Money for Keeling: Monitoring CO2 Levels
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James Rodger Fleming
Curriculum Vitae James Rodger Fleming Charles A. Dana Professor of Science, Technology, and Society, Emeritus Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901 USA Email: [email protected]; Phone: 1-207-859-5881; FAX: 1-207-859-5868 CURRENT AFFILIATION Charles A. Dana Professor of Science, Technology and Society, Emeritus, Colby College EMPLOYMENT Colby College, Visiting Assistant to Charles A. Dana Professor of STS 1988-2021 American Meteorological Society, Historical Consultant, 1986-88 Princeton University, Fellow and Preceptor, Department of History, 1982-85 Private Consulting Meteorologist, 1974-82 University of Washington, Research Meteorologist, 1973-74 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Research Meteorologist, 1973 EDUCATION Princeton University, Ph.D. History, 1988; M.A. History of Science, 1984 Colorado State University, M.S. Atmospheric Science, 1973 Pennsylvania State University, B.S. Astronomy, 1971 AWARDS, APPOINTMENTS, HONORS Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar, Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, 2020-21 Consultant, The Goddard Project, Societal implications of negative emissions technologies Advisor, “Making Climate History,” Leverhulme Trust grant to University of Cambridge, 2019-24 International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, keynote speaker, 2019 Distinguished Alumnus Award, Forest Hills School District, PA, 2018 American Geophysical Union, John Tyndall Lecturer in Global Environmental Change, 2017 American Meteorological Society, history editor, Bulletin of the AMS, 2011-21. Smithsonian -
H-Environment Roundtable Reviews
H-Environment Roundtable Reviews Volume 1, No. 3 (2011) Roundtable Review Editor: www.h-net.org/~environ/roundtables Jacob Darwin Hamblin Publication date: August 5, 2011 James Rodger Fleming, Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control (Columbia University Press, 2010). ISBN: 978-0-231-14412-4. Hardcover. 344 pages. Stable URL: www.h-net.org/~environ/roundtables/env-roundtable-1-3.pdf Contents Introduction by Jacob Darwin Hamblin, Oregon State University 2 Comments by Ted Steinberg, Case Western Reserve University 4 Comments by R. S. Deese, Northeastern University 6 Comments by Matthew Farish, University of Toronto 9 Comments by Paul N. Edwards, University of Michigan 14 Author’s Response by James Rodger Fleming, Colby College 22 About the Contributors 26 Copyright © 2011 H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, H-Environment, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. H-Environment Roundtable Reviews, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2011) 2 Introduction by Jacob Darwin Hamblin, Oregon State University n 1968, the Whole Earth Catalog proclaimed “We are as gods and might as well get good at it.” Amidst the environmental crisis of the 1960s, the publication’s founder II Stewart Brand wanted to provide access to tools, and he was remarkably friendly to technological solutions. His kind of environmentalism drew from human ingenuity and achievement, and unlike many of the commentators of that era, he was optimistic about a future in human hands. -
ACLURM001342 for This Entire Book Online, for More Information on Islam, Or for a Printed Copy, Visit
ACLURM001342 For this entire book online, for more information on Islam, or for a printed copy, visit: www.islam-guide.com Front Cover Photo: More than one million Muslims from all over the world praying together at the Haram Mosque in Makkah. Back Cover Photo: The Prophet Muhammad's ti Mosque in Madinah. ACLURM001343 In the Name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful A ILLUSTRATED GUDE TO /RSTANDING ISLAM Second Edition I. A. Ibrahim General Editors Science Editors Dr. William (Daoud) Peachy Professor Harold Stewart Kuofi Michael (Abdul-Hakim) Thomas Professor F. A. State Tony (Abu-Khaliyl) Sylvester Professor Mahjoub 0. Taha Idris Palmer Professor Ahmad Allam Jamaal Zarabozo Professor Salman Sultan Ali AlTirnimi Associate Professor H. 0. Sindi Darussalam Houston ACLURM001344 Copyright Copyright © 1997, 1996 I. A. Abu-Harb. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author, except for the situation below which is permitted. For Reprinting Reprinting or reproducing this book as a whole on the condition that absolutely no change, addition, or omission is introduced is permitted free of charge. To make high quality reprints, you may contact the author to obtain free copies of the computer print files of this book (address on page 70). The Web Site of This Book This entire book, as well as more information on Islam, is available online at wvvvv.islam-guide.corn 2nd Edition- 3rd Printing Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-67654 ISBN: 9960-34-011-2 Published by Darussalam, Publishers and Distributors, Houston, Texas, USA. -
