff’s Department communications rely on Gresham Tower and the system is not self-healing Update the Shawano County Emergency Services Atlas used by first responders to find emergency call locations.
Menominee:
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Develop Technical Services MOUs between Shawano and Menominee Counties. Create or otherwise obtain needed non-flood-related GIS layers) e.g., schools, churches, shelters).
Public Awareness and Information
Each County’s Emergency Management Department has information available on a webpage. These can be reviewed and updated to include general preparedness/awareness links to hazard- specific information from agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security/FEMA, the American Red Cross, and Wisconsin Emergency Management, etc. The counties will also look for ways to publicize the website so that community members will know what valuable information is there.
Shawano County:
Share mitigation and preparedness information/links to the municipalities that have expressed interest (City of Shawano; Town of Richmond; and Villages of Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham) for their websites.
Coordinate activities with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Farm Services Agency (FSA) to educate farmers on resources available to help deal with crop losses due to natural disasters. Information will be tailored for tornados/high winds, severe storms, extreme temperatures, flooding, wildfires, etc., as appropriate. Also, staff will continue to update information/resources as needed based on Farm Bill updates.
Menominee County:
Integrate UW-Extension resources into hazard mitigation preparedness and response activities. UW-Extension provides extensive services to the county including: DRAFTo High level of involvement in public education o Extensive invasive species resources o Frazil ice knowledge and resources o Serving as a go-between for tribal and county administrations/ departments o Links the county to training opportunities
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o Creator of and repository for fact sheets/public information
Preparedness
Both counties have a comprehensive preparedness program and Shawano will work with its municipalities to complete the following preparedness programs that will also support mitigation goals:
Shawano: Create and/or update as needed: o Recovery Plan o Debris Management Plan o Emergency Action Plan (EAP): County Fairground o EOP: City of Shawano is updating their 2008 plan. The Villages of Birnamwood, Bonduel, Bowler, Cecil, Eland, and Tigerton will create new plans. Cross-reference and/or incorporate recommendations of the All- Hazards Mitigation Plan into other relevant county plans. It is expected that information will be added to the County Comprehensive and County Land Records Modernization Plans at the next updates (planned for 2023 and 2015, respectively). The county planning department would like to evaluate the potential for creating MOUs for building inspectors and post- storm support for issuing building permits from neighboring counties. Evaluate possible protective shelter locations in campgrounds, camps, mobile home parks, etc. Grant funding (e.g. CDBG, state mitigation funds) will likely be needed for construction of shelters as locations in need are identified. o County Parks: Evaluate options for storm shelters on site. o Village of Aniwa: Evaluate the potential and feasibility for storm shelters for high vulnerability areas. o Village of Bonduel: Village and Cedar Parks - used by the DRAFTschool. Frost destroyed Cedar Park restrooms; village is exploring adding shelter features to new restroom facility. o Village of Mattoon: Evaluate storm shelters near trailer park and assisted living facility. o Town of Richmond: Owner of 50-lot mobile home park is interested in building shelter if funding help is available.
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Menominee: Cross-reference and/or incorporate recommendations of the All- Hazards Mitigation Plan into other relevant county plans. It is expected that the County Comprehensive Plan will be cross referenced in this Mitigation Plan Update. The next scheduled update to the Comprehensive Plan will occur in 2025; a cross reference to the Mitigation Plan will be added at that time. Emergency management will also work with partners to cross- reference the hazard mitigation plan into the county’s Land Information Plan at its next update. Evaluate possible partnership with the tribe to investigate possible protective shelter locations in campgrounds, camps, mobile home parks, etc. The mobile home park and pow-wow grounds are on tribal lands but cooperative planning may be beneficial to both stakeholders.
DRAFT
Page 64 Drought and Dust Storms
Drought and Dust Storms
Two types of drought occur in Wisconsin: agricultural and hydrologic. Agricultural drought is a dry period that reduces crop yields. Hydrologic drought is a dry period of sufficient length and intensity to affect lake and stream levels and the height of the groundwater table. These two types of drought may, but do not necessarily, occur together.
Agricultural drought in a Wisconsin corn field in 2012.
Dust storms result from a combination of high winds and dry, loose soil conditions. While high winds and periods of drought have each occurred in Shawano and Menominee Counties, there has never been a recorded dust storm event in either county. Since natural hazards that have occurred in the past are more likely to occur in the future, it is unlikely that a dust storm event will occur in Shawano or Menominee Counties. This assertion is further bolstered by the fact that there is very little irrigation done within the county and that the soils in are not overly prone to blowing. While there are concerns about topsoil erosion and some mitigation activities may be planned that would reduce the effects of these types of events, they will not be a major focus of this plan. Physical CharacteristicsDRAFT The understanding that a deficit of precipitation has different impacts on groundwater, reservoir storage, soil moisture, snowpack, and streamflow led to the development of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in 1993. The SPI quantifies the precipitation deficit for multiple time scales. These time scales reflect the impact of drought on the availability of the different water resources. Soil moisture
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conditions respond to precipitation anomalies on a relatively short scale. Groundwater, streamflow, and reservoir storage reflect longer- term precipitation anomalies. For these reasons, the SPI is calculated for 3-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 48-month time scales.
The SPI calculation for any location is based on the long-term precipitation record for a desired period. This long-term record is fitted to a probability distribution, which is then transformed into a normal distribution so that the mean SPI for the location and desired period is zero. Positive SPI values indicate greater than median precipitation and negative values indicate less than median precipitation. Because the SPI is normalized, wetter, and drier climates can be represented in the same way and wet periods can also be monitored using the SPI.
The classification system shown in the SPI values table (below) defines drought intensities resulting from the SPI. The criteria for a drought event are also defined for any of the time scales. A drought event occurs any time the SPI is continuously negative and reaches an intensity of -1.0 or less. The event ends when the SPI becomes positive. Each drought event, therefore, has a duration defined by its beginning and end and an intensity for each month that the event continues. The positive sum of the SPI for all the months within a drought event can be termed the drought’s “magnitude”. Current SPI maps for the United States can be found online.73
SPI Values 74 2.0+ Extremely wet 1.5 to 1.99 Very wet 1.0 to 1.49 Moderately wet -0.99 to 0.99 Near normal -1.0 to 1.49 Moderately dry -1.5 to -1.99 Severely dry -2.0 and less Extremely dry
The Palmer Index is an older scale and is used more often by governmental organizations. It is effective in determining long-term drought (i.e., over several months) and is not as good with short-term DRAFTforecasts (i.e., weeks). It uses a zero as normal; drought is shown in terms of negative numbers and excess moisture is reflected by positive figures. The future incidence of drought is highly
73 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/drought/201603#det-spi. 74 http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/research/subseasonal/atlas/SPI-html/SPI-description.html
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unpredictable and may also be localized, making it difficult to determine probability with any accuracy.
Drought conditions may vary from below-normal precipitation for a few weeks to a severe lack of normal precipitation for several months. Drought primarily affects agricultural areas because the amount and timing of rainfall has a significant impact on crop production. The severity of a drought cannot therefore be completely measured in terms of precipitation alone but must include crop yields.
Frequency of Occurrence
Drought is a relatively common phenomenon in Wisconsin and has occurred statewide in 1895, 1910, 1939, 1948, 1958, 1976, 1988, 1992, 2003, and 2005. The 1976 drought received a Presidential Emergency Declaration with damage to 64 Wisconsin counties. Estimated losses of $624 million primarily affected the agricultural sector. Reports show that both counties were as affected as the rest of the state in this drought, receiving money for emergency feed programs for livestock and for increased fire protection of its wilderness areas. It should be noted that only 19% ($119,434,924) of this loss was compensated by any federal program.
The 2012 heat wave resulted in significant droughts across more than half the country as well as increases in heat related illnesses and deaths. July, 2012 was the hottest month in US history, eclipsing the record set during the heart of the Dust Bowl in 1936. The worst of the heat was in the Midwest, the Plains, and along the Eastern Seaboard. Most of the contiguous US had record and near-record warmth for the seven-month period, except the Pacific Northwest, which was near average. The August 7, 2012 Drought Monitor map shows 52.27% of the United States and Puerto Rico in moderate drought or worse with potions of Shawano and Menominee Counties DRAFTin the D0 – abnormally dry category.75
75 2012 Heat & Drought Federal Report, HHS ESF 8, UPDATE #2, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
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The Palmer Index chart for the years between January, 1895 and January, 2016 in Northeast Wisconsin, which includes Shawano and Menominee Counties, follows:76
DRAFT As can be seen from the frequency table above, the northeast region regularly experiences drought to at least a moderate level two to three times every ten years. While drought is a regular occurrence,
76 http://www.aos.wisc.edu/~sco/clim-watch/graphics/pdsi-ts-03-l.gif
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it is generally very difficult to predict with any accuracy; however, according to the State of Wisconsin Hazard Mitigation Plan, “the NWS and National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) are improving methodology to accurately forecast drought conditions.” Both organizations use a combination of current and historical precipitation, streamflow, ground water, and crop data to perform short-term and long-term forecasts”.77
On July 15, 2005, the Governor declared a drought emergency for the entire state of Wisconsin. This declaration, the first since August 2003, allowed farmers access to additional water for crop irrigation. Following is a summary of the National Weather Service recorded drought events and dust storms:78
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Property Crop County Disaster Type Number Deaths Injuries Damage Damage Shawano Drought 15 0 0 0 0 Menominee Drought 17 0 0 0 0 Shawano Dust Storm 0 NA NA NA NA Menominee Dust Storm 0 NA NA NA NA
Considering past occurrences, it can be surmised that both counties have a medium probability of drought occurrence in the future and the likelihood of damage due to drought is considered high for agricultural losses and low for other types of losses. The probability of dust storm and damages due to dust storms would be very low for both counties. DRAFT
77 State of Wisconsin Hazard Mitigation Plan 78 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
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Vulnerability Droughts and dust storms could impact either county disproportionately because much of the land area is used for agricultural activities (Shawano) and/or timber harvesting (both). Drought generally impacts farm output by reducing crop yields and the health and product output (e.g., milk) of livestock. As a result, a drought will seriously impact the economy of the counties. Dust storms impact farms in the long term by blowing away the top levels of soil, which are the richest. This could economically impact the county by reducing its long-term viability for farming. The concern for agricultural losses due to drought is difficult to estimate because each incident will impact the county differently based on the length of the drought, when it occurs in the planting season and which crops were planted in various locations in that particular season but one can see, by looking at the agricultural statistics listed below, that this sector is an important part of, particularly, the Shawano County economy and that the losses could be staggering:
Average size of farms: 185 acres Average value of agricultural products sold per farm: $88,816 Average value of crops sold per acre for harvested cropland: $79.68 The value of livestock, poultry, and their products as a percentage of the total market value of agricultural products sold: 89.95% Harvested cropland as a percentage of land in farms: 60.68% Average number of cattle and calves per 100 acres of all land in farms: 33.90 Corn for grain: 40,937 harvested acres All wheat for grain: 3,069 harvested acres Soybeans for beans: 12,818 harvested acres DRAFT Vegetables: 2,086 harvested acres Land in orchards: 32 acres79
79 http://www.city-data.com/county/Shawano_County-WI.html
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Drought is also a major risk factor for wildfire, a great concern in both heavily timbered counties, and can reduce the amount of surface water available for recreational activities (e.g., boating, fishing, water skiing) and for wildlife. This is important because, for example, low water levels can lead to an outbreak of disease (e.g., botulism) in migratory bird pools.
Prolonged drought can also impact the groundwater reserves. This can reduce the ability of the municipal water services and rural individuals on wells to draw adequate fresh water. This may especially impact rural homeowners who tend to have wells that are not drilled as deeply as municipal wells. In the counties, the population that lives outside of the cities and villages are generally on well water. There could also be a safety risk during dust storms if they are severe enough to reduce the visibility of the roadways for drivers.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of mitigating against drought and dust storms is to reduce property damage (primarily to crops), to increase the quality of life, and to preserve the environment.
Shawano and Menominee Counties will provide information to farmers concerning the potential severity of drought events. Information on potential drought was publicized during the heat event in 2012, specifically targeting farmers and the extreme concerns they could face and the resources for assistance that are available. These activities will be coordinated with the USDA FSA and will updated based on Farm Bill updates.
Menominee County will also prepare and publicize water conservation, fire risk and other pertinent information to the general public during drought conditions.
The hazard mitigation strategies listed above primarily involve providing information on water conservation measures to farmers and the public. Water conservation will ensure that the resource is DRAFTavailable for critical residential, business, and agricultural uses (e.g., drinking, food irrigation, manufacturing, firefighting) and good farming practices may help prevent erosion of rich topsoil. Since drought and dust storms are not hazards that affect buildings or traditional infrastructure (e.g., bridges, culverts) these strategies did not need to be designed to reduce damages to existing or future buildings and infrastructure.
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Earthquakes
An earthquake is a shaking or sometimes violent trembling of the earth which results from the sudden shifting of rock beneath the earth’s crust. This sudden shifting releases energy in the form of seismic waves (wave-like movement of the earth’s surface).80
Physical Characteristics
Earthquakes can strike without warning and may range in intensity from slight tremors to great shocks. They can last from a few seconds to over five minutes and they may also occur as a series of tremors over a period of several days. The actual movement of the ground during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of injury or death. Casualties usually result from falling objects and debris because the shocks have shaken, damaged or demolished buildings and other structures. Movement may trigger fires, dam failures, landslides, or releases of hazardous materials that compound an earthquake’s disastrous effect.
Earthquakes are measured by two principle methods: seismographs and human judgment. The seismograph measures the magnitude of an earthquake and interprets the amount of energy released on the Richter Scale, a logarithmic scale with no upper limit. For example, DRAFTan earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter Scale is ten times more powerful than a 5.0 and 100 times more powerful than a 4.0. This is a measure of the absolute size or strength of an earthquake and does not consider the effect at any specific location. The Modified
80 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/earthquake_guide.pdf
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Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale measures the strength of a shock at a particular location (i.e., intensity).
A third less often used way of measuring an earthquake’s severity involves comparing its acceleration to the normal acceleration caused by the force of gravity. The acceleration due to gravity, often noted “g,” is equal to 9.8 meters per second. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) measures the rate of change of motion relative to the rate of acceleration due to gravity and is expressed as a percentage. These three scales can be roughly correlated, as expressed in the table that follows:81
Earthquake PGA, Magnitude, and Intensity Comparison Table PGA Magnitude Intensity Description [MMI] [ %g] [Richter] [MMI] <0.17 1.0 - 3.0 I I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. 0.17 - 1.4 3.0 - 3.9 II - III II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. 1.4 - 9.2 4.0 - 4.9 IV - V IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing cars rock noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. 9.2 - 34 5.0 - 5.9 VI - VII VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. 34 - 124 6.0 - 6.9 VII - IX VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. >124 7.0 and VIII or higher X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame higher structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. Few, if any [masonry] structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. Objects thrown DRAFTinto the air.
81 Wald, Quitoriano, Heaton, and Kanamori, 1999
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Most of Wisconsin’s occurrences have not been severe, with only one registering 5.1 on the Richter Scale.
Frequency of Occurrence
Earthquakes that have affected Wisconsin from 1899 to 2004 are listed in the table that follows. The most severe earthquake in Wisconsin was the record earthquake of 1811, centered along the New Madrid Fault. Most earthquakes that do occur in Wisconsin are very low in intensity and can hardly be felt. These very minor earthquakes are fairly common, occurring every few years. Events of moderate magnitude have occurred in locations in Illinois and Michigan. Those and other stronger earthquakes centered in other parts of the country have been felt primarily in southern Wisconsin.
Date Location Latitude Longitude Maximum Magnitude North West Intensity 10/12/1899 Kenosha 42o 34’ 87o 50’ II 3.0 3/13/1905 Marinette 45o 08’ 87o 40’ V 3.8 4/22/1906 Shorewood 43o 03’ 87o 55’ II 3.0 4/24/1906 Milwaukee 43o 03’ 87o 55’ III -- 1/10/1907 Marinette 45o 08’ 87o 40’ III -- 5/26/1909 Beloit 42o 30’ 89o 00’ VII 5.1 (max) 10/7/1914 Madison 43o 05’ 89o 23’ IV 3.8 5/31/1916 Madison 43o 05’ 89o 21’ II 3.0 7/7/1922 Fond du Lac 43o 47’ 88o 29’ V 3.6 10/18/1931 Madison 43o 05’ 89o 23’ III 3.4 12/6/1933 Stoughton 42o 54’ 89o 15’ IV 3.5 11/7/1938 Dubuque 42o 30’ 90o 43’ II 3.0 11/7/1938 Dubuque 42o 30’ 90o 43’ II 3.0 11/7/1938 Dubuque 42o 30’ 90o 43’ II 3.0 2/9/1943 Thunder Mountain 45o 11’ 88o 10’ III 3.2 5/6/1947 Milwaukee 43o 00’ 87o 55’ V 4.0 1/15/1948 Lake Mendota 43o 09’ 89o 41’ IV 3.8 7/18/1956 Oostburg 43o 37’ 87o45’ IV 3.8 7/18/1956 Oostburg 43o 37’ 87o45’ IV 3.8 10/13/1956 South Milwaukee 42o 55’ 87o52’ IV 3.8 1/8/1957 Beaver Dam 42o 32’ 98o48’ IV 3.6 2/28/1979 Bill Cross Rapids 45o 13’ 89o46’ -- <1.0 MoLg 1/9/1981 Madison 43o 05’ 87o55’ II -- 3/13/1981 Madison 43o 37’ 87o45’ II -- 6/12/1981 OxfordDRAFT 43o 52’ 89o39’ IV-V -- 2/12/1987 Milwaukee 42o 95’ 87o84’ IV-V -- 2/12/1987 Milwaukee 43o 19’ 87o28’ IV-V -- 6/28/2004 Troy Grove, IL 41o 46’ 88o91’ IV 4.2
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In an article (published in 2012) in the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel:82
A 1.5-magnitude earthquake was recorded at 12:15 a.m. March 20 beneath Clintonville, according to the National Earthquake Information Center. The center is operated by the U.S. Geological Survey. The U.S. Geological Survey said several days of booms and vibrations that rattled windows and nerves last week likely were caused by a swarm of small earthquakes. Scientists at the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey in Madison said the low-intensity seismic activity could have been produced by a phenomenon known as postglacial rebounding. Granite bedrock beneath eastern Waupaca County is slowly adjusting to a great weight being lifted off it when the last glacier melted more than 10,000 years ago. As the granite stretches, rising only a few millimeters a year, it can crack to relieve pressure, according to David Hart, a geophysicist at the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. As it cracks, one piece slides or shifts places, releasing enough energy to create a seismic wave that rises to the surface. There is no known geologic fault beneath central Wisconsin so the postglacial rebounding is the only thing stretching the bedrock crust in the state, Hart said. This phenomenon was widely reported in local, state and national news and drew interest from the public.
The nearest major active fault is the New Madrid Fault, stretching along the central Mississippi River Valley in Missouri. In recent years, considerable attention has focused on seismic activity in the New Madrid seismic zone that lies within the central Mississippi Valley, extending from northeast Arkansas through southeast Missouri, western Tennessee, and western Kentucky to southern Illinois. Scientists at the Center for Earthquake Information have computed a set of probabilities that estimates the potential for different DRAFTmagnitude earthquakes to occur at the New Madrid Fault. Even an 8.3 magnitude earthquake at the New Madrid Fault, however, would cause only minor damage in the southeastern corner of Wisconsin. At this time, it is not possible to predict the exact date, duration, or magnitude of an earthquake.
82 http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/rumbling-booming-resumes-in-clintonville-6e4p9o8-144653925.html
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DRAFT
Page 76 Earthquakes
As seen on the map in Appendix A, the earthquake threat is considered very low (the 50-year acceleration probability is 2%). Minor damage (e.g., cracked plaster, broken windows) from earthquakes has occurred in Wisconsin but most often the results have been only rattling windows and shaking ground. There is little risk except to structures that are badly constructed. Most of the felt earthquakes reported have been centered in other nearby states. The causes of these local quakes are poorly understood and are thought to have resulted from the still-occurring rebound of the earth’s crust after the retreat of the last glacial ice. The likelihood of DRAFTdamage from an earthquake is also very low.
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Vulnerability
Any impact in the community from earthquake would likely be due to a few broken windows and personal effects that fell in the earthquake. The damage to critical infrastructure and buildings would be negligible.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
Since Shawano and Menominee Counties are not likely to suffer directly from a severe earthquake, the community impacts are not considered significant, and mitigation planning for this hazard is not necessary. The goal for this section of the plan is therefore to educate on the very low risks of earthquake damage in Shawano and Menominee Counties.
DRAFT
Page 78 Flooding and Dam Failure
Flooding and Dam Failure
Flooding is defined as a general condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land (i.e., the floodplains) caused by the overflow of inland waters or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. Floodplains are the lowlands next to a body of water that are susceptible to recurring floods.83
Floods are common in the United States, including Wisconsin, and are considered natural events that are hazardous only when adversely affecting people and property.
Physical Characteristics
Major floods in Wisconsin have usually been confined either to specific streams or to locations that receive intense rainfall in a short DRAFTperiod of time.
83 FEMA, August 2001
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Flooding that occurs in the spring due to snow melt or during a period of heavy rain is characterized by a slow buildup of flow and velocity in rivers and streams over a period of days. This buildup continues until the river or stream overflows its banks, for as long as a week or two, then slowly recedes. Generally, the timing and location of this type of flooding is fairly predictable and allows ample time for evacuation of people and property.
For prediction and warning purposes, floods are classified by the National Weather Service into two types: those that develop and crest over a period of approximately six hours or more and those that crest more quickly. The former are referred to as "floods" and the latter as "flash floods". Flash flooding occurs solely from surface run-off that results from intense rainfall. Flash flooding occurs less frequently in Wisconsin than flooding associated with spring snow melt but it is unpredictable.
Generally, the amount of damage from flooding is a direct consequence of land use. If the ground is already saturated, stripped of vegetation or paved, the amount of run-off increases, adding to the flooding. There is also a concern regarding the loss of topsoil and erosion due to flooding.
Terms commonly used when referring to flooding are "100-year flood" and "flood plain." A "100-year flood" is defined as the flood water level that can be expected to occur or to be exceeded in magnitude in any given year.
Flood Probability Terms Table84
Flood Recurrence Percent Chance of Intervals Occurrence Annually
10 year 10.0%
50 year 2.0%
100 year 1.0% DRAFT500 year 0.2%
84 State of Wisconsin Hazard Mitigation Plan
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The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resource (DNR), working with local zoning offices, has designated flood plain areas as those places where there is the greatest potential for flooding. Flooding may also occur due to a dam breach or overflow. Dams are barriers built across a waterway to store, control, or divert water; a dam failure is a failure of the dam that causes downstream flooding. Failures may be caused by technological events (e.g., materials failure) or by natural events (e.g., landslide, earthquake) with flooding being the most common result.
The Wisconsin DNR database lists the following dams in Shawano County:85
Dam Official Name Size Latitude Longitude Owner Type MIDDLE BRANCH WITTENBERG LARGE 44.841112 -89.157522 EMBARRASS PULCIFER86 LARGE 44.8432409 -88.3583913 OCONTO RIVER PELLA LARGE 44.7395818 -88.8042847 EMBARRASS NORTH BRANCH TILLEDA LARGE 44.8144723 -88.9132875 EMBARRASS HAYMAN FALLS87 LARGE 44.74413 -88.84667 EMBARRASS SHAWANO LARGE 44.7747019 -88.6202225 WOLF MIDDLE BRANCH CAROLINE LARGE 44.7224009 -88.8914285 EMBARRASS GOLD CREEK SCHROEDER LARGE 44.9475959 -89.0030817 OFFSTREAM GRESHAM LARGE 44.8545251 -88.7881785 RED UPPER SHAWANO LARGE 44.8358815 -88.625745 WOLF WEED LARGE 44.8417063 -88.7618716 RED WETLANDS TR-WOLF NAVARINO MARSH 1 LARGE 44.6581126 -88.591634 RIVER WETLAND TR-WOLF NAVARINO MARSH 2 LARGE 44.6521149 -88.5976439 RIVER ADJACENT TO WOLF NAVARINO MARSH 3 LARGE 44.6510122 -88.5995407 RIVER TIGERTON LARGE 44.7418921 -89.0587178 EMBARRASS RIVER MIDDLE BRANCH WEASLE SMALL 44.7822587 -88.9818367 EMBARRASS NORTH BRANCH LEOPOLIS SMALL 44.7679994 -88.847049 EMBARRASS CLOVER LEAF CHAIN OF LAKES SMALL 44.6805311 -88.6602929 MATTESON CREEK SOUTH BRANCH LOWER TIGERTON SMALL 44.7401311 -89.0594667 EMBARRASS MIDDLE BR EMBARASS TREBUSDRAFT SMALL 44.8718784 -89.1683237 RIVER TIGER CREEK SOUTH BRANCH (REMOVED) SMALL 44.7383493 -89.0617873 EMBARRAS CARROLL SMALL 44.8859906 -88.7943552 MILL CREEK
85 http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/dams/damSearch.html 86 This dam is listed in the DNR database but it has been removed. 87 This dam is listed in the DNR database but it has been removed.
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Dam Official Name Size Latitude Longitude Owner Type STONE SMALL 44.9344893 -89.1935602 PACKARD CREEK ELAND SMALL 44.869573 -89.212239 RAILROAD CREEK SPORTMANS SMALL 44.9193032 -89.1124956 SPORTMANS RIVER GARRITY, GEORGE SMALL 44.8549215 -88.4542599 TR-DUCHESS CREEK GOETZE, MRS.MAX SMALL 45.0269135 -89.0316349 TR-UNNAMED REINHEIMER, BYRON LOWER DAM SMALL 44.8451647 -88.4739133 DUTCHESS CREEK REINHEIMER, BYRON UPPER DAM SMALL 44.8457214 -88.4745859 DUCHESS CREEK WITTENBERG,VILLAGE OF SMALL 44.8231089 -89.1654355 TR-TIGER CREEK BOREEN, MRS.DONALD TR-MID BR-EMBARRASS A. SMALL 44.8375919 -89.1407706 RIVER BRUNNER,DAVID SMALL 44.7939969 -88.3990613 NO WATERWAY NUESKE, WILLIAM SMALL 44.8361425 -89.154058 EMBARASS CR. TRIB HERRMANN,ARTHUR SMALL 44.8663482 -88.9137775 TR-MILL CREEK MCDONALD ROAD UNNAMED DITCH TO FLOWAGE SMALL 44.66176 -88.54406 WOLF RIVER UNNAMED DITCH TO PIKE'S PEAK FLOWAGE SMALL 44.6500142 -88.5446226 WOLF RIVER N.BRANCH EMBARRASS INNEREBNER, TERRY A. SMALL 44.9127318 -89.0901365 RIVER NAVARINO 15 AC UNNAMED TRIB TO WOLF FLOWAGE LARGE 44.6507231 -88.5876148 R HEMLOCK DAM 44.9401631 -88.7373275 W BR WOLF RIVER MONAHAN DAM 44.8571741 -89.1627565 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER FITZGERALD DAM 44.9008472 -89.1457437 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER BEECHER DAM 44.9258131 -88.9018748 RED RIVER PARKER DAM 44.8723245 -88.8312277 RED RIVER PARKS DAM 44.9022702 -88.8592915 RED RIVER NORWAY DAM 44.8086336 -89.0182247 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER EMBARRASS DAM 44.6641817 -88.7052661 EMBARRASS RIVER WEED (OLD DAM) 44.8413484 -88.7612961 RED RIVER WEIKELS DAM SMALL 44.8884068 -89.015082 N BR EMBARRASS RIVER CRANE DAM 44.7846069 -88.9841975 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER OLD MILL DAM 44.729054 -89.1037534 S BR EMBARRASS RIVER GRALAPPS DAM 44.7860895 -89.1727539 S FK EMBARRASS RIVER MORRIS DAM SMALL 44.8294063 -89.061206 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER BELLE PLEINE DAM SMALL 44.6938991 -88.7138638 SPRING CREEK THAYERDRAFT DAM 44.867731 -89.168825 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER STICKBAUER DAM SMALL 45.0070602 -89.1249043 UN CREEK BOLDIG DAM SMALL 44.8227902 -89.0230907 M BR EMBARRASS RIVER NAVARINO MARSH - 80 AC FLOWAG LARGE 44.6566083 -88.5568486 NAVARINO MARSH - JOHNSON FLOW SMALL 44.6672528 -88.5586401 NAVARINO MARSH - HANSON FLOWA SMALL 44.6503631 -88.5772808
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Dam Official Name Size Latitude Longitude Owner Type LEWIS DAM SMALL 44.6931948 -88.2684225 UNNAMED LULU LAKE 44.8382616 -88.5050668 LULU LAKE OUTLET REINKE DAM SMALL 44.7235412 -88.401014 UNNAMED FURSTENBERG SMALL UNNAMED UNNAMED TRIB TO WOLF COLE 44.6122371 -88.5965543 RIVER HOGAN FLOWAGE II DAM SMALL 44.6670279 -88.5202033 UNNAMED TRIB. WOLF LOOP FLOWAGE DAM SMALL 44.6493213 -88.5514433 RIVER Brandt Dam 0 0 UT S Br Embarrass River
Following is the Wisconsin DNR dam list for Menominee County88:
Dam Official Name Size Latitude Longitude Owner Type NEOPIT LARGE 44.9810803 -88.8294917 WEST BRANCH WOLF LEGEND LAKE NUMBER LARGE 44.88816 -88.62705 TR WOLF ONE LEGEND LAKE NUMBER LARGE 44.897251 -88.5154216 LINZY CREEK THREE LAKE LARGE 45.0946791 -88.8801234 W BRANCH WOLF RIVER OBRIEN SMALL 44.991017 -88.8522121 WEST BRANCH WOLF MOSHAWQUIT LAKE SMALL 44.9013061 -88.503729 LINZY CREEK VIGUE, GEORGE NO 1 SMALL 44.9926003 -88.5955121 TR-WOLF RIVER VIGUE, GEORGE NO2 SMALL 44.9926403 -88.595642 TR-WOLF RIVER KESHENA FALLS DAM 44.8928964 -88.6522142 WOLF RIVER COOK DAM 45.0196899 -88.6781231 W BR WOLF RIVER DALLES DAM SMALL 45.028639 -88.6644421 WOLF RIVER FOX RIVER NWR 43.6900408 -89.3995082
Most of these dams are small, mill-type dams under the jurisdiction of the DNR, municipalities and are also privately owned. None of these dams could handle the volume of water generated by a 100- or 500-year flood without overtopping. These dams are inspected by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the largest are required to have an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) and DRAFTfailure analysis on them.
