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HEAVY WATER and NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report
HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report by MARVIN M. MILLER MIT Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 80-009 May 1980 COO-4571-6 MIT-EL 80-009 HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report Marvin M. Miller Energy Laboratory and Department of Nuclear Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 May 1980 Prepared For THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY UNDER CONTRACT NO. EN-77-S-02-4571.A000 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or useful- ness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. A B S T R A C T The following report is a study of various aspects of the relationship between heavy water and the development of the civilian and military uses of atomic energy. It begins with a historical sketch which traces the heavy water storyfrom its discovery by Harold Urey in 1932 through its coming of age from scientific curiosity to strategic nuclear material at the eve of World War II and finally into the post-war period, where the military and civilian strands have some- times seemed inextricably entangled. The report next assesses the nonproliferation implications of the use of heavy water- moderated power reactors; several different reactor types are discussed, but the focus in on the natural uranium, on- power fueled, pressure tube reactor developed in Canada, the CANDU. -
Policy 11.Qxd.Qxd
1755 Massachusetts Ave., NW Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20036 – USA T: (+1-202) 332-9312 F: (+1-202) 265-9531 E: [email protected] www.aicgs.org 34 AICGS POLICY REPORT OVERCOMING THE LETHARGY: CLIMATE CHANGE, ENERGY SECURITY, AND THE CASE FOR A THIRD INDUSTRIAL Located in Washington, D.C., the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies is an independent, non-profit public policy organization that works REVOLUTION in Germany and the United States to address current and emerging policy challenges. Founded in 1983, the Institute is affiliated with The Johns Hopkins University. The Institute is governed by its own Board of Trustees, which includes prominent German and American leaders from the business, policy, and academic communities. Alexander Ochs Building Knowledge, Insights, and Networks for German-American Relations AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR CONTEMPORARY GERMAN STUDIES THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 3 About the Author 5 The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies strengthens the German-American relation - Chapter 1: Introduction 7 ship in an evolving Europe and changing world. The Institute produces objective and original analyses of Chapter 2: Climate Change and Energy Security: An Analysis of developments and trends in Germany, Europe, and the United States; creates new transatlantic the Challenge 9 networks; and facilitates dialogue among the busi - ness, political, and academic communities to manage Chapter 3: The Third Industrial Revolution: How It Might Look - differences and define and promote common inter - or Is It Already Happening? 17 ests. Chapter 4: Making the Economic Case for Climate Action 23 ©2008 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies Chapter 5: A New Era for Transatlantic Cooperation on Energy ISBN 1-933942-12-6 and Climate Change? 35 ADDITIONAL COPIES: Notes 47 Additional Copies of this Policy Report are available for $5.00 to cover postage and handling from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036. -
Keeling Curve: Result, Interpretation & Global Monitoring
International Journal for Empirical Education and Research Keeling Curve: Result, Interpretation & Global Monitoring Augustyn Ostrowski Faculty of Geography & Geology Jagiellonian University Email: [email protected] (Author of Correspondence) Poland Abstract The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day. The curve is named for the scientist Charles David Keeling, who started the monitoring program and supervised it until his death in 2005. Keywords: Mauna Loa Measurements; Results and Interpretation; Global Monitoring; Ralph Keeling. ISSN Online: 2616-4833 ISSN Print: 2616-4817 35 1. Introduction Keeling's measurements showed the first significant evidence of rapidly increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. According to Dr Naomi Oreskes, Professor of History of Science at Harvard University, the Keeling curve is one of the most important scientific works of the 20th century. Many scientists credit the Keeling curve with first bringing the world's attention to the current increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Prior to the 1950s, measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations had been taken on an ad hoc basis at a variety of locations. In 1938, engineer and amateur meteorologist Guy Stewart Callendar compared datasets of atmospheric carbon dioxide from Kew in 1898-1901, which averaged 274 parts per million by volume (ppm), and from the eastern United States in 1936-1938, which averaged 310 ppmv, and concluded that carbon dioxide concentrations were rising due to anthropogenic emissions. However, Callendar's findings were not widely accepted by the scientific community due to the patchy nature of the measurements. -
