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Frutos Da Floresta Amazônica. Parte I: Myristicaceae

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Frutos Da Floresta Amazônica. Parte I: Myristicaceae FRUTOS DA FLORESTA AMAZÔNICA. PARTE I: MYRISTICACEAE Marc G. M. VAN ROOSMALEN1, Maria del Pilar Diaz BARDALES2, Olímpia Maria da Cruz Gomes GARCIA1 RESUMO — Descrições e desenhos de frutos e sementes das espécies da família Myristicaceae, na Amazônia legal, são apresentadas, juntamente com informações adicionais sobre o hábito, habitat, distribuição geográfica e dispersão de sementes de cada espécie. O presente trabalho consta de um glossário visualizado, dos termos botânicos amplamente utilizados. Palavras-chave: Amazônia; Myristicaceae; frutos; morfologia; ecologia; dispersão de sementes; glossário de inflorescências, folhas, e frutos. Fruits of the Amazonian Forest. Part I: Myristicaceae. ABSTRACT — Descriptions and line drawings of fruits and seeds from woody plants of the family Myristicaceae occuring in Amazon, and their habitat, distribution and seed dispersal. Including a visualised glossary of widely used botanical terms. Key words: Amazon; Myristicaceae; fruits; morphology; ecology; seed dispersal; glossary for inflorescences, leaves and fruits. INTRODUÇÃO preferido. O tipo de dispersão de sementes, no caso de zoocoria, quais animais nela Este é o primeiro de uma série de envolvidos. A predação de sementes e quais artigos onde pretende-se descrever e animais envolvidos. Características gerais visualisar os frutos de plantas lenhosas sobre folhas e inflorescências, foram ocorrentes na Amazônia. Estimamos que incluídas para auxiliar, quando necessário, na Amazônia legal encontra-se, no a identificação dos frutos. mínimo, 10.000 espécies de árvores, Em anexo, o trabalho consta de um arbustos, cipós e hemiepífitas, cinco glossário visualisado com os principais tipos vezes superior aquelas tratadas no livro de inflorescências, folhas (arranjos, margens, "Fruits of the Guianan Flora", publicado ápices, bases, superfícies, revestimentos e por Van Roosmalen em 1985. formas), e frutos (formas e tipos), que Famílias recém revisadas, sem podem auxiliar a compreensão deste e dos problemas taxonômicos, serão as mais artigos seguintes. utilizadas. A série começa com a família Myristicaceae, revisada por Dr. William MATERIAL E MÉTODOS A. Rodrigues, seguidas por Sapotaceae, Lecythidaceae, Annonaceae, Clusiaceae, As descrições e os desenhos dos Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae e outras, frutos e sementes foram baseados em objetivando reunir cerca de 110 famílias. material herborizado, de herbários Cada tratamento consta de descrições nacionais e estrangeiros, principalmente, do elaboradas dos frutos e sementes, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da complementadas com informações sobre a Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, da distribuição geográfica, hábito e habitat Universidade de Utrecht, Holanda, e da 1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Estrada Cosmc Ferreira, 1756 - Alcixo - Manaus - AM 2 Yavari 416 - Iquitos, Pcrú ACTA AMAZONICA 26(4): 209-264.1996. Universidade de Paramaribo, Suriname, com. pess. = comunicação pessoal a maioria das cxsicatas sendo CP. = Carlos Peres, primatólogo, que identificadas por o especialista da família, pesquisava as comunidades de primatas nas Dr. William A Rodrigues, além de mate­ áreas dos rios Urucu e Juruá, Amazonas. rial fresco, coletado e preservado na E.F. = Edson da Rocha Frazão, carpoteca do INPA. que pesquisou o comportamento As principais áreas de coletas alimentar do macaco cuxiú (Chiropotes próximas a Manaus foram: Rio Tarumã, satanas chiropotes) na área do projeto Arquipélago de Anavilhanas, Ilha de WWF/INPA. Marchantaria, reservas do projeto WWF/ E.S. = Eleonore Zulnara Freire INPA (ZF-2, 80 km ao norte de Manaus), Setz, que pesquisou o comportamento Reserva Florestal Ducke (AM-10, km 25), alimentar do macaco parauacu (Pithecia e Reserva do rio Cuieiras (Br-174, km 33- pithecia chrysocephala) na área do 37). As áreas mais distantes foram as dos projeto WWF/INPA. rios Tefé, Urucu (RUC-2, Petrobrás), INPA = Instituto Nacional de Juruá, Negro, Jauapcrí, Cauaburi (Parque Pesquisas da Amazônia. Nacional do Pico da Neblina), Abacaxi e J.P.B. = Jean-Philippe Boubli, que Maués. Os desenhos, quando possível, fo­ pesquisou o comportamento alimentar do ram feitos de frutos frescos ou preservados macaco uacarí-preto (Cacajao m. em AFA, álcool a 70%, formol a 10%, ou melanocephalus) no Parque Nacional do glícerol a 50%. Pico da Neblina, Amazonas. Informações complementares e MvR = Marcus G.M. Van outros dados de campo foram incluídos no Roosmalen, pesquisador do INPA, que trabalho, após anos de pesquisas sobre a pesquisou os frutos, a ecologia de ecologia de primatas e outros vertebrados, primatas, e as relações entre plantas e realizados pelo primeiro autor no Suriname