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Evolution of Typography

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Evolution of Typography 1. 2. 4. 7. From the origins c. 3150 B.C.: The earliest c. 3000 B.C.: Cuneiform, a c. 2400 B.C.: False-door stele c. 1570-1349 B.C.: of writing written documents are very early writing system, inscribed with hieroglyphic Polychromed wood sculpture to Gutenberg's impressed clay tablets from consisting of wedge-shaped writing, from Old Kingdom from New Kingdom Egypt, invention of Sumer. The signs represent marks on clay tablets, was Egypt. with hieroglyphic inscriptions. movable type: clay tokens, which were used invented by the Sumerians. 5. 8. 3150 B.C.-A.D. 1450 for record keeping before the c. 2100 B.C.: Cuneiform tablet c. 1450 B.C.: Detail, The Book invention of writing. 2500 B.C.: Egyptians begin to listing expenditures of grain ofthe Dead of Tuthmosis III, make papyrus, a new writing and animals. hieroglyphic writing on Note: Picture credits and material derived from the 6. papyrus. further descriptive stems ofthe papyrus plant. c. 1800-1400 B.C.: information for timeline 3. Stonehenge, a megalithic illustrations start on c. 2600 B.C.: Completion of monument of thirty-foot­ page 302. the pyramids at Giza, Egypt. tall stones set into circular patterns. c. 3150 B.C. 3. 2. 4. 6. 7. 2 9. 10. 13. 14. c. 1500 B.C.: The twenty-two 389 B.C.: Inscription in the 414-413 B.C.: Fragment of a c. 50 B C.-A.D. 500: Roman 150: The Roman codex, with characters of the Phoenician Phoenician alphabet on a frag­ Greek record of sale, carved square capitals (capita/is folded pages, begins to be alphabet. ment of a marble bowl. on stone. quadrata) were carefully writ­ used alongside the rolled 11. ten with a flat pen. scroll. c. 800 B.C.: Homer writes the Fourth century B.C.: Greek c. 160 B.C.: Parchment, a new 16. Iliad and Odyssey. manuscript writing. writing material made from c. A.D. 33: Crucifixion of Christ. c. 100-600: Roman rustic 12. animal skins, is developed in 15. writing (capitalis rustica) 540 B.C.: The first public 448-432 B.C.: The Parthenon, the Greek state of Pergamum. c. 79: Brush writing from a conserved space by using library is established in temple of the goddess wall at Pompeii, preserved by more condensed letters Athens, Greece. Athena, on the Acropolis in 44 B.C.: Julius Caesar is the volcanic eruption of written with a flat pen held in Athens, Greece. murdered. Vesuvius. an almost vertical position. 105: Ts'ai Lun invents paper in China. c. 1500 B.C. 9. "~~J r'All~NAr(f' ·r ,.., , AffN E-t'- f'I ,.., (J ~f1'( IMrt",O(4.cA 11. 13. • MARTISQ:DOLO 12. 14. 15. CON~!~'~Ntr~lX sLN M~Nl f)\l S\l! STAl "\J11"OAS1~MMACNa 16. 3 17. 19. 22. 118-25: The Pantheon, Rome. 312-315: Arch of Constantine, c. 400-1400: During the 476: Emperor Romulus Third-ninth centuries: Half­ 18. Rome. Carved into marble, thousand-year medieval era, Augustulus, last ruler of the uncials, a lettering style of the Undated: The fluid gestural monumental Roman capitals knowledge and learning are western Roman Empire. is Christian Church, introduces quality, harmonious survived the thousand-year kept alive in the Christian deposed by the Ostrogoths. pronounced ascenders and proportions, and beautiful Dark Ages. monastery, where manuscript 20. descenders. forms of Roman writing are books are lettered in the 533-49: Church of San!' 23. effectively translated into the 325: Emperor Constantine scriptoria. Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna. Sixth-ninth centuries: Insular permanent stone carving of adopts Christianity as the state 21. majuscules, a formal style monumental capitals (capita/is religion of the Roman Empire. 452: Attila the Hun invades Third-sixth centuries: Uncials with exaggerated serifs, was monumentalis). and ravages northern Italy. are rounded, freely drawn developed by Irish monks majuscule letters, first used by from the half-uncials. the Greeks as early as the third century B.C. A.D. 118 Olu~~"bquequ~O""lU I SCOr-lSCI (YlIT~TJS1'lOSTJt~eTRepJ()~T'O OluRCUme""Flbeu:,eSTU'NCIT 21. IUO~<U.J"Orcn:> 22. rrntnum quod~ 23. 4 27. 29. 31. 