88 http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/dams/damSearch.html
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One potential effect of flooding is erosion. Erosion is defined as the removal of soil by the force of waves, currents, and/or ice at a lakeshore or streambank, or by the power of wind or water on open land. Erosion is a natural process that can be accelerated by natural disasters (e.g., flooding, heavy rains, strong winds, drought) or by human activity (e.g., removal of plants/trees, tilling). Because of the many waterways in these counties, there is concern about ensuring the stabilization of the shorelines.
Watersheds
Shawano County contains 13 watersheds.89 Following is a brief description of each watershed:
Lake Michigan Basin
Lower Oconto River (GB03) The Lower Oconto River watershed lies in central Oconto County with small portions of the watershed extending into northern Shawano and eastern Menominee counties. The communities of Oconto. Oconto Falls, Gillett and Suring lie within the watershed. Three hydroelectric dams operate in this watershed. The Wisconsin Electric Power Company and Scott Paper Company dams at Oconto Falls operate with run-of-river flows. The Oconto Electric cooperative dam at Stiles operates as a modified peaking operation. This watershed ranked medium in the nonpoint source priority watershed selection process. This was primarily due to the lack of nonpoint source water pollution monitoring data.
Middle Wolf River (WR14) The 128-square-mile Middle Wolf River Watershed is in Shawano, Waupaca and Outagamie Counties. The watershed extends from the Shawano Dam to where the Shioc River meets the Wolf River north of Shiocton and holds 47 miles of the Wolf River. The Winnebago DRAFTComprehensive Management Plan ranked the Middle Wolf River watershed a high priority due to animal waste problems and soil erosion rates of 3.1 tons/acre/year. The data search for the Wolf River Basin Plan found that streams of this watershed, including the mainstem Wolf River, are suffering from streambank erosion and
89 http://dnr.wi.gov/water/watershedsearch.aspx
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animal waste problems. Groundwater concerns were ranked as medium under the priority watershed selection process. The northern 20 percent of the watershed are of highest concern for groundwater contamination due to poor land use practices. The remaining 80 percent of the land is of medium susceptibility.
Middle and South Branches Embarrass River (WR11) The Middle and South Branches of the Embarrass River Watershed are in Shawano, Marathon and Langlade counties and cover 251 square miles. This consists of 52 miles of the Middle Branch of the Embarrass River. The soils, geology and other physical resources indicate there are areas highly susceptible to groundwater contamination due to poor land use practices. A data search revealed groundwater samples with contamination, mainly from pesticides. The Winnebago Comprehensive Management Plan rated this watershed a medium priority because of locally significant soil erosion and animal waste problems. Most of the buffer areas along the streams are natural and undisturbed. The data search for the Wolf River Basin Plan indicates moderate polluted runoff problems exist, with excess vegetation and habitat deterioration.
One industrial point source discharger and four municipal point source dischargers lie in the watershed: Village of Birnamwood, Caroline Sanitary District No. 1, Village of Tigerton, Village of Wittenberg, and AMP1 Morning Glory Farms Division, Wittenberg.
North Branch and Mainstem Embarrass River (WR09) The North Branch and Mainstem Embarrass River Watershed lies in Outagamie, Waupaca, and Shawano Counties and covers 292 square miles. This watershed includes 99 miles of the North Branch and Mainstem of the Embarrass River. Those portions in Outagamie County are in the Lower Fox River Designated Planning Area. See the Fox Valley Water Quality Planning Agency (FVWQPA) planning documents for additional information. The Winnebago Comprehensive Management Plan ranked this watershed a high DRAFTpriority because of critical animal waste and soil erosion problems. Data for the Wolf River Basin plan indicates severe polluted runoff problems exist, with heavy soil losses, impaired fisheries, excess vegetation, and dissolved oxygen violations. There are two industrial point source dischargers and three municipal point source dischargers in the North Branch and
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Mainstem Embarrass River Watershed: Village of Bear Creek, Village of Bowler, Embarrass/Cloverleaf Lakes Sanitary District No. 1, Flanagan Brothers, Inc., and the Oak Grove Cheese Factory.
Pensaukee River (GB02) The Pensaukee River watershed covers 160 square miles in Oconto and Shawano counties. The Pensaukee River arises in eastern Shawano County and flows east through Oconto County to Green Bay. Streams in the watershed are generally shallow, small, and are not conducive to the development of a sport fishery. Primary land use in the watershed is agricultural. Dairy farming is the most widely practiced type of agricultural activity. Point source dischargers to surface waters in the Pensaukee River watershed include the village of Krakow WWTP and Graf Creamery. Graf Creamery also pumps wastewater from a ridge and furrow system and spray irrigates it. Sevener (1985) found failing or inadequate septic systems have been a problem in the Zachow area.
Pigeon River (WR10) The Pigeon River Watershed lies in south central Shawano and north central Waupaca Counties and covers 115 square miles. This also includes 25 miles of the South Branch of the Pigeon River. The Winnebago Comprehensive Management Plan ranked the Pigeon River a high priority due to animal waste and soil erosion problems with a critical average soil loss rate of 3.7 tons per acre per year. The data search for the Wolf River Basin Plan indicated problems with excess vegetation, turbidity, and habitat degradation (Gansberg, 1993). The soils, geology and other physical resources in the watershed's northwest portion indicate it is highly susceptible to groundwater contamination by poor land use practices. Approximately 70 percent of the remaining land area is of medium susceptibility. A data search revealed no runoff-related groundwater contamination problems in this area. Three industrial point source dischargers and two municipal point source dischargers are in this watershed: City of Clintonville, City of DRAFTMarion, DuPont Cheese Factory, FWD Corporation, and Marion Plywood.
Red River (WR16) The 208-square-mile Red River watershed is in southcentral Langlade County, northcentral Shawano County, and southwest
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Menominee County. The West Branch and Mainstem Red River are approximately 74 miles in length and flow through the Menominee and Stockbridge Reservations. Nearly all streams in this watershed are classified as trout waters. The upper reaches of the watershed, in Langlade County, support many dairy operations. Polluted runoff could affect the water resources of this watershed.
Shawano Lake (WR15) The Shawano Lake Watershed covers 62 square miles in Shawano and Menominee Counties. A majority of the planning area is contained within this watershed with the 6,178-acre Shawano Lake as the main water resource. Shawano Lake is a hardwater drainage lake up to 40 feet deep and is an important year round recreational waterbody. This lake experiences excessive weed growth during July and August, which is likely associated with non-point source pollution (i.e., phosphorus from lawn fertilizers, etc.). Other small lakes included in this watershed are Loon Lake, Washington Lake, Lulu Lake, White Clay Lake and Lily Lake. Rivers and streams associated with this subwatershed include the Shawano Lake Outlet, Duchess Creek, Loon Creek, and Murray Creek. This watershed has been ranked as being a high priority for selection as a Priority Watershed Project.
The landscape in the watershed is covered by a relatively balanced mix of forests (30%), agriculture (29%), open water (16%), and wetlands (15%). Additionally, within the 71.2 square mile watershed, there are 76 miles of streams, 6,948 acres of wetlands, and 7,528 total lake acres. Municipalities in the watershed include the City of Shawano (partial) and the Village of Cecil. Cecil is the only point source discharger in the watershed. The watershed, which had been predominantly wooded, has been partially developed by the Shawano Industrial Park. This has caused problems with nonpoint pollution in the headwaters from street and parking lot runoff. The southern and eastern portions of the watershed are primarily agricultural (accounting for approximately 10% of the watershed) and runoff from this area can have a negative DRAFTimpact on the water quality of the lakes. Municipalities in the watershed include the City of Shawano (partial) and the Village of Cecil. Cecil is the only point source discharger in the watershed.
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Shioc River (WR13) The Shioc River is a tributary to the Wolf River, having its headwaters in Shawano County and flowing south and west to meet the Wolf River in Outagamie County, north of the City of Shiocton. This watershed holds the East, West and Mainstem Shioc River and is approximately 53 miles in its entirety. The West Branch of the Shioc River begins in a cedar swamp just north of the Village of Bonduel. Groundwater input in the Village supports a Class 1 Brook Trout fishery- the only known brook trout fishery in the eastern part of the Wolf River Basin. Habitat enhancement (1998) and removal of the sewage treatment plant discharge (2000) should allow for expansion of the population and expansion of suitable water for brook trout.
Suamico and Little Suamico Rivers (GB01) The Suamico and Little Suamico Rivers arise in eastern Shawano County and flow easterly to Green Bay, draining 139 square miles. Streams in this watershed are generally small and shallow and are not conducive to the development of a sport fishery. The depth to groundwater is often shallow and large swampy areas are common. Near Green Bay, and inland for several miles, wetlands are especially prominent and are valuable spawning habitat for Green Bay sport fish species. Primary land use in the watershed is agricultural, with dairy farming most prevalent. Population in the watershed likely will expand as the city of Green Bay grows outward with residential areas spreading to rural regions as subdivisions and housing projects are built. Shallow depths to groundwater and tight soil conditions make areas in the watershed unfavorable for subsurface soil absorption sewage disposal systems. Caution is necessary to ensure adequate disposal systems and sanitary sewers are provided to prevent water pollution and health hazards. Point source dischargers to surface waters in the Suamico and Little Suamico River watershed include the village of Pulaski Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Little Suamico Sanitary District WWTP. Green Bay Dressed Beef landspreads paunch manure and clear rinse water at several field sites in the watershed. The village of Pulaski will soon be connecting with the Green Bay Metropolitan DRAFTSewerage District and its WWTP will no longer discharge to the Little Suamico River.
Upper Little Wolf River (WR07) The Upper Little Wolf River watershed is in Marathon, Portage, Shawano and Waupaca Counties and is 171 square miles. This
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watershed includes 61 miles of the Little Wolf River and its tributaries above the Big Falls Dam. The Winnebago Comprehensive Management Plan lists the Upper Little Wolf River watershed as a "medium" priority for watershed selection due to local significant animal waste problems and a soil erosion rate of 2.2 tons per acre per year. Data for the Wolf River Basin indicates that habitat deterioration occurs from streambank pasturing and cropland runoff. The soils, geology and other physical resources of the entire watershed indicate it is highly susceptible to groundwater contamination by poor land use practices.
Prime Veal is the only industrial point source discharger and Rosholt Sewer Commission is the only municipal point source discharger in the Upper Little Wolf River Watershed.
West Branch Wolf River (WR17) The West Branch Wolf River Watershed includes the portion of the Wolf River from the Shawano Dam in the City of Shawano to near the mouth of the Evergreen River in Menominee County. This watershed includes much of the Menominee Reservation. An increasing amount of cleared land for dairy and other agriculture is evident in the Langlade County portion, while the Menominee Reservation remains predominantly wooded or wild. Nearly all streams in this watershed are classified as trout waters. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has written a report on the water quality of the Menominee Indian Reservation of Wisconsin.
Mississippi River Basin Plover and Little Plover Rivers (CW12) The Plover and Little Plover Rivers Watershed is located in the counties of Portage, Marathon, Langlade and Shawano. The Upper Wisconsin River Task Forces' Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plan (1979) indicated that the Plover and Little Plover Rivers Watershed is significantly affected by NPS pollution. Several DRAFTpartners and agencies are making efforts to restore in-stream habitat, develop conservation easements and acquire privately owned land adjacent to the streams. The Plover River and Little Plover Rivers Watershed was ranked using the Nonpoint Source Priority Watershed Selection Criteria. Based on available surface and groundwater data, the overall ranking is medium, establishing a moderate priority for future grant eligibility through the State
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Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement Program. The Portage County Animal Waste Plan ranked the Plover River and Little Plover Rivers Watershed as first priority of 12 watersheds for NPS control of animal waste and sensitivity to groundwater contamination. The watershed was ranked sixth for surface water pollution as well. The soil erosion control plans for Portage and Marathon Counties indicate that portions of the watershed have high soil erosion rates, particularly in the towns of Stockton (within Portage Co. priority area No.1) and Norrie in Marathon County.
Menominee County is part of seven watersheds.90 Following is a brief description of each watershed:
Lower North Branch Oconto River (GB05)
The Lower North Branch Oconto River Watershed lies in central Oconto County. Small portions of the watershed extend into west central Marinette County, southern Forest County, northeastern Langlade County and northeastern Menominee County. There are many small, unclassified streams in this watershed. Wetlands are abundant in the southeastern portion of the watershed around Peshtigo Brook. Point sources discharging in this watershed include Wabeno Sanitary District No.1, DNR's Lakewood Fish Hatchery, and Nicolet Forest Bottling Company.
Lower Oconto River (GB03) - See above for description
Red River (WR16) - See above for description
Shawano Lake (WR15) - See above for description
South Branch Oconto River (GB06)
The South Branch Oconto River Watershed is situated in west- central Oconto, eastern Langlade and eastern Menominee counties. The watershed is approximately 140,332 acres in size and consists DRAFTof 217 miles of streams and rivers, 2,812 acres of lakes and 20,278 acres of wetlands. The watershed is dominated by forests (71%) and is ranked low for nonpoint source issues affecting streams and groundwater.
90 http://dnr.wi.gov/water/watershedsearch.aspx
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West Branch Wolf River (WR17) - See above for description
Wolf River – Langlade and Evergreen River (WR18)
The Wolf River/Langlade and Evergreen Rivers Watershed is in north central Menominee and eastern Langlade Counties covering 147 square miles. The watershed includes the Wolf River from the mouth of the Evergreen River in Menominee County, north to below the mouth of the Lily River in Langlade County. The entire stretch of the Wolf River above the Menominee County line is included in Chapter NR 102, Wisconsin Administrative Code, as an Outstanding Resource Water. This watershed has generally good water quality. The problems associated with the heavy recreational use on the Wolf River and the natural impacts of beaver activity are the main concerns. The mainstem Wolf River flows for 33 miles through this watershed. The Wolf River downstream from the Village of Lily is a favorite attraction for canoeing, float trips and other recreational activities. Its heavy use has created some problems with immediate bank damage, compaction and littering. The Town of Wolf River has begun to address some of these problems by prohibiting disposable containers on the Wolf River. The Evergreen River extends for 20 miles through Langlade and Menominee counties. The river is a Class I trout stream. In Langlade County, the watershed is about 60 percent wooded or wild; in Menominee, nearly 100 percent is wooded or wild. As with most streams in this watershed, the Evergreen River is affected by intense beaver activity. As a result, Antigo fish management staff conducted beaver control projects in the Langlade County reach in 1993. The Evergreen River State Fishery Area is located here with 80-90 percent of the shoreline in state ownership. The only point source discharger in the Wolf River/Langlade and Evergreen Rivers Watershed is the Village of White Lake. DRAFT
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Floodplain Regulations
Floodplain regulations have been in place in Wisconsin’s counties, cities, villages and towns for many years. The DNR requires that each municipality approve regulations that meet DNR guidelines. These regulations and guidelines result from the value of Wisconsin lakes and waterways and a desire to preserve them and to protect the people who reside near them. Unregulated development can lead to loss of lives and property during floods.
Chapter 614, Laws of Wisconsin 1965, requires counties to adopt regulations giving all lands within 300 feet of navigable rivers or streams protection from haphazard development. Under this legislation, the counties have adopted zoning ordinances which gives a measure of protection to watersheds. The law protecting flood plains was created to meet the following objectives:
Reduce the hazards to life and property from flooding. Protect flood plain occupants from a flood which is or may be caused by their own land use and which is or may be undertaken without full realization of the danger. Protect the public from the burden of extraordinary financial expenditures for flood control and relief.
Encroachment on flood plains, including structures or fill, reduces the flood-carrying capacity.
Frequency of Occurrence
Wisconsin has experienced several major floods during the last two decades. Flood history has revealed that no flood plains or urban areas in Wisconsin can be considered safe from damages. Mill dams have developed leaks on occasion but have not caused any major flooding problems.
DRAFTBoth counties have been included in Presidential Disaster Declarations requests for flooding, as detailed below:
FEMA-DR-994-WI: (Shawano and Menominee) On July 2, 1993, the President declared a major disaster as a result of flooding, severe storms, and tornadoes that occurred
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June 7, 1993 to August 25, 1993. The declaration was granted for Individual and Public Assistance FEMA-DR-1432-WI: (Shawano) On September 10, 2002, the President declared a major disaster as a result of severe storms, tornadoes and flooding that occurred September 2-6, 2002; Shawano County was declared for Individual Assistance only. FEMA-DR-1526-WI: (Shawano) On June 18, 2004, the President declared a major disaster as a result of severe storms and flooding that occurred May 7, 2004 to July 3, 2004. The declaration was granted for Individual Assistance only.
Following is a table that compiles a summary of all of the flooding type of events recorded by the National Weather Service.91
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Property Crop County Disaster Type Number Deaths Injuries Damage Damage Shawano Flash Flood 1 0 0 0 0 Menominee Flash Flood 1 0 0 0 0 Shawano Flood 6 0 0 0 $26M Menominee Flood 2 0 0 $10,000 0 Shawano Dam Failure 0 NA NA NA NA Menominee Dam Failure 0 NA NA NA NA
There are no repetitive loss properties in either county. The following list summarizes damages attributed to flooding in Shawano County (there are none listed in Menominee County) by the National Flood Insurance Program through 31 March 2016:92
Shawano County NFIP Loss Claims Jurisdiction Total Loss Closed Loss Closed Without Total Payments Payment Shawano Co. 2 2 0 $ 2,892.02 DRAFT
91 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN 92 http://bsa.nfipstat.fema.gov/reports/1040.htm
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A careful review of the geography and history of flooding in Shawano County leads to the conclusion that there is a moderate probability of flooding in the future and a moderate probability of damage and losses due to flooding. The workgroup believes that there is a low likelihood of occurrence of dam failure except on the Red River, which was a moderate probability of occurrence. The severity of a dam failure was considered low except for the Red River scenario, which was ranked again as moderate.
Menominee County’s workgroup ranked flooding as a moderate probability of occurrence as well as of severity except for in Keshena, what was considered a high likelihood of occurrence and highly severe if it occurred. The likelihood of dam failure was considered very low but the severity, should it occur, was moderate.
Vulnerability
After flooding, whether caused by a storm or dam failure, there is often damage. Potential vulnerabilities due to flooding events can include flooded public facilities and schools, many of which are the community’s shelters needed when individual housing is uninhabitable. Utilities are also vulnerable in floods, which can bring down electric lines/poles/transformers and telephone lines and can disrupt radio communications. The loss of communications can impact the effectiveness of first response agencies, which need to communicate via two-way radio to mount emergency response and recovery activities. The public media communications used by emergency managers to provide timely and adequate emergency public information can also be impacted.
Residential structures may suffer from flooded basements, damaged septic systems and damaged functionals (e.g., HVAC systems, clothes washers, and driers). Homes may also be impacted by sewer back-up and, if the home is not properly cleaned after a flood, bacterial growth and mold may impact the home’s air quality and cause illness among the occupants. DRAFTBusinesses can suffer building and equipment damage similar to homes. Businesses may lose expensive product stored in basement or other low areas as well as the ability to operate from their facility. If the facility must close, its owners and employees will most likely suffer economic hardships beyond what their personal losses may have entailed. Agricultural business losses involve the loss of standing crops and harvests that are damaged by flooded storage
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facilities in the immediate time period. On a longer time scale, the erosion of rich topsoil by floodwaters can degrade the land and impact future crop yields.
Perhaps one of the most expensive types of flood damage is that to roadways, which are washed out, inundated, and/or covered by debris, blocking access to emergency and general public traffic.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The counties are committed to remaining compliant with the requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) and all other state and federal laws. According to the NFIP, the following communities participate in the program:
Shawano County and all of the incorporated communities (Cities of Shawano and Marion and the Villages of Birnamwood, Bonduel, Bowler, Cecil, Eland, Gresham, and Wittenberg) except for the Villages of Aniwa (which is not mapped) and Mattoon (which is mapped).
Menominee County is not participating and is not mapped. The Menominee Tribe however is participating and mapped and, since the lands are coterminous, most of the land is actually covered.
There is a history of damage to buildings and infrastructure due to floods and the counties and municipalities can make current and future buildings and infrastructure more disaster-resistant by employing the following strategies:
Shawano County:
Determine disposition of houses purchased by Judd Park (south of boat landing by County Highway M bridge) that were in danger of flooding. Removal is anticipated but schedule, approach, and DRAFTfunding are yet to be determined. Continue to explore potential solutions for the at-risk area below dam between Sturgeon and Kuckuk Parks. This would create a buffer zone between Wolf River and nearby houses. One house and some land was bought in 2014/15; 2-3 properties left. Planning to use area as park/ recreation land or for an outfitter.
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Explore potential solutions for high-risk properties on the Red River below Gresham Dam. Acquisition or elevations may be considered.
Continue to monitor properties at risk of flooding and, as appropriate, investigate acquisition or other mitigation strategies for repetitive-loss properties that might occur in the future.
Explore potential solutions for at-risk areas in the Village of Bonduel:
o Businesses and homes (2 apartment buildings and 3-4 houses) on 117 along a waterway that regularly get water in basements (moderate income area)
o Waterway from farmland north of Village through northwest corner of Village near Cedar Park.
Mapping:
o Work with FEMA and WDNR to re-designate floodplain maps through updating hydrological data. Next ortho flights are planned for 2020.
o Work with FEMA to obtain LIDAR data, if it becomes available. FEMA has applied for a grant to conduct LIDAR in the Wolf River area. If they get the grant, the resulting LIDAR data will be provided to Shawano and other area counties. Obtaining LIDAR data to allow for better floodplain mapping with hydrology is a very high priority.
o Develop a GIS layer of Letter of Map Amendments (LOMAs).
o Develop elevation maps for the Belle Plaine area using the LIDAR data. Significant amounts of development; no elevation mapping available. Will have the LIDAR data but will need to develop the contours. DRAFTo Update mapping around Weed Dam on Red River in the Village of Gresham.
Seek floodplain training for county planning department staff
Continue (or, if applicable, gain) compliance with the Federal NFIP
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Relocate all radio/communications equipment (including for 911 Center) out of the basement of Sheriff’s Department (building is located next to the river).
Relocate all county server room out of the basement of courthouse (building is located near the river; server room has septic and water lines running overhead). With current setup, have had to bring in portable pumps to pump basement flooding out through the elevator shaft because the server room becomes “in-ground swimming pool.”
Evaluate current culvert conditions in the Village of Eland and identify undersized culverts that have flooding issues.
Evaluate drainage issues along Main St., Park St. and Court and 4th Streets in the Village of Mattoon to divert water to ditches rather than sewer system.
Create a stormwater management plan. Required for communities with population >10,000; Shawano is currently at 9,000. Create cross references between city stormwater management plan and county mitigation plan.
Evaluate current Village culvert conditions, and identify undersized culverts that have flooding issues. Continue to monitor minor flooding in heavy rain events and seek drainage solutions.
Promote public awareness regarding dam safety during Dam Safety Week.
Continue to monitor status information on all dams in the county and evaluate the downstream threat in areas prone to flooding events.
Explore river water level sensors/gauges downstream of Gresham Dam.
Explore adding four security cameras to the Weed Dam and DRAFTUpper dam. Evaluate dam EAPs/ failure plans; write or revise as appropriate. Investigate possibilities for dam-related exercises to evaluate plans/readiness.
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Menominee County
Set up meetings to discuss orchestration of response to possible future ice-related (e.g., frazil) flooding/disasters. This may include establishing MOUs to lay groundwork for response in the event of future ice damming issues and also producing guidelines regarding decision approvals (when required and from whom; for example, when changes to private dam operations are needed), contact lists, and/or other aids.
Mapping:
o Work with FEMA to obtain LIDAR data, if it becomes available. FEMA has applied for a grant to conduct LIDAR in the Wolf River area. If they get the grant, the resulting LIDAR data will be provided to Shawano and other area counties. Obtaining LIDAR data to allow for better floodplain mapping with hydrology is a very high priority.
o Obtain updated orthophotos of the county.
o Investigate and, if possible, pursue options for obtaining up-to-date floodplain mapping/GIS layers. FEMA will be reaching out to the tribe, who will be working on updated floodplain mapping (out-of-date paper maps); these may contain county-wide information. LIDAR flyover was done in April 2015 but the county does not have the funding to access those data.
o Investigate and, if possible, pursue options for digitizing Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) data. FIRM information is required to obtain flood insurance for private properties but the data are not currently in digital form. Digitization will depend on the tribe updating their map information with FEMA. If they move forward with this, the county will partner with them to complete this item as well. Flooding of personal DRAFTproperty is not very common in the county (wet basements occur but not generally threats to structures), barring dam failure.
Commission/conduct a hydrology study Particular focus on the areas around the Wolf River previously impacted by frazil ice
Page 98 Flooding and Dam Failure
damming. Include recommendations for prevention/mitigation of ice-related damage.
Enact preventative/ mitigation measures to reduce ice-related damages (as needed, based on outcome of hydrology study).
Investigate possible projects related to potential at-risk properties (e.g., those that would be in the path of flooding in the event of a failure of the Neopit Dam). Evaluate possible partnership with the tribe. Projects may include acquisitions or elevations.
Continue routine lakeshore maintenance as needed.
Monitor/enforce erosion and sedimentation control regulations during construction projects.
Implement protective actions to protect computer server rooms from flooding. Risk of exterior/weather flooding for Veterans; for remainder, flooding risk is largely internal (AC condensation, leaking water pipes, etc.)
Promote public awareness regarding dam safety. Outreach focus during Dam Safety Week.
Continue regular dam inspections. Monthly checks; increased frequency in wet weather. High-hazard dams with significant potential for property impacts with failure.
Maintain/update as needed dam plans and conduct training and/or exercises as necessary/ appropriate. DRAFT
Page 99 Wildfires
Wildfires
The wildfire season in Wisconsin begins in March and continues through November, although fires can occur at any time during any month of the year. Generally speaking, however, fires are more likely to occur whenever vegetation is dry as a result of a winter with little snow or a summer with sparse rainfall.
The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is responsible for forest fire protection on approximately 18 million acres of forest and wild land in Wisconsin. The U.S. Forest Service maintains forest fire protection on two million acres of this land while local fire departments retain responsibility for the remaining wooded acreage.
Physical Characteristics
According to the DNR, there are approximately 1,500 fires annually that burn over 5,000 acres of the land that they protect; over 90% of these fires are human-caused. It should be noted that these figures do not include areas of the state where a local fire department has primary responsibility for service.93
DRAFT Local fire departments are responsible for fire protection in open acreage areas in the county.
93 http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/forestry/fire/fire-ps.htm
Page 100 Wildfires
Frequency of Occurrence
While the total number of open fires in Wisconsin has decreased over the years, the potential danger to lives and property remains due to the increased encroachment of development into previously open lands.
One area fire of note is the 2005 Cecil-Underhill Fire which burned 74 acres of privately owned pine plantations and oak woodlands in Shawano and Oconto Counties on May 5th. Although numerous nearby homes were threatened, none were damaged or lost due to the combined efforts of almost 100 firefighters from various fire departments, local and state agencies including DNR and Menominee Tribal Enterprises. The fire originated from an escaped debris burn in the cooperative protection area of Shawano County.94
Overall, the probability for a wildfire in Shawano County is considered very high and the severity if it occurs is high; likelihood of occurrence and severity are both considered very high in Menominee County due to the heavily forested lands.
Shawano County felt their overall risk from structure fires was moderate as was the severity of effects although the City of Shawano and the agriculture sectors both believed that they were a moderate risk but a high severity. Structure fires were considered a low risk and of low severity in Menominee County.
Vulnerability
Wildfires can impact the ecology of the open lands. Both counties, which are heavily forested, would be impacted by a wildfire since a disruption from fire could erase the usability of this habitat for wildlife and/or recreational purposes for many years.
In 2003, the National Association of State Foresters produced a Field Guidance for Identifying and Prioritizing Communities-at-Risk (CAR). The purpose of the guide was to provide states with a nationally DRAFTconsistent approach for assessing and displaying the risks to communities from wildfire. The DNR, in cooperation with its federal and tribal partners, began working on the statewide assessment of Communities-at-Risk in 2004.
94 http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ForestFire/WisconsinFires.html
Page 101 Wildfires
Communities-at-Risk is a model to identify broad areas of the state that are at relatively high exposure to resource damage due to wildfire. Results of the model can then be used by local governments developing Community Wildfire Protection Plans (CWPP) and by the DNR to reduce local risks of wildland fire by prioritizing hazard mitigation and fire protection efforts.
