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Polynésie Française OUTRE-MER EUROPÉEN PROFil D’éCOSYSTÈME RÉGIONAL Pacifique Polynésie Française Wallis et Futuna Polynésie Française Pitcairn Nouvelle Calédonie Ce document a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet «Mesures de soutien à l’Action préparatoire BEST pour promouvoir la conservation et l’utilisation durable des services écosystémiques et la biodiversité dans les Régions ultrapériphériques et les Pays et Territoires d’outre-mer de l’Union Européenne». Ce document ne représente pas une position officielle et formelle de la Commission Européenne. JUNE2016 2016 Contrat de service 07.0307.2013/666363/SER/B2 Préparé par: Comité français de l’UICN Équipe chargée de rédaction du profil: Eleonora Avagliano Flora Artzner Sous la coordination de: Aurélie Bocquet Jean Kape Avec le soutien technique de : Pierre Carret – Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund BEST Consortium Et avec la collaboration de : Secteur public Haut-Commissariat de la République : Eric Clua – Ministère de la promotion des langues, de la culture, de la communication et de l’environnement : Heremoana Maamaatuaiahutapu (Ministre), Sylviane Fauvet – Parlement : Maina Sage – Délégation aux Affaires Internationales, Européennes et du Pacifique : Charles Garnier, Engel Raygadas, Hélène Migot, Sylvia Berteil – Délégation à la recherche du Gouvernement de Polynésie française : Jean-Yves Meyer – Direction de l'Environnement (DIREN) : Gabriel Sao Chan Cheong, Faimano Boulet, Christophe Brocherieux, Fanny Martre, Eliane Garganta, Claude Serra, Miri Tatarata – Direction des Ressources Marines et Minières (DRMM) : Arsène Stein, Christian Monier – Service du Développement Rural (SDR) : Miri Karima – Chambre de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche Lagonaire (CAPL) : Yvette Temauri, Toehau Lainé – Syndicat Intercommunal à vocation multiple des Tuamotu-Gambier (SIVMTG) : Ernest Teagai – Commune de Tatakoto : Vetea Mariteragi, Pokara Tinirau, Kamake Maratino – Agence des Aires Marines Protégées (AAMP): Sophie-Dorotée Duron, Mahé Charles, Justine Cammal – Agence française de Développement (AFD) : Vincent Joguet – Secrétariat Général de la Communauté du Pacifique (CPS) : Caroline Vieux, Juliette Languille. Centres de recherche CRIOBE : Serge Planes, René Galzin, Tamatoa Bambridge, Yannick Chancerelle, Guillaume Le Port, Vetea Liao, Ewen Morin, Bernard Salvat, Pierre Sasal, Gilles Siu, Lauric Thiault – Institut de recherches pour le développement (IRD) : Marc Taquet, Cécile Debitus – Université de Polynésie française (UPF) : Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni – University of the South Pacific (Fidji) : Antoine de Ramon N’Yeurt. Associations/ONG Aimeho Tou Ora, Association PGEM Moorea : Dom Leoture – ARSH-EIAO : Charleux Michel – Association HAURURU : Yves Doudoute – Association Ia vai ma noa Bora-Bora : Tehani Maueau, Mataihau Poevainea – Association Manuia te Fenua : Audrey Lachaud – Association paruru te tairoto o Haapu : Gibert Pitori – Association Punaeroa : Noelline Teriitetoofa, Tiatoa Sylvana – Association Putahi Haga No Gana : Maxime Hauata, Joana Hauata – Association Raumatariki : Tiffany Laitame – Association Ta’ata Ti’a : Prokop Hautia, Heinui Tepahauaitaipara – Association Te Pu 'Atiti'a (Moorea) : Hinano Murphy – Association Te Reo o te Tuamotu : Jean Kape – Association Tefana chasse sous-marine : Rahiti Buchin – Association Ua Ivi No Te Ui Hou - Hiva Oa : Charles Bonno – Brigade Verte, Mouvement citoyen pour l'environnement : Ludovic Bardoux – Colibri Tahiti : Tal Mandel, Coline de Georges – Collectif apiculteurs : Kala'i Selam – Faafaite i te Ao Ma'ohi : Matahi Tutavae, Noella Tutavae – Fédération des associations de protection de l'environnement (FAPE) : Winiki Sage, Maxime Chan – Friends of Hokule’a : Alban Ellacott, Jean-Claude Teriierooiterai – GEMM - groupe d'études des mammifères marins : Pamela Carzon – JCET : Carole Doucet – Mata Tohora : Agnès Benet – Observatoire des Requins de Polynésie : Nicolas Buray – PEW Polynésie : Jérôme Petit, Elodie Lagouy, Donatien Tanret – Richesses Du Fenua - Te Anahotu : Olivier Babin – Seashepherd : Yves-Michel – SOP Manu (Société d'Ornithologie de Polynésie) : Philippe Raust, Monique Franc de Ferrière, Caroline Blanvillain – Te Mana o te Moana : Cécile Gaspard, Vie Stabile, Matthieu Petit – TEMEUM : Magali Verducci – Te rau ati ati : Ravahere Taputuarai, Noella Tutavae. Secteur privé Bioconsulting : Marie Fourdrigniez - Bio Stratégies : Gilles Parzy-Tehau, Anne-Laure Lenci – Créocéan : Fany Seguin - Ethyc'o : Mary Nathalie – Expert : Jean-François Butaud – Expert : Trevor Coote – Expert : Fred Jacq – Expert : Thierry Lison De Loma – Expert : Michael Poole – Expert : Thibault Ramage - Expert : Marie Pascaline Sturma – Heremoana consulting : Magali Verducci – Progem : Benet Agnès – Tahiti Fa'ahotu, Pôle d'innovation de Polynésie française : Lina Huan. Citation: Profil d'écosystèmes de la Polynésie Française – Région Pacifique. 