732: The Battle of Tours ends 868: The earliest extant printed Eighth-twelfth centuries: Eleventh-twelfth centuries: Thirteenth-fifteenth centuries: the Muslim advance into manuscript, the Diamond Caroline minuscules became Early Gothic lettering, a Gothic Textura Quadrata, or Europe. Surra, is printed in China. the standard throughout transitional style between Textura, the late Gothic style 25. Europe after Charlemagne Caroline minuscules and with rigorous verticality and 800: Charlemagne is crowned Tenth century: High Cross at issued his reform decree of Textura, has an increased compressed forms. emperor of the Holy Roman Kells, Meath County, Ireland. 796, calling for a uniform vertical emphasis. Empire by Pope Leo III. 26. writing style. 30. 1347-1351: First wave of the 24. c. Eleventh century: Round Twelfth century: Bronze and Black Death, a plague that c. 800: Portrait of Christ from tower on the Rock of Cashel, 1034: Pi Sheng invents copper crucifix from northern decimates the European The Book of Kells, a Celtic Tipperary County, Ireland, a movable type in China. Italy. population. manuscript. lookout and refuge against 32. Viking invaders. 1096-1099: The First Crusade. 1215: The Magna Carta grants Thirteenth century: Byzantine 28. constitutional liberties in School, Madonna and Child 1163-1250: Construction of England. on a Curved Throne. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. A.D. 732 no1lro qtttfrtttUttm!lnluum tr agno. fr 0tt1tl$tlttgIi tbllllnrf ttttttmtmront lttatmtnnatu2tt ttttltUrltttm dtcttm9.amm,&t 24. dtmo1chlnmslfttptntna1gUt ntm aatO.lUn011UtnU91fomm lU ttonfo tn!ttttfcIOlttm.amR=1 ~ qUt~(Urerr 25. early gothic 29. 28. 32. 5 33. 39. Thirteenth-fifteenth centuries: 1431: Jeanne d'Arc is burned c. 1450: Johann Gutenberg Woodblock print of the hand­ Rotunda, a more rounded at the stake. invents movable type in printing press, with Gothic leller, flourished in 36. Mainz, Germany. compositors selling type from southern Europe. Fifteenth century: First page 38. a typecase in the background. 34. of a block-book, Apocalypse. c. 1450-55: Page from 40. Fourteenth century: Lippo Woodblock printing probably Gutenberg's 42-line Bible, the The cathedral in the medieval Memmi, Saint John the appeared in Europe before first European typographic city of Mainz, Germany. Baptist. 1400. book. 35. 37. 1420-36: Filippo Brunelleschi, 1440-45: Fra Filippo Lippi, dome of Florence Cathedral. Madonna and Child. c.12oo 34. 37. 38. ltotunba 33. 40. 36. 6 42. 45. 47. Typography from 1450-1500: Books printed in 1467: Sweynheym and c. 1485: Filippino Lippi, Portrait c. 1494: Scholar and printer Gutenberg to the the first half-<:entury of Pannartz, the first Roman-style ofa Youth. Aldus Manutius established nineteenth century: typographic printing are called type, influenced by Roman 46. the Aldine Press in Venice to A.D. 145~1800 Incunabula. inscriptional capitals and 1486: Erhard Ratdolt, the publish works by the great manuscripts written in earliest known specimen sheet Greek and Roman thinkers. The humanist philosophy 41. Caroline minuscules. of printing types. 48. that flowered during the 1465: Sweynheym and 43. 1495: Francesco Griffo (punch Renaissance embraced the Pannartz, the first type 1470: Nicolas Jenson, early 1492: Christopher Columbus cutter for Aldus Manutius), study of classical literature, a designed in Italy. It had some Venetian roman typeface. lands in America. roman type first used in De belief in human dignity and Roman features. 44. aetna by Pietro Bembo. worth, a spirit of individual­ 1475: William Caxton, ism, and a shift from religious typography from the first book to secular concerns. printed in the English language. 1450 bat dlt ihd"US:~quom pmu aufes UOWlrtt mOlfcs figura prcnams fufTle tii md'um UOWlri: ur dwc milinf dda1us rfi'" aducrfus amaltcb qui oppug.­ nabantfilios ifaabd:u adurrfartU ddxUarer ~ nois figumm:" popU{U in 41. em fenfum femlcafquencur. canq lUI ad cogttc1ndum rbeda 3l quadngtfopufeec.Democnwrquarl In puceo quoc1am fic alto uc funduffic nulIuf: uerlcacem Mcere demerfam mmIrum n-ulce 42. ab omnlpotcnti deo miiTus deus uerbum quafi lucisifi cun&s annuciat.Non hincaut altundc:fed undiqJ cun ad deum uerum:grxcos fimul et barbaros omnein [exu 43. - 1ft tgeforme ofPfl-ouSfoU9 1bOJ.[bz/ Att:'b of d}c JiOtttJ &rng attbz lYfBttrng atJ Uldf ~ tf}~ t'Op C"g(O..~ anbz fmutt~ a9 ",aft' ot{}cr pOtQ!6 "tJ 44. 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