The approach used in this risk assessment model is based on the “Methodology” section of the NASF Field Guidance document which recommends assessing and mapping four factors:
Historic Fire Occurrence Hazard Values Protected Capabilities
Modifications to this methodology were made to fit the GIS mapping data layers available for Wisconsin. The Wisconsin DNR uses three factors to assess Communities-at-Risk to wildfire damage:
Hazard – the relative likelihood that an ignited wildfire will achieve sufficient intensity to threaten life or property based on land cover type and historic fire regime. WUI (Values at Risk) – the relative vulnerability of each 2000 census block to wildfire damage based on housing density and spatial relationship with undeveloped vegetation based on housing density and proximity to vegetation (Wisconsin’s Wildland-Urban Interface). Wisconsin’s WUI was layered with a weighted vegetation layer to accentuate proximity to flammable vegetation. Ignition Risk – the relative likelihood of a wildfire ignition within a given 30-m pixel based on historic fire occurrence, population density and proximity to a potential ignition source. DRAFT
Page 102 Wildfires
Models were developed in GIS to create statewide grids representing each of the three weighted inputs {Hazard (40%), WUI (30%), and Risk (30%)}. This composite grid represents communities-at-risk (CAR) on a 0-9 scale of threat, with zero representing no threat and nine a very high threat. The data was then represented by municipal civil divisions (MCDs), which are city and village boundaries. Quantitative markers were assigned for five threat levels: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high and those MCDs determined to have a high or very high threat of wildfire were considered CARs. 337 communities met the requirements for being “at risk.”
Communities in Wisconsin vary considerably in size. This is particularly evident in a north-south pattern, with smaller, more rural towns in northern Wisconsin and larger, more urban towns in southern Wisconsin. Because of this variation in size, the potential for missing areas of high risk due to smoothing out by other parts of the town was greater for larger towns. For this reason, WI DNR incorporated a “Community of Concern” category to identify those towns that have portions of their town in high risk of wildfire but were not otherwise included as a Community-at-Risk. A Community-of- Concern was determined to be an area of at least two contiguous square miles at high or very high risk; 237 Wisconsin communities were named as Communities-of-Concern.95
As can be seen on the maps in Appendix A, the following municipalities were identified as Communities-at-Risk or Communities-of-Concern:
Community-at-Risk – Very High: 42816 (TRS) - Menominee
Communities-at-Risk – High: Village of Aniwa - Shawano Village of Eland - Shawano Town of Westcott – Shawano 42815 (TRS) - Menominee 42916 (TRS) - Menominee
DRAFTCommunities-of-Concern: Town of Bartelme - Shawano Town of Belle Plain - Shawano Town of Morris - Shawano Town of Red Springs - Shawano
95 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan
Page 103 Wildfires
Town of Richmond - Shawano Town of Washington – Shawano 42914 (TR) - Menominee 43016 (TR) - Menominee
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
Government at all levels is developing mitigation programs in fire control and firefighting tactics with the goal of protecting lives and property from loss due to wildfire. Local fire departments attend regular trainings on firefighting tactics to keep their skills honed. The county emergency management departments assist local departments and their staff with available grant applications for training, exercising, equipment and planning as able and requested. The following mitigation ideas will be considered during this plan’s life cycle:
Shawano:
Continue to host DNR wildfire training for local fire departments. Training is usually done in the spring with the DNR’s firefighters. Promote public awareness on fire protection and fire safety. The county as well as the Villages of Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham and the Town of Richmond would like to add a link on the county/municipal website to the DNR website with fire condition updates. Conduct survey to map dry hydrant locations and evaluate possible need for additional dry hydrant locations countywide. Install additional dry hydrants in the Villages of Gresham and Mattoon. There are Wisconsin DNR grants available to assist with this cost. Continue mutual aid among the fire departments including the Mutual Aid Box Alarm System (MABAS). Evaluate existing driveway ordinances to ensure emergency vehicle DRAFTaccess.
Menominee:
Conduct survey to map dry hydrant locations. The data for Shawano Lake area is already available. This is of particular importance with MABAS mutual aid to ensure effective mutual aid assistance. Once
Page 104 Wildfires
mapped, evaluate the possible need for additional dry hydrant locations. Continue to host DNR wildfire training for local fire departments. Training is usually done in the spring with the DNR’s firefighters. Promote public awareness on fire protection and fire safety. This is done during the Spring fire risk level awareness campaign and during annual Fire Safety Week in October. Explore the possibility of upgrading to double-sided fire signs. It is recommended tribal authorities also pursue this.
The hazard mitigation strategies listed above primarily involve providing information on general fire safety measures to the public for residential and commercial structures and providing ongoing training to the firefighters.
DRAFT
Page 105 Severe Temperatures
Severe Temperatures
Characteristics
Temperature extremes can cause disruption of normal activities for the population, property loss, and even the loss of life, especially among the more vulnerable members of our population such as children and the elderly.
Physical Characteristics: Heat
Heat emergencies are a result of the combination of very high temperatures and very humid conditions.
The Heat Index estimates the relationship between these two conditions and reports them as a danger category, as can be seen in the following table:96 DRAFT
96 FEMA, 1997; NWS, 1997
Page 106 Severe Temperatures
Heat Index and Disorders Table Apparent Danger Category Heat Disorders Temperatures [°F] IV Extreme Danger Heatstroke or sunstroke imminent. >130 III Danger Sunstroke, heat cramps, or heat exhaustion 105-130 likely; heat stroke possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity. II Extreme Caution Sunstroke, heat cramps, and heat exhaustion 90-105 possible with prolonged exposure and physical activity. I Caution Fatigue possible with prolonged exposure and 89-90 physical activity.
The major risks to people due to extreme heat are:
Heatstroke – a potentially lethal medical emergency where the ability of a person to thermo-regulate is compromised resulting in the rise of the body’s core temperature to above 105°F (Fahrenheit). Heat Exhaustion – a less threatening medical condition where the victim complains of dizziness, weakness and/or fatigue. The victim may have a normal or slightly elevated temperature and usually can be successfully treated with fluids. Heat Syncope – a sudden “faint” or loss of consciousness usually brought on by exercising in warmer weather than one is accustomed to, usually no lasting effect. Heat Cramps – muscular cramping brought on by exercising in warmer weather than one is accustomed to, no lasting effect.
Extreme heat conditions may also affect pets and livestock, decreasing agricultural output by the latter. Crops may suffer DRAFTreduced yield due to extremely hot conditions.
Page 107 Severe Temperatures
Physical Characteristics: Cold
Wind chill is a relationship between wind and cold that is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin. As the wind speed increases, heat is drawn from the body, driving down skin temperature and eventually core body temperature. The following table illustrates this relationship.97
The major risks to people due to extreme cold are:
Hypothermia – occurs when, due to exposure to cold, the body is unable to maintain its proper core temperature. It may occur in temperatures above freezing and may lead to death. Frostbite – describes local cooling, usually to an extremity, which occurs when exposure to cold air or liquid causes constriction of the blood vessels. There are three degrees of DRAFTfrostbite: o Frostnip – brought on by direct contact with a cold object or exposure to cold air or water. Tissue damage
97 National Weather Service: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/windchill/index.shtml
Page 108 Severe Temperatures
is minor and response to treatment is usually very good.
o Superficial Frostbite – involves the skin and subcutaneous layers.
o Freezing – is deep frostbite in which the skin, subcutaneous layers and deeper structures (e.g., muscles, bone, deep blood vessels, organ membranes) of the body are affected and can become frozen.
Chilblains - lesions that occur from repeated/chronic exposure of bare skin to temperatures of 60°F or lower. Trench foot – a condition that occurs when the lower extremities remain in cool water for a prolonged period of time.
Frequency of Occurrence: Heat
Wisconsin has been affected by several bouts of extreme heat including during the Dust Bowl period from 1934-1936. Other heat events occurred in 1979, 1995, 2001, 2011, and 2012.
A summary of notable heat events recorded by the National Weather Service include:98
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Disaster Property Crop County Number Deaths Injuries Type Damage Damage Excessive Shawano 1 0 0 0 0 Heat Excessive Menominee 0 NA NA NA NA Heat Shawano Heat 1 0 0 0 0 Menominee Heat 1 0 0 0 0
DRAFTAccording to the State of Wisconsin Hazard Mitigation Plan, extreme heat is the number-one weather killer in Wisconsin with most of the heat deaths attributed to major heat waves. As can be seen by the historical tables, Wisconsin is likely to experience extreme heat events every two to three years with extended, major heat waves
98 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
Page 109 Severe Temperatures
occurring about every two decades. The Shawano County workgroup therefore felt that there was a moderate overall likelihood of occurrence in any given year and a moderate likelihood of severity of effects although that was increased to high in both categories as agricultural sectors were considered. Menominee County believed the likelihood of and occurrence was moderate in their community but the severity would be high. The loss of life or injury to people has a medium likelihood of occurrence for the general population but the committee recognized that the likelihood increases for certain populations such as the elderly, chronically ill, children, those who work outdoors and those with limited financial resources (i.e., to pay for air conditioning).
Frequency of Occurrence: Cold
Wisconsin regularly has extreme cold temperatures as part of its winter climate. Following is a chart that outlines a summary of the extreme cold/wind chill events which have been recorded by the National Weather Service:99
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Property Crop County Disaster Type Number Deaths Injuries Damage Damage Shawano Cold/Wind Chill 5 0 0 0 0 Menominee Cold/Wind Chill 5 0 0 0 0 Extreme Shawano 4 0 0 0 0 Cold/Wind Chill Extreme Menominee 4 0 0 0 0 Cold/Wind Chill Shawano Frost/Freeze 2 0 0 0 0 Menominee Frost/Freeze 2 0 0 0 0 DRAFT
99 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
Page 110 Severe Temperatures
There are few years when a cold event does not occur in the counties. After examining this data, the Shawano County workgroup believed that cold and/or extreme cold has a high likelihood of occurrence in any given year. They further believed that the severity of effects would be moderate among the general population when there are cold/extreme cold weather events. Menominee County believed the likelihood of and occurrence was moderate in their community but the severity would be high. Since there are no crops out during the winter and most properties (homes, businesses, barns) are insulated for this climate, the loss of property due to temperature extremes is not high although individuals may suffer damage due to water main breaks and other such problems. Again, the workgroups recognized that people who work outdoors, who have limited financial resources, the elderly, the young and the chronically ill have a higher risk profile.
Vulnerability
Vulnerability to temperature extremes is generally assessed on an individual basis with the most vulnerable sections of our community’s population having the greatest risk. These people may include the elderly, the very young, and the chronically ill. People from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, especially those listed in the categories above, are even more vulnerable since they are least able to afford the cost of adequate heating or air conditioning systems.
County social services agencies are aware of many of these people who reside in our communities and they, along with the public health department, have plans and access to economic assistance programs to help these people in times of concern.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of severe temperature mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these DRAFTevents. Temperature extremes are difficult for a community to mitigate and the risks are to the health and safety of citizens, animals, and crops. There are no strategies that need to be employed to reduce damages to buildings and infrastructure. The counties would work together, facilitated by their joint health department to:
Page 111 Severe Temperatures
Prepare for and, if necessary, open emergency cooling or warming centers. Joint messaging and center operation between Menominee and Shawano Counties exist as part of their partnership. The Partner Communications and Alerting (PCA) Portal may be used to post related announcements/public information.
Look into developing pre-scripted public information messages related to public health/safety and/or use of emergency cooling or warming centers during periods of extreme temperatures. This is already in use for public safety as related to winter storms.
Promote, when necessary, overnight shelters outside the county. Shawano County does not have any overnight shelter locations at this time.
DRAFT
Page 112 Storms: Hail
Storms: Hail
Studies of thunderstorms indicate that two conditions are required for hail to develop: sufficiently strong and persistent up-draft velocities and an accumulation of liquid water in a super-cooled state in the upper parts of the storm. Hailstones are formed as water vapor in the warm surface layer rises quickly into the cold upper atmosphere. The water vapor is frozen and begins to fall; as the water falls, it accumulates more water vapor. This cycle continues until there is too much weight for the updraft to support and the frozen water falls too quickly to the ground to melt along the way. The graphic below depicts hail formation:100
Injury and loss of life are rarely associated with hailstorms, however extensive property damage is possible, especially to crops.
Physical Characteristics
Hail may be spherical, conical or irregular in shape and can range in size from barely visible in size to grapefruit-sized dimensions. DRAFTHailstones equal to or larger than a penny are considered severe.
100 North Carolina State University: http://hatteras.meas.ncsu.edu/secc_edu/SevereWeather/body
Page 113 Storms: Hail
Hail Size Estimates 101 Size Inches in Diameter Pea 1/4 inch Marble/mothball 1/2 inch Dime/Penny 3/4 inch Nickel 7/8 inch Quarter 1 inch Ping-Pong Ball 1 1/2 inch Golf Ball 1 3/4 inches Tennis Ball 2 1/2 inches Baseball 2 3/4 inches Tea cup 3 inches Grapefruit 4 inches Softball 4 1/2 inches
Hail falls in swaths that can be from twenty to one hundred miles long and from five to thirty miles wide. A hail swath is not a large continuous path of hail but generally consists of a series of hail cells that are produced by individual thunderstorm clouds traveling in the same area.
Frequency of Occurrence
Hailstorms usually occur from May through August and Wisconsin averages two or three hail days per year. Shawano County, as can be seen in the map in Appendix A, has a low history of hail occurrence and Menominee County is in the very low range. The Shawano County workgroup assigned it a moderate likelihood of occurrence and a high severity ranking. Menominee’s workgroup assigned it a moderate/low ranking on the occurrence/severity scale.
Most hail damage occurs in rural areas because maturing crops are particularly susceptible to bruising and other damage caused by hailstones. The four months of hailstorm activity correspond to the growing and harvesting seasons for most crops. DRAFTFollowing is a table that shows the hail events recorded by the National Weather Service:102
101 NWS, January 10, 2003 102 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
Page 114 Storms: Hail
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Disaster Property Crop County Number Deaths Injuries Type Damage Damage Shawano Hail 51 0 0 0 0 Menominee Hail 10 0 0 0 0
It should be noted that this table represents only the hail incidents reported to the National Weather Service.
Vulnerability
Hail, typically occurring in conjunction with thunderstorms and lightning, can damage many types of infrastructure. Public and private vehicles (e.g., campers, boats, cars, trucks) are liable to have their windshields cracked, bodies dented, and paint damaged as a result of hail. This damage can occur, depending on the size of the hail, whether the vehicle is moving through the storm or is stationary. Hail on the roadway can also cause vehicles to slide off the road. Vehicle damage and iced roadways are of particular concern when you consider the need for emergency vehicles such as police cars, fire trucks, and ambulances to quickly move to assist victims in a disaster.
Hail can also damage critical infrastructure such as street signs, electric lines/poles/transformers, telephone lines, and radio communication equipment. These pieces of infrastructure are needed by both first response agencies and the general community to ensure safe transport; warm, safe homes; and good internal and external communications abilities.
Residential and business properties are liable to receive damage to signs, siding, billboards, trees, and windows. Manufactured housing is particularly vulnerable to damage due to its lower construction standards. DRAFTHail can be particularly damaging to agricultural concerns, including farm buildings, standing crops, and livestock. Hail is a localized phenomenon and it would be difficult to estimate losses.
Page 115 Storms: Hail
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of mitigating for hail is to reduce the amount of financial loss due to these incidents. Insurance is the most widely used adjustment for crop and property damages due to hail. Hail crop insurance is available from two sources: commercial stock and mutual companies and the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC). Farmers rarely purchase insurance coverage up to the full value of the losses that would result from a severe hailstorm.
Both Emergency Management Departments participates in the statewide public information campaigns for Winter and Severe Weather Awareness Weeks each year and will continue to partner with the municipalities to provide personal preparedness information.
The hazard mitigation strategies listed above primarily involve providing information on safety measures and insurance to the public for agricultural concerns and residential and commercial structures. These measures provide basic safety information but, since there is little one can do to prevent hail damage, these measures will do little to reduce damages to existing or future buildings and infrastructure but the recommended insurance may make recovery easier.
DRAFT
Page 116 Storms: Lightning
Storms: Lightning
Lightning is a phenomenon associated with thunderstorms; the action of rising and descending air separates and builds-up positive and negative charge areas. When the built-up energy is discharged between the two areas, lightning is the result.103
Formation of Lightning
Lightning may travel from cloud to cloud, cloud to ground, or if there are high structures involved, from ground to cloud.
Physical Characteristics
The temperatures in a lightning stroke rise to 50,000°F (Fahrenheit). The sudden and violent discharge which occurs in the form of a lightning stroke is over in one-millionth of a second.
Lightning damage occurs when humans and/or animals are electrocuted, fires are caused by a lightning stroke, materials are vaporized along the lightning path, or sudden power surges cause damage to electrical or electronic equipment. Lightning, an DRAFTunderestimated hazard, kills more people in an average year than do hurricanes or tornadoes.
103 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research [UCAR]
Page 117 Storms: Lightning
Frequency of Occurrence
Nationwide, forty-five percent of the people killed by lightning have been outdoors, about sixteen percent were under trees, six percent were on heavy road equipment and thirty-three percent were at various unknown locations. Less than ten percent of the deaths involved individuals inside buildings; these deaths were primarily due to lightning-caused fires.
Wisconsin has a high frequency of property losses due to lightning. Insurance records show that annually one out of every fifty farms has been struck by lightning or had a fire which may have been caused by lightning. Generally, rural fires are more destructive than urban fires because of limited lightning protection devices, isolation, longer response times, and inadequate water supplies. Both counties have a high probability of lightning occurrence at any one location within them. This was determined by recognizing that lightning usually happens in conjunction with thunderstorms, and that Wisconsin counties generally have several severe thunderstorms per summer. The likelihood of damage due to lightning is considered low in Shawano County and high in Menominee County.
The following table shows lightning events recorded by the National Weather Service:104
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Disaster Property Crop County Number Deaths Injuries Type Damage Damage Shawano Lightning 6 0 0 $20,000 0 Menominee Lightning 1 0 8 0 0
Vulnerability
Lightning, which often occurs in conjunction with thunderstorms and hail, can damage many types of infrastructure, including electric DRAFTlines/poles/transformers, telephone lines, and radio communication equipment. These pieces of infrastructure are needed by both first response agencies and the general community to ensure safe transport; warm, safe homes; and good internal and external communications abilities.
104 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
Page 118 Storms: Lightning
Residential and business properties are liable to receive damage either as a result of a lightning strike causing a fire or other type of direct damage or by overloading electronic equipment (e.g., computers, televisions) that have not been properly connected to a surge protector. The latter concern is especially important to business and government, which in modern America rely on computers and other electronic equipment to manage the large amounts of data manipulated in our information-based economy.
Lightning can damage agricultural assets including farm buildings, standing crops, and livestock. It is also one of the major sources of ignition for forest and wildfires.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of lightning mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these events. The two primary ways to effectively reduce lightning losses are modifying human behavior and protecting structures (e.g., using fire-resistant materials in building construction). The use of fire resistant materials will make existing buildings and future construction less likely to catch fire or will minimize fire damage and spread due to lightning strike. Surge protectors limit data losses.
Both County Emergency Management Departments participate in the statewide public information campaigns for Severe Weather Awareness Week each spring and provides personal preparedness. Additionally, Shawano County will coordinate activities (e.g., distribution of information) with the USDA FSA to educate farmers on resources available to help deal with crop and livestock losses due to lightning. They will also provide, as requested, lightning safety/preparedness actions for outdoor events EAPs planners. The county will also continue exploring options to create system redundancies for communications infrastructure since lightning has interrupted communications in the past, driving home the point that system redundancies are needed to protect critical communications. DRAFT
Page 119 Storms: Thunderstorms
Storms: Thunderstorms
There are three distinct stages of development for thunderstorms (birth, growth, maturity), each of which can be seen in the following schematic.
In the first stage of development, an updraft drives warm air up beyond condensation levels where clouds form.
The second stage of development occurs as levels of water vapor in the expanding cloud rise past saturation and the air cools sufficiently to form solid and liquid particles of water. At this point, rain or snow begins to fall within the cloud.
A thunderstorm's mature stage is marked by a transition of wind direction within the storm cells. The prevailing updraft which initiated the cloud’s growth is joined by a downdraft generated by precipitation. Lightning may occur soon after precipitation begins. Hail and tornadoes may also develop during this stage.105
DRAFT
105 National Weather Service – Flagstaff, Arizona
Page 120 Storms: Thunderstorms
Physical Characteristics
A thunderstorm often is born, grows, reaches maturity, and dies in a thirty-minute period. The individual thunderstorm cell often travels between thirty and fifty miles per hour. Strong frontal systems may create one squall line after another, each composed of many individual thunderstorm cells. These fronts can often be tracked across the state from west to east with a constant cycle of birth, growth, maturity, and death of individual thunderstorm cells.
Frequency of Occurrence
Thunderstorm frequency is measured as the number of days per year with one or more incidents. There are approximately 100,000 thunderstorms in the United States every year and approximately 10% of those are considered severe (i.e., has at least ¾” hail, winds of at least 58 mph or a tornado). Most Wisconsin counties, average between 30 and 40 thunderstorm days per year although a portion of southwestern and south-central Wisconsin average 40 to 50 thunderstorm days per year. In each county there are typically several severe thunderstorms per year. Thunderstorms can occur throughout the year with the highest frequency during the months of May through September. The majority of storms occur between the hours of noon and midnight.
The probability of thunderstorms occurring in Shawano and Menominee Counties is high as these storms usually occur one or more times each year during Wisconsin summers. Shawano County believes the severity from a thunderstorm is medium while Menominee County ranks it as high for their area.
Damage from thunderstorms usually is a result of the hail, lightning, winds and/or flash flooding that can occur as part of the storm. The likelihood of damage from these causes is in discussed in the appropriate chapters. One can also see from the historical data listed in the detailed charts in Appendices B and C that property and crop DRAFTdamage occurs frequently in thunderstorms. The following chart lists the thunderstorm wind events recorded by the National Weather Service between:106
106 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
Page 121 Storms: Thunderstorms
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Property Crop County Disaster Type Number Deaths Injuries Damage Damage Thunderstorm Shawano 129 0 1 $700K $11,000 Wind Thunderstorm Menominee 41 1 0 $19,000 $500K Wind
Vulnerability
Thunderstorms, which often produce hail and lightning and may occasionally spawn tornadoes, high wind storms or flash flooding, can damage many types of infrastructure. The county’s thunderstorm vulnerabilities due to associated hail, lightning, winds, and flood waters are discussed in the other hazard chapters of this plan.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of thunderstorm mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these events. Emergency Management has developed severe weather safety information that it disseminates to the public with the goal of protecting the lives and property of citizens. The municipalities can assist with dissemination of this information. The City of Shawano, Villages of Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham and the Town Richmond would like to add links to mitigation and preparedness information to the municipal websites. The Shawano County Parks Department would also like to include emergency shelter information in campsite check-in brochures.
The damage to buildings and infrastructure in a thunderstorm is generally caused by components of the storm such as hail, flooding, lightning or wind. A discussion of strategies to reduce effects on DRAFTexisting and future buildings and infrastructure is discussed in the chapters that discuss each of these components in detail.
Page 122 Storms: Tornadoes and High Winds
Storms: Tornadoes and High Winds
A tornado is a violently rotating funnel-shaped column of air. The lower end of the column may or may not touch the ground. Average winds in the tornado are between 173 and 250 miles per hour but winds can exceed 300 miles per hour. It should also be noted that straight-line winds may reach the same speeds and achieve the same destructive force as a tornado.
A derecho is a widespread, long-lived, violent, convectively-induced, straight-line windstorm that is associated with a fast-moving band of severe thunderstorms usually taking the form of a bow echo. Derechos blow in the direction of movement of their associated storms; this is similar to a gust front except that the wind is sustained and generally increases in strength behind the "gust" front. A warm weather phenomenon, derechos occur mostly in summer, especially July, in the northern hemisphere. They can occur at any time of the year and occur as frequently at night as in the daylight hours.
The traditional criteria that distinguish a derecho from a severe thunderstorm are sustained winds of 58 mph during the storm as DRAFTopposed to gusts, high, and/or rapidly increasing forward speed and geographic extent (typically 250 nautical miles in length). In addition, they have a distinctive appearance on radar (bow echo); several unique features, such as the rear inflow notch and bookend vortex and usually manifest two or more downbursts. There are three types of derechos:
Page 123 Storms: Tornadoes and High Winds
Serial: Multiple bow echoes embedded in a massive squall line typically around 250 miles long. This type of derecho is usually associated with a very deep low. Also because of embedded supercells, tornadoes can easily spin out of these types of derechos.
Progressive: A small line of thunderstorms take the bow- shape and can travel for hundreds of miles.
Hybrid: Has characteristics of a serial and progressive derechos. Hybrid derechos are associated with a deep low like serial derechos but are relatively small in size like progressive derechos.107
Serial Derecho Progressive Derecho
Physical Characteristics
Tornadoes are visible because low atmospheric pressure in the vortex leads to cooling of the air by expansion and to condensation and formation of water droplets. They are also visible as a result of the airborne debris and dust in its high winds. Wind and pressure differential are believed to account for ninety percent of tornado damage in most cases. Because tornadoes are associated with storm systems, they usually are accompanied by hail, torrential rain, and intense lightning. DRAFTTornadoes typically produce damage in an area that does not exceed one-fourth mile in width or sixteen miles in length. Tornadoes with track lengths greater than 150 miles have been reported although such tornadoes are rare.
107 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho
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Tornado damage severity is measured by the Fujita Tornado Scale, which assigns an “F” (“Fujita”) value from 0 – 5 to denote the wind speed.
The Fujita Tornado Scale108 Category Wind Description of Damage Speed F0 40-72 mph Light damage. Some damage to chimneys; break branches off trees; push over shallow-rooted trees; damage to sign boards. F1 73-112 mph Moderate damage. The lower limit is the beginning of hurricane speed. Roof surfaces peeled off; mobile homes pushed off foundations or overturned; moving autos pushed off roads. F2 113-157 mph Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses; mobile homes demolished; boxcars pushed over; large trees snapped or uprooted; light- object missiles generated. F3 158-206 mph Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off well-constructed houses; trains overturned; most trees in forest uprooted; cars lifted off ground and thrown. F4 207-260 mph Devastating damage. Well-constructed houses leveled; structures with weak foundations blown off; cars thrown and large missiles generated. F5 261-318 mph Incredible damage. Strong frame houses lifted off foundations and carried considerable distance to disintegrate; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100-yards; trees debarked.
On 1 February 2007, the National Weather Service began rating tornadoes using the EF-scale. It is considerably more complicated than the F-scale and it will allow surveyors to create more precise assessments of tornado severity. Below is a comparison between the Fujita Scale and the EF Scale:
Fujita Scale Derived EF Scale Operational EF Scale F Fastest ¼ 3 Second EF 3 Second EF Number 3 Second Number mile (mph) Gust (mph) Number Gust (mph) Gust (mph) 0 40-72 45-78 0 65-85 0 65-85 1 73-112 79-117 1 86-109 1 86-110 2 113-157 118-161 2 110-137 2 111-135 3 158-207 162-209 3 138-167 3 136-165 4 208-260 210-261 4 168-199 4 166-200 5 DRAFT261-318 262-317 5 200-234 5 Over 200
108 FEMA, 1997
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Downburst Characteristics
Downburst damage is often highly localized but resembles damage caused by a tornado. In some cases, even an experienced investigator cannot identify the nature of a storm without mapping the direction of the damaging winds over a large area. There are significant interactions between tornadoes and nearby downbursts.
A classic downburst example occurred on 4 July 1977 when a severe thunderstorm moved across Northern Wisconsin. Extensive areas of tree and property damage, somewhat like a tornado, were reported. After an aerial survey was completed to map both direction and F-scale intensity of the damaging winds it was determined that no evidence of a tornado was found anywhere within the path of the damage swath, which was 166 miles long and 17 miles wide. The survey revealed that there were scattered local centers from which straight-line winds diverged outward. These local wind systems were identified as downbursts with at least 25 specific locations recognized by the low-flying aircraft.
Frequency of Occurrence
Wisconsin lies along the northern edge of the nation's tornado belt, which extends north-eastward from Oklahoma into Iowa and across to Michigan and Ohio. Winter, spring and fall tornadoes are more likely to occur in southern Wisconsin than in northern counties.
Wisconsin's tornado season runs from the beginning of April through September with the most severe tornadoes typically occurring in April, May and June. Tornadoes have, however, occurred in Wisconsin during every month except February. Many tornadoes strike in late afternoon or early evening but they do occur at other times. Deaths, injuries and personal property damage have occurred and will continue to occur in Wisconsin. Following is a summary of the National Weather Service reported occurrences:109
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 DRAFTProperty Crop County Disaster Type Number Deaths Injuries Damage Damage Shawano Funnel Cloud 7 0 0 0 0 Menominee Funnel Cloud 3 0 0 0 0 Shawano High Wind 4 0 0 $20,000 0
109 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
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Menominee High Wind 4 0 0 $2,000 0 Shawano Strong Wind 13 0 0 $5,000 0 Menominee Strong Wind 9 0 0 0 0 Shawano Tornado 15 0 1 $5.9M $5,000 Menominee Tornado 2 0 0 $5.2M 0
Both county workgroups ranked the probability of being struck by a high wind event in the future as moderate and the likelihood of damage as high. All parts of both counties are equally susceptible to high wind events (e.g., tornadoes, derechos).
Vulnerability
Injury to people is a primary concern in tornado and high wind events. Two of the highest risk places are mobile home parks and campgrounds. Shawano County has several of each type of property and Menominee County has no mobile home parks and one campground. Both have high concentrations of people in a small area, generally have structures that provide less protection than standard construction homes, and usually do not provide storm shelters. Other places of concern during these types of events include critical emergency facilities such as hospitals and public works/highway garages, police stations and fire departments, which contain equipment and services needed by the public after a tornado.