Craniord High to Graduate Largest Class Next Tuesday
A.,. rue six CRANTOBD <N. J.) CITIZEN AND . JtOT*; !*•> been installed as the dominant in terior motif. ^- , - '.- •. City Savings Founded in 1887. City" Federal, Savings has grown from a single Opens New office in downtown Elizabeth to four' offices/including the new air- domebranch in,Elmora, with total Air-Dome assets in excess of $55,000,000. The ^ssociatlon'is'.'tlieTlarigEStrfederaUjr Association, with; offices in Eliza chartered savings association in the beth, Kenilworth and Linden; state and the largest sayings and opened the world's first air-dome loan association in Union County financial building in, the Elmora Entered as second class mall matter al section of Elizabeth on Saturday Vol. LXVH. No.2J. 3 SecUbn^, 24 Pages . NEW JERSEY, THURSDAY; JUNE 16,1960 The Post Office at Cranford. tt. J. TEN CENTS Erected as an interim measur while a new' permanent Elmora Office is. being built, the u'niqui savings center,has walls of trans Record Year J as estion parent vinyl.material supported by 's School Craniord High to Graduate an air pressure differential of onl; HOME PURCHASED—air. and Mre. Louis MoncelM of Bayonne Report Given four-hundredths of a point per have purchased the above home at 2 Amherst road* Mr. and Mrs. At Elizabeth, North Avenues square inch. A. special revolving George Miller, the former owners, have moved to Scotch Plains. diplomas to71 In an effort to help alleviate traffic congestion during the morn- door'" permits;.', only a minimal On Cranteen ing rush hour at Elizabeth and North avenues, a traffic patrolman •J..L-! This home was sold through the offices of G. -
Joshua P. Howe (Editor)
Isis Joshua P. Howe (Editor). Making Climate Change History. Documents from Global Warming's Past. --Manuscript Draft-- Manuscript Number: Full Title: Joshua P. Howe (Editor). Making Climate Change History. Documents from Global Warming's Past. Corresponding Author: Evan Hepler-Smith Duke University Durham, NC UNITED STATES Order of Authors Secondary Information: Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation Book Review Joshua P. Howe (Editor). Making Climate Change History. Documents from Global Warming's Past. Foreword by Paul S. Sutter. (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classics.) xvi +340 pp., notes, index. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2017. $24.00 (paper), ISBN 9780295741390. Making Climate Change History is a compilation of historical documents tracing the accumulation of scientific evidence regarding anthropogenic global warming and its consequences, as well as political controversy and (in)action based on the warnings of climate scientists. The bulk of the sources originate in American settings and perspectives. Ample historical scholarship tells this story; editor Joshua Howe mentions Spencer Weart’s The Discovery of Global Warming (Harvard, rev. ed. 2008), Naomi Oreskes and Eric Conway’s Merchants of Doubt (Bloomsbury, 2010), Jacob Hamblin’s Arming Mother Nature (Oxford, 2013), and Howe’s own Behind the Curve (University of Washington, 2014), among others. Howe presents the collection as the sources behind such stories and raw material for readers to fashion their own interpretive histories of climate change. The book is in six parts, each introduced by a short essay providing historical context and a series of questions to guide readers’ historical engagement with the sources. Part 1, “The Scientific ‘Prehistory’ of Global Warming,” runs from Joseph Fourier’s 1824 paper on the temperature of the earth through Guy Stewart Callendar’s 1938 article correlating the emission of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion with a long-term increase in atmospheric temperature. -
Maria Goeppert Mayer Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4489p06g No online items Maria Goeppert Mayer Papers Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Copyright 2015 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 [email protected] URL: http://libraries.ucsd.edu/collections/sca/index.html Maria Goeppert Mayer Papers MSS 0020 1 Descriptive Summary Languages: English Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla 92093-0175 Title: Maria Goeppert Mayer Papers Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0020 Physical Description: 7.5 Linear feet(15 archives boxes, 1 flat box and 1 map case folder) Date (inclusive): 1906-1996 (bulk 1930-1972) Abstract: Papers of Maria Goeppert Mayer, Nobel Prize winning physicist and professor at the University of California, 1960-1964. The collection includes correspondence, biographical information, reprints, manuscript drafts, notebooks, teaching materials, subject files, news clippings and photographs. Scope and Content of Collection Papers of Maria Goeppert Mayer, Nobel Prize winning physicist and professor at the University of California, 1960-1964. The collection includes correspondence, biographical information, reprints, manuscript drafts, notebooks, teaching