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Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape

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Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape Chapter 13 Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape Where to Find the Publication The Ecological Landscapes of Wisconsin publication is available online, in CD format, and in limited quantities as a hard copy. Individual chapters are available for download in PDF format through the Wisconsin DNR website (http://dnr.wi.gov/, keyword “landscapes”). The introductory chapters (Part 1) and supporting materials (Part 3) should be downloaded along with individual ecological landscape chapters in Part 2 to aid in understanding and using the ecological landscape chapters. In addition to containing the full chapter of each ecological landscape, the website highlights key information such as the ecological landscape at a glance, Species of Greatest Conservation Need, natural community management opportunities, general management opportunities, and ecological landscape and Landtype Association maps (Appendix K of each ecological landscape chapter). These web pages are meant to be dynamic and were designed to work in close association with materials from the Wisconsin Wildlife Action Plan as well as with information on Wisconsin’s natural communities from the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory Program. If you have a need for a CD or paper copy of this book, you may request one from Dreux Watermolen, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707. Photos (L to R): Bald Eagle, photo by Herbert Lange; gray wolf, photo by John and Karen Hollingsworth, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; Kirtland’s Warbler, photo by Dean DiTomasso; Northern blue butterfly, photo by Mike Reese; nestling Red-shouldered Hawks, photo by Jim Woodford, Wisconsin DNR. Suggested Citation Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-SS-1131 2015, Madison. Suggested Citation for This Chapter Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Chapter 13, Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, PUB-SS- 1131O 2015, Madison. Cover Photos Top left: Wisconsin Endangered northern blue butterfly inhabits bracken grasslands in northeastern Wisconsin. Photo by Mike Reese. Bottom left: Mature forest dominated by northern white-cedar near the Peshtigo River in Marinette County. Spring runs and seepages are present, and this stand features a diverse understory. The individual depicted is former district ecologist Pat Robinson. Photo by Eric Epstein, Wisconsin DNR. Top right: The steep-sided corridor of the Peshtigo River is flanked by an older dry-mesic conifer- hardwood forest of pine, spruce, fir, maple, and oak. Photo by Eric Epstein, Wisconsin DNR. Bottom right: Rolling outwash sands support Bracken Grassland and Pine Barrens vegetation. Herb- dominated openings are interspersed with small scattered groves of jack pine. Spread Eagle Barrens, Florence County. Photo by Eric Epstein, Wisconsin DNR. Contents Emmet Judziewicz Emmet Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape at a Glance ............................................. vii Introduction ................................................................................. 1 General Description and Overview ............................................................ 3 Environment and Ecology .................................................................... 3 Physical Environment ........................................................................ 3 Size ..................................................................................... 3 Climate .................................................................................. 3 Bedrock Geology ........................................................................... 4 Landforms and Surficial Geology ............................................................... 5 Topography and Elevation .................................................................... 7 Soils .................................................................................... 7 Hydrology ................................................................................ 8 Biotic Environment .......................................................................... 13 Vegetation and Land Cover ................................................................... 13 Flora .................................................................................... 18 Fauna ................................................................................... 20 Natural and Human Disturbances .............................................................. 28 Management Opportunities for Important Ecological Features of the Northeast Sands ......... 32 Extensive Forests ........................................................................... 33 Forest Communities of High Importance to the Conservation of Biodiversity .......................... 35 Barrens and Bracken Grasslands ............................................................... 36 River and Stream Corridors ................................................................... 37 Bedrock Features ........................................................................... 38 Miscellaneous Natural Features ............................................................... 38 Socioeconomic Characteristics ................................................................ 39 History of Human Settlement and Resource Use ................................................. 39 American Indian Settlement .................................................................. 39 Euro-American Contact and Settlement ......................................................... 39 Early Agriculture ........................................................................... 39 Early Mining .............................................................................. 40 Early Transportation and Access................................................................ 40 Early Logging Era .......................................................................... 41 Resource Characterization and Use ............................................................. 41 The Land ................................................................................. 42 Minerals ................................................................................. 42 O-iii Water (Ground and Surface) .................................................................. 42 Recreation ............................................................................... 42 Agriculture ............................................................................... 44 Timber .................................................................................. 45 Infrastructure ............................................................................. 46 Current Socioeconomic Conditions ............................................................. 48 Demography .............................................................................. 48 The Economy ............................................................................. 50 Integrated Opportunities for Management ................................................... 53 Appendices Appendix 13.A. Watershed Water Quality Summary for the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape ............... 55 Appendix 13.B. Forest Habitat Types in the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape ........................... 56 Appendix 13.C. The Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) Table of Rare Species and Natural Community Occurrences (Plus a Few Miscellaneous Features Tracked by the NHI Program) for the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape in November 2009 ......................................................................... 57 Appendix 13.D. Number of Species with Special Designations Documented within the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape, 2009 ................................................................... 62 Appendix 13.E. Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SGCN) Found in the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape ... 63 Appendix 13.F. Natural Communities for Which There Are Management Opportunities in the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape ........................................................................ 65 Appendix 13.G. Public Conservation Lands in the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape, 2005 .................. 66 Appendix 13.H. Land Legacy Places in the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape and Their Ecological and Recreational Significance ................................................................. 67 Appendix 13.I. Importance of Economic Sectors within the Northeast Sands Counties Compared to the Rest of the State ...................................................................... 68 Appendix 13.J. Scientific Names of Species Mentioned in the Text ........................................ 69 Appendix 13.K. Maps of Important Physical, Ecological, and Aquatic Features within the Northeast Sands Ecological Landscape ........................................................................ 73 Literature Cited .............................................................................. 74 Additional References ........................................................................ 76 O-iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 13.1. Two Possible Sequences of Events in the Development of Outwash Heads during the Wasting
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