Shawano County Mobile Home Parks 110 111
Park Name Location
Bradys Pine Grove Mobile Home Park Gresham
Cloverleaf Lake Park Belle Plaine
Dick & Seiko’s Mobile Home Park Wescott
East Side Mobile Home Park Birnamwood DRAFTEdgewood Estates Tigerton Four Winds Manufactured Housing Shawano Community
110 https://www.mhvillage.com/Communities/MobileHomeParks.php?State=WI&County=Shawano 111 http://www.mobilehome.net/mobile-home-park-directory/wisconsin/county/shawano-county
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Gresham Mobile Home Park Gresham
Jolly Rolly Mobile Home Park Shawano
Korth’s Mobile Home Park Belle Plaine
Lake Side Mobile Home Park Wescott
Maple Country Estates Wittenberg
Mattoon Mobile Home Park Mattoon
Middle Village Keshena
Nettesheims Park Wittenberg
North Country Homes Bonduel
Potch Ha Chee Mobile Home Park Birnamwood
Richmond Estates Manufactured Shawano Housing Community
Tower View Mobile Home Park Gresham
Village View Acres Birnamwood
Voigts Country Lane Estates Cecil
Zirbel’s Last Resort Wescott
Shawano County Campgrounds 112 113 114
Campground Name Location
Annie's Campground Gresham
Farmer Gene's Campground, LLC Marion
Fawn Lake Campground & RV Shawano Park
DRAFTKellogg's Kampsites Shawano
Pine Grove Campground Shawano
112 http://www.co.shawano.wi.us/departments/?department=1ed3a547c799 113 http://www.shawanocountry.com/resources/chamberware/cw_1440.htm 114 http://www.wisconline.com/attractions/WI_campgroundsNW.html
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Shawano County Park Shawano
Tilleda Falls Campground Tilleda
Menominee County Campgrounds 115
Campground Name Location
Menominee Reservation Campground Keshena
Schools, in addition to holding children, are the major type of structure used as community disaster shelters and their loss might therefore affect the community on several levels (e.g., the death or injury of children, the loss of a community housing shelter). School gymnasiums are often the specific location of the community shelter but they are especially vulnerable in tornadoes because the large-span roof structure is often not adequately supported.
Community infrastructure such as power lines, telephone lines, radio towers and street signs are often vulnerable to damage from tornadoes and high winds and can be expensive to replace. The loss of radio towers that hold public safety communications repeaters can adversely impact the ability of first responders to mount an effective response; damage to towers that hold public media equipment may adversely impact the ability to distribute adequate public information.
Residential property is likely to have siding and roofing materials removed, windows broken from flying debris and garages blown down due to light construction techniques. Perhaps one of the largest types of loss on private property is due to tree damage, which is generally not covered by federal disaster assistance.
Business properties are at risk for having damage to infrastructure including signs, windows, siding, and billboards. Agricultural buildings, such as barns and silos, are also generally not constructed in a manner that makes them wind resistant, which can lead to the DRAFTloss of livestock and harvest. Standing crops are also at risk from high winds and tornadoes.
115 http://wisconsin.hometownlocator.com/maps/featuremap,ftc,2,fid,1580867,n,menominee%20reservation%20campground.cfm
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Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of tornado and high wind mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these events. There is a history of damage to buildings and infrastructure due to tornadoes and high winds. Some strategies below will deal with public information and alert and notification while others will enable the community to make current and future buildings and infrastructure more disaster-resistant by enacting more “bricks and mortar” solutions. The counties have both committed to participating in public outreach campaigns such as the statewide spring public information campaigns for Severe Weather Awareness Week each year and providing personal preparedness information. Additionally, Shawano County would like to update tornado protocol for county buildings, including the courthouse.
DRAFT
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Storms: Winter
Due to its position along the northern edge of the United States, Wisconsin is highly susceptible to a variety of winter weather storm phenomena.
Picture of snow drifts after the “Groundhog Day Blizzard” in 2011.116
Physical Characteristics
The National Weather Service descriptions of winter storm elements are:
Heavy snowfall - Accumulation of six or more inches of snow in a 12-hour period or eight or more inches in a 24-hour period. Blizzard - An occurrence of sustained wind speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour (mph) accompanied by heavy snowfall or large amounts of blowing or drifting snow. Ice storm - An occurrence of rain falling from warmer upper DRAFTlayers of the atmosphere to the colder ground, freezing upon contact with the ground and exposed objects near the ground.
116 http://readywisconsin.wi.gov/news/Top%20Weather%20Events%20in%20Wisconsin%20for%202011.pdf
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Freezing drizzle/freezing rain - Effect of drizzle or rain freezing upon impact on objects with a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Sleet - Solid grains or pellets of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing of largely melted snowflakes. This ice does not cling to surfaces. Wind chill - An apparent temperature that incorporates the combined effect of wind and low air temperatures on exposed skin.
In Wisconsin, the winter storm season generally runs from November through March and Wisconsin residents are most familiar with heavy snowstorms, blizzards, sleet, and ice storms. The majority of Wisconsin snowfalls are between one and three inches per occurrence, although heavy snowfalls that produce at least ten inches may occur four or five times per season.
Damage from ice storms can occur when more than half an inch of rain freezes on trees and utility wires, especially if the rain is accompanied by high winds. Another danger comes from accumulation of frozen rain pellets on the ground during a sleet storm, which can make driving hazardous.
Frequency of Occurrence
Annual snowfall in Wisconsin varies between thirty inches in southern counties to one hundred inches in the north. Both Shawano and Menominee Counties averages approximately 41 inches of snow annually. Storm tracks originating in the southern Rockies or Plains states that move northeastward produce the heaviest precipitation, usually six to twelve inches. Low pressure systems originating in the northwest (Alberta) tend to produce only light snowfalls of two to four inches. Snowfalls associated with Alberta lows occur more frequently with colder weather. DRAFTAlthough massive blizzards are rare in Wisconsin, blizzard-like conditions often exist during heavy snowstorms when gusty winds cause blowing and drifting of snow. For example, blizzard conditions existed in Wisconsin in February, 2011 when record snowfalls were recorded in many areas and very strong northeast winds were gusting from 45 to 60 mph for an extended period of time. While this storm did not send too much snow to Shawano and Menominee
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Counties, it was part of a three large-storm winter, with additional storms bringing snow to the state in late February and late March of 2011. The February 20-21 storm also left smaller amounts of snow but the March 22-23 storm found the counties in the heaviest snow band, leaving the third highest snow amount in over 120 years, dropping 18.8” of very wet, heavy snow in Shawano. These kinds of storm totals can shut down communities in the short term and repeated storms are expensive for the communities. 117
Both ice and sleet storms can occur at any time throughout the winter season from November to April. Ice storms of disastrous proportions occurred in central Wisconsin in February 1922 and in southern Wisconsin in March 1976. A Presidential Disaster Declaration occurred as a result of the 1976 storm. Utility crews from surrounding states were called in to restore power, which was off for up to ten days in some areas. Other storms of lesser magnitude caused power outages and treacherous highway conditions.
The probability that there will be severe winter storms in Shawano County is high and the likelihood that those storms will cause significant damage is medium except for the agricultural community where it was ranked as having a very high impact. Menominee County ranked its likelihood of occurrence and severity of impact at moderate.
The following tables provides a summary of the winter storm statistics as reported by the National Weather Service:118
Occurrence Summary: January 1996 – April 2016 Property Crop County Disaster Type Number Deaths Injuries Damage Damage Shawano Blizzard 1 0 0 0 0 Menominee Blizzard 1 0 0 0 0 Shawano Heavy Snow 16 0 0 0 0 Menominee Heavy Snow 11 0 0 0 0 Shawano Ice Storm 6 0 0 0 0 Menominee Ice Storm 6 0 0 0 0 ShawanoDRAFT Winter Storm 33 0 0 0 0 Menominee Winter Storm 30 0 0 0 0 Shawano Winter Weather 7 0 0 0 0
117http://readywisconsin.wi.gov/news/Top%20Weather%20Events%20in%20Wisconsin%20for%202011.p df and http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mkx/?n=020211_blizzard 118 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN
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Menominee Winter Weather 8 0 0 0 0
Vulnerability
Winter storms present a serious threat to the health and safety of affected citizens and can result in significant damage to property. Heavy snow or accumulated ice can cause the structural collapse of homes, commercial buildings and agricultural structures; down power lines or isolate people from assistance or services by impeding transportation by the general public, emergency responders, and public transportation resources.
The loss of electrical service and/or the blocking of transportation routes can adversely affect the ability of commercial enterprises to conduct business. This economic injury may be felt by both the business owner and employees unable to work during this period.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of winter storm mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these events. Communities prepare for severe winter weather by ensuring that plowing and sanding equipment is operational and available to handle potential emergencies. Funding is budgeted for the overtime hours of extra personnel but in a large emergency this may not be adequate. Redundant communication modes (e.g., radio, telephone) exist between government, police, fire, EMS, hospitals, and highway departments. The county Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs) provide for coordination of public safety support agencies such as the American Red Cross and for resource acquisitions during winter emergencies.
Both county’s Emergency Management Directors provide winter safety information to the media and the public during Winter DRAFTAwareness Week in November. The municipalities may also assist in distributing this information. Shawano County and the City of Shawano; the Villages of Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham, and the T. Richmond would like to add a link to their websites for the Wisconsin Department of Transportation’s road conditions report.
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Additionally, each county would like to investigate options for using cameras for remote monitoring of road conditions. Menominee County is particularly interested in monitoring Highway 47 and 55 road conditions because there can be very different road conditions between Keshena and more remote areas of Highways 47 and 55 (e.g., around Zoar).
The hazard mitigation strategy listed above primarily involve providing information on general safety measures to the public. These measures provide basic safety information but, since the response to winter storms is primarily a government and/or corporate function comprised of tasks such as clearing roads of snow and ice and repairing downed utility lines, there are few measures that can be employed to reduce damages to existing or future buildings and infrastructure.
DRAFT
Page 135 Utility Failure
Utility Failure
A utility emergency is a disruption to the building services, usually defined as electrical power, water, natural gas and/or sewage, which restricts the ability of people to safely occupy the facility. Electrical power or natural gas outages are often caused by a fuel shortage caused by an oil embargo, power failure or natural disaster. Disruptions to the water and sewage systems are often the direct result of a natural disaster (e.g., flooding) or are indirect losses due to another failure (e.g., a power outage disrupts the pumping of water and/or sewage).
Physical Characteristics
Modern society is very dependent on electrical power for normal living and is therefore quite disrupted by loss of power. Most power outages last about fifteen minutes to one hour. If longer, the utilities will inform the local news media of the anticipated duration of the outage.
DRAFTElectric power companies that provide service to Shawano County include:119 Shawano Municipal Utilities - City of Shawano and parts of the towns of Belle Plaine, Waukechon, Richmond and Wescott.
119 http://www.shawanoecondev.org/business-resources/facts-figures/#Utility
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Alliant Energy - towns of Aniwa and Birnamwood and villages of Bowler, Eland, Mattoon, Wittenberg, Keshena and Neopit. Central Wisconsin Electrical Cooperative - Village of Tigerton, the towns of Wittenberg, Morris, Seneca, Birnamwood, Almon, Bartleme, Germania, Fairbanks, and parts of the towns of Red Springs Hutchins and Grant. Gresham Municipal Light and Power Utility – parts of the Towns of Herman, Red Springs, and Richmond Oconto Electric Cooperative - parts of the towns of Wescott, Washington, Green Valley and Angelica. WE Energies - towns of Angelica, Belle Plaine, Lessor, Wescott, Navarino, Green Valley, Waukechon, Maple Grove, Hartland and the villages of Bonduel, Cecil, Krakow, Advance, Pulcifer and Briarton.
Natural Gas Service in Shawano County is provided by: WE Energies - Provides natural gas service for most of Shawano County. Wisconsin Public Service - Wittenberg, Birnamwood and Tigerton areas.
Water and Sewer for Shawano County customers that are not on wells include: Shawano Municipal Utilities - City of Shawano and parts of the towns of Belle Plaine, Waukechon, Richmond and Wescott. Birnamwood Sewer Utility Bonduel Municipal Operations Bowler Utilities Cecil Sewer System Gresham Municipal Utilities Tigerton Water and Sewer Utilities
DRAFTThe Menominee Tribal Utilities Department provides services in Menominee County.
Thunderstorms with lightning are a possible cause of power failure. Fuel shortages can be caused by localized imbalances in supply. Labor strikes, severe cold weather or snowstorms also can cause a local shortage.
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The water and sewage systems are most often a function of a municipal system and are usually found in more urbanized areas. Rural water is often provided by individual wells found on each property and sewage is managed by a septic system, also found on each individual property. Both municipal and individual systems are vulnerable to flooding, which can overwhelm the sewage systems and contaminate both municipal and private wells. Both types of systems are also vulnerable to electrical power loss because the electrical system powers the pumps and lift stations that move and treat the water and sewage.
Frequency of Occurrence
Each county may have several short power outages (i.e., lasting less than six hours) per year but does not have a history of extended power outages. The possibility always exists that a man-made or natural disaster could affect the power system for an extended period of time. The following table summarizes the workgroups’ hazard analysis for utility failures:
Likelihood of Severity of Effects Occurrence
Shawano County Electric High High Utility Failure - General
Shawano County Electric Very High High Utility Failure - Agriculture
Shawano County Other Medium Low Utility Failure - General
Shawano County Other Medium Medium Utility Failure - Agriculture
Menominee County - High High Electric Utility Failure
DRAFTMenominee County - Medium Medium Other Utility Failure
Obviously, power outages are more likely to occur and the severity is greater in areas of higher human population (i.e., urban areas) but
Page 138 Utility Failure
the loss of power to rural customers, while affecting fewer people, generally lasts longer and can be as life-threatening, especially if a person with functional or access needs (e.g., the elderly, the young, those on special medical equipment) is involved.
Vulnerability
The failure of a utility to function can have wide-ranging impact. People, especially populations with functional needs, in residential properties may not be able to safely live in their homes because of inadequate heat, the inability to cook, etc. Businesses may lose money due to the inability to produce goods and services for which they can bill. Utilities may also be non-operational due to damaged infrastructure, which can be very expensive to replace and/or repair. Critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and governmental facilities may not be able to operate or may have to operate at a reduced capacity due to the loss of utility services. Facilities with hazardous materials that are required to report under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) may not be able to adequately control and contain their chemicals and there may be a release of hazardous materials that can impact people or the environment.
Agricultural assets may be impacted by the loss of utilities because animals require fresh water, extreme temperatures reduce the production volume of and products such as milk may not be able to be properly stored. Modern farms also require on a large amount of automation for feeding, watering, and managing the wastes of the facility.
Finally, transportation on roadways may become unsafe due to the loss of directional and street lights.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies DRAFTThe goal of utility failure mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these events. Each county has public information materials that could be accessed and distributed to prepare people, including those with functional needs, for a utility loss and to help them respond to and recover from such loss. The counties have also worked with the utility companies and emergency responders in formulating emergency management
Page 139 Utility Failure
plans that include population support, including those with functional needs, in a utility failure scenario. During a fuel or power shortage, residents, schools, industry, and businesses will be asked to take measures to conserve fuel. If the fuel shortage reaches a critical stage, all non-essential facilities will be closed and contingency plans will be activated.
Shawano County has developed the following mitigation strategies for utility failures:
(Electrical) Promote awareness of and preparedness for possible utility failure affecting farms and agriculture.
(Electrical) Identify locations in need of generators and quick connects to support emergency services.
(Water/Sewer) Annually review water system emergency response plan and security system in the Villages of Bowler and Gresham.
(Water/Sewer) Evaluate generator operations to ensure back-up power for water supply in the Villages of Gresham and Mattoon.
Menominee County has developed the following mitigation strategies for utility failures:
(Electrical) Conduct a system-wide analysis and triage priorities (departments and/or buildings) for getting a Liebert system to prevent uneven power from impacting critical infrastructure. This will also carry power until backup generators kick in, preventing losses.
(Electrical) Obtain/install a backup generator for the upper level DRAFTof the courthouse
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Other Hazards
This chapter of the Shawano and Menominee Counties’ Hazard Mitigation Plan goes beyond the minimum required by FEMA and addresses hazards beyond those associated with natural weather incidents. This information is included here to aid governmental agencies, citizens and private businesses in their mitigation planning.
Physical Characteristics
The form and locations of many natural hazards are identifiable and, even in some cases, predictable. However, there is no defined geographic boundary for some hazard types. One kind of these is the technological, or man-made, hazards which can be accidental or purposeful.
Another way to look at these other hazards is by their etiology. For example, there is extensive preparedness work being conducted for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNE) hazards. These hazards can exhibit multiple origins, for example, a new disease may be the result of a natural process (e.g., a mutation occurring without human interference), created by genetic engineering or a mix of the two processes over time. Regardless of their origin or intent, a thorough risk and vulnerability assessment determines that they may be elements of concern. There are many ongoing federal, state and local preparedness groups evaluating and creating mitigation plans for these concerns in emergency management, public health and the agriculture agencies. For example, there are local agriculture and public health concerns related to biological hazards such as the risk of avian flu outbreak. In 2015, millions of farmed poultry in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and several other states were infected by H5N2 avian flu from migratory birds and were culled, leading to an extensive joint federal, state and local response that cost the farmers, insurers and taxpayers millions DRAFTof dollars.120 These groups will continue to prepare (i.e., plan, train, exercise) and mitigate these hazards as they become known.
Some of the specific hazards that the counties’ workgroup members chose to address include:
120 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_States_H5N2_outbreak
Page 141 Other Hazards
Biological Hazards and Epidemics – the U.S. public health and animal health infrastructure have protocols to conduct ongoing monitoring of populations for disease and plans to respond and recover should a natural or intentional pathogen become evident. The combined Shawano-Menominee Counties Local Public Health Department and the counties’ UW-Extension/Agriculture agents are connected to state and federal resources that provide some funding as well as information for preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation, as applicable, activities.
Cyberattack – “Cyberattack” otherwise known as “computer network attack-CAN,” is deliberate exploitation of computer systems, technology-dependent enterprises and networks. Cyberattacks use malicious code to alter computer code, logic or data, resulting in disruptive consequences that can compromise data and lead to cybercrimes, such as information and identity theft.121
Cybersecurity involves protecting that infrastructure by preventing, detecting, and responding to cyber incidents. Unlike physical threats that prompt immediate action–like stop, drop, and roll in the event of a fire–cyber threats are often difficult to identify and comprehend. Among these dangers are viruses erasing entire systems, intruders breaking into systems and altering files, intruders using your computer or device to attack others, or intruders stealing confidential information. The spectrum of cyber risks is limitless; threats, some more serious and sophisticated than others, can have wide-ranging effects on the individual, community, organizational, and national level. These risks include:
o Organized cybercrime, state-sponsored hackers, and cyber espionage can pose national security risks to our country. o Transportation, power, and other services may be DRAFTdisrupted by large scale cyber incidents. The extent of the disruption is highly uncertain as it will be determined by many unknown factors such as the target and size of the incident.
121 https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24748/cyberattack
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o Vulnerability to data breach and loss increases if an organization’s network is compromised. Information about a company, its employees, and its customers can be at risk. o Individually-owned devices such as computers, tablets, mobile phones, and gaming systems that connect to the Internet are vulnerable to intrusion. Personal information may be at risk without proper security.122 Invasive Species – Shawano County received a grant in 2010 to hire an invasive species coordinator. This person worked with the larger community to create a plan to identify and combat these species which can become dominant in a new environment (i.e., without any natural predation to keep them in check) and choke off nourishment from native flora and fauna. The funding has ended and the position was terminated but the county is committed to continuing the work outlined in the strategic plan.123
Hazardous Materials (HazMats) – HazMats, whether chemical, biological or radiological, are ubiquitous in all aspects of modern American life – in the home, workplace, transportation corridors and at fixed facilities in neighborhoods. Whether their release is accidental or intentional, there is a robust, tiered system of trained responders throughout the state – but beginning with local response - to manage the different hazards.
Radiological – This is primarily a two-source concern in Shawano County. The first source of concern is that part of the county is in the Ingestion Pathway Zone (IPZ) of the Point Beach Nuclear Plant in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. Projects show that while radiation deposition from a release at the plant would be too low to cause an evacuation of Shawano County, there is a concern that there could be contamination of food products at a level of concern. In the event of a release, Shawano County may need to stop DRAFTagricultural production until it is deemed safe to resume. The county is invited to participate in ingestion exercises with the
122 https://www.ready.gov/cyber-attack 123 http://www.shawanoleader.com/content/county-developing-invasive-species-battle-plan
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plant, the State of Wisconsin and other ingestion counties once in every eight year exercising cycle.
The second source of radiological concerns is from the high amount of radon found in some areas of the county. Radon, a gas, can diffuse only a meter or two through soil from where it is created by radium decay, before it is transformed into a chemically reactive atom by its own radioactive decay. The soil under and around a house is usually the source of the indoor radon.
o Soils are derived by weathering of bedrock through eons of time and some soils have been transported by glacial action from the bedrock where they initially developed. o Radon comes from uranium through a long series of radioactive transformations. Uranium (half-life 4.5 billion years) is primordial, created in stellar supernova explosions along with many other elements (iron, nickel, silicon etc.) in interstellar dust from which the earth coalesced gravitationally. o Although rock types tend to have characteristic uranium concentrations, the uranium content can vary from place to place within a rock type. Uranium, radium and other elements in the decay chain can be moved geochemically, for example by dissolving in water and concentrating where they come out of solution. Indoor radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking, from the National Academy of Sciences.124 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Surgeon General strongly recommend that all homes be tested for radon, and if a problem exists, corrective action DRAFTbe taken. o Radon is not an irritant to the eyes or nose, nor is it an allergen. The only risk from radon in air is lung cancer, after many years of breathing it.
124 https://www.epa.gov/radon/health-risk-radon#beir
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o Four picoCuries per Liter (4 pCi/L) is the EPA's action guideline for radon concentrations in air of occupied spaces. When long-term exposures are higher, action should be taken to reduce them. Because of a latency time for lung cancer to develop, and the cumulative nature of the risk, there is little chance that someone could get lung cancer from radon before age 35, although exposures before that age contribute to the risk at later ages. The average loss of life expectancy per lung cancer death is about 15 years (out of 75).125
Structural Fires – Fires to community infrastructure (homes, businesses, critical structures) is a concern to both counties, which primarily rely on volunteer or paid-on-call systems to respond. This system is under challenge in many highly rural areas because younger people are not volunteering at the same rate as previous generations. The fastest growing percentage of volunteer firefighters is in the 50+ age demographic, which is up 17% between 1998–2014.126 It is also increasingly difficult to maintain the increasing levels of required training and to respond to calls during weekday business hours with the volunteer/paid-on-call system.
Water Contamination – This may occur naturally or intentionally; as a result of biological or chemical contamination; and may affect open water (lakes, rivers), private wells, and/or municipal water systems. Regardless of the details, it is a concern of the communities to have accessible, safe water for personal, business, agriculture and recreational uses.
Finally, it is worth noting that global climate change is an area of interest in Shawano and Menominee Counties. According to the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), there is near universal consensus among scientists that the earth’s climate DRAFT127 is warming :
125 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/radon/radon-lungcancer.htm 126 http://www.nfpa.org/research/reports-and-statistics/the-fire-service/administration/us-fire-department-profile 127 http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/
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Multiple studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals show that 97 percent or more of actively publishing climate scientists agree: Climate-warming trends over the past century are very likely due to human activities. In addition, most of the leading scientific organizations worldwide have issued public statements endorsing this position.
Temperature data from four international science institutions128 all showing rapid warming in the past few decades and that the last decade has been the warmest on record.
Also there was a statement on climate change from 18 scientific associations including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Chemical Society, American Geophysical Union, American Medical Association, American Meteorological Society, American Physical Society, and The Geological Society of America129:
Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific DRAFTresearch demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
128 Data sources: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NOAA National Climatic Data Center, Met Office Hadley Centre/Climatic Research Unit, and the Japanese Meteorological Agency. 129 http://www.aaas.org/sites/default/files/migrate/uploads/1021climate_letter1.pdf
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Furthermore, there have been joint statements reinforcing this fact from American and international science academies (including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences), governmental agencies and intergovernmental bodies. There are currently nearly 200 scientific organizations worldwide that posit that climate change is occurring and that it has been caused by human activities.130
On November 01, 2013, President Obama released an Executive Order entitled, “Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change.” 131 Since then, many U.S. agencies, including the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security, are creating plans based on the predicted effects of global climate change. As part of the Department of Homeland Security, FEMA’s projects include132:
FEMA Strategic Plan (FY 2011 – 2014). The strategic plan provides the foundation for FEMA to promote community participation, build the nation’s ability to stabilize and recover from a disaster event, establish a unified and common understanding among the emergency management team, and learn from the past and innovate as an organization. The strategic plan recognizes that climate change, coupled with deteriorating infrastructure, has the potential to alter the types and magnitudes of hazards faced by communities.
Strategic Foresight Initiative (SFI). FEMA facilitates the SFI as a collaborative effort to help emergency managers understand how the world is changing. The SFI released a summary of their findings in May 2011, which identified climate change as one of the nine drivers likely to affect the field of emergency management over the next 15 years. The SFI recommended that emergency management DRAFTcommunity consider these drivers as it updates long- term plans.
130 https://www.opr.ca.gov/s_listoforganizations.php 131 https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/01/executive-order-preparing-united-states- impacts-climate-change 132 http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/federal-agencies-adaptation.pdf
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NFIP Reform Working Group. FEMA established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Reform Working Group to identify and analyze options for the future of the program. This internal work group, comprised of a cross-section of the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration, identified guiding principles for the reform effort and crafted evaluation criteria to steer policy analysis.
Risk MAP (Mapping, Assessment, and Planning) Multi Year Plan (March 2009). The vision for Risk MAP is to deliver quality data that increases public awareness and leads to action that reduces risk to life and property. Risk MAP builds on flood hazard data and maps produced during the Flood Map Modernization program, recognizing that the dynamic nature of floodplains will require updated analysis of flood hazards based on climatic conditions such as changing rainfall data as well as hurricane patterns and intensities.
Coastal Construction Manual. In 2008, FEMA published a Coastal Construction Manual (FEMA 55) that documents state-of-the-art and best practices in coastal construction in accordance with information and recommendations contained in several pertinent publications. Currently FEMA's Mitigation Directorate is substantially revising the manual, which will now include a new section that addresses climate change.
Community Rating System (CRS). The CRS, a program component of the NFIP, provides financial incentives for implementing practices aimed at mitigating future losses beyond the minimum NFIP floodplain management standards. The next revision of the CRS manual will likely contain new climate change- specific language describing certain CRS activity DRAFTcredits. As can be seen, this topic is of national and international concern and has many implications for hazard mitigation. Shawano and Menominee County leaders will continue to monitor this topic, evaluating local concerns as information and guidance become available.
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Frequency of Occurrence
There are regular occurrences of accidental incidents (e.g., hazardous materials spills, seasonal/annual influenza outbreaks) in each county which are managed and mitigated, as possible, by the existing systems.
Given the wide scope of hazards that could be included in this “other” category, no one estimate could quantify the probability of a future occurrence of any single incident but it is safe to say that incidents of various magnitude will occur. The workgroups did, however, set values to some of the hazards they considered most pressing locally:
County Hazard Type Likelihood of Severity of Occurrence Effects
Shawano Biological/ High High Epidemics (General)
Biological/ Medium High Epidemics (Agriculture)
Contaminated Low High Water (Public Systems)
Contaminated Medium High Water (Open Water)
Contaminated High High Water (Private Wells)
Cyber Attack Low High
Invasive High High Species
Hazardous Medium High DRAFTMaterials
Radiological Low Medium
Menominee Biological Very Low Very Low Hazards
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Contaminated Low Low Water Supply
Cyberattack Low High
Epidemics Low Low
Hazardous Very Low Low Materials
Invasive High Low Species
Vulnerability
Because there is no defined geographic hazard boundary, all people and property in the counties are potentially exposed to risk from damage from one of these types of “other” incidents. While an incident may not be preventable, there are opportunities to lessen the likelihood and/or the potential effects of an incident. Response agencies in the county continue to improve their readiness to respond to an incident through participation in state and federal programs that provide training and equipment for agencies that would respond to a local accident or criminal/terrorist incident; and in exercises that help to improve agency coordination and test local response plans.
As part of the community risk analysis, emergency management coordinates with other public and private agencies to evaluate areas of concern (for accidents) and potential targets (for criminal/terrorist acts) so that mitigation and preparedness resources can be geared to the highest concerns such as hazardous materials fixed facilities and transportation resources, critical infrastructure protection, as well as environmental complications from man-made changes such as from climate change, etc. In general, the likelihood of some type of an incident occurring at any point in the future is high and the probability of damages, injury and/or death varies by the type of DRAFTincident.
Hazard Mitigation Strategies
The goal of these mitigation activities is to reduce, in a cost effective manner, the loss of lives and property due to these incidents. To that
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end, both counties and their partners will continually work with public and private organizations and citizens within the county to:
Monitor and evaluate high-quality, reputable data on evolving issues (e.g., climate change, biological hazards/epidemics)
Provide easily accessible hazard-related information
Promote hazard mitigation education and awareness as well as discuss ways to better integrate mitigation into the county’s culture.
One specific, focused mitigation strategy will be to evaluate risks to information technology infrastructure from cyberattack and investigate options for reinforcing those systems to ensure security
Some of the specific hazards that the workgroup members chose to address include:
Biological Hazards and Epidemics: (Shawano and Menominee)
o Create and maintain a Public Health Emergency Response Plan.
o Begin planning for Ebola response to include conducting a tabletop exercise on and Ebola scenario.
o Conduct Continuity of Operations (COOP) planning for the Health Department.
o Conduct outreach for livestock/zoonotic disease outbreaks. Cross-reference in event EAPs that include animals and consider formal planning.
Cyberattack:
o Continue ongoing research regarding mitigation measures to protect county infrastructure from DRAFTcyberattack. Shawano County:
o Conduct penetration testing of county network. $16,000 was passed in county budget and project will begin in 2016.
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o Create action plan regarding mitigation of any network weaknesses found. Priority and costs to be determined based on outcome of penetration testing.
Hazardous Materials
Shawano County:
o Conduct Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness (HMEP) and HazMat training surveys. This project was funded by an HMEP grant and completed.
o Promote State enforcement of Federal requirements for transporting Hazardous Materials.
o Seek HazMat Awareness training for foreman and supervisors in the County Highway Department.