materials, subject files, news clippings and photographs. Accessions Processed in 1988: Mayer's papers contain a relative abundance of correspondence and her research notebooks. There are scant manuscript materials related to her numerous publications. Arranged in seven series: 1) CORRESPONDENCE, 2) REPRINTS, WRITINGS, AND LECTURES, 3) RESEARCH NOTEBOOKS AND CLASS LECTURES, 4) TEACHING MATERIALS, 5) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS, 6) NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS and 7) SUBJECT MATERIALS. Accession Processed in 1997 Arranged in two series: 8) PHOTOGRAPHS and 9) AWARDS, CERTIFICATES AND DIPLOMAS. Accession Processed in 2015 Arranged in four series: 10) BIOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS, 11) CORRESPONDENCE, 12) WRITINGS BY MAYER and 13) PHOTOGRAPHS. -
Our Faustian Bargain
Our Faustian Bargain J. Edward Anderson, PhD, Retired P.E.1 1 Seventy years Engineering Experience, M.I.T. PhD, Aeronautical Research Scientist NACA, Principal Research Engineer Honeywell, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, 23 yrs. University of Minnesota, 8 yrs. Boston University, Fellow AAAS, Life Member ASME. You can make as many copies of this document as you wish. 1 Intentionally blank. 2 Have We Unwittingly made a Faustian Bargain? This is an account of events that have led to our ever-growing climate crisis. Young people wonder if they have a future. How is it that climate scientists discuss such an outcome of advancements in technology and the comforts associated with them? This is about the consequences of the use of coal, oil, and gas for fuel as well as about the science that has enlightened us. These fuels drive heat engines that provide motive power and electricity to run our civilization, which has thus far been to the benefit of all of us. Is there a cost looming ahead? If so, how might we avoid that cost? I start with Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).2 In the 1660’s he discov- ered three laws of motion plus the law of gravitation, which required the concept of action at a distance, a concept that scientists of his day reacted to with horror. Yet without that strange action at a distance we would have no way to explain the motion of planets. The main law is Force = Mass × Acceleration. This is a differential equation that must be integrated twice to obtain position. -
Climate Change, Vulnerability, and Responsibility
PLEASE READ BEFORE PRINTING! PRINTING AND VIEWING ELECTRONIC RESERVES Printing tips: ▪ To reduce printing errors, check the “Print as Image” box, under the “Advanced” printing options. ▪ To print, select the “printer” button on the Acrobat Reader toolbar. DO NOT print using “File>Print…” in the browser menu. ▪ If an article has multiple parts, print out only one part at a time. ▪ If you experience difficulty printing, come to the Reserve desk at the Main or Science Library. Please provide the location, the course and document being accessed, the time, and a description of the problem or error message. ▪ For patrons off campus, please email or call with the information above: Main Library: [email protected] or 706-542-3256 Science Library: [email protected] or 706-542-4535 Viewing tips: ▪ The image may take a moment to load. Please scroll down or use the page down arrow keys to begin viewing this document. ▪ Use the “zoom” function to increase the size and legibility of the document on the screen. The “zoom” function is accessed by selecting the “magnifying glass” button on the Acrobat Reader toolbar. NOTICE CONCERNING COPYRIGHT The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproduction of copyrighted material. Section 107, the “Fair Use” clause of this law, states that under certain conditions one may reproduce copyrighted material for criticism, comment, teaching and classroom use, scholarship, or research without violating the copyright of this material. Such use must be non-commercial in nature and must not impact the market for or value of the copyrighted work. -
Hans Suess Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7c6008jd No online items Hans Suess Papers Finding aid prepared by Special Collections & Archives Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093-0175 858-534-2533 [email protected] Copyright 2005 Hans Suess Papers MSS 0199 1 Descriptive Summary Title: Hans Suess Papers Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0199 Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093-0175 Languages: English Physical Description: 29.0 Linear feet (69 archives boxes, 1 card file box and 5 oversize folders) Date (inclusive): 1875 - 1991 (bulk 1955-1991) Abstract: Papers of Hans Suess, an Austrian-born geochemist who pioneered radiocarbon dating techniques and was a founding faculty member of the University of California, San Diego. His papers span the years 1875-1991 and contain grant proposals, conference materials, subject files, photographs, and writings by Suess and others. The collection also contains correspondence with prominent scientists and UC San Diego faculty. Many of the correspondence files and the writings by Suess are in German. Creator: Suess, Hans Eduard, 1909- Acquisition Information Acquired 1991, 1994. Preferred Citation Hans Suess Papers, MSS 0199. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. Biography Hans Eduard Suess was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1909. He was the son of Franz E. Suess, former professor of geology at the University of Vienna, and Olga Frenzl Suess. His grandfather was Eduard Suess, who wrote The Face of the Earth, an early work in geochemistry. Suess studied chemistry and physics at the University of Vienna where he received a Ph.D. -
