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Doctoral Thesis of Thomas Mang

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Doctoral Thesis of Thomas Mang DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis „The relationship between the mean and variation of functional traits and the geographical range size of tropical trees“ verfasst von / submitted by Eduardo Jose Chacón Madrigal angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Wien, 2018 / Vienna 2018 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 794 685 437 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Natural Sciences (Life Sc.):Biology field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag.Dr. Stefan Dullinger ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag.Dr.Wolfgang Wanek i ii Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... v Synopsis of Publications and Manuscripts ..................................................................... vi Introduction .................................................................................................................... vii References....................................................................................................................... x Abstract .......................................................................................................................... xv Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1: Traits indicating a conservative resource strategy are weakly related to narrow range size in a group of neotropical trees .... 1 Abstract ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Methods ................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Results ................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Discussion.............................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Funding ................................................................................................................ 10 1.6 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 11 1.7 References........................................................................................................... 11 1.8 Tables .................................................................................................................. 19 1.9 Figures ................................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 2: Is local trait variation related to total range size of tropical trees? ........................................................................................................... 25 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 27 2.3 Results ................................................................................................................. 32 2.4 Discussion............................................................................................................ 33 iii 2.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 36 2.6 References........................................................................................................... 36 2.7 Figures ................................................................................................................. 44 2.8 Tables .................................................................................................................. 49 Chapter 3: What property of the species functional traits defines better the realized niche breadth of tropical trees: the central position or the variation? ......................................................................................... 51 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 52 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Results ................................................................................................................. 55 3.4 Discussion............................................................................................................ 57 3.5 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 59 3.6 References........................................................................................................... 59 3.7 Figures ................................................................................................................. 66 Appendices ................................................................................................. 71 4.1 Supplementary Material Chapter 1, Appendix A: ................................................ 71 Appendix A1: Analysis of seed size differences ........................................................... 74 References..................................................................................................................... 75 Appendix A2: Field methods and trait measurements. ................................................. 81 References..................................................................................................................... 82 4.2 Supplementary Material Chapter 1, Appendix B: ................................................ 87 Data accessibility Chapter 1 .......................................................................................... 98 4.3 Supporting information Chapter 2: ...................................................................... 99 References................................................................................................................... 124 4.4 Supporting information Chapter 3: .................................................................... 126 iv Acknowledgements I thank my entire advisory committee, Stefan Dullinger, Wolfgang Wanek and Peter Hietz, for all the time, contributions and patience throughout this process. I especially thank Stefan Dullinger for accepting a tropical biologist as a doctoral student in his department. I cannot be more happy and fortunate to have Stefan Dullinger as supervisor; thanks for the meetings, for your patience, helpful tips, ideas, letters and for the opportunity to participate in a great department with lively and friendly people. I thank Yanil Bravo, Alvaro Picado, Bolivar Marín, Marvin López and Ricardo Calderón for their help during field and laboratory work, friendship and personal support. I am grateful to the Government of Costa Rica and Guido Saborío from Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservación (SINAC) for authorizations and support, the SINAC staff at the Rancho Quemado field station. I thank to Marco Hidalgo and Mireya, Fundación Neotrópica, Osa Conservation, La Gamba Tropical Research Station, Programa de Investigaciones Osa-Golfo Dulce and Escuela de Biología of the University of Costa Rica for all the logistic support and research facilities. Funding for fieldwork and laboratory analysis was provided by the fellowship 15981-1 of The Rufford Small Grants Foundation, part of the scholarship FI-183-13 by the CONICIT (Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Costa Rica) and Instrumetl.com. Part of the costs for laboratory analysis was covered by the Centro de Investigaciones Agronómicas (CIA) of the University of Costa Rica. Funding for studies at the University of Vienna was provided by the scholarships FI-183-13 by CONICIT and OAICE-CAB- 175-2014 by the University of Costa Rica. I must also thank Huber Werner and Anton Weissenhofer, who for the first time, put in my perspective the University of Vienna as a possible center for my doctoral studies and because they warmly introduced me to the Austrian and Viennese culture. I am grateful to personal and colleagues of CVL who offered me their friendship during my studies in Vienna. I thank the reviewers and editors because their comments improved the quality of the publications of this thesis. Reading their comments was a mixture of disappointment, frustration, learning, and growth. Finally, I am very grateful to my family, my wife Catalina and my daughter Eli. Without their emotional support and time, I would never have finished. I will redistribute the harvest of this seed time. During my doctoral studies, I also started my life as the father of the most wonderful girl that I have ever known. Eli, you are the
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