Menominee County:
o Provide education/ training for first responders on hazmat training levels.
o Provide education/ training for law enforcement officers to increase enforcement of dumping regulations.
Invasive Species
Shawano County:
o Continue public outreach and education efforts regarding invasive species. The county currently has two boat wash stations in place and signs by boat landings. The county had a 3-year grant-funded position that did outreach regarding water-borne invasive species and installed and kept updated information kiosks at most public boat landings; would like to get this position back. Less has been done so far on land-based invasive species; would DRAFTbe helpful to place similar kiosks by trailheads. o Internal planning meeting with all stakeholders to discuss invasive species and coordinated efforts that could be implemented.
o Partner with East Central Regional Planning Commission to determine how to continue conducting studies of
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waterway invasive species in the Upper and Lower Red Lakes and Huckleberry Harbor areas.
Menominee County:
o Conduct public outreach and education efforts regarding invasive species (e.g., “Clean Boats/ Clean Waters” campaign)
o Explore options for mapping of invasive species. This may include sharing of Legend Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District data with GIS to work into a map layer. Legend Lake District is meeting in Dec 2015 to discuss invasive species mapping and planning.
Radiological (Shawano County)
o Conduct an educational campaign to deal with high levels of radon found in the eastern portion of the county
o Continue planning and exercising related to status as an ingestion county for Point Beach Nuclear Plant.
Structural Fires
Shawano County:
o Conduct public outreach to increase awareness of the importance of readable address markings on properties. This will include increasing enforcement on visible addresses in the Village of Bonduel.
o Investigate appropriate driveway dimensions to allow fire truck access.
o Prepare handouts with structure protection information to be provided to those who apply for building permits.
o Research options to prevent waterline freeze-up to critical DRAFTlines (e.g., for fire suppression for local business). o It is recognized that there is an increased fire risk in the downtown areas of the City of Shawano and the Village of Bonduel and Wittenberg due to old row-style buildings. The workgroup would like to monitor these areas for mitigation possibilities.
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Menominee County:
o Continue to enforce ordinances (including denying ordinance variances) regarding distances between buildings and lot lines to ensure adequate fire/rescue access.
Water Contamination
Shawano County:
o Conduct an educational campaign to deal with high natural arsenic levels in the southeast portion of the county. The eastern portion of Shawano County is naturally high in arsenic. The health department sells arsenic testing kits for wells and provides educational materials.
Menominee County:
o Conduct public outreach to promote preparedness and awareness including such topics as well-water testing, post-disaster water safety, and appropriate cleaning after a septic backup.
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Page 154 Appendix A: Maps
Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Civil Divisions Map
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Page 155 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Transportation Map
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Page 156 Appendix A: Maps
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Page 157 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Railroads and Harbors133
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133 http://wisconsindot.gov/Documents/travel/rail/railmap.pdf Page 158 Appendix A: Maps
Soils Types 134
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134 Soils of Wisconsin compiled by F. D. Hole, 1973; Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Map, scale (approx.) 1: 3,150,000.
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Shawano County EMS Zones
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Page 160 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Fire and Jaws Zones
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Page 161 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin County HazMat Teams Map
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Page 162 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin HazMat Response System Map
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Page 163 Appendix A: Maps
Earthquakes in Wisconsin 135
Peak Ground Acceleration Contours and Historical Earthquakes in Wisconsin
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135 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Wisconsin Hail136
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136 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 165 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Lightning137
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137 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 166 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorm Winds138
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138 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management
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Wisconsin 100+ mph Thunderstorm Wind Events139
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139 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 168 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Hurricane-force (74+ mph) Thunderstorm Winds140
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140 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 169 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Annual Precipitation141
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141 http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mkx/climate/wipcpn.gif Page 170 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin 30-Year Average Precipitation 142
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142 The National Weather Service Page 171 Appendix A: Maps
Landslide Incidence and Susceptibility 143
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143 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 172 Appendix A: Maps
Karst Potential 144
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144 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 173 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Wildfire Communities at Risk145
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145 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Page 174 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Communities at Risk Composite146
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146 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Page 175 Appendix A: Maps
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Page 176 Appendix A: Maps
Menominee County Communities at Risk Composite147
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147 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Page 177 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Communities at Risk Municipal Map148
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148 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Page 178 Appendix A: Maps
Menominee County Communities at Risk Municipal Map149
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149 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Page 179 Appendix A: Maps
County Days With Hail 150
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150 State of Wisconsin Hazard Mitigation Plan
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Wisconsin Total Flood Events151
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151 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 181 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Tornadoes152
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152 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 182 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Tornadoes (1844-2011)153
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153 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 183 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin 30-Year Average Snowfall154
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154 The National Weather Service Page 184 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Average Seasonal Snowfall155
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155 http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mkx/climate/wisnow.gif Page 185 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Total Severe Weather Events156
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156 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 186 Appendix A: Maps
Median Date of Last Freeze157
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157 http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mkx/climate/lastfrost.gif Page 187 Appendix A: Maps
Median Date of First Freeze158
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158 http://www.crh.noaa.gov/mkx/climate/firstfrost.gif Page 188 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Heat Wave Events159
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159 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 189 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Heat Wave Days160
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160 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 190 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Heat Wave Deaths161
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161 The National Weather Service and Wisconsin Emergency Management Page 191 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Heat Vulnerability Index162
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162 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/images/map-hvi-wi.jpg Page 192 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Heat Vulnerability Index163
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163 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p01084-shawano.pdf Page 193 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Heat Vulnerability Index Indicators 164
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164 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p01084a-shawano.pdf Page 194 Appendix A: Maps
Menominee County Heat Vulnerability Index165
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165 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p01084-menominee.pdf Page 195 Appendix A: Maps
Menominee County Heat Vulnerability Index Indicators 166
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166 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/publications/p01084a-menominee.pdf Page 196 Appendix A: Maps
Electric Transmission Lines 167
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167 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 197 Appendix A: Maps
Electrical Substations 168
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168 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 198 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Electric Service Territories169
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169 http://www.psc.wi.gov/utilityinfo/maps/documents/largeElectricMap.pdf Page 199 Appendix A: Maps
Shawano County Electrical Utilities
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Page 200 Appendix A: Maps
Natural Gas Pipelines 170
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170 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 201 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Natural Gas Service Territories171
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171 http://psc.wi.gov/utilityinfo/maps/documents/medGasMap.pdf Page 202 Appendix A: Maps
Wastewater Facilities 172
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172 Wisconsin State Hazard Mitigation Plan Page 203 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Bedrock Geology & Indoor Radon173
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173 https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/radon/geological-radon.htm Page 204 Appendix A: Maps
Wisconsin Indoor Radon Levels174
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174 http://wi-dhs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/OnePane/basicviewer/index.html?appid=a0f619747b5e4e72bce960619e6663e8 Page 205 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) under the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has recorded the following natural hazard occurrences in Shawano County between 1 January 1996 and 30 April 2016:175.
BLIZZARD Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 1/29/1996 0 0 0 0
COLD/WIND CHILL Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 1/30/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/1/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/14/1999 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/17/2006 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/4/2007 0 0 0 0
DENSE FOG Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 5/9/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/6/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/16/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/2/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/1/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/11/1999 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTYDRAFT 12/13/1999 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/9/2000 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/23/2000 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/24/2000 0 0 0 0
175 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN Page 206 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
DENSE FOG Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 12/14/2014 0 0 0 0
DROUGHT Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 3/1/1999 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/19/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/1/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/30/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/1/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 11/1/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/1/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/1/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/1/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/1/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/1/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/21/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/1/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/22/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/1/2009 0 0 0 0
EXCESSIVE HEAT Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 7/3/2012 0 0 0 0
EXTREME COLD/WINDCHILL Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 1/30/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/10/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANODRAFT COUNTY 1/6/2014 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/27/2014 0 0 0 0
Page 207 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
FLASH FLOOD Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage WITTENBERG 8/2/2006 0 0 0 0
FLOOD Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 6/16/1996 0 0 0 $26M SHAWANO COUNTY 7/10/2000 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/17/2003 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/28/2004 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/1/2005 0 0 0 0 MATTOON 9/23/2010 0 0 0 0
FROST / FREEZE Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 1/9/2000 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/15/2000 0 0 0 0
FUNNEL CLOUD
Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage PELLA 5/17/1999 0 0 0 0 ZACHOW 7/24/2006 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 6/3/2007 0 0 0 0 BIRNAMWOOD 7/26/2007 0 0 0 0 NAVARINO 8/23/2011 0 0 0 0 ELAND 6/18/2012 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 8/21/2013 0 0 0 0
HAIL Diameter Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries DRAFT(Inches) Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 8/18/1973 0.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/18/1978 0.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/29/1984 1.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/18/1986 1 0 0 0 0
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HAIL Diameter Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries (Inches) Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 8/7/1986 0.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/30/1989 1.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/28/1991 1.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/28/1991 1 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/15/1992 0.88 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/15/1992 1.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/17/1992 1.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/25/1996 1.75 0 0 0 0 TILLEDA 3/29/1998 0.75 0 0 0 0 PELLA 5/12/1998 1.75 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 5/30/1998 1 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 5/30/1998 1.75 0 0 0 0 ADVANCE 5/30/1998 1 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 6/25/1998 1 0 0 0 0 ANGELICA 9/26/1998 1.5 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 3/8/2000 0.75 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 4/15/2003 1 0 0 0 0 CAROLINE 4/15/2003 0.75 0 0 0 0 BRIARTON 4/15/2003 1.5 0 0 0 0 NAVARINO 4/15/2003 2.5 0 0 0 0 PULCIFER 4/15/2003 0.88 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 5/6/2004 0.75 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 7/24/2006 1.75 0 0 0 0 GRESHAM 6/7/2007 0.75 0 0 0 0 BOWLER 6/20/2007 0.75 0 0 0 0 PULCIFER 6/20/2007 0.88 0 0 0 0 BOWLER 6/7/2008 0.88 0 0 0 0 BOWLER 6/7/2008 0.88 0 0 0 0 TILLEDA 7/20/2010 1.75 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 7/27/2010 1.5 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 7/27/2010 1.75 0 0 0 0 SPLIT DRAFTROCK 7/27/2010 1.25 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 7/27/2010 1.75 0 0 0 0 ELAND 5/20/2012 1.25 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 5/28/2012 1 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 5/28/2012 1.25 0 0 0 0 BIRNAMWOOD 7/26/2012 1.75 0 0 0 0 Page 209 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
HAIL Diameter Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries (Inches) Damage Damage MATTOON 6/17/2013 1.25 0 0 0 0 CAROLINE 6/27/2013 0.88 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/27/2013 1 0 0 0 0 LUNDS 8/27/2013 1.25 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 8/27/2013 1.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 6/1/2014 0.88 0 0 0 0 NAVARINO 10/27/2014 0.75 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO ARPT 8/2/2015 0.88 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/2/2015 1.75 0 0 0 0 KRAKOW 8/2/2015 2.5 0 0 0 0
HEAT Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 7/23/1999 0 0 0 0
HEAVY SNOW Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 4/29/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/23/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/4/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/13/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/14/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/16/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/31/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/1/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/21/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/5/2004 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/20/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/18/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTYDRAFT 12/14/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/8/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/17/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 11/9/2011 0 0 0 0
Page 210 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
HIGH WIND Propert Crop y Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e e SHAWANO COUNTY 4/6/1997 0 0 $10,000 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 11/10/1998 0 0 $10,000 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/7/2001 55 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/26/2010 39 0 0 0 0
ICE STORM Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 2/26/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/4/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/29/2001 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/7/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/1/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/3/2014 0 0 0 0
LIGHTNING
Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage BOWLER 8/24/1996 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 7/16/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 3/29/1998 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 5/16/1999 0 0 0 0 LEOPOLIS 7/3/1999 0 0 $20,000 0 HOFA PARK 8/23/2011 0 0 0 0
STRONG WIND Propert Crop y Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e DRAFTe SHAWANO COUNTY 10/30/1996 0 0 0 0
SHAWANO COUNTY 3/9/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/17/1999 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/25/1999 0 0 0 0 Page 211 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
SHAWANO COUNTY 3/25/2000 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/5/2000 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/25/2001 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/5/2001 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/11/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/9/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/9/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/17/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 10/14/2014 45 0 0 $5,000 0
THUNDERSTORM WIND Propert Crop y Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e e SHAWANO COUNTY 6/9/1964 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/4/1966 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/4/1966 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/21/1970 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/18/1973 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/13/1976 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/14/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/3/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/3/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/3/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/19/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/6/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 8/29/1983 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/27/1984 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/7/1984 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/23/1984 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/23/1984 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/24/1984 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/27/1987 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/9/1987 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTYDRAFT 7/11/1987 70 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/11/1987 70 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/11/1987 70 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/20/1987 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/20/1987 0 0 0 0 Page 212 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
THUNDERSTORM WIND Propert Crop y Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e e SHAWANO COUNTY 8/4/1988 52 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/19/1988 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/24/1989 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/28/1991 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/9/1991 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/9/1991 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/16/1992 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/16/1992 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/16/1992 0 0 0 0 GRESHAM 7/23/1994 0 0 $5,000 $5,000 SHAWANO 7/23/1994 0 0 $5,000 $5,000 SHAWANO 5/16/1995 0 0 0 0 EMBARRASS 7/31/1995 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 7/31/1995 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 7/31/1995 52 0 0 0 0 MATTOON 8/11/1995 0 0 0 0 CAROLINE 8/11/1995 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/11/1995 0 0 0 0 TILLEDA 8/7/1996 0 0 $2,000 0 BONDUEL 8/7/1996 0 0 $10,000 0 BONDUEL 8/25/1996 0 0 $5,000 0 WITTENBERG 6/24/1997 0 0 $1,000 0 GRESHAM 6/24/1997 0 0 $1,000 0 WITTENBERG 7/2/1997 0 0 $1,000 0 TIGERTON 7/2/1997 0 0 $3,000 0 MORGAN 7/16/1997 61 0 0 $10,000 0 WITTENBERG 7/16/1997 0 0 $300,00 $1,000 0 MORGAN 9/16/1997 0 0 $1,000 0 SHAWANO 9/16/1997 0 0 $2,000 0 BRIARTON 6/24/1998 61 0 0 $8,000 0 BONDUELDRAFT 6/24/1998 60 0 0 0 0 HOFA PARK 6/24/1998 0 0 $3,000 0 ANGELICA 6/25/1998 0 0 $8,000 0 WITTENBERG 6/25/1998 0 0 $2,000 0 WITTENBERG 6/25/1998 50 0 0 0 0 Page 213 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
THUNDERSTORM WIND Propert Crop y Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e e WITTENBERG 6/6/1999 50 0 0 0 0 BELLE PLAINE 6/6/1999 50 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 6/6/1999 55 0 0 0 0 ANIWA 7/5/1999 50 0 0 0 0 GRESHAM 7/5/1999 50 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 7/5/1999 50 0 0 0 0 MORGAN 7/8/1999 50 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 7/8/1999 50 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 7/30/1999 50 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 7/8/2000 50 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 7/8/2000 50 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 6/16/2001 50 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 9/7/2001 50 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 4/18/2002 55 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 4/18/2002 50 0 0 0 0 COUNTYWIDE 7/30/2002 55 0 0 $100,00 0 0 ANIWA 9/2/2002 52 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/28/2003 57 0 0 $50,000 0 GREEN VLY 8/28/2003 57 0 0 0 0 MATTOON 8/1/2004 50 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 6/5/2005 50 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 6/5/2005 50 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 6/10/2005 55 0 0 $10,000 0 SHAWANO 6/10/2005 50 0 0 0 0 TILLEDA 8/9/2005 52 0 0 0 0 NAVARINO 9/13/2005 52 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 7/24/2006 50 0 0 0 0 ELAND 7/30/2006 50 0 0 0 0 BONDUEL 7/30/2006 55 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 5/24/2007 52 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO DRAFT5/24/2007 52 0 0 $1,000 0 MATTOON 6/7/2007 50 0 0 0 0 TILLEDA 6/7/2007 52 0 0 0 0 MORGAN 6/18/2007 52 0 0 0 0 BELLE PLAINE 7/10/2007 50 0 0 0 0 Page 214 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
THUNDERSTORM WIND Propert Crop y Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e e BOWLER 7/17/2007 50 0 0 0 0 CAROLINE 7/17/2007 56 0 0 0 0 BIRNAMWOOD 8/28/2007 52 0 0 0 0 CAROLINE 10/5/2007 56 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 7/16/2008 50 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 7/14/2010 52 0 0 0 0 BOWLER 7/14/2010 83 0 0 $35,000 0 MORGAN 7/14/2010 70 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 7/14/2010 52 0 0 0 0 BIRNAMWOOD 7/20/2010 78 0 0 0 0 WITTENBERG 7/20/2010 78 0 0 $50,000 0 BELLE PLAINE 7/20/2010 52 0 1 0 0 TIGERTON 7/27/2010 52 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 7/27/2010 52 0 0 0 0 NAVARINO 7/17/2011 52 0 0 0 0 LYNDHURST 7/30/2011 56 0 0 0 0 MATTOON 8/6/2011 50 0 0 $2,000 0 MORGAN 8/6/2011 50 0 0 0 0 GRESHAM 8/23/2011 50 0 0 0 0 SPLIT ROCK 5/28/2012 52 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 5/28/2012 52 0 0 0 0 THORNTON 5/28/2012 56 0 0 0 0 ANGELICA 6/18/2012 65 0 0 $10,000 0 ANIWA 5/30/2013 52 0 0 0 0 TIGERTON 5/30/2013 52 0 0 0 0 BIRNAMWOOD 6/27/2013 56 0 0 0 0 MORGAN 8/21/2013 83 0 0 $75,000 0 THORNTON 8/21/2013 52 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/21/2013 70 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO 8/21/2013 61 0 0 0 0 ANGELICADRAFT 8/27/2013 52 0 0 0 0 CECIL 8/29/2013 52 0 0 0 0 ZACHOW 8/29/2013 52 0 0 0 0 ANGELICA 8/29/2013 52 0 0 0 0
Page 215 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
TORNADO Propert Crop y Location Date Strength Deaths Injuries Damag Damag e e SHAWANO COUNTY 6/9/1964 F1 0 0 $25,000 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/26/1969 F3 0 0 $2.5M 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/12/1974 F2 0 1 $250,00 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 5/30/1980 F1 0 0 $25,000 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/20/1980 F1 0 0 $250,00 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 7/3/1983 F1 0 0 $25,000 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/27/1984 F3 0 0 $2.5M 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 6/26/1984 F1 0 0 $250,00 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 9/14/1991 F0 0 0 $25,000 0 ANIWA 7/8/1994 F1 0 0 $5,000 $5,000 SHAWANO 6/3/2007 EF0 0 0 0 0 MATTOON 6/7/2007 EF1 0 0 $1,000 0 BRIARTON 8/23/2011 EF0 0 0 0 0 MORGAN 5/17/2015 EF0 0 0 0 0 PELLA ARPT 7/6/2015 EF0 0 0 $10,000 0
WINTER STORM Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 1/26/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/8/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/8/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/17/1998 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/2/1999 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/8/2001 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/2/2002 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/3/2003 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/9/2003 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/20/2004 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTYDRAFT 1/21/2005 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/16/2006 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/24/2007 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/1/2007 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/11/2007 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/1/2007 0 0 0 0 Page 216 Appendix B: Hazard Occurrences – Shawano County
WINTER STORM Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 12/23/2007 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/17/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/29/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/17/2008 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/26/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/8/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/8/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/24/2009 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/11/2010 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/20/2011 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 3/22/2011 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 2/28/2012 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/20/2012 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/30/2013 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/14/2014 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 11/24/2014 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/28/2015 0 0 0 0
WINTER WEATHER Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage SHAWANO COUNTY 1/16/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/3/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 4/12/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 12/27/1996 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/1/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/21/1997 0 0 0 0 SHAWANO COUNTY 1/22/1999 0 0 0 0
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Page 217 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
The NCEI under NOAA has recorded the following natural hazard occurrences in Menominee County between 1 January 1996 and 30 April 2016:176.
BLIZZARD Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/29/1996 0 0 0 0
COLD/WIND CHILL Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/30/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/1/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 6/14/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/17/2006 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/4/2007 0 0 0 0
DENSE FOG Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 9/6/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 10/16/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/2/1997 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/1/1997 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/11/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/13/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/23/2000 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTYDRAFT 2/24/2000 0 0 0 0
176 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/choosedates.jsp?statefips=55%2CWISCONSIN Page 218 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
DROUGHT Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/1/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 7/19/2005 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 8/28/2007 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 9/30/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 10/1/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 11/1/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/1/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/1/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/1/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/1/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/1/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 7/21/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 8/1/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 9/22/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 10/1/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 5/25/2010 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 6/1/2010 0 0 0 0
EXTREME COLD/WINDCHILL Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/30/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/10/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/6/2014 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/27/2014 0 0 0 0
FLASH FLOOD Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage KESHENA 7/8/2000 0 0 0 0
DRAFTFLOOD Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 6/16/1996 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 12/10/2014 0 0 $10,000 0
Page 219 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
FROST/FREEZE Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/9/2000 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/15/2000 0 0 0 0
FUNNEL CLOUD
Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage KESHENA 5/30/2006 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 5/30/2006 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 3/25/2007 0 0 0 0
HAIL Propert Crop Diameter y Location Date Deaths Injuries Damag (Inches) Damag e e NEOPIT 5/19/1996 1 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 3/29/1998 0.75 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 5/12/1998 1.75 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 5/31/1998 0.75 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 8/11/2002 1 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/1/2006 0.88 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 10/3/2006 1 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 6/20/2007 1 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/28/2008 0.75 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/22/2013 0.75 0 0 0 0
HEAT Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 7/23/1999 0 0 0 0 DRAFT
Page 220 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
HEAVY SNOW Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/29/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/23/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/4/1997 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/13/1997 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/14/1998 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/16/1998 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/31/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/1/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/14/2005 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/16/2005 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 11/9/2011 0 0 0 0
HIGH WIND Property Crop Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE 4/6/1997 0 0 $1,000 0 COUNTY MENOMINEE 11/10/1998 0 0 $1,000 0 COUNTY MENOMINEE 4/7/2001 50 0 0 0 0 COUNTY MENOMINEE 10/26/2010 39 0 0 0 0 COUNTY
ICE STORM Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/26/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/4/1998 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/29/2001 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/7/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/1/2005 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/3/2014 0 0 0 0 DRAFT LIGHTNING
Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage KESHENA 6/1/1996 0 8 0 0 Page 221 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
STRONG WIND
Property Crop Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/17/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/25/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/25/2000 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 10/25/2001 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/5/2001 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/11/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/9/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 5/9/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 8/17/2002 0 0 0 0
THUNDERSTORM WIND Property Crop Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 5/28/1991 0 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 5/16/1992 0 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/31/1995 0 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 8/11/1995 0 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 8/11/1995 0 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 8/13/1995 0 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 5/19/1996 0 0 0 $2,000 0 KESHENA 8/25/1996 0 0 0 $2,000 0 KESHENA 6/24/1997 0 0 0 $1,000 0 NEOPIT 7/16/1997 85 0 0 $10,000 $50,000 KESHENA 6/25/1998 0 0 0 $2,000 0 KESHENA 6/25/1998 50 0 0 $2,000 0 NEOPIT 6/6/1999 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 6/6/1999 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 7/5/1999 50 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/30/1999 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 6/10/2000 50 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTYDRAFT 9/7/2001 50 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 4/18/2002 50 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 7/21/2002 50 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 7/30/2002 55 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 8/11/2002 55 0 0 0 0
Page 222 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
THUNDERSTORM WIND Property Crop Location Date MPH Deaths Injuries Damage Damage NEOPIT 8/1/2004 50 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/5/2005 50 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/5/2005 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 6/10/2005 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 6/11/2005 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 8/9/2005 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 9/21/2005 50 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/24/2006 52 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/24/2006 50 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 5/24/2007 52 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/18/2007 56 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/18/2007 56 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 6/7/2008 52 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 7/14/2010 61 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 7/17/2011 52 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/30/2011 50 0 0 0 0 NEOPIT 7/22/2013 56 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 7/22/2013 56 0 0 0 0 KESHENA 8/21/2013 65 1 0 0 0
TORNADO Strengt Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries h Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/27/1984 F3 0 0 $2.5M 0 ZOAR SETTLEMENT 6/7/2007 EF2 0 0 $2.7M 0
WINTER STORM Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/26/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/8/1998 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEEDRAFT COUNTY 3/17/1998 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/2/1999 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/8/2001 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/2/2002 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/3/2003 0 0 0 0
Page 223 Appendix C: Hazard Occurrences – Menominee County
WINTER STORM Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/4/2003 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/19/2004 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/20/2004 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/21/2005 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/16/2006 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/24/2007 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/1/2007 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/1/2007 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/17/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/29/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/17/2008 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/26/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/8/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/24/2009 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/11/2010 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/20/2011 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 3/22/2011 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/28/2012 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/20/2012 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/30/2013 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/14/2014 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 11/24/2014 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/28/2015 0 0 0 0
WINTER WEATHER Property Crop Location Date Deaths Injuries Damage Damage MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/16/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 2/9/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 4/3/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTYDRAFT 4/12/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 12/27/1996 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/1/1997 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/21/1997 0 0 0 0 MENOMINEE COUNTY 1/22/1999 0 0 0 0
Page 224 Appendix D: Plan Adoptions
Appendix D: Plan Adoptions
This plan has been adopted by Shawano County; the City of Shawano; the Villages of Aniwa, Birnamwood, Bonduel, Bowler, Cecil, Eland, Gresham, Mattoon, Tigerton, and Wittenberg; and the Towns of Almon, Angelica, Aniwa, Bartelme, Belle Plaine, Birnamwood, Fairbanks, Germania, Grant, Green Valley, Hartland, Herman, Hutchins. Lessor, Maple Grove, Morris, Navarino, Pella, Red Springs, Richmond, Seneca, Washington, Waukechon, Wescott, and Wittenberg. The City of Marion is in the Waupaca County plan and the Village of Pulaski is in the Brown County Plan. The ____ of ____ did not adopt the plan. This plan has also been adopted by Menominee County.
DRAFT
Page 225 Appendix D: Plan Adoptions
DRAFT
Page 226 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe All Hazards Conduct public outreach to High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Look for opportunities to promote emergency department Management, UW- incorporate materials into preparedness and awareness annual budget Extension, Health events and on county Department websites as applicable
Focus on all hazards, tornados/high winds, severe storms, winter storms, extreme temperatures, flooding, etc., as appropriate Add mitigation and Medium- Municipal Municipal staff in preparedness High budgets conjunction with information/links to County Emergency the municipal Management, UW- websites: C. Extension, Health Shawano; T. Department (as Richmond; and V. needed) Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham All Hazards Continue to promote the use Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing of National Oceanic and department Management Atmospheric Administration annual budget (NOAA) weather radios All Hazards Investigate options for a Very High County or County Emergency 2020 E.g., Reverse 911 system county-wide emergency alert municipal budget Management,) program for county and city for scope/bid Could be used in the event of residents and businesses process tornados/ high winds, severe storms (thunder/lightning), severe winter storms, flooding, extreme heat or cold, etc. DRAFT Page 227 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe All Hazards Create and/or update as needed: Emergency Action High Covered by County Emergency 2016 Plans (EAP): County department Management, Fairground annual budgets County Fair Board EOP: V. Birnamwood, Medium Covered by Village 2018 Bowler, Cecil, Eland, municipal budget Administration and Tigerton EOP: V. Bonduel High Covered by Village 2016 Must be passed by resolution municipal budget Administration Recovery Plan Medium Covered by County Emergency 2021 department Management annual budget Debris Management Medium Covered by County Emergency 2021 Plan department Management annual budget All Hazards Continue exploring options to create system redundancies for communications and other critical infrastructure Explore adding the “I Medium $12,000 Municipal fire/EMS 2021 Offers an opt-in response Am Responding” text depts. paging system county- wide for fire-EMS responders Sheriff’s Department High Unknown Technology Services Consider bringing up Leopolis communications rely site as secondary tower option. on Gresham Tower; Exploring redundancies project system is not self- (defining scope) in 2016 budget healing All Hazards Cross-reference Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Information will be added to the and/or incorporate department Management and County Comprehensive and recommendations of annual budgets Planning and County Land Records the All-Hazards Development Modernization Plans at the next Mitigation Plan into updates (planned for 2023 and other relevant county 2015, respectively). plans Page 228 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe All Hazards Periodically test the alert siren Medium Covered by Sheriff’s Department Ongoing Conduct regular siren testing system department (Communications) annual budget Could be used in the event of tornados/ high winds, severe storms, etc. Map weather siren Medium Covered by Fire Chiefs’ 2018 Add village sirens to county locations department Association, MABAS map annual budget Division, County Emergency Look for gaps in siren Management, GIS, coverage, particularly as they TS relate to higher population areas Add up to two sirens to Medium- Approximately Municipality (may 2015-2017 Village currently has one siren, the village: V. Bonduel High $20,000 partner with T. erected in 1965 for each siren Hartland for one) Price estimate: $14,500/siren plus $5,000/siren for installation Continue to evaluate Medium Municipal budget Municipality 2015-2018 and/or look into (for scope/bid possible additional process) siren(s): V. Bowler Evaluate options for Medium- Evaluation County Parks 2021 park wide notification High covered by system (i.e. PA department System) annual budget; explore budget options for PA All Hazards Update the Shawano County Medium $10,000 Fire Chiefs’ 2019 Emergency Services Atlas Association, MABAS Division All Hazards Evaluate the potential for Medium Covered by Planning Dept. 2021 MOUs for building department inspectors and post storm annual budgets support for issuing building permits from neighboring counties All Hazards Coordinate activities with the Low Generally covered County Emergency Ongoing Update information/resources DRAFT Page 229 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe United States Department of by department Management; as needed based on Farm Bill Agriculture (USDA) Farm annual budgets; USDA-FSA; UW- updates Services Agency (FSA) to work related to a Extension; Natural educate farmers on resources specific disaster Resources Tailor information for available to help deal with may have Conservation tornados/high winds, severe crop losses due to natural additional funding Service (NRCS); storms, extreme temperatures, disasters sources Wisconsin flooding, wildfires, etc., as Department of appropriate. Natural Resources (DNR); Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP); Department of Land Conservation All Hazards Evaluate possible protective Medium- County or County Emergency 2016-2021 Grant funding (e.g. CDBG, shelter locations in High municipal budget Management, state mitigation funds) will likely campgrounds, camps, mobile for scope/bid designated be needed for construction of home parks, etc. process municipalities shelters as locations in need are identified. T. Richmond: Owner of 50-lot mobile home park interested in building shelter if funding help is available. V. Aniwa: Evaluate the potential and feasibility for storm shelters for high vulnerability areas. V. Bonduel: Village and Cedar Parks - used by the school. Frost destroyed Cedar Park restrooms; village Page 230 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe looking into adding shelter features to new restroom facility. V. Mattoon: Evaluate Medium As grant fnds V. of Mattoon 2021 storm shelters near available trailer park and assisted living facility Evaluate options for High Evaluation County Parks 2021 storm shelters on site covered by department annual budgets; seek grants for shelters Drought/Dust Coordinate activities with the Low Generally covered County Emergency Ongoing Update information/resources Storm USDA FSA to educate by department Management; as needed based on Farm Bill farmers on resources annual budgets; USDA-FSA, updates available to help deal with work related to a UW-Extension, crop and livestock losses due specific disaster NRCS, DNR, to drought may have DATCP, Department additional funding of Land sources Conservation Flooding Work with FEMA and WDNR High FEMA Grant Planning and 2021 Next ortho flights are planned to re-designate floodplain Development, Land for 2020 maps through updating Information Office hydrological data (LIO; Note: this is a staff committee, not a stand-alone department), Technology Services (TS), All participating jurisdictions
DRAFT Page 231 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Flooding Work with FEMA to obtain Very High FEMA Grant (to Planning and 2017 FEMA has applied for a grant to LIDAR data, if it becomes FEMA) Development, LIO, conduct LIDAR in the Wolf available TS, All participating River area. If they get the grant, jurisdictions the resulting LIDAR data will be provided to Shawano and other area counties.
