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KURUTMA VE HAŞLAMA İŞLEMLERİNİN Holothuria Forskali (Delle Chiaje, 1823)'NİN BESİN BİLEŞENLERİNE ETKİSİ

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KURUTMA VE HAŞLAMA İŞLEMLERİNİN Holothuria Forskali (Delle Chiaje, 1823)'NİN BESİN BİLEŞENLERİNE ETKİSİ ORIGINAL ARTICLE/ORİJİNAL ÇALIŞMA FULL PAPER TAM MAKALE KURUTMA VE HAŞLAMA İŞLEMLERİNİN Holothuria forskali (Delle Chiaje, 1823)’NİN BESİN BİLEŞENLERİNE ETKİSİ Şengül BİLGİN, Levent İZCİ Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Doğu Kampüsü, Isparta /Türkiye Corresponding author: Received: 27.05.2015 Şengül BİLGİN, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Accepted: 14.10.2015 Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Su Ürünleri Avlama ve Published online: 20.10.2015 İşleme Teknolojisi Bölümü, Doğu Kampüsü Çünür / Isparta-Türkiye E-mail: [email protected] Öz: Abstract: Bu çalışmada Türkiye denizlerinde bulunan ve ekonomik ola- The Effects of Drying & Boiling Process On rak değerlendirilmeyen deniz hıyarı (Holothuria forskali Nutritional Components of Holothuria forskali Delle Chiaje, 1823) türünde haşlama ve kurutma işlemlerinin besin bileşenlerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. (Delle Chiaje, 1823) Çalışma materyali İzmir Körfezi’nden temin edilmiştir. Besin In this study, It was aimed to determine the effects of boiling analizleri sonucunda taze ve kurutulmuş örneklerin ham pro- and drying process to food components of Holothuria forskali tein oranının sırasıyla % 11.99 ±0.185 – 60.92 ±0.124 aralı- (Della Chiaja, 1823), present in Turkish seas and not utilised ğında, nem içeriğinin %86.93 ±0.140 – 10.33 ±0.040 aralı- economically. The material was obtained from Izmir Bay. It ğında ve ham yağ içeriklerinin oldukça düşük (% 0.256 was determined that its crude protein content was 11.99 ±0.208 – Taze) olduğu belirlenmiştir. İnorganik madde içeriği ±0.185 - 60.92 ±0.124 % , moisture content 86.93 ±0.140 - kuru örneklerde yüksek bulunmuştur. Taze, haşlanmış ve ku- range of 10.33 ± 0.040 % and crude lipid content was very rutulmuş örneklerin yağ asiti analizlerinde en yüksek çoklu low fresh and dried samples. Inorganic matter content was doymamış yağ asitlerinin (PUFA) taze örneklerde bulunduğu higher in the dried sample. The level of polyunsaturated fatty saptanmıştır (%36.40 ±0.03). EPA (Eikosapenta enoik asit) + acid (PUFA) was significantly higher in fresh samples than DHA (Dekosa hekza enoik asit) içeriğinin kurutma ve haş- boiled and dried samples has been found in fresh samples lama işlemlerinden önemli oranda etkilenmediği (P>0,05) (36.40% ± 0.03). EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) + DHA (De- tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye denizlerinde bulunan ancak ekono- cosahexaenoic acid) were not affected significantly (P> 0.05) mik olarak değerlendirilmeyen H.forskali türünün protein by the drying and boiling process. The protein content was oranı yüksek, yağ içeriğinin düşük olduğu, bu suretle bes- high in Holothuria forskali (Della Chiaja, 1823) and having lenme açısından diyetetik bir gıda olarak değerlendirilebile- high in protein content, sea cucumber can be utilised as a pro- ceği, toplam yağ asitleri içerisinde en yüksek oranın uzun zin- tein source. It is also low in lipid content. Thus, sea cucumber