Water, Energy, and Environment – a Primer
Chapter 10 Policy considerations The purpose of this chapter is to focus on policy issues associated with the water–energy–environment nexus. At first blush this is more than an imposing task since the provision of water and energy services is essential to all human activities. Providing a policy environment that touches all the necessary bases for successful provision of these services is obviously complicated and inevitably contentious, as policy studies and political history clearly document. So how to proceed? I choose to begin with a definition of ‘policy’: ‘A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve national outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent …’ (62) For example, as stated by UK Prime Minister Theresa May on 19 February 2018, it is the policy of the United Kingdom to ‘… have an education system at all levels which serves the needs of every child.’ (63) Policy development in areas related to water, energy, and environment was a primary focus of my career in government, and I draw upon that experience in the discussion that follows. © 2019 The Author. This is an Open Access book chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution for non-commercial purposes with no derivatives, provided the original work is properly cited (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. The chapter is from the book Water, Energy, and Environment: A Primer, Allan R. -
Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena
Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena Time Path Path Number of Estimated June 2002 Local/ Length Width Persons Damage Location Date Standard (Miles) (Yards) Killed Injured Property Crops Character of Storm ALABAMA, North Central ALZ006 Madison 03 1600CST 0 0 0 0 Excessive Heat The afternoon high temperature measured at the Huntsville International Airport was 95 degrees. This reading tied the previous record high temperature last set in 1998. Talladega County 5 S Talladega 04 1219CST 0 0 5K 0 Hail(1.75) Golf ball size hail was reported in the Brecon community, just south of Talladega. St. Clair County Ragland 04 1301CST 0 0 0 0 Hail(1.00) Quarter size hail was observed in and around the city of Ragland. St. Clair County Ragland 04 1301CST 0 0 3K 0 Thunderstorm Wind (G55) Several trees had their tops snapped off along SR 144 south of Ragland. A few of the downed trees snapped power lines. Tallapoosa County Newsite 04 1314CST 0 0 2K 0 Hail(1.75) Tallapoosa County Newsite 04 1314CST 0 0 2K 0 Thunderstorm Wind (G50) Tallapoosa County Alexander City 04 1320CST 0 0 0 0 Hail(1.00) Golf ball size hail was reported and trees were blown down on SR 22 near New Site. Quarter size hail was observed in Alexander City. Cherokee County 4 S Centre 04 1335CST 0 0 0 0 Hail(0.75) Penny size hail was reported at the Tennala community about 4 miles south of Centre. Clay County 13 N Ashland 04 1400CST 0 1 3K 0 Lightning A seven year old girl was struck by lightning inside the Cheaha State Park grounds. -
James Rodger Fleming
Curriculum Vitae James Rodger Fleming Charles A. Dana Professor of Science, Technology, and Society, Emeritus Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901 USA Email: [email protected]; Phone: 1-207-859-5881; FAX: 1-207-859-5868 CURRENT AFFILIATION Charles A. Dana Professor of Science, Technology and Society, Emeritus, Colby College EMPLOYMENT Colby College, Visiting Assistant to Charles A. Dana Professor of STS 1988-2021 American Meteorological Society, Historical Consultant, 1986-88 Princeton University, Fellow and Preceptor, Department of History, 1982-85 Private Consulting Meteorologist, 1974-82 University of Washington, Research Meteorologist, 1973-74 National Center for Atmospheric Research, Research Meteorologist, 1973 EDUCATION Princeton University, Ph.D. History, 1988; M.A. History of Science, 1984 Colorado State University, M.S. Atmospheric Science, 1973 Pennsylvania State University, B.S. Astronomy, 1971 AWARDS, APPOINTMENTS, HONORS Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar, Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, 2020-21 Consultant, The Goddard Project, Societal implications of negative emissions technologies Advisor, “Making Climate History,” Leverhulme Trust grant to University of Cambridge, 2019-24 International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, keynote speaker, 2019 Distinguished Alumnus Award, Forest Hills School District, PA, 2018 American Geophysical Union, John Tyndall Lecturer in Global Environmental Change, 2017 American Meteorological Society, history editor, Bulletin of the AMS, 2011-21. Smithsonian