Obtaining LIDAR data to allow for better floodplain mapping with hydrology is a very high priority.
LIDAR project was approved for 2016. FEMA fully funded, USGS running the project. Expectation is that the data will be used to update the flood maps when completed. Flooding Determine disposition of Medium Municipal budget C. Shawano, 2020 Removal is anticipated but houses purchased by Judd for scope/ Administration schedule, approach, and Park (south of boat landing by decision process; funding are yet to be County Highway M bridge) to be determined determined. that were in danger of for actual flooding. disposition Flooding Continue to explore potential Low- City budget for Planning and Ongoing Creating a buffer zone between solutions for the at-risk area Medium scope process Development, LIO, Wolf River and nearby houses below dam between Sturgeon ($250K spent TS and Kuckuk Parks already in Bought one house and some acquiring land in 2014/15; 2-3 properties properties) left
Planning to use area as park/ recreation land or for an outfitter
Page 232 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Flooding Explore potential solutions for Medium Municipal budget T. Richmond 2018 Acquisition or elevations may high-risk properties on the for scope/ Administration, be considered. Red River below Gresham decision process Village of Gresham, Dam Planning and Development, LIO Flooding *Continue to monitor Medium- Monitoring Planning and Ongoing properties at risk of flooding High covered by Development, LIO, and, as appropriate, department or TS, County investigate acquisition or municipal budgets Emergency other mitigation strategies for Management, All repetitive-loss properties that participating might occur in the future jurisdictions Flooding Explore potential solutions for Low- V. Bonduel 2018 at-risk areas: Medium Administration, Planning and Development, LIO Businesses and homes (2 apartment buildings and 3-4 houses) on 117 along a waterway that regularly get water in basements (moderate income area) Waterway from farmland north of Village through northwest corner of Village near Cedar park Flooding Develop a GIS layer of Medium Covered by Planning 2021 LOMA = Letter of Map LOMAs department Amendment budgets Flooding Seek floodplain training for Medium Covered by Planning 2021 planning staff department budgets DRAFT Page 233 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Flooding *Continue (or, if applicable, High Covered by Planning and Ongoing gain) compliance with the department or Development, LIO, Federal NFIP municipal TS, County budgets Emergency Management, All participating jurisdictions Flooding Develop elevation maps for Medium- ~$50K T. Belle Plaine, 2021 Significant amounts of the Belle Plaine area using High Planning and development; no elevation the LIDAR data Development, LIO, mapping available TS Will have the LIDAR data but will need to develop the contours Flooding Relocate all Very High To be TS, Sheriff’s 2021 radio/communications determined Department, County equipment (including for 911 Emergency Center) out of the basement Management of Sheriff’s Department (building is located next to the river) Flooding Relocate all county server Very High To be TS, Sheriff’s 2021 With current setup, have had to room out of the basement of determined Department, County bring in portable pumps to courthouse (building is Emergency pump basement flooding out located near the river; Management through the elevator shaft server room has septic and (server room becomes “in- water lines running ground swimming pool”) overhead) Flooding Evaluate current Village Medium To be V. Eland 2021 culvert conditions, and determined identify undersized culverts that have flooding issues
Page 234 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Flooding Evaluate drainage issues Medium - To be V. Mattoon 2021 along the following High determined roadways to divert water to ditches rather than sewer system. o Main St. o Park St. o Court St. and4th Flooding Create a stormwater Medium $20K C. Shawano 2021 Required for communities with management plan Administration population >10,000; Shawano is currently at 9,000
Create cross references between city stormwater management plan and county mitigation plan Flooding Evaluate current Village Medium To be determined V. Wittenberg 2021 culvert conditions, and identify undersized culverts that have flooding issues. Continue to monitor minor flooding in heavy rain events and seek drainage solutions Dam Failure Promote public awareness Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during Dam regarding dam safety department Management, Safety Week annual budgets Village of Gresham, DNR Dam Failure Continue to monitor status Medium General County Emergency Ongoing information on all dams in monitoring Management, TS, the county and evaluate the covered by DNR downstream threat in areas department or prone to flooding events municipal budgets Dam Failure Update mapping around Medium- $28500 contract V. Gresham 2016 Weed Dam on Red River: High for mapping Administration, DNR V. Gresham DRAFT Page 235 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Obtain Weed Dam- High Covered by T. Richmond 2018 T. Richmond is on the Red related maps from V. municipal budget Administration, V. River downstream from Weed Gresham: T. Gresham Dam Richmond Administration, DNR Dam Failure Explore river water level Low- Municipal budget V. Gresham 2021 sensors/gauges Medium for scope/ Administration downstream of Gresham decision process Dam Dam Failure Explore adding four security High $18,000 from V. Gresham 2021 cameras to the Weed Dam village budget Administration and Upper dam Dam Failure Evaluate dam EAPs/ failure Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing plans; write or revise as department Management, dam appropriate annual budgets operators, relevant municipalities, DNR Dam Failure Investigate possibilities for Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing dam-related exercises to department Management, V. evaluate plans/readiness annual budgets Gresham, T. of Richmond, Administration, dam operators, DNR Wildfires Continue to host DNR Medium Covered by DNR, Fire Chiefs’ Ongoing Training (generally in spring) wildfire training for local fire department Association, MABAS with DNR fire rangers departments annual budgets Division, municipal fire departments Wildfires Promote public awareness Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Spring fire risk level awareness; on fire protection and fire department Management, Fire annual Fire Safety Week in safety annual budgets Chiefs’ Association, October MABAS Division, municipal fire Continue programs in the departments, DNR schools
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Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Add a link on the High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing county or municipal department or Management, website to the DNR municipal budgets municipal staff website with fire condition updates: County; T. Richmond and V. Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham Wildfires Conduct survey to map dry Medium Covered by Fire Chiefs’ 2017 Have data for Shawano Lake hydrant locations department Association, GIS, area annual budgets County Emergency Management Of particular importance with MABAS mutual aid Evaluate possible Medium Annual budgets Fire Chiefs’ 2020 need for additional dry for initial Association, MABAS hydrant locations evaluation Division, municipal process fire departments Wildfires Install additional dry hydrant Medium- $15000 (town V. Gresham and 2016 DNR grants are available for High funding) Mattoon adding dry hydrants Wildfires Continue mutual aid among High Covered by Fire Chiefs’ Ongoing the fire departments departments’ Association, MABAS including the Mutual Aid Box annual budgets Division, municipal Alarm System (MABAS) fire departments Wildfires Evaluate existing driveway Medium Annual budgets Fire Chiefs’ 2020 ordinances to ensure for initial Association, MABAS emergency vehicle access evaluation Division, municipal process fire departments
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Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Extreme Prepare for and, if necessary, Medium Generally covered Health Department, Ongoing Joint messaging and center Temperatures open emergency cooling or by department County Emergency operation between Menominee warming centers annual budgets; Management and Shawano Counties as part work related to a of a partnership specific disaster may have Partner Communications and additional funding Alerting (PCA) Portal may be sources used to post related announcements/public information Extreme Look into developing pre- Medium Covered by Public Health Ongoing Joint messaging would be done Temperatures scripted public information department Department, County between Menominee and messages related to public annual budgets Emergency Shawano Counties as part of a health/safety and/or use of Management partnership emergency cooling or warming centers during Already in use for public safety periods of extreme as related to winter storms and temperatures cooling centers Extreme Promote, when necessary, Medium Covered by Public Health Ongoing Use PCA Portal as appropriate Temperatures overnight shelters outside the department Department, County county (Shawano County annual budgets Emergency does not have any overnight Management shelter locations at this time). Storms: Hail Coordinate activities with the Low Generally covered County Emergency Ongoing Update information/resources USDA FSA to educate by department Management; as needed based on Farm Bill farmers on resources annual budgets; USDA-FSA, UW- updates available to help deal with work related to a Extension, NRCS, crop and livestock losses due specific disaster DNR, DATCP, to hail may have Department of Land additional funding Conservation sources Storms: Include lightning safety/ High Covered by County Emergency 2019 Lightning preparedness actions in department Management, Event outdoor events EAP annual budgets Boards
Page 238 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Storms: Continue exploring options to High To be determined County Emergency 2021 As outlined in All Hazards item Lightning create system redundancies Management, for communications Sheriff’s Department Lightning has interrupted infrastructure (Communications), communications in the past; V. Bonduel system redundancies are needed to protect critical communications Severe Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during Severe Thunderstorms promote severe storm department Management Weather Awareness Week preparedness and awareness annual budget Add links to mitigation Medium- Municipal budgets Municipal staff in and preparedness High conjunction with information to the County Emergency municipal websites: Management City of Shawano, T. Richmond and V. Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham Include emergency Medium- Covered by County Parks 2021 shelter information in High county or campsite check-in department budget brochure
Tornado/High Update tornado protocol for High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Winds county buildings (including department Management, courthouse) annual budgets County Safety Committee Tornado/High Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during Severe Winds promote tornado department Management Weather Awareness Week preparedness and awareness annual budgets Winter Storms Investigate options for using Medium Covered by County Highway 2021 cameras for remote county or Department, monitoring of road conditions department Technology Services budget for scope/bid process
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Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Winter Storms Promote public awareness of Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during and personal preparedness department Management, All November Winter Weather for winter weather annual budgets participating Week jurisdictions Add link to the state Medium- Covered by County Emergency 2017 highway conditions to High department Management, All county and municipal annual budget participating websites: City of jurisdictions Shawano, T. Richmond and V. Birnamwood, Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham Utility Failure: Promote public awareness of Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Could include: how to Electrical and personal preparedness department Management, Public determine appropriate for possible utility failure annual budgets Health Department, generator; what supplies to All participating have on hand; fuel availability jurisdictions (T. (most gas stations do not have Richmond and V. generators that will power the Birnamwood, gas pumps) Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham) Utility Failure: Promote awareness of and Medium Covered by UW Extension, Ongoing Could include: how to Electrical preparedness for possible department County Emergency determine appropriate utility failure affecting farms/ annual budgets Management, All generator; what supplies to agriculture participating have on hand; fuel availability jurisdictions (T. (most gas stations do not have Richmond and V. generators that will power the Birnamwood, gas pumps) Bonduel, Cecil, and Gresham) Utility Failure: Discuss/plan for functional Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing E.g., prepare educational Electrical needs populations department Management, Health materials for HHS and/or annual budgets and Human Services hospital staff to distribute to (HHS), Hospital staff those with functional needs outlining how to prepare for and who to contact (e.g., for rescue) in an emergency Page 240 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Utility Failure: Identify locations in need of Medium Covered by County and Ongoing Electrical generators and quick department municipal connects to support annual budgets departments with emergency services support from County Emergency Management Utility Failure: Annually review water system Medium Covered by V. Bowler and Ongoing Water/Sewer emergency response plan department Gresham and security system annual budgets Utility Failure: Evaluate generator Medium Covered by V. Gresham and Ongoing Water/Sewer operations to ensure back-up department Mattoon power for water supply annual budgets Cyber Attack Conduct penetration testing of Medium- $16K (for testing/ TS 2017 $16k was passed in county county network High evaluation) budget and project will begin in 2016. Cyber Attack Create action plan regarding Medium To be determined TS 2021 Priority and costs to be mitigation of any network determined based on outcome weaknesses found of penetration testing Hazardous Conduct Hazardous Materials Medium ~$10,000 County Emergency 2016 Completed - was funded by Materials Emergency Preparedness Management HMEP grant (HMEP) and HazMat training surveys Hazardous Promote State enforcement of High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Materials Federal requirements for Department Management, All transporting Hazardous annual budget participating Materials jurisdictions Hazardous Seek HazMat Awareness High Covered by County Highway 2021 Materials training for foreman and Department supervisors annual budget Biological Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by Health Department Ongoing Use Public Health Emergency Hazards/ promote communicable department Response Plan for reference Epidemics disease awareness and budget prevention Biological Maintain a Public Health Medium Covered by Health Department Ongoing Hazards/ Emergency Response Plan department Epidemics budget DRAFT Page 241 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Biological Begin planning for Ebola Medium Covered by Health Department 2018 Use Public Health Emergency Hazards/ response department Response Plan for reference Epidemics budget Conduct a tabletop Medium PH preparedness Health Department, 2020 Completed in Dec 2015 exercise on Ebola grant local hospitals, response county emergency management Biological Create a COOP plan for the Medium Covered by UW Extension, 2018 There are plans available to Hazards/ Health Department department DNR, Health use as references Epidemics budget Department Biological Conduct outreach for Medium Covered by DNR, Health Ongoing Cross-reference in event EAPs Hazards/ livestock/zoonotic disease department Department, UW that include animals and Epidemics outbreaks budget Extension consider formal planning Structural Fires Conduct public outreach to High Covered by Fire Chiefs’ Ongoing County has a stand-alone increase awareness of the department Association, MABAS ordinance regarding reflective importance of readable budget Division, municipal 911 property addresses address markings on fire departments properties Increase enforcement High Covered by Bonduel Police Ongoing on visible addresses: department Department V. Bonduel budget Structural Fires Investigate appropriate Medium Covered by Fire Chiefs’ 2021 Beginning to see issues with driveway dimensions to allow department Association, generally high-priced homes fire truck access budget municipal fire with long, narrow and/or departments winding driveways Structural Fires Prepare handouts with Low Covered by Fire Chiefs’ 2021 structure protection department Association, MABAS information to be provided to budget Division those who apply for building permits Structural Fires Research options to prevent Medium - Municipal budget V. Mattoon 2018 waterline freeze-up to critical High for research lines (e.g., for fire process suppression for local business)
Page 242 DRAFT Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Structural Fires Increased fire risk in Medium To be determined V. Bonduel and 2021 downtown areas due to old Wittenberg, C. row-style buildings: monitor Shawano for mitigation possibilities Invasive Species Continue public outreach and Medium- Covered by UW-Extension, Land 2021 County had a 3-year grant- education efforts regarding High department Conservation, DNR funded position that did invasive species. budget outreach regarding water-borne invasive species and installed and kept updated information kiosks at most public boat landings; would like to get this position back
Less has been done so far on land-based invasive species; would be helpful to place similar kiosks by trailheads Invasive Species Internal planning meeting Medium Covered by Shawano County 2021 with all stakeholders to department Highway discuss invasive species budget and coordinated efforts that could be implemented Invasive Species Partner with East Central Existing grants expired in 2013. Regional Planning Grant funding models are Commission to determine shifting. how to continue conducting studies of waterway invasive species: Upper and Lower Red Medium $6000 V. Gresham 2021 Lakes Administration and Red Lakes Management District Huckleberry Harbor Medium- To be determined C. Shawano 2021 High
DRAFT Page 243 Appendix E: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Water Conduct an educational Low- County and/or Public Health 2018 The eastern portion of Contamination campaign to deal with high Medium department Department with Shawano County is naturally natural arsenic levels in the budget UW-Extension, Land high in arsenic. The health southeast portion of the Conservation, DNR department sells arsenic county testing kits for wells and provides educational materials. Radiological Conduct an educational Low- County and/or Public Health 2018 The health department sells campaign to deal with high Medium department Department with Radon detection kits and levels of radon found in the budget UW-Extension, WI promotes education; all eastern portion of the county Dept. of Health- testing and follow-up is done Radiation Protection by the Radon Information Section Center out of Wausau. Radiological Continue planning and Low- County Emergency Ongoing exercising related to status as Medium Management, UW ingestion county for Point Extension in Beach Nuclear Plant coordination with Manitowoc Co.
ARC = American Red Cross LTPO = Long-Term Power Outage CI = City LWCD = County Land and Water Conservation Department CO HWY Dept. = County Highway Department PH = Public Health Department DNR = Department of Natural Resources P&Z = County Planning & Zoning Department DPW = Department of Public Works NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration EM Dept. = County Emergency Management Department SO = Sheriff’s Department EOC = Emergency Operations Center TN = Township FEMA = Federal Emergency Management Agency UW Ext = University of Wisconsin – University of Wisconsin Extension Office FSA = Farm Service Agency VI = Village LID = County Land Information Department * Designates an element that supports the NFIP
Page 244 DRAFT Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies – Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe All Hazards Link this All-Hazard Medium Covered by County Emergency 1. 2016 Note: the County Mitigation Plan Update to department annual Management, 2. 2025 Comprehensive Plan will be other relevant plan via the budget or municipal 3. Ongoing cross referenced in this addition of cross incorporated into administration, Mitigation Plan Update. The references. budget for relevant other department next scheduled update to the 1. Land Information planning process personnel as Comprehensive Plan will Plan applicable occur in 2025; a cross 2. County reference to the Mitigation Comprehensive Plan will be added at that Plan time. 3. Other plans as applicable All Hazards Conduct public outreach High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Look for opportunities to to promote emergency department annual Management, UW- incorporate materials into preparedness and budget Extension, Public events and on county awareness. Health Department websites as applicable.
Focus on all hazards, tornados/high winds, severe storms, winter storms, extreme temperatures, flooding, etc., as appropriate. All Hazards Develop Technical High Covered by Technical Services, 2016 Services MOUs between department annual 911 Center Shawano and Menominee budget Counties All Hazards Continue to promote the Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing use of National Oceanic department annual Management and Atmospheric budget Administration (NOAA) weather radios
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Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe All Hazards Integrate UW-Extension High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing UW-Extension provides resources into hazard department annual Management, extensive services to the mitigation preparedness budget UW-Extension county including: and response activities High level of involvement in public education Extensive invasive species resources Frazil ice knowledge and resources Serving as a go- between for tribal and county administrations/ departments Links the county to training opportunities Creator of and repository for fact sheets/public information All Hazards Create or otherwise obtain Medium Covered by GIS Ongoing E.g. schools, churches, needed non-flood-related department annual shelter GIS layers budget All Hazards Evaluate possible Medium County/ department County Emergency 2021 Mobile home park and Pow- partnership with the tribe to budget for Management wow grounds are on tribal investigate possible investigatory/ lands but cooperative protective shelter locations scoping process planning may be beneficial to in campgrounds, camps, both stakeholders. mobile home parks, etc.
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Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe All Hazards Investigate possible Medium County/ department County Emergency 2021 Areas of need already funding sources for budget for Management, identified include: additional emergency alert investigatory/ Sheriff Community of South sirens scoping process (Communications) Branch – current siren requires Grants or other manual activation outside funding will Hillstop area – sirens likely be needed for cannot be heard the actual purchase/ Zoar – outlying installation community Lake area – for boater alerts Drought/Dust Conduct public High Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Farm concerns, fire risk, Storm outreach/education as department annual Management, UW- water restrictions, etc. appropriate budget Extension, Public Health Department Flooding Set up meetings to High County/ department County Emergency 2016 Establish MOUs to lay discuss orchestration of budgets Management, groundwork for response in response to possible County the event of future ice future ice-related (e.g., Administration, damming issues frazil)flooding/disasters Wisconsin DNR, tribal Consider producing representatives guidelines regarding decision approvals (when required and from whom; for example, when changes to private dam operations are needed), contact lists, and/or other aids
DRAFT Page 247 Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Flooding Work with FEMA to obtain Very High FEMA Grant (to Planning and 2021 FEMA has applied for a grant LIDAR data, if it becomes FEMA) Development, LIO, to conduct LIDAR in the Wolf available TS, All participating River area. If they get the grant, jurisdictions the resulting LIDAR data will be provided to Shawano and other area counties.
Obtaining LIDAR data to allow for better floodplain mapping with hydrology is a very high priority. Flooding Commission/conduct a High Covered by County Emergency 2018 Particular focus on the areas hydrology study departmental Management, around the Wolf River budgets County previously impacted by frazil Administration, ice damming Wisconsin DNR, tribal Include recommendations for representatives prevention/mitigation of ice- related damage Flooding Enact preventative/ Medium- Will depend on County Emergency 2021 mitigation measures to High outcome of Management, reduce ice-related hydrology study County damages (as needed, Administration, based on outcome of Wisconsin DNR, hydrology study) tribal representatives Flooding Obtain updated ortho High Funded by County GIS 2015 photos of the county Menominee Tribal Enterprise, the county, and the tribe (approximately $12,000) Flooding Investigate and, if High County/ department County GIS 2021 FEMA will be reaching out to possible, pursue options budget for the tribe, who will be working for obtaining up-to-date investigatory/ on updated floodplain floodplain mapping/GIS scoping process mapping (out-of-date paper layers maps); these may contain Page 248 DRAFT Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Grants or other county-wide information. outside funding will likely be needed for LIDAR flyover was done in the actual mapping/ April 2015 but the county acquisition of does not have the funding to mapping data access those data. Flooding Investigate and, if Medium County/ department County GIS, County 2021 FIRM information is required possible, pursue options budget for Land Conservation/ to obtain flood insurance for for digitizing Flood investigatory/ Forestry/Zoning private properties but the data Insurance Rate Map scoping process are not currently in digital (FIRM) data. form. Grants or other outside funding will Digitization will depend on the likely be needed for tribe updating their map the actual mapping/ information with FEMA. If they acquisition of move forward with this, the mapping data county will partner with them to complete this item as well.
Flooding of personal property is not very common in the county (wet basements occur but not generally threats to structures), barring dam failure. Flooding Investigate possible Medium County/ department County Land 2021 Evaluate possible partnership projects related to potential budget for Conservation/ with the tribe. at-risk properties (e.g., investigatory/ Forestry/Zoning, those that would be in the scoping process County Emergency Projects may include path of flooding in the event Management acquisitions or elevations. of a failure of the Neopit Dam). Flooding Continue routine lakeshore Medium County/ department County Land Ongoing maintenance as needed. budget Conservation/ Forestry/Zoning Flooding Monitor/enforce erosion Medium Covered by County Land Ongoing and sedimentation control department annual Conservation/ DRAFT Page 249 Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe regulations during budgets Forestry/Zoning construction projects Flooding Implement protective Medium To be determined Technical Services, 2021 Risk of exterior/weather actions to protect computer Maintenance flooding for Veterans; for server rooms from flooding remainder, flooding risk is largely internal (AC condensation, leaking water pipes, etc.) Dam Failure Promote public awareness Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during Dam regarding dam safety department annual Management, DNR Safety Week budgets Dam Failure Continue regular dam High Conducted by dam Legend Lake Ongoing Monthly checks; increased inspections owners Protection and frequency in wet weather Rehabilitation District (owns Dams 1 & 3) High-hazard dams with significant potential for property impacts with failure Dam Failure Maintain/update as needed Medium Covered by Legend Lake Ongoing dam plans and conduct department annual Protection and training and/or exercises as budgets Rehabilitation necessary/ appropriate District, County Emergency Mgmt. Wildfires Conduct survey to map dry Medium Covered by Fire Chiefs’ 2017 Have data for Shawano Lake hydrant locations department annual Association, GIS, area budgets County Emergency Management Of particular importance with MABAS mutual aid Evaluate possible Medium Annual budgets for Fire Chiefs’ 2020 need for additional initial evaluation Association, MABAS dry hydrant locations process Division, municipal fire departments Wildfires Continue to host DNR Medium Covered by DNR, Fire Chiefs’ Ongoing Training (generally in spring) wildfire training for local department annual Association, MABAS with DNR fire rangers fire departments budgets Division, municipal fire departments Wildfires Promote public awareness Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Spring fire risk level on fire protection and fire department annual Management, Fire awareness; annual Fire Safety Page 250 DRAFT Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe safety budgets Chiefs’ Association, Week in October MABAS Division, municipal fire departments, DNR Wildfires Explore the possibility of Low- County/ department GIS 2021 Recommend tribal authorities upgrading to double-sided Medium budget for also pursue this fire signs investigatory/ scoping process Extreme Investigate possibility of Low- County/ department Technical Services 2017 To detect temperature Temperatures adding temperature Medium budget for increases that can result from sensors to server rooms investigatory/ AC failures caused by extreme scoping process cold weather Extreme Prepare for and, if Medium Generally covered Health Department, Ongoing Joint messaging and center Temperatures necessary, open by department County Emergency operation between Menominee emergency cooling or annual budgets; Management and Shawano Counties as part warming centers work related to a of public health partnership specific disaster may have additional Partner Communications and funding sources Alerting (PCA) Portal may be used to post related announcements/public information Extreme Look into developing pre- Medium Covered by Health Department, Ongoing Joint messaging would be done Temperatures scripted public information department annual County Emergency between Menominee and messages related to public budgets Management Shawano Counties as part of health/safety and/or use of public health partnership emergency cooling or warming centers during Already in use for public safety periods of extreme as related to winter storms temperatures Extreme Promote, when necessary, Medium Covered by Health Department, Ongoing Use PCA Portal as appropriate Temperatures overnight shelters outside department annual County Emergency the county (county does not budgets Management have any overnight shelter locations at this time). Storms (Hail) Public outreach Low- County/ department Technical Services 2021 Medium budget for DRAFT Page 251 Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe investigatory/ scoping process Storms Public outreach Low- County/ department Technical Services 2021 (Lightning) Medium budget for investigatory/ scoping process Severe Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during Severe Thunderstorms promote severe storm department annual Management Weather Awareness Week preparedness and budget awareness Tornado/High Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during Severe Winds promote tornado department annual Management Weather Awareness Week preparedness and budgets awareness Winter Storms Promote public awareness Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Outreach focus during of and personal department annual Management, All November Winter Weather preparedness for winter budgets participating Week weather jurisdictions Winter Storms Investigate opportunities to Low- As grant funding County Highway 2021 Very different road conditions obtain cameras or other Medium available Department, between Keshena and more remote monitoring/sensing Wisconsin DOT remote areas of Highways 47 options for monitoring and 55 (e.g., around Zoar) Highway 47 and 55 road conditions Utility Failure: Promote public awareness Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing Could include: how to Electrical of and personal department annual Management, Public determine appropriate preparedness for possible budgets Health Department generator; what supplies to utility failure have on hand; fuel availability (most gas stations do not have generators that will power the gas pumps) Utility Failure: Discuss/plan for functional Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing E.g., prepare educational Electrical needs populations department annual Management, Health materials for HHS and/or budgets and Human Services hospital staff to distribute to (HHS), Hospital staff those with functional needs outlining how to prepare for and who to contact (e.g., for rescue) Page 252 DRAFT Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe in an emergency Utility Failure: Conduct a system-wide Low- County/ department Technical Services 2021 Will also carry power until Electrical analysis and triage priorities Medium budget for backup generators kick in, (departments and/or investigatory/ preventing losses buildings) for getting a scoping process Liebert system to prevent uneven power from impacting critical infrastructure Utility Failure: Obtain/install a backup Medium To be determined Technical Services, 2021 Important for continuity of Electrical generator for the upper (est. $10,000) Maintenance government level of the courthouse Utility Failure: Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing E.g.: Well-water testing, post- Water/Sewer promote preparedness and department annual Management, Public disaster water safety, cleaning awareness budgets Health Department up after septic backup, cordless and Charter phones not available during power outage Biological Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by Health Department Ongoing Use Public Health Emergency Hazards/ promote communicable department budget Response Plan for reference Epidemics disease awareness and prevention Biological Maintain a Public Health Medium Covered by Health Department Ongoing Hazards/ Emergency Response Plan department budget Epidemics Biological Begin planning for Ebola Medium Covered by Health Department 2018 Use Public Health Emergency Hazards/ response department budget Response Plan for reference Epidemics Conduct a Medium PH preparedness Health Department, 2020 Completed in Dec 2015 tabletop exercise grant local hospitals, on Ebola county emergency response management Biological Create a COOP plan for the Medium Covered by UW Extension, DNR, 2018 Hazards/ Health Department department budget Health Department Epidemics Biological Conduct outreach for Medium Covered by DNR, Health Ongoing Cross-reference in event EAPs Hazards/ livestock/zoonotic disease department budget Department, UW that include animals and Epidemics outbreaks Extension consider formal planning DRAFT Page 253 Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Cyber Attack Continue ongoing research Medium Covered by Technical Services in 2021 regarding mitigation department annual partnership with measures to protect county budgets County Emergency infrastructure from cyber Management and attack Sheriff’s Department Hazardous Provide education/ training Low Covered by Sheriff’s Ongoing Materials for first responders on department annual Department, fire hazmat training levels budgets departments, EMS Provide education/ training Low Covered by Sheriff’s Ongoing for law enforcement officers department annual Department to increase enforcement of budgets dumping regulations Structural Fires Continue to enforce Medium Covered by Land Conservation/ Ongoing ordinances (including department annual Forestry/Zoning denying ordinance budgets variances) regarding distances between buildings and lot lines to ensure adequate fire/rescue access Invasive Species Conduct public outreach Medium Covered by UW-Extension, DNR, Ongoing E.g, “Clean Boats/ Clean and education efforts department annual Land Conservation/ Waters” campaign regarding invasive species budgets Forestry/Zoning, Legend Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District, Timberland Invasive Partnership Invasive Species Explore options for Low- County/ department Land Conservation/ 2018 May include sharing of Legend mapping of invasive Medium budget for Forestry/Zoning, Lake Protection and species investigatory/ GIS, Legend Lake Rehabilitation District data with scoping process Protection and GIS to work into a map layer Rehabilitation District, Timberland Legend Lake District is meeting Invasive Partnership in Dec 2015 to discuss invasive species mapping and planning. Water Conduct public outreach to Medium Covered by County Emergency Ongoing E.g.: Well-water testing, post- Page 254 DRAFT Appendix F: Summary of Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Costs of Responsible Project Mitigation Action Priority Comments Type Project Department Timeframe Contamination promote preparedness and department annual Management, Public disaster water safety, awareness budgets Health Department appropriate cleaning after septic backup
DRAFT Page 255 Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies – Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
All Hazards Promote 1 High Seek grant Emergency 2011 Look for Annual workshops ended in awareness through funding source Management, (website) / opportunities to 2013 (no longer annual due County website Shawano County On-going incorporate to funding). and annual Economic (annual materials into workshops to Progress Inc. workshop) other events as A resiliency workshop was stress importance (SCEPI), Local applicable conducted in April 2015 by of local businesses Businesses Emergency Management, a disaster UW-Extension, SCEPI, and mitigation and Public Health). recovery plans A preparedness demonstration was conducted by Public Health in 2015 at a health fair.