cirli yağ asitleri (PUFA) değerine ait olduğu, dolayısıyla can be evaluated as a dietetic food in terms of nutrition. Also PUFA bakımından zengin bir tür olduğu, beslenme açısından it has high rate of long-chain fatty acids (PUFA) and rich in önem arzeden temel yağ asitlerinin (EPA ve DHA) içerikleri- EPA and DHA. All applied processing methods were not ef- nin yüksek olduğu ve uygulanan işleme yöntemlerinin bu bi- fected the fatty acid components in significant rates in sea cu- leşenleri önemli oranda etkilemediği belirlenmiştir. cumber. Anahtar Kelimeler: Deniz hıyarı, Holothuria forskali, Ku- Keywords: Sea cucumber, Holothuria forskali, Drying, rutma teknolojisi, besin bileşeni, yağ Food composition, Fatty acid asidi JOURNAL OF FOOD AND HEALTH SCIENCE E-ISSN: 2149-0473 2(1): 1-8 (2016) doi: 10.3153/JFHS16001 © 2015-2016 ScientificWebJournals (SWJ) 1 Journal of Food and Health Science Bilgin and İzci, 2(1): 1-8 (2016) Journal abbreviation: J Food Health Sci Giriş Holothuria türleri deniz ekosistemlerinin anahtar nün antiülser etkisinin olduğu ve bu yüzden tür- görevini üstlenen canlılarındandır. Ekolojik olarak den elde edilen ekstraktın insanlarda tamamlayıcı sedimenti karıştırma ve bu suretle besin sirkülas- ilaç olarak kullanılabileceği bildirilmiştir (Fahmy yonuna katılmaları yönüyle önemli canlılardır. ve diğ., 2015). Dhinakaran ve Lıpton (2015) Ho- 40’tan fazla ülkede en az 66 Holothuria türü av- lothuria atra’nın organik ekstraktlarının antitü- lanmakta ve Asya pazarlarına satılmaktadır mör ve antifungal etkilerini araştırdıkları çalışma- (González-Wangüemert ve diğ., 2014). Deniz hı- larında türün ektraklarının etkili bir şekilde antitü- yarları Echinodermata filumuna dahil olan deniz mör ve antifungal özelliğe sahip olduğu ve bu yö- canlılarıdır. Ülkemiz denizlerinde ve diğer deniz- nüyle ilaç geliştirmede kullanılabileceği belirlen- lerde yaygın bir şekilde bulunan bu canlılardan miştir. Olivera-Castillo ve diğ., (2015) Isosticho- gıda ve sağlık alanında yararlanılmaktadır. Tür- pus badionotus türü içeren dietlerin genç ratlarda kiye’de balıkçılar olta yemi olarak kullanmaktadır hipokolesterolemik etkilerini incelemişlerdir. (Çaklı ve diğ., 2004). Yıllardır birçok ülkede tüke- Holothuria türlerinin farmakolojik olarak kullanı- tilmekte olduğu bildirilen deniz hıyarlarının Uzak labilirliklerinin araştırıldığı bir çalışmada deniz Doğu’da büyük pazarları mevcuttur. Son yıllarda orijinli ilaç eldesinde deniz hıyarı türlerinin önemi ekonomik olarak değerlendirilen Holothuria türle- vurgulanmış ve bu canlılarda bulunan Saponin ve rinin sayısı artış göstermiştir. Dana dili olarak bi- holothurin gibi maddelerin tedavi edici özellikle- linen Stichopus regalis (Cuvier, 1817) türlerinin rinin olduğu belirtilmiştir (Guor ve diğ., 2015). Güney Marmara’da avlandığı bildirilmektedir. Diğer bir araştırmada Holothuridea familyası üye- Holothuria forskali (Delle Chiaje, 1823) türü de lerinde sekonder metabolit olarak bulunan Triter- ülkemizde bu amaçla avlanan Holothuria türlerin- pen glikozitlerinin hemolitik, sitotoksik, antifun- den biridir. Bu tür ülkemiz işleme tesislerinde pek gal ve antikanser özelliklerinin olduğu ifade edil- değerlendirilmemiştir (Öztürk, 2011). miştir (Aminin ve diğ., 2015). Çin’de trepang ola- Türkiye’de ve diğer ülkelerde bugüne kadar bazı rak adlandırılan deniz hıyarları kuvvet verici