animais no Suriname, Guiana Francesa, ( 1976-1979), Guiana Francesa ( 1983-1985) e Brasil e no Brasil (de 1987 até a presente data). S.E. = Silvia G. Egler, que pesquisou Todas as ilustrações de frutos e a ecologia do macaco sauím-de-coleira sementes foram desenhadas em tamanho (Saguinus b. bicolor) numa área próxima natural, 1:1. de Manaus, e no rio Cuieiras, Amazonas. No Apêndice estão ilustrações s/n - sem número explicando as terminologias usadas nas T.R.D. = Thomas R. Defler, caracterizações. primatólogo, que pesquisou a ecologia de As descrições das espécies seguem primatas do rio Apaporis Colombia a ordem alfabética dos nomes dos taxa. W.S. = Wilson Spironelo, que Toda coleção examinada e estudada, no pesquisou o comportamento alimentar do Brasil, encontra-se citada no final de cada macaco prego (Cebus a. apella) na área do descrição, incluindo as informações projeto WWF/INPA, Amazonas. adicionais. WWF = World Wildlife Fund/ O trabalho consta de seguintes Fundação Mundial da Conservação da abreviações: Natureza. Z.F. = Zona Franca. ligeiramente onduladas e às vezes recurvadas estreitamente nas margens, Tratamento sistemático pecioladas. Inflorescências 1-2 nas axilas das MYRISTICACEAE folhas ou sobre ramos desfolhados, Folhas alternas, simples, inteiras, racemosa, fasciculada racemosa ou peninérveas, às vezes coriáceas, estritamente paniculada, brácteas caducas, pecioladas, estipulas ausentes. bracteolas ausentes, flores dióicas, Inflorescência cimosa ou racemosa, pediceladas; flores masculinas 3-25 por paniculada ou umbelada; flores fascículo, tépalas parcialmente unidas, mais unissexuais, monóicas às vezes no gênero ou menos carnosas, 3 ou raramente 4-5- lryanthera ou dióicas, pequenas, em lobadas, anteras 4-10, compridas; flores racemos axilares ou terminais, às vezes femininas 1-8 por fascículo, tépalas fasciculadas ao final ou ao longo das parcialmente unidas, ovàrio unicarpelar, ramificações, apétalas; cálice cupulado ou subgloboso ou elipsóide, estigma sub-séssil, campanulado, 2-3 (-5)-lobado, lobos bilobado. Fruto uma cápsula elipsóide, valvados; flores masculinas 2-30, anteras 3 glabra, deiscente em duas valvas, lisa ou ou mais, extrorsas dorsalmente adnadas a obscuramente carenada, pedicelada; uma coluna central estaminal; flores pericarpo tènue, cartàceo, ás vezes lenhoso, femininas, ovàrio supero, 1 -locular, com um arilo essencialmente inteiro ou óvulo basal anátropo, estilete curto, estigma diminutamente laciniado no ápice; semente sub-séssil forma de disco lobado. Fruto uma elipsóide, testa delgada, lisa, geralmente cápsula, às vezes polposo, lenhoso, irregularmente manchada de preto ou geralmente deiscente ao longo de duas purpuráceo, ás vezes sem essas manches, suturas ventrais e dorsais; 1 semente, endosperma não ruminado. revestido por um atilo delgado ou polposo, Hábito: Arvores ou arbustos, inteiro ou laciniado, arilo freqüentemente pequenos, dióicos, freqüentemente com vermelho, rico em lipídeos, semente com seiva vermelha. abundante óleo; endosperma às vezes Dispersão: Os frutos são comidos por ruminado, aromàtico. frugívoros especialistas, principalmente Hábito: Arbustos ou árvores, pássaros (SNOW, 1981) e macacos. comumente exudando uma seiva, quando 1.1. Compsoneura capiteüata (A. DC.) cortado, de cor vermelha transparente. Warb. PI. 1, fig. 1 Dispersão: Endozoocórica, por frugívoros especializados como Pedicelo de fruto 0,4-0,5 cm de macacos-aranha {Ateies belzebuth, comprimento. Cápsula elipsóide, com Ateies paniscus) (VAN menor freqüência globosa, 4,3-6,8 χ 3,9- ROOSMALEN, 1985), tucanos e 4,8 cm, glabra, madura verde a amarelo cotingas (VAN DER PIJL, 1982; escura, ápice arredondado, às vezes Mc KEY, 1975). ligeiramente sulcado, estipitado, base arredondada, sutura longitudinal 1. Compsoneura Warb. apresentando sempre uma quilha longitudi­ Folhas alternas, glabras, inteiras ou nal unilateral; pericarpo abrindo-se de um lado, espesso, carnoso quando fresco, duro, fig-3 lenhoso quando seco, 0,4 cm de espessura, Infrutescência 5,2-6,0 cm de arilo delgado; semente 2,74,3 χ 3,0-3,2 cm, comprimento, pedúnculo 0,5-1,8 cm de testa dura de cor marrom, sem máculas, comprimento, 1-2 frutos maduros por endosperma não ruminado. infrutescência,pedicelados; pedicelo Hábito e habitat: Arbusto ou árvore delgado, 0,4-0,8 cm de comprimento, até 28 m; mata de terra firme. distalmente dilatado, 3 sépalas persistentes Distribuição: Brasil (Amazonas), até ao fruto. Cápsula elipsóide, 1,9-2,4 χ 1,0- Colômbia, Equador, Peru. 1,1 cm, imatura verde, madura amarela Material examinado: Huashicat 1025/ pálida, obtusa ou dirninutamente apiculada INPA 99810; Schunke 4596/INPA 105810; no ápice, dirninutamente estipitada na base, Gentry et al. 40364/ΓΝΡΑ 114305; Neill estipe ca. de 0,1-0,2 cm de comprimento, 7150/INPA 147966; Vásquez et al. 5164/ sutura longitudinal impressa; pericarpo ΓΝΡΑ 147967; Gentry et al. 48000/INPA
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