This item (modified) will be carried forward. All Hazards Continue to promote 2 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Will affect existing Information was posted on the increase use of Department Management buildings and social media during the National Oceanic annual budget Department, All infrastructure spring weather awareness and Atmospheric participating week, tornado week, and for Administration jurisdictions NOAA weather radio day (06 (NOAA) weather May). The radios are not sold radios directly through the county or municipalities.
This item will be carried forward.
Page 256 DRAFT Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
All Hazards Promote Siren 3 High Approximately Emergency 2011-2016 Sirens were maintained Program $16,000 Management locally. The county set off the for each Siren Department, All sirens for test purposes participating weekly during the summer jurisdictions and monthly during the winter.
This item (modified) will be carried forward. All Hazards Promote 4 High Covered by Emergency On-Going T. Richmond has been in campgrounds, camp, Department Management contact with the owner of a and mobile home annual budget Department, All 50-lot mobile home park parks to consider participating interested in building a providing protective jurisdictions shelter if funding assistance shelters is available.
V. Bonduel: Village and Cedar Parks are used by the school. Frost destroyed the restrooms at Cedar Park; the village is looking into possibly adding shelter features to the new restroom facility.
County Emergency Management handled inquiries into possible shelter and funding options.
This item (modified) will be carried forward.
DRAFT Page 257 Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
All Hazards Continue to mobilize 5 Low Covered by Emergency On-Going This action is the weather spotters Department Management responsibility of the National annual budget Department, All Weather Service rather than participating of County Emergency jurisdictions Management or municipalities; it will therefore not be carried forward. All Hazards Incorporate 6 Medium State Comprehen- Emergency On-Going Will affect the The County Comprehensive recommendations of sive Grant Management development of Plan was completed during a the All-Hazards Program Department, new building and transition in Emergency Mitigation Plan into Planning and infrastructure Management; the addition of the County Zoning Mitigation Plan information to Comprehensive Plan Department that plan was missed during the transition. This item (modified) will be carried forward. All Hazards Continue to add and 7 Low Covered by Emergency On-Going Hazard and related update information Department Management information was regularly on the Sheriff’s annual budget Department, IT posted on county websites Department website Department as appropriate. This will be on Emergency rolled into a public outreach Management action item moving forward. information, such as types of natural and manmade hazards; how to respond; information on ordinances pertaining to hazards and links to hazard related conditions within the County.
Page 258 DRAFT Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Tornado/High Coordinate activities 8 Medium Meet with FSA Emergency 2011-2015 Incorporate info Outreach was conducted as Winds with the USDA Farm staff to identify Management into future events, appropriate. This will be Services Agency to and review info Department, workshops, etc. moved forward rolled into an educate farmers on and USDA-FSA All Hazards item. resources to deal with crop losses due to tornados and high winds Tornado/High Expand early 9 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Will affect existing The original intent of this item Winds warning system to a Department Management buildings and was lost in transitions at greater percentage annual budget Department, All infrastructure Emergency Management. of the county participating This will be moved forward jurisdictions as an All Hazards item relating to county-wide notification systems. Tornado/High Take a county wide 10 Low Covered by Emergency On-Going Will affect the Mobile home standards are Winds inventory of mobile Department Management development of set by code and HUD so no home standards annual budget Department new building and inventory was deemed infrastructure necessary. This item will not be carried forward. Tornado/High Recommend 11 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Will affect the This was preempted by state Winds stronger building Department Management development of law and is no longer codes for mobile annual budget Department, new building and necessary. This item will not homes and trailers Planning and infrastructure be carried forward. Zoning Department Tornado/High Study the feasibility 12 High FEMA Emergency 2011-2012 This item duplicated one Winds and work toward the Grant or CDBG, in Management included in the All Hazards development of ground bubble Department, UW- section. Only the All Hazards safety shelters for type Extension item will be carried forward. campgrounds and ~$8000 / 10 mobile home parks. people, above ground structure for ~250 people = ~$100k DRAFT Page 259 Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Drought / Coordinate activities 13 Medium Meet with FSA Emergency 2011-2015 Incorporate info Outreach was conducted as Extreme Heat with the county staff to identify Management into future events, appropriate. This will be USDA FSA office to and review info Department, workshops, etc. moved forward rolled into an educate farmers on and USDA-FSA All Hazards item. resources to deal with crop losses due to drought and extreme heat Severe Thunder Coordinate activities 14 Medium Meet with FSA Emergency 2011-2015 Incorporate info Outreach was conducted as & Lightning with the county staff to identify Management into future events, appropriate. This item Storms USDA FSA office to and review info Department, workshops, etc. (modified) will be carried educate farmers on and USDA-FSA forward. resources to deal with crop losses due to drought and extreme heat Severe Thunder Promote public 15 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Outreach was conducted as & Lightning awareness and Department Management appropriate. This item Storms personal annual budget Department, All (modified) will be carried preparedness participating forward. jurisdictions Forest Fires and Coordinate 16 Medium Meet with FSA Emergency 2011-2015 Incorporate info Outreach was conducted as Wildfires activities with the staff to identify Management into future events, appropriate. This will be county USDA FSA and review info Department, workshops, etc. moved forward rolled into an office to educate and USDA-FSA All Hazards item. farmers on resources to deal with crop losses due to fires Forest Fires and Promote public 17 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Conducted annually during Wildfires awareness on fire Department Management Fire Safety Week in October protection and fire annual budget Department, Local safety Fire Departments This item (modified) will be carried forward.
Page 260 DRAFT Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Forest Fires and Continue mutual 18 High Covered by Emergency On-Going County fire departments went Wildfires aid Department Management to MABAS in July 2014. This annual budget Department, is considered to have closed Waushara County out this item; it will not be carried forward. Forest Fires and Continue 19 Medium Covered by Wisconsin DNR, On-Going Emergency Management Wildfires enforcement of fire Department Local Fire does not conduct ordinances annual budget Departments, enforcement actions; this Emergency item will not be carried Management forward. Department, Winter Storms Promote public 20 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Outreach was conducted as awareness and Department Management appropriate, including by personal annual budget Department, All County Emergency preparedness participating Management during propane jurisdictions shortage in winter of 2014. This item (modified) will be carried forward. Winter Storms Enhance 21 Low Covered by Emergency On-Going Vague item; original intent communication with Department Management lost during transition in local power annual budget Department, All Emergency Management. companies participating This item will not be carried jurisdictions forward. Extreme Promote public 22 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Conducted as appropriate. Heat/Cold awareness and Department Management This will be rolled into an All personal annual budget Department, All Hazards public outreach preparedness participating action item moving forward. jurisdictions Flash/Riverine Coordinate activities 23 Medium Meet with FSA Emergency 2011-2015 Incorporate info Outreach was conducted as Flooding with the county staff to identify Management into future events, appropriate. This will be USDA FSA office to and review info Department, workshops, etc. moved forward rolled into an educate farmers on and USDA-FSA All Hazards item. resources to deal with crop losses due to flooding DRAFT Page 261 Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Flash/Riverine Work with FEMA and 24 High FEMA Planning and 2011-2012 Flight conducted by 2013 to Flooding WDNR to re- Grant Zoning, LIO, All update maps. Will be carried designate floodplain participating over (flight mapping maps through jurisdictions conducted at regular updating intervals when possible). hydrological data Flash/Riverine Evaluate municipal 25 Low Covered by Emergency On-Going Original intent lost during Flooding storm water Department Management transition in Emergency management plans annual budget Department, All Management; there is no participating plan to evaluate municipal jurisdictions storm water plans. This item will not be carried forward. Flash/Riverine Perform cost 26 Medium FEMA Emergency 2011-2013 Will affect existing C. Shawano has purchased Flooding analysis of removing Grant, Detailed Management buildings and houses by Judd Park (south homes within the Benefit/Cost Department infrastructure of boat landing by County floodplain and Analysis at time of Highway M bridge) that were floodway project in danger. development The county has no severe repetitive loss properties. This item will not be carried forward in the current form. Flash/Riverine Continue 27 Medium Covered by Planning and On-Going The county and the following Flooding compliance with Department Zoning, LIO, All communities are, as of the the Federal NFIP. annual budget participating last reporting, in compliance More specifically, jurisdictions with the Federal NFIP: C. of the following as Marion and Shawano; V. tasks should be Birnamwood, Bonduel, conducted Bowler, Cecil, Eland, proactively by Gresham, Pulaski, Tigerton, these and Wittenberg communities: As described previously, C. 1. Seek to acquire, Shawano has completed task relocate or flood- 28.1-8 1. proof properties Page 262 DRAFT Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe within the Public Health has conducted floodplain; task 3. 2. Review and update all Tasks 2, 5, 6, and 7: permitting and Planning & Development construction responsibility. Building plans activity are required to include maps regulations; with elevation information to 3. Provide public allow for evaluation of the information. need for flood-proofing 4. Promote the measures. updating of, and enforcement of This item will be carried floodplain forward in more general mapping; form. 5. Develop and implement flood preparedness programs; 6. Manage all construction elevations; 7. Require permittees to submit FEMA elevation certificates; 8. Enforce all existing requirements and take appropriate enforcement actions DRAFT Page 263 Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Flash/Riverine Develop a more 29 Medium Covered by Planning and 2011-2015 Original intent lost during Flooding formalized Department Zoning, LIO, and transition in Emergency “Community annual budget Emergency Management. Outreach and Management Education Departments This item will not be carried Strategy” to forward. convince non- participating (and participating) NFIP communities to either enroll or continue participation and maintenance of their program eligibility Flash/Riverine Look for 30 High Covered by Planning and On-Going V. Mattoon is still not enrolled Flooding opportunities to Annual Zoning, LIO and in NFIP. This item is being work with the V. Department Emergency Mgt. rolled into the continuing Mattoon to Budget Departments compliance item moving encourage their forward. participation in the NFIP Dam Failure Gather status 31 Medium Costs of Project Emergency 2011-2015 Will affect existing TS has what GIS data are information on all would vary by Management buildings and available; item (modified) will dams in the county Dam Department, infrastructure be carried forward and evaluate the Wisconsin DNR downstream threat Dam Failure Analysis Plan in areas prone to on Caroline and Pella flooding events completed in 2013; adopted by T. Grant and T. Pella and incorporated into county zoning ordinances in 2013
Page 264 DRAFT Appendix G: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Shawano
Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Structural Fires Promote public 32 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Outreach conducted during awareness and Department Management October fire week. This will personal annual budget Department, Local be rolled into an All Hazards preparedness Fire Departments, public outreach action item All participating moving forward. jurisdictions Communicable Promote public 33 Medium Covered by Shawano County On-Going 2013: conducted mass clinic Diseases awareness and Department Public Health planning and walk through personal annual budget Department, preparedness Emergency 2009: H1N1 clinics Management Department General outreach ongoing; item (modified) will be carried forward. Hazardous Reference Pipeline 34 Medium Covered by Emergency On-Going Vague item; original intent Material plans Department Management lost during transition in Incidents annual budget Department Emergency Management. This item will not be carried forward. Hazardous Promote State 35 High Covered by Emergency On-Going Emergency Management has Material enforcement of Department Management no jurisdiction over Incidents Federal annual budget Department, All enforcement; original intent requirements for participating lost during transition in transporting jurisdictions Emergency Management. Hazardous Materials This item will not be carried forward.
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Mitigation Action Costs of Responsible Project Hazard Type Priority Comments Update Action # Project Department Timeframe
Hazardous Enforce compliance 28 High Covered by Emergency On-Going Emergency Management has Material with Title III EPCRA Department Management no jurisdiction over Incidents requirements annual budget Department enforcement; original intent lost during transition in Emergency Management.
There are 12 offsite plans in the county.
This item will not be carried forward.
*Note that strategies will be carried forward into the next plan update unless noted.
Page 266 DRAFT Appendix H: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Appendix H: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies – Menominee
Hazard Mitigation Action Updates Type All Hazards 1.1 Comprehensive Plans. Establish an active comprehensive It is past the deadline to add a cross reference to this County All- planning program (Planning or Zoning Department) that guides Hazard Mitigation Plan update into the new County Comprehensive future development and duly considers the vulnerability of areas Plan (was updated and approved in June 2015.). An item to add such exposed to natural hazards. a cross reference to the next update of the County Comprehensive 1.1.1. Maintain up-to-date comprehensive plans. Plan may be added to subsequent mitigation plan updates. The 1.1.2. Integrate the findings and recommendations of this plan County Comprehensive Plan will be cross referenced in this Mitigation into the comprehensive plan updates. Plan Update. 1.1.3. Review and amend existing planning documents to be certain the vulnerability and environmental suitability of The Land Information Plan is being revised in 2015. Cross references lands for future development are clearly addressed; local were added linking that plan to this Mitigation Plan Update. plans should address the vulnerability of designated hazard areas and encourage open space planning to create amenities for recreation and conservation of fragile resources. All Hazards 1.2 GIS. Maintain a comprehensive data base of hazards locations, The county has completed GIS layers of LP tanks, schools, government socio economic data, infrastructure, and critical facilities buildings, highways/public works, and police and fire coverage. Layers inventories. for town halls and hospitals are still needed and will be carried forward 1.2.1. Maintain risk assessment data in GIS, including flood in the current plan update. zones, tornado tracks, disaster events, and a comprehensive inventory of critical facilities. The county has flood zone maps but the mapping is very out-of-date 1.2.2. Integrate FEMA-HAZUS-MH applications for hazard loss (hand-written maps from >20 years ago). This item will be carried estimations within local GIS programs. Maintain up-to- forward in modified form. date data within GIS to apply full loss estimation capabilities of HAZUS. The county moved to enhanced 911 with mapping for CAD and Sheriff’s Department (mobile system) in 2010/11. This cost approximately ~$225,000; grant funding was obtained in part from Charter Communications.
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Hazard Mitigation Action Updates Type Flooding 1.3 Detailed Plans and Targeted Studies. Conduct special studies, as FIRMs are not currently in digital format. This item will be carried needed, to identify hazard risks and mitigation measures. forward in modified form. 1.3.1. Seek an update of all FIRM’s in digital format, with an emphasis on detailed studies of developed and developing areas with elevations provided and floodways delineated. Flooding 1.4 Zoning. Establish effective zoning controls, where applicable, to This item appears to have possibly been carried over from another plan vulnerable land areas to discourage environmentally incompatible and is not considered generally applicable/feasible, although ordinance land use and development. referencing restricted development and hazardous materials storage 1.4.1. Consider large lot size restrictions on flood-prone areas has been passed. This item will not be carried forward. designated on Flood Insurance Rate Maps. 1.4.2. Evaluate additional land use restrictions within designated flood zones, such as prohibition of storage of buoyant materials, storage of hazardous materials, and restrictive development of flood ways, among others. Flooding 1.5 Flood Plain Management Regulations. Effectively administer and 1.5.1-1.5.3: This county does not have any local floodplain managers; enforce local flood plain management regulations. these are therefore not applicable and will not be carried forward. The 1.5.1. Train local flood plain managers through programs offered County Emergency Management Director has completed training in through the State Flood Plain Manager and FEMA’s general hazard mitigation. training center in Emmitsburg, MD. 1.5.2. Maintain a library of technical assistance and guidance 1.5.2: The county has access to FEMA and WEM hazard mitigation materials to support the local flood plain manager. publications, which are considered more than adequate for general 1.5.3. Obtain membership for local flood plain managers in the county needs. This item will not be carried forward. Association of State flood Plain Managers. 1.5.4. Evaluate the effectiveness of higher regulatory standards, 1.5.4-5: The county will continue to use state and/or current county such as additional building elevation and limitations of fill standards; these will not be carried forward. within flood plains, to be included in local flood plain management regulations. 1.5.5. Enact flood hazard prevention ordinances.
Page 268 DRAFT Appendix H: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Mitigation Action Updates Type All Hazards 1.6 Building and Technical Codes. Review local codes for The county will continue to use state and/or current county standards; effectiveness of standards to protect buildings and infrastructure this item will not be carried forward. from hazard damages. 1.6.1. Evaluate building code standards for roof construction to assure protection against wind damage from tornadoes and windstorms. 1.6.2. Consider technical codes to require assessments in areas of quarries or where water systems have high-capacity wells. Severe 1.7 Community Shelter and Safe Room Requirements. Ensure the The only mobile home park in the county is in the tribal area, which Weather protection of communities from tornadoes and windstorms. is no longer covered by this plan. The tribe will be pursuing funding 1.7.1. Enact local ordinances to require community storm for a shelter for this and other public locations (e.g., Pow-wow shelters within sizeable mobile home parks and grounds). This item will be carried forward in modified form. subdivisions. 1.7.2. Require the construction of safe rooms within new public buildings, such as new schools, libraries, community centers, and other public buildings where feasible. 1.7.3. Program to subsidize safe room construction in existing homes. 1.7.4. Construct free-standing safe rooms in vulnerable locations. Flooding 1.8 Community Rating System Program (CRS). Increase participation This is not applicable (there are no NFIP communities) and will not be of NFIP member communities in the CRS Program. carried forward. 1.8.1. Apply for and maintain membership in the CRS Program. Flooding 2.1 Building Retrofits. Encourage retrofitting of older homes 2.1.1: Not applicable (do not have FIRMs); this item will not be carried constructed before the enactment of flood plain regulations (pre- forward. FIRM buildings) to safeguard against damages. 2.1.1 Provide technical assistance to owners of pre-FIRM 2.1.2: This item will be carried forward in modified form. buildings to advise on available retrofits to prevent against flood damage. 2.1.2 Seek funding sources, such as Community Development Block Grant funds, to assist low income home owners with building retrofits to protect against flood damage
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Hazard Mitigation Action Updates Type Flooding/ 2.2 Insurance. Maintain insurance riders for special coverage for This county is not at significant risk for sinkhole formation (granite base, Sinkholes flood and sinkhole damages. not karst). This item will not be carried forward. 2.2.1 Promote the purchase of insurance coverage for flooding and sinkhole damages in high risk areas by property owners and renters. Flooding 3.1 Map Information. Increase public access to FIRM information. This item is not applicable as FIRM information is not in an accessible 3.1.1 Publicize the availability of FIRM information to real estate format. This item will not be carried forward. agents, builders, developers, and home owners through local trade publications and newspaper announcements. All Hazards 3.2 Outreach Projects. Conduct regular public events to inform the Regular outreach is conducted (e.g., in conjunction with Severe public of hazards and mitigation measures. Weather Awareness Week). This item will be carried forward in modified 3.2.1 Establish an annual Severe Weather Awareness Day in form. conjunction with the NWS. 3.2.2 Identify other environmental awareness events to integrate public information on hazard exposure and protection measures. Flooding 3.3 Real Estate Disclosure. Encourage real estate agents to disclose This is covered by existing statutes; this item will not be carried forward. flood plain location for property listings. 3.3.1 Arrange with the Multiple Listing Service (MLS) to require flood plain location disclosure as a condition for each real estate listing. All Hazards 3.4 Library. Use local library resources to educate the public on This item will be rolled into general outreach actions moving forward. hazard risks and mitigation alternatives. 3.4.1 Obtain free publications from FEMA, NWS, and other federal and state agencies and deposit these materials with local libraries. 3.4.2 Maintain local library repositories with the latest available publications. All Hazards 3.5 Environmental Education. Use school resources for public This item will be rolled into general outreach actions moving forward. education on hazards and mitigation measures. All Hazards 4.1 Open Space Easements and Acquisitions. Preserve significant The county has limited conservancy areas; no additional acquisitions natural resources and highly vulnerable areas in permanent open are planned. This item will not be carried forward. space. Flooding 4.2 River-Stream Corridor Restoration. Restore and protect river and There is some regular lakeshore maintenance conducted; this will be stream corridors within urban areas. carried forward. River-stream corridor responsibilities fall to the tribe. Page 270 DRAFT Appendix H: Report on Previous Plan Mitigation Strategies - Menominee
Hazard Mitigation Action Updates Type Hazardous 4.3 Enact and enforce dumping regulations. This is primarily an issue on tribal lands, although Legend Lake Property Materials Owners Association and conservancy areas need to be monitored as well. This item will be carried forward in modified form. Flooding 4.4 Enact and enforce erosion and sedimentation control regulations. This is done with any new construction projects through County Land Conservation/ Forestry/Zoning; this item will be carried forward. Wildfire 4.5 Urban Forestry Programs. Maintain a healthy forest that can help The county does not have any urban forest locations; this item is mitigate the damaging impacts of flooding, erosion and wildfires therefore not applicable and will not be carried forward. within urban areas. All Hazards 4.6 Seek local technical assistance from established agencies for This is considered to be included in 4.2 and will not be carried forward. Best Management practices for channel and drainage system maintenance. All Hazards 5.1 Disaster Warning. Improve public warning systems. 5.1.1: Three sirens were installed; two were new sirens (one purchased 5.1.1 Install new outdoor warning systems. by the tribe and donated to town and the other purchased by the 5.1.2 Maintain a rapid notification telephone system. college) and one was purchased in 2007 to replace a siren in Neopit which had been hit by lightning. This item will be carried forward in modified format.
5.2.1: The CodeRED emergency notification system was implemented by the county in 2013, completing this item. Additionally, EAS messaging via smartphone has been implemented to provide emergency alerts for tornadoes, extreme thunderstorms, temperature advisories, etc. All Hazards 5.2 Weather Radios. Improve public access to weather alerts. An ordinance was passed in 2006 establishing EAS via weather radios 5.2.1 Support efforts to distribute weather radios to low income as the county’s official emergency alert system and some distribution of households, especially in rural areas outside of siren radios has been completed through the use of grants (2007-08), coverage areas. completing this item. 5.2.2 Promote the use of weather radios in households and businesses. Promotion of the use of weather radios is ongoing (e.g., during Severe Weather Awareness Week outreach) and will be carried forward. Flooding 6.1 Drainage System Maintenance. Improve maintenance programs This is considered to be included in 4.2 and will not be carried forward. for streams and drainage ways. 6.1.1 Prepare and implement standard operating procedures for drainage system maintenance.
DRAFT Page 271 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano
Shawano County Vulnerability Report Identify Hazards
Two detailed Flood Insurance Studies were prepared for the incorporated areas of Shawano, Wisconsin and the unincorporated areas of Shawano County, on December 5, 1989 and November 15, 1985, respectively. The following hazards have been identified.
The City of Shawano is located in central Shawano County in northeastern Wisconsin, approximately 35 miles northwest of the City of Green Bay. The total area contained within the corporate limits of Shawano is approximately 5.4 square miles. Twenty-five percent of the land is used for residential development and ten percent is commercial and industrial. The remaining sixty-five percent is used for recreation, transportation, public facilities, and open space. The 1984 population was estimated to be 7,388 (US Census Bureau).
Flooding in the City of Shawano is caused by overflow of Shawano Creek, the Wolf River, and Shawano Lake. The history of flooding on the Wolf River indicates that flooding occurs throughout the year. Floods in the smaller tributary basins of the Wolf River are characterized by high peak flows, with relatively small discharges. Usually those floods are a result of locally heavy thunderstorms. Flooding of the Wolf River is more likely in the spring when heavy rainfall is combined with snow and ice melt.
Shawano County contains an area of 919 square miles of which approximately 11,565 acres are surface water. With the exception of the Oconto and Pensaukee Rivers being tributary to the Green Bay, all rivers studied are tributaries to the Wolf River which flows into the Upper Fox River and then into Green Bay. Approximately 87.7 percent of the county lies within the Wolf River watershed. Fifty percent of the county is used for agriculture, twenty-four percent is forest, three percent is developed, and the balance is comprised of lakes, streams, or wetlands. The floodplains are currently utilized for agriculture, residential, and recreational purposes.
Although most major flooding in the past has been confined to the Wolf River, flooding could occur on any of the streams in the county. Due to expansive areas on major streams, widespread flooding occurs throughout the county, particularly during spring runoff. Flooding due to ice problems on Shawano Lake is a known problem. Virtually every spring, water backs up due to ice blockage at the mouth of a small unnamed tributary to the lake causing inundation in the yards of residents. However, stage-frequency results based on rainfall for Shawano Lake indicate that more seriousDRAFT flooding could occur due to flooding of Shawano Lake itself.
Page 272 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano
HAZUS-MH Hazard Analysis
Flood analysis for Shawano County was performed using HAZUS-MH MR3 released in July 2007. The bundled aggregated general building stock was updated to Dun & Bradstreet 2006. Building valuations were updated to R.S. Means 2006. Building counts based on census housing unit counts are available for RES1 (single-family dwellings) and RES2 (manufactured housing) instead of calculated building counts.
The site specific inventory (specifically Schools, Hospitals, Emergency Operation Centers, Fire Stations and Police Stations) was updated using the best available statewide information.
HAZUS-MH was used to generate the flood depth grid for a 100-year return period calculated for 1 square mile drainage areas. The riverine model was determined from a user provided USGS 30m DEM and peak discharge values obtained for 31 reaches tabulated in the Shawano County Flood Insurance Study.
Figure 1 depicts the flood boundary from the HAZUS-MH analysis. The majority of damages due to flooding occur along the Wolf River, the Red River, and the Embarrass River.
Figure 1: Shawano County HAZUS-MH Analysis (100-Year Flood)
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Page 273 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano HAZUS-MH Aggregate Loss Analysis
HAZUS-MH was used to estimate the damages for a 100-year flood event in Shawano County. An estimated 13 buildings will be damaged totaling $9.6 million in building losses and $21 million in total economic losses. The total estimated number of damaged buildings, total building losses, and estimated total economic losses are shown in Table 1.
HAZUS-MH estimates 2 census blocks with losses exceeding $1 million. The distribution of losses is shown in Figure 2.
HAZUS-MH aggregate loss analysis is evenly distributed across a census block. Census blocks of concern should be reviewed in more detail to determine the actual percentage of facilities that fall within the flood hazard areas. The aggregate losses reported in this study may be overstated. Examples are provided in Figure 3.
Table 1: Shawano County Total Economic Loss - 100-Year Flood
Total Estimated Total Damaged Building Total Economic Building Loss General Occupancy Total Buildings Buildings Exposure X Loss X 1000 X 1000 1000
Agricultural 1 0 $57,539 $885 $183 Commercial 97 0 $390,565 $4,418 $1,270 Education 0 0 $28,220 $628 $82 Government 4 0 $28,565 $682 $89 Industrial 24 0 $144,787 $1,726 $493 Religious/Non-Profit 6 0 $67,347 $1,155 $153 Residential 16,452 13 $2,337,410 $11,968 $7,390 Total 16,584 13 $3,054,433 $21,462 $9,660
The reported building counts should be interpreted as degrees of loss rather than as exact numbers of buildings exposed to flooding. These numbers were derived from aggregate building inventories which are assumed to be dispersed evenly across census blocks. HAZUS-MH requires that a predetermined amount of square footage of a typical building sustain damage in order to produce a damaged building count. If only a minimal amount of damage to buildings is predicted, it is possible to see zero damaged building counts while also seeing economicDRAFT losses.
Page 274 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano
Figure 2: Shawano County Total Economic Loss - 100-Year Flood
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Page 275 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano Figure 3a: Flood Damage Exposure in Richmond
Figure 3a shows census blocks overlaid with the flood boundary and orthophoto of Richmond. Census block 551159804002007 has an estimated building loss of $542 thousand with a combined replacement cost of $1.1 million. However, the orthophoto shows that none of the buildings are located within the flood boundary. DRAFT
Page 276 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano
Figure 3b: Flood Damage Exposure in Waukechon
Figure 3b shows census blocks overlaid with the flood boundary and orthophoto of Waukechon. Census block 551159804003042 has an estimated building loss of $290 thousand with a combined replacement cost of $1.1 million. However, the orthophoto shows that no buildings are located within the floodplain boundary. DRAFT
Page 277 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano HAZUS-MH Essential Facility Loss Analysis
Essential facilities encounter the same impacts as other buildings within the flood boundary: structural failure, extensive water damage to the facility, and loss of facility functionality (i.e. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community).