2016. Union européennes Régions Ultra-pèriphériques et Pays et Territoires d’Outre-mer, Eleonora Avagliano & Flora Artzner ; BEST, contract de service 07.0307.2013/666363/SER/B2, Commission Européenne, 2016, 224 p + annexes. Ce projet européen est un effort commun du consortium BEST III : http://ec.europa.eu/best Avertissement: Le profil régional de l'écosystème est un document technique avec la participation d'experts régionaux et locaux et d'autres acteurs, obtenu dans le cadre d'un processus de consultation participative. Les résultats de ce document de référence ont servi à élaborer une stratégie régionale d'investissement dans la même manière participative, qui peut servir comme document d’orientation pour les futures stratégies nationales et régionales. Aucun des deux documents n'est politiquement contraignant ou remplace une stratégie nationale ou régionale autorisée par les décideurs respectifs. TABLE DES MATIERES ABREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 1 RESUME .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 8 2. CONTEXTE ....................................................................................................................... 11 3. IMPORTANCE BIOLOGIQUE DE LA ZONE .................................................................... 15 3.1 Géographie................................................................................................................. 15 3.2 Climat ......................................................................................................................... 16 3.3 Les milieux ................................................................................................................. 17 3.3.1. Milieux Marins ..................................................................................................................18 3.3.2. Milieux Terrestres ............................................................................................................21 3.4 Les espèces ............................................................................................................... 27 3.4.1 Espèces marines ...............................................................................................................27 3.4.2 Espèces terrestres ............................................................................................................39 3.5 Les services écosystémiques................................................................................... 47 4. OBJECTIFS DE CONSERVATION ................................................................................... 50 4.1 Les espèces cibles .................................................................................................... 50 4.1.1. La Liste Rouge de l’UICN ................................................................................................51 4.1.2 Les espèces à statut selon la réglementation locale ....................................................54 4.2 Les Zones Clés de la Biodiversité (ZCB) en Polynésie française .......................... 56 4.2.1 Méthodologie de récolte de données pour les ZCB ......................................................56 4.2.2 Critères pris en compte pour le choix des ZCB .............................................................57 4.2.3 Liste des Zones Clés pour la Biodiversité .....................................................................58 4.2.4 Archipels et habitats clés pour la biodiversité ..............................................................64 4.2.5 La prise en compte des services écosystémiques dans l’identification des ZCB .....67 4.3 L’étude des services écosystémiques en Polynésie française, l’approche par habitat ........................................................................................................................ 68 5. CONTEXTE SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE ................................................................................. 71 5.1 Aspects culturels liant les polynésiens à l’environnement .................................... 71 5.1.1 Sites et espaces naturels remarquables pour leur richesse culturelle .......................71 5.1.2 Favoriser le lien Terre-mer ...............................................................................................72 5.2 Grands indicateurs socio-économiques : l’inégale démographie polynésienne .. 73 5.3 Contexte économique polynésien ...........................................................................
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