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Atmospheric Science at NASA Conway, Erik Published by Johns Hopkins University Press Conway, Erik. Atmospheric Science at NASA: A History. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.3472. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/3472 [ Access provided at 30 Sep 2021 09:30 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Atmospheric Science at NASA New Series in NASA History Steven J. Dick, Series Editor Atmospheric Science at NASA A History erik m. conway The Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore © 2008 The Johns Hopkins University Press All rights reserved. Published 2008 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 246897531 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Conway, Erik M., 1965– Atmospheric science at NASA : a history / Erik M. Conway. p. cm. — (New series in NASA history) isbn-13: 978-0-8018-8984-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-8018-8984-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Atmospheric sciences—History. 2. Satellite meteorology—History. 3. Astronautics in meteorology—History. 4. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I. Title. qc855.c66 2008 551.50973—dc22 2008007633 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Special discounts are available for bulk purchases of this book. For more information, please contact Special Sales at 410-516-6936 or [email protected]. The Johns Hopkins University Press uses environmentally friendly book materials, including recycled text paper that is composed of at least 30 percent post-consumer waste, whenever possible. All of our book papers are acid-free, and our jackets and covers are printed on paper with recycled content. To my grandparents, for the new world This page intentionally left blank A satellite vehicle with appropriate instrumentation can be expected to be one of the most potent scientifi c tools of the Twentieth Century. —RAND, 1946 We did these industrial activities for perfectly understandable reasons, and we discover that we have outsmarted ourselves, that we haven’t understood the fragility of the Earth’s atmosphere and the power of our technology. —Carl Sagan, 1992 This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 1 Establishing the Meteorology Program 11 2 Developing Satellite Meteorology 39 3 Constructing a Global Meteorology 64 4 Planetary Atmospheres 94 5 NASA Atmospheric Research in Transition 122 6 Atmospheric Chemistry 154 7 The Quest for a Climate Observing System 198 8 Missions to Planet Earth: Architectural Warfare 243 9 Atmospheric Science in the Mission to Planet Earth 276 Conclusion 312 Epilogue 321 Notes 325 Index 375 Color illustrations follow page 140 This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments This book is the result of a contract initiated by former NASA chief historian Roger D. Launius in 2002. It was jointly funded by the NASA History Offi ce and by the Atmospheric Science Project Offi ce at Langley Research Center, and administered by the Offi ce of Public Services at Langley Research Center. Thanks to Donna Lawson, Michael P. Finneran, Stephen Sanford, of Langley, Carla Coombs and George Wood of Science and Technology Corporation, and Andrea Magruder, of Tessada Associates, for arranging and supporting this work. For the fi rst two years of this effort, I was the resident historian at Langley Research Center. Declining funding at Langley led me to seek other opportuni- ties, and I landed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, in September 2004, where I completed the work (with some delays) in my free time and with occasional use of unpaid leave periods. Blaine Baggett, Stephen Kulczycki, Laura Cinco, Jenny Coons, and Yvonne Samuels made this transition as painless as a cross-country move can be. In writing this book, I’ve drawn heavily on several libraries. At Langley Research Center, Carolyn Helmetsie and facilities manager Garland Gouger of the Floyd Thompson Technical Library provided an excellent working environment. The interlibrary loan staff, Kenneth Carroll and Cecelia Grzeskowiak, rounded up veritable stacks of history books and articles that engineering libraries don’t carry. At JPL, Margo Young, Barbara Amago, and Mickey Honchel provided access to the collections in Pasadena. At the Schwerdtfeger Library of the University of Wisconsin, Jean Phillips granted access to Verner E. Suomi’s remaining papers and to the library’s extensive collections on early meteorological satellite research. Diane Rabson, the archivist for the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, hosted a research visit and provided copies of a number of oral histories from the NCAR collection. One of the pleasures of writing about modern science has been the opportu- nity to interview working scientists and science managers. In researching this xii acknowledgments work, I interviewed many people. A few people deserve special mention, however. William L. Smith, Sr., and Bruce Wielicki of Langley Research Center, Robert C. Harriss from NCAR, Adrian Tuck of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Aeronomy Lab, and Milton Halem of Goddard Space Flight Center gave lengthy interviews and also read portions of the manuscript, aiding my understanding of their areas of specialty and saving me from embarrassing errors. Edward A. Frieman, Charles F. Kennel, Shelby Tilford, Michael D. King, James E. Hansen, and Dixon Butler helped me understand the politics swirling around Earth observations in the 1990s. Finally, informal conversations with Moustafa Chahine, Eric Fetzer, and Joe Waters at JPL clarifi ed my understand- ing of some of the technical challenges in space-based remote sensing. This book has also benefi ted from my associations with other historians of sci- ence, many of whom I met, or re-met, at the International Commission for the History of Meteorology meeting at Wilheim, Germany, in 2004. Mott Greene helped me think about modeling in modern science. James R. Fleming and Katharine Anderson have been valuable for their knowledge of the history of meteorology. Maiken Lykke Lolck guided me to sources in the history of ice core research. Naomi Oreskes’ inadvertent initiation of a confl ict with climate change disinformation specialists in 2004 unearthed some unique resources, which she graciously shared. Oreskes and Fleming also kindly read and extensively critiqued this manuscript, for which I’m very grateful. Barton C. Hacker and Margaret Vining of the National Museum of American History hosted several of my DC area research visits in their wonderful House of Clio on Capitol Hill. Thanks also to Robert Ferguson and Louise Liu for hosting research visits. Deborah G. Douglas, curator of the MIT Museum, made space for me for a research trip during a cold, wet Boston winter. Finally, Karin Match- ett did admirable research in the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library’s global climate collection on my behalf in 2005. This manuscript was also read by four anonymous reviewers chosen by the NASA History Offi ce, and by an anonymous reviewer chosen by the Johns Hop- kins University Press. They offered numerous criticisms that helped me improve the work. Nonetheless, all errors herein are mine and mine alone. Abbreviations AAOE Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment AASE Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition ABLE Atlantic (Arctic) Boundary Layer Experiment ABMA Army Ballistic Missile Agency ACRIM Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor AEC Atomic Energy Commission AIRS Atmospheric Infrared Sounder AMSU Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit APARE East Asia / North Pacifi c Regional Study APT Automatic Picture Transmission ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency ATMOS Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy ATS Advanced Technology Satellite AVCS Advanced Vidicon Camera System AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer BIC Balloon Intercomparison Campaigns BOMEX Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment BUV Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer CALIPSO Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfi nder Satellite Observation CERES Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System CFCs chlorofl uorocarbons CIAP Climate Impact Assessment Program CITE Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation CLIMAP Climate: Long range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction CLIMSAT Climate Satellite xiv abbreviations CNES Centre National d’Études Spatiales COSPAR Committee on Space Research CrIs Crosstrack Infrared Sounder CRYSTAL-FACE Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers–Florida Area Cirrus Experiment DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center DIAL Differential Absorption Lidar DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DST Data Systems Test ENSO El Niño / Southern Oscillation EOS Earth Observing System EOSDIS Earth Observing System Data and Information System EOSP Earth Observing Scanning Polarimeter EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ESMR Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer ESSA Environmental Science Services Administration ESSP Earth System Science Pathfi nder FGGE First GARP Global Experiment FIRE First ISCCP Regional Experiment GARP Global Atmospheric Research Program GATE GARP Atlantic Tropic Experiment GFDL Geophysical
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