The HAZUS-MH analysis identified no essential facilities that may be subject to flooding. A list of the essential facilities within Shawano County is included in Table 2.
Table 2: Shawano County Essential Facility Loss - 100-Year Flood
At Least At Least Class Building Count Moderate Substantial Loss of Use Damage Damage
Care Facilities 6 0 0 0 EOC 0 0 0 0 Fire Stations 15 0 0 0 Police Stations 13 0 0 0 Schools 29 0 0 0
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Page 278 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano
HAZUS-MH Shelter Requirement Analysis
HAZUS-MH estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the flood and the associated potential evacuation. HAZUS-MH also estimates those displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates 560 households will be displaced due to the flood. Displacement includes households evacuated from within or very near to the inundated area. Of these 164 people (out of a total population of 40,664) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.
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Page 279 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano HAZUS-MH State Property Loss Analysis
The flood boundaries were overlaid with the State of Wisconsin property boundaries as provided by the Department of Natural Resources. Table 3 provides a list of state properties impacted by the flood boundary. Figure 4 shows an example of the inundated areas.
Table 3: Shawano County State Property Flood Inundation
Percent Acres Inundated State Property Inundated
Navarino Wildlife Area 11% 1,561 Lower Wolf River Bottomlands Natural Resource Area 5% 133 Mountain-Bay State Trail 2% 26 Wiouwash State Trail 8% 26 Statewide Spring Ponds 1% 19 Shawano Lake Fishery Area 9% 11
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Page 280 Appendix I: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Shawano
Figure 4: Boundary of 100-Year Flood Overlaid with State of Wisconsin Properties
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Page 281 Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee
Menominee County Vulnerability Report Identify Hazards
A county assessment report was generated for the Menominee Nation-County. The following flood risks were identified.
Menominee County has experienced some flood damage over the last 25 years, mostly attributed to flash flooding in streams and tributaries. Flooding in Keshena is the result of frazzle ice and flooding in Neopit can be contributed to overtopping dams and dam failure with flooding below the dam. No claims have been filed with FEMA under the NFIP program. Zoning ordinances prohibit development in the flood plain.
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HAZUS-MH Hazard Analysis
Flood analysis for Menominee County was performed using HAZUS-MH released in July 2007. The bundled aggregated general building stock was updated to Dun & Bradstreet 2006. Building valuations were updated to R.S. Means 2006. Building counts based on census housing unit counts are available for RES1 (single-family dwellings) and RES2 (manufactured housing) instead of calculated building counts.
The site specific inventory (specifically Schools, Hospitals, Emergency Operation Centers, Fire Stations and Police Stations) was updated using the best available statewide information.
HAZUS-MH was used to generate the flood depth grid for a 100-year return period calculated for 1 square mile drainage areas. The riverine model was determined from a user provided USGS 30m DEM and discharge values obtained from HAZUS-MH.
Figure 1 depicts the flood boundary from the HAZUS-MH analysis. The majority of damages due to flooding occurred along the Wolf River and the West Branch Wolf River.
Figure 1: Menominee County HAZUS-MH Analysis (100-Year Flood)
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Page 283 Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee HAZUS-MH Aggregate Loss Analysis
HAZUS-MH was used to estimate the damages for a 100-year flood event in Menominee County. HAZUS-MH estimates no buildings will be damaged. However, there is an estimated $1.5 million in building losses and $4 million in total economic losses. The estimated number of damaged buildings, total building losses, and estimated total economic losses are shown in Table 1.
HAZUS-MH estimates one census block with losses exceeding $1 million. The distribution of losses is shown in Figure 2.
HAZUS-MH aggregate loss analysis is evenly distributed across a census block. Census blocks of concern should be reviewed in more detail to determine the actual percentage of facilities that fall within the flood hazard areas. The aggregate losses reported in this study may be overstated. Examples are provided in Figure 3.
Table 1: Menominee Total Economic Loss - 100-Year Flood
Total Estimated Total Damaged Building Total Economic Building Loss General Occupancy Total Buildings Buildings Exposure X Loss X 1000 X 1000 1000
Agricultural 0 0 $227 $0 $0 Commercial 4 0 $20,194 $97 $23 Education 0 0 $11,716 $222 $25 Government 1 0 $6,046 $2,337 $434 Industrial 0 0 $3,055 $52 $16 Religious/Non-Profit 1 0 $3,209 $31 $5 Residential 1,999 0 $208,878 $1,543 $946 Total 2,005 0 $253,325 $4,282 $1,449
The reported building counts should be interpreted as degrees of loss rather than as exact numbers of buildings exposed to flooding. These numbers were derived from aggregate building inventories which are assumed to be dispersed evenly across census blocks. HAZUS-MH requires that a predetermined amount of square footage of a typical building sustain damage in order to produce a damaged building count. If only a minimal amount of damage to buildings is predicted, it is possible to see zero damaged building counts while also seeing economicDRAFT losses.
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Figure 2: Menominee Total Economic Loss - 100-Year Flood
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Page 285 Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee Figure 3: Flood Damage Exposure in Menominee
Figure 3a shows census blocks overlaid with the flood boundary and orthophoto of Menominee. Census block 550789701005026 has an estimated building loss of $653 thousand with a combined replacement cost $3 million. HAZUS-MH estimates that 5 buildings are within the calculated flood boundary for this block. Although the orthophoto shows significant flooding in this census block, the majority of buildings are not located within the floodplain boundaries. DRAFT
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HAZUS-MH Essential Facility Loss Analysis
An essential facility would encounter many of the same impacts as any other building within the flood boundary. These impacts include: structural failure, extensive water damage to the facility, and loss of facility functionality (i.e. a damaged police station will no longer be able to serve the community).
The HAZUS-MH analysis identified 1 Fire Station and 2 Schools that may be subject to flooding. A list of the essential facilities within Menominee County is included in Tables 2 and 3. A map of essential facilities potentially at risk to flooding is shown in Figure 4.
Table 2: Menominee Essential Facility Loss - 100-Year Flood
At Least At Least Class Building Count Moderate Substantial Loss of Use Damage Damage
Care Facilities 0 0 0 0 EOC 0 0 0 0 Fire Stations 4 1 0 1 Police Stations 3 0 0 0 Schools 4 2 0 2 Total 11 3 0 3
Table 3: Menominee Damaged Essential Facilities
Facility Name
Neopit Fire Department* Menominee Indian Middle School* Menominee Tribal School*
* Essential Facilities that may be outside of the 100 year flood boundary according to orthophoto interpretation or address verification.
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Page 287 Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee Figure 4: 100-Year Flood Boundary Overlaid with Essential Facilities
Essential facility locations were imported from the best available statewide sources. Some instances have been observed where HAZUS-MH reports a site within the flood plain that cannot be confirmed by the corresponding orthophoto in Figure 4. The essential facility damages reported by HAZUS-MH may be overstated.
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HAZUS-MH Shelter Requirement Analysis
HAZUS-MH estimates the number of households that are expected to be displaced from their homes due to the flood and the associated potential evacuation. HAZUS-MH also estimates those displaced people that will require accommodations in temporary public shelters. The model estimates 58 households will be displaced due to the flood. Displacement includes households evacuated from within or very near to the inundated area. Of these 33 people (out of a total population of 4,562) will seek temporary shelter in public shelters.
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Page 289 Appendix J: Flood Mitigation Supporting Documentation - Menominee HAZUS-MH State Property Loss Analysis
The flood boundaries were overlaid with the State of Wisconsin property boundaries as provided by the Department of Natural Resources. HAZUS-MH estimates that no state properties lie within the calculated flood boundary for Menominee County.
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Appendix K: Community Input
Shawano and Menominee Counties believe in the importance of gathering public input from interested parties in the community. To achieve this goal, the Emergency Management Departments took every opportunity available to use various methods to publicize the opportunity for people to participate in the planning process and to gather input from interested parties. The table that follows outlines the major opportunities that were created to discuss the plan. The table includes dates of workgroup meetings, meetings with public officials, and media opportunities.
DATE SUMMARY OF OPPORTUNITY
April-May, Surveys, with cover letters, sent to all municipalities (cities, villages, 2015 towns). Brochure put out in public locations in both counties.
5/4/2015 Press release sent to all local media sharing information about the hazard mitigation planning process and an invitation for community participation
Was posted on the Shawano County social media and on the Shawano County Emergency Management webpage as well as posted to the Shawano County Leader online newspaper.
5/12/2015 First workgroup meeting (note, this was a joint meeting held with representatives of both counties)
5/21/2015 Shawano County Towns Association Meeting – plan update project was presented to all of the elected leaders from the towns along with an invitation to participate and solicitation of project ideas.
6/2/2015 Second workgroup meeting (Shawano in morning, Menominee in afternoon)
7/7/2015 Discuss the PDM plan update at the Shawano County LEPC meeting.
7/22/2015 Third workgroup meeting (Shawano in morning, Menominee in afternoon)
7/23/2015 Shawano County Fire Chiefs’ Association Meeting - plan update project was presented to all of the area fire chiefs along with an DRAFTinvitation to participate and solicitation of project ideas. Chiefs relayed several ideas that were incorporated into the plan.
12/1/2015 Fourth workgroup meeting (Shawano in morning, Menominee in afternoon)
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Final press release alerting the public to the completion of the plan and its availability for review and comment.
Provide final information and adoption paperwork to municipalities.
Release Legal Public Notice regarding the plan availability for public review and comment.
Invite contiguous county emergency management directors to review and comment on the plan.
Plan adoption meetings at Shawano and Menominee Counties and each municipality (i.e., city, village, town). Wisconsin state law requires that these meetings have agendas that are posted for public review prior to the open meetings.
One of the main ways people were made aware of the plan was the publication of a brochure (following) that was widely distributed in the public buildings around the community. The purpose of this brochure was to provide a general overview of the mitigation planning process, the impetus for planning and the scope of the final result.
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Shawano County Meeting
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Menominee County Meeting
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SHAWANO COUNTY NATURAL HAZARDS PREPAREDNESS & MITIGATION QUESTIONNAIRE
1. In the past five years, has your community experienced a natural disaster such as a severe windstorm, flood, wildfire, earthquake, etc.? o No (If NO, skip to Question 2) o Villages of Aniwa and Tigerton o Towns of Birnamwood, Fairbanks, Hartland, Lessor, Maple Grove, Morris, and Pella
If YES, which of these natural disasters occurred? (Please check all that apply.) When event last occurred: More than Event Within past 1-5 years 5-15 years 15 years Never year ago ago ago Drought T. Wittenberg V. Mattoon T. Angelica V. Pulaski T. Wescott T. Grant T. Belle Plaine T. Richmond T. Green Valley T. Washington T. Navarino Dust Storm V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Earthquake V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Flood V. Wittenberg V. Mattoon V. Pulaski V. Eland T. Bartelme V. Wittenberg V. Wittenberg V. Wittenberg T. Belle Plaine T. Green Valley T. Richmond T. Angelica T. Grant T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wescott Dam Failure V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine DRAFTT. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Wildland Fire V. Mattoon V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Angelica (grass/forest) T. Wescott T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Bartelme T. Wittenberg T. Washington T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley Extreme Heat V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Bartelme Page 310 Appendix K: Community Input
When event last occurred: More than Event Within past 1-5 years 5-15 years 15 years Never year ago ago ago T. Navarino T. Angelica T. Belle Plaine T. Wescott T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Washington Extreme Cold V. Bowler V. Bowler V. Pulaski T. Bartelme V. Mattoon V. Mattoon T. Angelica T. Belle Plaine V. Wittenberg T. Navarino T. Grant T. Wescott T. Green Valley T. Washington Hail T. Angelica V. Mattoon V. Mattoon T. Bartelme T. Wescott T. Navarino V. Pulaski T. Belle Plaine T. Richmond T. Green Valley T. Grant T. Richmond T. Washington Lightning V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Bowler V. Mattoon T. Bartelme T. Navarino T. Green Valley V. Mattoon T. Green Valley T. Grant T. Wescott T. Navarino V. Pulaski T. Navarino T. Washington T. Richmond T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond Wind Events V. Pulaski V. Mattoon V. Mattoon T. Grant (tornado/ T. Angelica V. Wittenberg T. Green Valley T. Green Valley T. Green Valley T. Bartelme T. Washington T. Richmond derecho) T. Belle Plaine T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Wescott Thunderstor V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Mattoon V. Mattoon T. Grant m V. Mattoon T. Bartelme T. Green Valley T. Green Valley V. Pulaski T. Green Valley T. Richmond T. Washington T. Angelica T. Richmond T. Washington T. Green Valley T. Washington T. Washington T. Wittenberg T. Wescott Winter Storm V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Mattoon V. Mattoon T. Green Valley (ice/snow) V. Mattoon T. Belle Plaine T. Green Valley T. Bartelme V. Pulaski T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Green Valley T. Angelica T. Navarino T. Washington T. Navarino T. Grant T. Washington T. Washington T. Green Valley T. Wittenberg T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wescott Utility Failure V. Bowler V. Bowler T. Green Valley T. Green Valley T. Grant T. Angelica Mattoon T. Washington T. Richmond T. Bartelme V. Pulaski T. Washington T. Green Valley V. Wittenberg T. Navarino T. Green Valley T. Washington T. Navarino T. Wescott T. Richmond T. Washington Cyber Attack V. Wittenberg V. Eland V. Mattoon T. Angelica DRAFTT. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Washington T. Wescott
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When event last occurred: More than Event Within past 1-5 years 5-15 years 15 years Never year ago ago ago Hazardous V. Pulaski T. Washington V. Mattoon Materials T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Wescott Biological V. Mattoon Hazards/ V. Pulaski T. Angelica Epidemics T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wescott Structure V. Mattoon V. Mattoon V. Mattoon V. Eland T. Bartelme Fires T. Angelica V. Pulaski T. Green Valley V. Mattoon T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Belle Plaine T. Navarino T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Green Valley T. Richmond T. Navarino T. Washington T. Navarino T. Washington T. Washington T. Wescott T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wittenberg Invasive T. Angelica V. Bowler T. Green Valley T. Washington V. Pulaski Species T. Green Valley V. Mattoon T. Washington T. Bartelme T. Washington T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Wescott T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wittenberg Contaminate V. Bowler V. Mattoon V. Pulaski d Water T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine Supply T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Washington Radiological T. Angelica V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington DRAFTT. Wescott
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2. For which of the following natural disasters do you think your community is at risk? (Check the appropriate box for each hazard.) Extremely Very Somewhat Concerned Not Concerned Event Concerned Concerned Concerned Drought T. Angelica V. Bowler V. Aniwa T. Birnamwood V. Mattoon V. Eland T. Grant T. Hartland V. Pulaski T. Richmond T. Washington V. Tigerton T. Wescott T. Bartelme T. Wittenberg T. Belle Plaine T. Green Valley T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Navarino Dust V. Aniwa Storm V. Bowler V. Eland V. Mattoon V. Pulaski V. Tigerton T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Birnamwood T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Hartland T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Earthquak V. Tigerton V. Aniwa e V. Bowler V. Eland V. Mattoon T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Hartland T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington DRAFTT. Wescott Flood V. Mattoon V. Eland V. Bowler V. Aniwa V. Pulaski T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine V. Tigerton T. Grant T. Birnamwood V. Wittenberg T. Green Valley T. Lessor T. Angelica T. Hartland T. Maple Grove T. Wescott T. Richmond T. Morris T. Washington T. Navarino Page 313 of 326 Appendix K: Community Input
Extremely Very Somewhat Concerned Not Concerned Event Concerned Concerned Concerned Dam V. Eland T. Washington V. Aniwa Failure V. Tigerton T. Wescott V. Bowler T. Richmond V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Angelica T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine T. Birnamwood T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Hartland T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Navarino Wildland V. Mattoon V. Eland V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine Fire V. Tigerton V. Pulaski V. Bowler T. Grant T. Wescott V. Wittenberg T. Birnamwood T. Lessor (grass/fore T. Angelica T. Green Valley T. Maple Grove st) T. Bartelme T. Hartland T. Morris T. Navarino T. Wittenberg T. Richmond T. Washington Extreme V. Mattoon V. Pulaski V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine Heat V. Tigerton V. Bowler T. Grant T. Angelica V. Eland T. Green Valley T. Birnamwood T. Bartelme T. Hartland T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Lessor T. Washington T. Maple Grove T. Wescott T. Morris Extreme V. Bowler V. Mattoon V. Pulaski V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine Cold V. Tigerton T. Angelica V. Eland T. Grant T. Wescott T. Birnamwood T. Bartelme T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Washington T. Hartland T. Richmond T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris Hail T. Wescott V. Mattoon V. Aniwa V. Eland V. Pulaski V. Bowler T. Belle Plaine V. Tigerton T. Bartelme T. Grant T. Angelica T. Green Valley T. Lessor T. Birnamwood T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Hartland T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington Lightning V. Mattoon V. Pulaski V. Aniwa V. Eland T. Wescott V. Tigerton V. Bowler T. Belle Plaine V. Wittenberg T. Green Valley T. Birnamwood T. Angelica T. Maple Grove T. Grant T. Bartelme T. Navarino T. Lessor T. Hartland T. Washington T. Morris T. Richmond Wind V. Pulaski V. Mattoon V. Aniwa V. Eland T. Belle Plaine Events V. Tigerton T. Richmond V. Bowler T. Birnamwood T. Lessor T. Wescott V. Wittenberg T. Grant (tornado/ DRAFTT. Angelica T. Green Valley derecho) T. Bartelme T. Morris T. Hartland T. Maple Grove T. Navarino T. Washington Thunderst V. Pulaski T. Wescott V. Aniwa V. Bowler V. Eland orm V. Mattoon T. Bartelme T. Belle Plaine Page 314 Appendix F: Community Input
Extremely Very Somewhat Concerned Not Concerned Event Concerned Concerned Concerned V. Tigerton T. Green Valley T. Birnamwood T. Angelica T. Hartland T. Grant T. Richmond T. Maple Grove T. Lessor T. Washington T. Navarino T. Morris T. Wittenberg Winter V. Pulaski V. Mattoon V. Aniwa V. Eland T. Belle Plaine Storm T. Wescott V. Bowler T. Birnamwood T. Lessor V. Tigerton T. Grant T. Morris (ice/snow) T. Angelica T. Green Valley T. Bartelme T. Wittenberg T. Hartland T. Maple Grove T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington Utility T. Angelica V. Mattoon V. Bowler V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine Failure T. Wescott V. Pulaski V. Wittenberg V. Eland T. Grant V. Tigerton T. Bartelme T. Green Valley T. Lessor T. Birnamwood T. Richmond T. Morris T. Navarino T. Hartland T. Maple Grove T. Washington Cyber T. Angelica V. Mattoon V. Bowler V. Aniwa Attack V. Pulaski V. Tigerton V. Eland V. Wittenberg T. Richmond T. Bartelme T. Hartland T. Belle Plaine T. Birnamwood T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wescott Hazardous V. Mattoon V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine Materials V. Pulaski V. Bowler T. Birnamwood V. Tigerton T. Angelica T. Grant V. Wittenberg T. Bartelme T. Lessor T. Hartland T. Green Valley T. Morris T. Maple Grove T. Washington T. Navarino T. Wescott T. Richmond Biological V. Tigerton V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine Hazards/ V. Wittenberg V. Bowler T. Birnamwood T. Angelica V. Mattoon T. Grant Epidemics T. Hartland V. Pulaski T. Lessor T. Bartelme T. Morris T. Green Valley T. Navarino T. Maple Grove T. Richmond T. Washington DRAFTT. Wescott
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Extremely Very Somewhat Concerned Not Concerned Event Concerned Concerned Concerned Structure T. Navarino V. Mattoon V. Aniwa V. Bowler T. Belle Plaine Fires V. Pulaski V. Wittenberg V. Eland T. Birnamwood V. Tigerton T. Bartelme T. Grant T. Lessor T. Angelica T. Hartland T. Green Valley T. Morris T. Maple Grove T. Wittenberg T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Invasive T. Wescott V. Bowler V. Aniwa V. Eland Species V. Mattoon V. Tigerton V. Pulaski T. Angelica T. Grant T. Belle Plaine T. Bartelme T. Hartland T. Green Valley T. Birnamwood T. Maple Grove T. Lessor T. Washington T. Richmond T. Morris T. Wittenberg T. Navarino
Contamina V. Tigerton V. Mattoon V. Bowler V. Aniwa T. Belle Plaine ted Water T. Angelica V. Pulaski V. Eland T. Grant T. Bartelme T. Green Valley T. Hartland Supply T. Birnamwood T. Wescott T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Richmond T. Navarino T. Washington Radiologic T. Angelica V. Bowler V. Aniwa al V. Mattoon V. Pulaski V. Tigerton T. Bartelme T. Richmond T. Belle Plaine T. Washington T. Birnamwood T. Grant T. Green Valley T. Hartland T. Lessor T. Maple Grove T. Morris T. Navarino T. Wescott
3. Has your community had damage to facilities or infrastructure (e.g., roads, public buildings, utilities?)
Villages . V. Aniwa: No . V. Eland: The only damage we have had was from trees coming down during storms. . V. Mattoon: Flooding into sewer system causing pump overload; road washout; frozen water supply pipes – broken water mains; back-up generator for sewage lift station hit by lightning causing failure . V. Tigerton: Not that I am aware of . V. Wittenberg:DRAFT During 2010 wind storm and twice with lightning strikes
Towns . T. Angelica: Power lines down; spring road breakup; road washouts . T. Bartelme: No . T. Grant: No Page 316 Appendix F: Community Input
. T. Hartland: N/A . T. Lessor: No . T. Maple Grove: None . T. Navarino: Storm damage; trees down on power lines, buildings, and roads (summer and winter) . T. Pella: Fortunately, we have not had any damage that was widespread. There is always probability of summer storm damage from wind, hail, etc., but each situation that may arise is dealt with as expediently as possible with the help of our fire department, EMS volunteers, and local residents. . T. Richmond: None other than culvert failures . T. Wescott: Yes
4. What facilities or infrastructure in your community do you think are especially vulnerable to damage during a natural disaster?
Villages . V. Aniwa: Power service . V. Bowler: Water and wastewater . V. Mattoon: Municipal water supply and sewage lift station; power line supplying town and local substations; natural gas line . V. Pulaski: Flooding – apartment buildings, structures along river banks/creeks . V. Tigerton: Schools
Towns . T. Angelica: Utilities; bridges/culverts; roads . T. Birnamwood: None . T. Fairbanks: Emergency services, utilities . T. Grant: Dam, bridges, roads . T. Green Valley: Green Valley Sanitary . T. Hartland: Poorly built structures (we are a rural community with very little businesses and public structures) . T. Lessor: Roads . T. Maple Grove: None . T.DRAFT Navarino: Fire station; public town halls, churches . T. Pella: In 2014 we had unusually high water in the Pella Pond. In the last 5 years, our dam has had major structure upgrades so that it withstood the heavy flow of water very well. We recently upgraded the motor to facilitate easier lowering and opening of dam gates. There are
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no residences affected by flood waters below the dam. Residents on the pond might have docks flooded but no danger to dwellings. . T. Richmond: Town Board is concerned about possible dam failure in Gresham (two dams) on Red River . T. Wescott: Homes, roadways, culverts, utilities, computer information loss, municipal office (especially records), municipal equipment
5. How important do you think each of the following projects are in mitigating (i.e., lessening the impacts of) a natural disaster in your community?
Somewhat Not Very Not Project Very Important Neutral Important Important Important Protecting private V. Bowler V. Aniwa V. Mattoon property V. Tigerton V. Eland T. Bartelme V. Wittenberg V. Pulaski T. Grant T. Angelica T. Fairbanks T. Green Valley T. Birnamwood T. Hartland T. Maple Grove T. Lessor T. Wescott T. Morris T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington Protecting critical V. Bowler T. Green Valley T. Bartelme V. Aniwa (N/A) facilities V. Mattoon T. Fairbanks V. Eland V. Pulaski T. Grant T. Morris (hospitals, fire V. Tigerton T. Hartland stations, etc.) V. Wittenberg T. Maple Grove T. Angelica T. Lessor T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Preventing T. Lessor V. Bowler V. Pulaski V. Aniwa V. Eland development in T. Navarino V. Mattoon V. Wittenberg T. Grant T. Morris V. Tigerton T. Fairbanks T. Hartland hazard areas T. Angelica T. Maple Grove T. Bartelme T. Wescott T. Green Valley T. Richmond T. Washington Enhancing the V. Bowler V. Mattoon V. Pulaski T. Fairbanks V. Aniwa function of V. Eland T. Bartelme V. Tigerton T. Grant T. Morris V. Wittenberg T. Birnamwood T. Hartland natural features T. Angelica T. Green Valley T. Maple Grove (streams, T. Lessor T. Richmond wetlands) T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wescott Protecting V. Bowler T. Angelica V. Mattoon V. Aniwa T. Maple Grove historical and V. Eland T. Green Valley V. Pulaski T. Fairbanks V.DRAFT Wittenberg V. Tigerton cultural T. Lessor T. Bartelme landmarks T. Navarino T. Grant T. Washington T. Hartland T. Morris T. Richmond T. Wescott
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Somewhat Not Very Not Project Very Important Neutral Important Important Important Promoting V. Bowler V. Aniwa T. Bartelme cooperation V. Pulaski V. Eland T. Fairbanks V. Tigerton V. Mattoon T. Grant among public V. Wittenberg T. Birnamwood T. Maple Grove agencies, T. Angelica T. Green Valley T. Morris citizens, non- T. Hartland T. Washington profit T. Lessor T. Wescott T. Navarino T. Wittenberg organizations T. Richmond and businesses Protecting and V. Bowler V. Aniwa T. Morris T. Grant reducing damage V. Eland V. Tigerton V. Mattoon T. Bartelme to utilities V. Pulaski T. Birnamwood V. Wittenberg T. Fairbanks T. Angelica T. Hartland T. Green Valley T. Maple Grove T. Lessor T. Wittenberg T. Navarino T. Richmond T. Washington T. Wescott Strengthening V. Bowler T. Bartelme V. Aniwa T. Grant emergency V. Eland T. Green Valley T. Birnamwood V. Mattoon T. Maple Grove T. Morris services V. Pulaski T. Richmond V. Tigerton T. Wittenberg V. Wittenberg T. Angelica T. Fairbanks T. Hartland T. Lessor T. Navarino T. Washington T. Wescott
6. What ideas do you have for your community to mitigate natural disasters?
Villages . V. Aniwa: None . V. Bowler: Have emergency plans in place . V. Eland: Have newly built structures constructed on higher ground . V. Mattoon: Improve storm ditches/drainage along roadways; need back-up generator for municipal water supply . DRAFT V. Pulaski: N/A . V. Tigerton: Work with Shawano County to develop plans and mutual aid for any future event that might occur
Towns . T. Grant: None Page 319 of 326 Appendix K: Community Input
. T. Hartland: Having ample warnings along with the assistance of public safety personnel . T. Lessor: None – there is not enough money in any budget . T. Navarino: Establish a shelter, food, and water supply and first aid at one of several preplanned locations; start a door-to-door sweep of the affected areas; take accountability of the communities; notify proper authorities (Emergency Management); call for additional resources if needed . T. Pella: We have purchased a generator that is large enough to power our fire department building and the town hall in case power is out. The fire department would be able to open overhead doors and easily activate their equipment. This could be used to power the dam gates and/or out dry hydrant for fire department use. Our fire department volunteers train to spot storms and train for fire protection whether in residential, farm-related, wooded areas, etc. We have the use of the brush truck for the fire department also. Our EMS personnel are highly trained along with fire department personnel for emergencies that arise in our township. . T. Richmond: Identify and plan for possible dam failure on Red River; possible wind shelter for mobile home park (Richmond Estates) in town . T. Wescott: Implement a community readiness plan
7. Do you have any community building projects (e.g., subdivisions, office/industrial parks, roads) slated to be built in the near future? If so, please describe it (e.g., project name, location, type, size)?
Villages . V. Aniwa: No . V. Bowler: Bowler Pond retaining wall project . V. Eland: The village is looking into the possibility of either building a new village hall or refurbishing the current one. . V. Mattoon: Not at this time . V. Pulaski: All new construction is taking place in Brown County (hotel, CBRF, residential homes, apartment complex) . V. Tigerton: None at this time . V. Wittenberg: CTH M will be done this summer, including roadway, sidewalls,DRAFT curb and gutter, and new downtown lighting
Towns . T. Angelica: None . T. Grant: No . T. Green Valley: Rebuilding roads
Page 320 Appendix F: Community Input
. T. Hartland: N/A . T. Maple Grove: None . T. Morris: No . T. Navarino: None at this time; normal road repairs . T. Pella: We have none of the above in the works at this time, other than our usual business of trying to upgrade 1-1/2 to 2 miles of our roadways each year. This would include replacing culverts as needed, downing and trimming trees that might come into contact with power lines, and helping for clearing roads of snow and ice in the winter. . T. Richmond: None at this time . T. Wescott: No
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Appendix L: Inter-Revision Updates
This plan will undergo major revisions every five years per the FEMA requirements. Shawano and Menominee Counties have recognized that there may be information that should be added to the plan between the five-year updates but that the costs of continuous updates, printing and distribution can be excessive. This section is designed to hold that information that is gathered between the five year updates. It is felt that only having to reproduce and distribute one section between updates will lessen the overall plan maintenance costs.
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