1966 NASA Document Reveals Goal of Engineered “Climate Modification” | 502Tatianaaklimenkokostanian's Blog
HOME CATEGORIES November 10, 2014 Search Select Category 1966 NASA Document Reveals Goal BLOGROLL of Engineered “Climate TWITTER ** MENU ** Modification” 16 Gainesville Florida Commission Selects New City Auditor wp.me/p4KQj2-1c (:-) 1 day ago Chemtrail, Global Warming • Tags: chemtrails, climate change, CLimate-Gate, david ARCHIVES BY keith, geoengineeing, IPCC, Ken Caldeira Follow @Hsaive MONTH Select Month MOST RECENT POSTS ADMIN ICE AGE COMETH? North Pole Frozen Solid – South Pole Re-Freezing Register February 28, 2015 Log in Scientist Investigates How Carbon Black Entries RSS Aerosols Melt Arctic Ice February 28, 2015 Comments RSS Two Primary Documents Featured in this Story ETC Group Launches Geoengineering Monitor WordPress.com Watchdog Site “Present and Future Plans of Federal Agencies in Weather February 26, 2015 Climate Modification” Aircraft Electromagnetic Interference Could This set of documents from 1966 reveals a network of government Accidentally Fire a Missile agencies in perpetual and secret collaboration and the military to February 24, 2015 Modify the Global climate . Created by the elitist National Academy Carnicom Institute: Environmental Filament Next of Sciences – decades of an interagency culture of secrecy explains Phase Research Begins why the issue of covert aerosol Geoengineering (chemtrails) is a taboo topic to be degraded to the status of “conspiracy theory” by a matrix of February 18, 2015 complicit bureaucrats at every opportunity. This is why the FAA, Carbon Black Chemtrails is Owning The NOAA, NASA and your local TV “meteorologist” refuse to employ Weather in 2025 scientific observation when asked to comment on an unusual sky filled February 17, 2015 with bizarre aircraft spraying. -
Tribute to Roger Revelle and His Contribution to Studies of Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 8275–8279, August 1997 Colloquium Paper This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled ‘‘Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change,’’ organized by Charles D. Keeling, held November 13–15, 1995, at the National Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA. Tribute to Roger Revelle and his contribution to studies of carbon dioxide and climate change WALTER H. MUNK Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0225 I first came to Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) in Harald Sverdrup was anxious for Roger to return to La Jolla the summer of 1939, after completing my junior year at the to succeed him as director of Scripps. Sverdrup (2) wrote, California Institute of Technology. Roger Revelle was 30 years ‘‘regardless of the capacity in which you return here, you are old, with the rank of instructor (long since abolished by the the logical man to take charge...ofthework at sea.’’ University of California), and a lieutenant junior grade in the And Roger (3) agreed: Naval Reserve. Roger invited me to come along on an Sverdrup’s support for me as successor is also based experiment to measure currents in the waters over the Cali- upon the fact that I am practically the only person fornia borderland. The standard tool was an Ekman Current available who has had extensive experience at sea, in Meter; for every 100 revolutions of a propeller, a 2-mm ball is particular in the organization and carrying out of expe- dropped into a compass box with 36 compartments, each corresponding to a 10° segment in current direction. -
Downloaded 10/09/21 07:23 PM UTC Sydney Chapman 1 Harry Wexier, 1911-1962, First Wexier Memorial Lecturer Excellent and Devoted Student Ol Our Wonderful
Mthe r Memorial lecture At its meeting in October 1963, the Council of the American tinguished Public Service Award, the National Civil Service Meteorological Society approved establishment of an annual League Career Service Award, and (posthumously) the Carl- lectureship in honor of the late Dr. Harry Wexler. At a sub- Gustaf Rossby Award of the American Meteorological Society sequent meeting, January 1964, the Council voted that the "for his contributions to knowledge of the atmosphere heat Wexler Lecture be given at the Annual Meeting of the So- balance and dynamic anticyclogenesis, for his interdisciplinary ciety, preferably in the evening of the first day of scientific studies in meteorology, oceanography, and glaciology, and for sessions. Dr. Sydney Chapman was invited to present the his outstanding leadership in international programs in the first Wexler Lecture on Monday evening, January 25, 1965. atmospheric sciences." Dr. Wexler, Director of Meteorological Research for the Dr. Sydney Chapman, internationally esteemed geophysicist, United States Weather Bureau for fifteen years, was taken is a fitting choice to be the first Wexler Lecturer. Staff mem- from the research scene at the time when so much of the ber of the High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colorado, research that he had inspired and participated in was just beginning to come to fruition. He was one of the first to advisory scientific director of the Geophysical Institute, Uni- consider and advocate the use of artificial satellites for me- versity of Alaska, and senior research scientist at the Institute teorological purposes as well as one of the first scientists of of Science and Technology, University of Michigan, Dr. -