ve türlerin besin içerikleri araştırılmıştır (Chang-Lee geleneksel ilaç olarak kullanıldığı gibi yüksek ve diğ., 1989; Fredalina vd. (1999), Kasai, 2002; oranda miktarda iz element ve protein içerdiği için Öztürk, 2011; Haider ve diğ., 2015). Dünyada de- sağlık açısından oldukça yararlı bir canlı olduğu niz hıyarlarının 1400’e yakın yaşayan üyesi ol- bildirilmektedir (Emiroğlu ve Günay, 2008). H. duğu 66 türün ticari olarak değerlendirildiği bildi- forskali’nin cuvierian tübülleri olarak bilinen sa- rilmiştir (Haider ve diğ., 2015). Wen ve diğ., vunma sistemlerinin biyokimyasal analizleri sonu- (2010) 8 farklı holothurian türünün (Stichopus cunda yüksek oranda protein (%59) içerdiği, yağ herrmanni,Thelenota ananas, Thelenota anax, içermediği belirlenmiş, çalışmada aynı zamanda Holothuria fuscogilva, Holothuria fuscopunctata, aminoasit içeriği de tespit edilmiştir (DeMoor ve Actinopyga mauritiana, Actinopyga caerulea and diğ., 2003). Özer ve diğ., (2004) H. scabra besin Bohadschia argus) besinsel kalitesi ve kimyasal bileşenlerine işlemenin etkisini araştırdıkları çalış- bileşenlerini araştırıp karşılaştırmışlar ve T. Anax malarında farklı dönemlerde avlanan bireylerin ve A. caerulea dışında diğer türlerin yüksek protein, yağ, nem ve kül içeriklerini tespit etmiş- oranda protein, düşük seviyede yağ içerdiği, Gli- lerdir. Aynı çalışmada deniz hıyarı avcılığının çok sinin tüm türlerde baskın amino asit olduğu, ham uzun süredir ticari olarak yapıldığı, bu canlıların protein oranlarının 126 – 216 mg/g arasında değiş- tropikal ve subtropikal ülkelerde geleneksel olarak tiği, Araşidonik asitin tüm deniz hıyarı türlerinde insan gıdası şeklinde (çiğ, kurutulmuş, haşlanmış) en yoğun bulunan yağ asiti olduğu n-3/n-6 oranı- değerlendirildiği, ençok Çin, Hong Kong, Singa- nın örneklerde 0,25-0,61 oranlarında bulunduğu pur, Japonya ve Güney Kore’de tüketildiği belir- tespit edilmiştir. tilmiştir. Ayrıca kurutulmuş Holothuria ürün isim- lerinin ülkelere göre değiştiği Fransa’da beche-de- Deniz hıyarları yüksek besin içeriğine sahip canlı- mer; Çin’de hai-som; Endonezya’da trepang ola- lar olup Doğu Asya ülkelerinde yaygın bir şekilde rak adlandırıldığı bildirilmiştir. tüketilmektedirler. Bazı Holothuria türleri Asya ve Ortadoğu ülkelerinde egzema, artrit yara tedavi- Deniz hıyarlarının yetiştiricilik çalışmaları farklı sinde ve yüksek tansiyona karşı kullanıldığı bildi- ülkelerde başarı ile yapılmakta olup buna ilişkin rilmiştir (Telahigue ve diğ., 2014). Ratlar üzerinde bilimsel çalışmalar da mevcuttur (Yu ve diğ., yapılan bir çalışmada Holothuria arenicola türü- 2015). Özellikle Asya’da son yıllarda besinsel ve 2 Journal of Food and Health Science Bilgin and İzci, 2(1): 1-8 (2016) Journal abbreviation: J Food Health Sci ekonomik değerinden dolayı Apostichopus japo- temas etmeksizin (24 ±2°C) kurutulmuştur. nicus türü ekonomik açıdan önemli olup yetiştiri- Deniz hıyarı örneklerinde nem analizi otoma- ciliği yaygın bir şekilde yapılmaktadır (Chen, tik nem tayin cihazı (AND MX-50, Japonya) 2004; Sun ve diğ., 2004; Yuan ve diğ., 2006). A. ile; protein miktarı protein ön yakma ünitesi japonicus’un 2011 yılı toplam üretimi 138.000 ton (Velp UD-20, İtalya) ve tam otomatik protein olduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca deniz hıyarlarının 20: distilasyon
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