ABOUT OUR MEMBERS William C
VOL. 40, No. 7, JULY, 1959 347 REFERENCES Clem, Le Roy H., D. Colson, and L. P. Harrison, 1954: Corrections of upper-level wind computations for Aerological Observatory, Tateno, 1954: The relay obser- effect of earth's curvature. Bull. Amer. meteor. vation of upper wind over Honjo and Tateno in Soc., 35, 357-362. the winter season 1951-1952. /. aerol. Observ. Dvoskin, N., and N. Sissenwine, 1958: Evaluation of Tateno, 5, 199-218. AN/GMD-2 wind shear data for development of Air Weather Service, 1955 : Winds over 100 knots in the missile design criteria. Air Force Surv. in Northern Hemisphere. Tech. Rep. 105-121, Wash- Geophys., No. 99, 72 pp. ington, D. C., Air Force, 67 pp. Gustafson, A. F., 1954: The error in RAWIN computa- Arakawa, H., 1956: Characteristics of the low-level jet tions due to neglecting the earth's curvature. Bull. stream. /. Meteor., 13, 504-506. Amer. meteor. Soc., 35, 295-300. were presented at a ceremony at the Graduate School of Public Administration, Harvard University. ABOUT OUR MEMBERS William C. Davis, formerly with the Research Proj- ects Laboratory, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, has transferred to the Signal Office, U. S. Army Ordnance Norman S. Benes has returned from his tour of duty Missile Command, as physical scientist in the R&D with the IGY at Cape Hallett, Antarctica, and is cur- Staff Assistance Division. rently assigned to the Weather Bureau Airport Station, Majors Anthony J. Gimelli and Clarence O. Seaman Phoenix, Arizona. were among a group of Air Force personnel who were Walter A. Bohan, senior engineer of Cook Research presented with MATS Flying Safety awards in April by Laboratories, in April gave a talk to high school students Colonel Roy W. -
Dissertation FINAL
MAKING GLOBAL WARMING GREEN: CLIMATE CHANGE AND AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTALISM, 1957-1992 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Joshua P. Howe July 2010 © 2010 by Joshua Proctor Howe. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/cp892qc1059 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Richard White, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Robert Proctor I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Jessica Riskin Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii Abstract Making Global Warming Green: Climate Change and American Environmentalism, 1957-1992 investigates how global climate change became a major issue in American environmental politics during the second half of the 20th Century. -
Weather and Climate As Shape-Shifting Nouns: Gordian Knots of Understanding and Prevision
History of Meteorology 7 (2015) 1 Weather and Climate as Shape-Shifting Nouns: Gordian Knots of Understanding and Prevision James Rodger Fleming [email protected] Colby College “[Technology] is cutting the Gordian Knot instead of untying it” — Carl-Gustaf Rossby1 “Why should nearly perfect forecasts be unattainable?” — Chaos” — Edward N. Lorenz2 “Climate” deserves to be a keyword in the vocabulary of culture and society. It is arguably one of the most linguistically complicated words — a historically shape-shifting noun — whose meaning has changed and is changing, perhaps faster than the climate itself. Its nature, history, and vicissitudes are key concepts organizing our ideas of the aerial environment and our relationship to it.3 Although climate can be depicted and modeled, it cannot be directly visualized or forecast. The relationships of climate to meteorology and meteorology to climate studies are also dynamic. This article reviews the changing nature of ideas about climate over an extended time period, with special focus on developments in dynamic meteorology and dynamic climatology in the period 1900-1960, and with an update for the twenty-first century based on the implications of chaos theory. It adds a temporal dimension to the science and philosophy of weather prediction and climate change and the ways we think about the interrelationships of weather and climate. It may be a truism for historians that anything that can be named had different meanings in different eras, but some philosophers, with notable exceptions, have overlooked this.4 When doing epistemology, it is important to think about the history of 1 C.-G. -
Earth Thanks to the Technology Built to Destroy the Whole Earth. These
THE WEATHER MACHINE on the fuselage. Even the original RAND report on weather satellites was itself a companion to a more general look at the possibilities for using satellites for looking back at the earth— i.e., for reconnaissance. Weather tied the world together, but the technology of the weather had the potential to pull it apart. Even knowing that the civilian and military needs have always been enjoined, it’s a harsh realization: We learned to see the whole earth thanks to the technology built to destroy the whole earth. These political stakes energized meteorology, and not merely as a CIA trick. When John F. Kennedy became president early in 1961, he saw the weather as a potential realm of cooperation with the Soviet Union, both for practical and symbolic reasons. In a story re- counted by Michael O’Brien in his biography of Kennedy, one rainy afternoon the president was quizzing his science advisor, Jerome Wiesner, about the technical details of nuclear tests, try- ing to understand their environmental consequences and looking for a way to stop the cycle of test-for-test in which the Americans and Soviets were engaged. How, Kennedy asked, did fallout in the atmosphere return to the earth? “It comes down in rain,” Wiesner said. “You mean there might be radioactive contamination in that rain out there right now?” Kennedy asked, staring out the win- dow of the Oval Office. This frank and profound realization— we all live beneath the same sky—soon appeared in Kennedy’s rhetoric and policy. Global meteorology held a natural appeal for him. -
SMAGORINSKY's GFDL Building the Team
SMAGORINSKY'S GFDL Building the Team BY JOHN M. LEWIS In pioneering climate prediction, Joseph Smagorinsky took an adventuresome approach, skillfully assembling a scientific group that could attack the challenges ahead. ew would disagree that the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) made great strides Fto extend the period of useful weather predic- tion and to attack key problems related to climate. Among the noteworthy accomplishments were the following: • the development of a primitive equation model for baroclinic flow (late 1950s); • the development of detailed radiative transfer algorithms (early 1960s); • the first extended-range prediction experiments (4D forecasts) that impacted the planning of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) (late 1960s); • the coupling of oceanic and atmospheric general circulation models that clarified selected effects of ocean circulation on climate (1970s); and • prediction of climate response to predicted increases in C02 concentration (1980s). Joseph Smagorinsky. (Photo: Peter Smagorinsky) Joseph Smagorinsky (1924-2005) was the director of GFDL for nearly 30 yr (1955-83), known to many as "Smag" or "Joe Smag," sometimes referred to We then follow the steps that led to establishment of affectionately and sometimes with disdain. He was a the General Circulation Research Section (GCRS) of forceful figure in meteorology during the last half of the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB; GCRS was eventu- the twentieth century, both politically and scientifi- ally renamed the GFDL) and Smagorinsky's vision cally. However, his manner and means of conducting for this laboratory that included building a team of business evoked some controversy in the larger atmo- researchers and infrastructure that was germane to spheric science community. -
Remembering Verner Edward Suomi: the Father of Satellite Meteorology
Remembering Verner Edward Suomi: The Father of Satellite Meteorology. An oral history moderated by Dr. Robert J. Fox, recorded at Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center, One John Nolan Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53703, 2 November 2009, 2:00pm-4:00pm Panel: Dr. Robert J. Fox (moderator) Dr. Thomas O. Haig Dr. Donald R. Johnson Dr. William L. Smith Dr. Lawrence A. Sromovsky Dr. Charles R. Stearns Dr. Thomas H. Vonder Haar FOX: Good afternoon. We're gathered this afternoon September the second 2009 at the Monona Terrace Convention Center in Madison Wisconsin to conduct an oral history entitled Remembering Verner Edward Suomi: The Father of Satellite Meteorology. I'd like to go through and introduce the distinguished panelists now and we'll proceed from there. First of all starting at my right, your left, is Dr. Larry Sromovsky. Larry actually was inspired to become a Suomi cohort based on a physics colloquium he attended early on when he was a physics major here at the university and Verner Suomi from then on seduced, I guess is the word I'll use, him into working for SSEC, the Space Science and Engineering Center, on instrumentation development and data analysis and modeling primarily covering vertical soundings of the atmosphere and then the planets, a whole range of planets and planetary probes. Larry was a co-I with Verner on the Venus Net Flux Radiometer and a little later we'll get into some of the details of that project. Immediately to his left, second on my right, is Professor Donald Johnson. Professor Johnson is a professor in the Department of Meteorology and he served as the chair of the Department of Meteorology for a long while.