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Zarate-Gomez-Rcardo.Pdf UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSTGRADO MAESTRÍA EN BOSQUES Y GESTIÓN DE RECURSOS FORESTALES ARQUITECTURA FOLIAR Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DE IRYANTHERA (MYRISTICACEAE) EN LOS BOSQUES DEL SUR Y CENTRO AMÉRICA Presentado por: RICARDO ZÁRATE GÓMEZ TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGISTER SCIENTIAE EN BOSQUES Y GESTIÓN DE RECURSOS FORESTALES Lima-Perú 2019 1 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO MAESTRÍA EN BOSQUES Y GESTIÓN DE RECURSOS FORESTALES ARQUITECTURA FOLIAR Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES DE IRYANTHERA (MYRISTICACEAE) EN LOS BOSQUES DEL SUR Y CENTRO AMÉRICA TESIS PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGISTER SCIENTIAE Presentada por: RICARDO ZÁRATE GÓMEZ Sustentada y aprobada ante el siguiente jurado: Mg. Sc. Victor Barrena Arroyo Ph. D. Carlos Reynel Rodríguez PRESIDENTE PATROCINADOR Mg. Bot. Mercedes Flores Pimentel Mg. Sc. Manuel Chavesta Custodio MIEMBRO MIEMBRO 2 DEDICATORIA ¡El esfuerzo de todos estos años y días trabajando en este proyecto lo dedico a ti querido[a] lector[a]! 4 AGRADECIMIENTO Al Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana por el financiamiento de los inventarios en campo -en la Amazonía peruana-, las facilidades de información, materiales y equipos proporcionados. Al CONCYTEC por el financiamiento de casi todo el costo de mi viaje a Manaus -Brasil-, a través de la beca: Movilización Nacional e Internacional en Ciencia, Tecnologñia e Innovación; con lo cual fue posible la medición de las muestras de Iryanthera en el Herbario INPA. A Tony Mori, George Gallardo, Geancarlo Cohell, Hilda Dávil, Linder Mozombite, Luis Valles, Nandy Macedo, Danna Flores, Priscila Gonzales, Vilma Ruiz, José Maco, Sandra Ríos, Luis Álvarez, Lizardo Fachín, Walter Castro, Roger Escobedo, Rocío Jarama, Juan Palacios, Guiuseppe Torres, Percy Martínez y Marcial Martínez por el apoyo económico para financiar parte del viaje a Manaus. A Carlos Reynel por el asesoramiento en la presente tesis, sus invaluables consejos y sus enseñanzas. A Nicole Mitidieri, Gabriel Zárate y Giovanni Zárate por el apoyo que me brindaron durante la planificación, ejecución de este proyecto y elaboración del presente reporte; ya que con su presencia han motivado la ejecución de esta empresa. A Luis Limachi y José Maco, porque me permitieron ausentarme del trabajo institucional para estar evaluando las plantas en los herbarios. A Juan Palacios y George Gallardo por la ayuda en la parte de análisis espacial y en la elaboración de los mapas de la distribución de las especies de Iryanthera. A Luis Valles, Milagros Rimachi, Aldo Alva, Hilda Dávila, Linder Mozombite, Michael Bazan, Tony Mori por sus valiosos aportes en la toma de datos en los Herbarios AMAZ, HH, USM e INPA. A Carlos Reynel, Aniseto Daza y Eli Pariente por las facilidades brindadas en el Herbario MOL; a Dennis del Castillo, Ricardo Farroñae y Rique Babilonia por el apoyo en el uso del Herbario Herrerense; a Edwin Gatica, Gabino Hayta, Javier Padilla, Nidsen Saavedra y Bedman Shapiama por las facilidades proporcionadas en el Centro de Investigación de 5 Jenaro Herrera del IIAP; a Felicia Díaz y Richard Huaranca por permitirme el ingreso al Herbario Amazonense; a Alberto Vicentini y Michael Gilbert por permitirme el acceso al Herbario del INPA; y a Joaquina Albán, Hamilton Beltrán y Patricia Velazco por las facilidades brindadas en el uso del Herbario San Marcos. A Ines Zárate y Gladys Zárate por el alojamiento en la ciudad de Lima durante el desarrollo de mis estudios de Maestría y la realización de la presente tesis. María Ramos, Ines Zárate, Fredy Ramírez por los materiales y equipos prestados para la ejecución de la presente tesis. A Nallareth Dávila, Milagros Rimachi, Adela Ruiz por su apoyo logístico durante mi viaje a Manaus. A Eurídice Honorio por la información proporcionada de las Iryanthera del Herbario Herrerense -HH-. A Luis Torres y Marcos Ríos por las fotografías de las exicatas de Iryanthera del Herbario COAH del Ecuador. A Wilson Devia Álvarez por la información de las Iryanthera de Colombia. A Pedro Pérez Peña por la ayuda en el análisis estadístico de la presente investigación. A Cristina López y Carlos Villacorta por la bibliografía proporcionada. A SCI-HUB (http://www.sci-hub.cc/), Googleooks (https://books.google.es/), Library Genesis1M (http://gen.lib.rus.ec/), Universidad de Harvard (http://library.harvard.edu/search-find), Missouri Botanical Garden (http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx), Biodiversity Heritage Library (http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/) y The Plants List (http://www.theplantlist.org/) por el acceso gratuito a información muy valiosa en internet; el cual fue utilizado para entender a las especies de Iryanthera. A Missouri Botanical Garden (http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx), INCT- Herbário Virtual da Flora e dos Fungos (http://inct.splink.org.br/) y Atrium Biodiversity Information System (http://atrium.andesamazon.org/) por permitir el ingreso a sus bases de datos de colecciones de Iryanthera. 6 Arquitectura Foliar y Distribución de las Especies de Iryanthera (Myristicaceae) en los bosques del sur y centro América RESUMEN La presente tesis ha tenido tres objetivos: 1. Caracterizar la arquitectura foliar de las especies de Iryanthera; 2. Elaborar una clave para la identificación de las especies de Iryanthera a partir de las características foliares; y 3. Determinar distribución de las especies de Iryanthera. El área de estudio correspondió a tres subregiones biogeográficas: Amazonía, Caribe y Chaco. Para la caracterización de la arquitectura foliar se tuvo en cuenta 31 características foliares de 887 especímenes; la clave se elaboró con las características diagnosticas principales, y fue del tipo dicotómica; la distribución de las especies se realizó a partir de las coordenadas geográficas de 5050 especímenes. Se presentan nuevas características medidas de las 23 especies de Iryanthera, habiendose elaborado una clave dicotómica con características foliares (aún que algunas especies no es posible diferenciarlos con dichas características). Las características más importantes para la diferenciación son: largo del peciólo, rugosidad de la superficie foliar, forma de la lámina, cantidad de venas secundarias, largo de la lámina, vena colectora, entre otras. Las especies de Iryanthera se distribuyen desde Guanacaste en Costa Rica hasta Cochabamba en Bolivia incluyendo parte de los territorios de Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guayana Francesa, Guyana, Panamá, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela. Se presenta además una modificación de un estado taxonómico y dos posibles nuevas especies. 7 Foliar Architecture and Distribution of Iryanthera Species (Myristicaceae) in the forests of South and Central America SUMMARY The present thesis has three objectives: 1. Characterize the foliar architecture of Iryanthera species; 2. Develop a key for the identification of Iryanthera species from leaf characteristics only; and 3. Determine the distribution of Iryanthera species. The study area corresponded to three biogeographic subregions: Amazon, Caribbean and Chaco. For the characterization of the foliar architecture, 31 leaf characteristics of 887 specimens were taken into account; the key was elaborated with the main diagnostic characteristics, and was of the dichotomous type; the distribution of the species was made from the geographical coordinates of 5050 specimens. New measured characteristics of the 23 species of Iryanthera are presented, a dichotomic key has been developed with foliar characteristics (although some species cannot be differentiated with these characteristics). The most important characteristics for the differentiation are: length of the pecio, roughness of the foliar surface, shape of the lamina, number of secondary veins, length of the lamina, collecting vein, among others. Iryanthera species are distributed from Guanacaste in Costa Rica to Cochabamba in Bolivia including parts of the territories of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela. It also presents a modification of a taxonomic state and two possible new species. 8 ÍNDICE GENERAL I. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ......................................................................................... 3 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ....................................................................................... 26 3.1. Descripción del área de estudio ................................................................................. 26 3.2. Equipos y materiales .................................................................................................. 26 3.3. Metodología ............................................................................................................... 28 3.4 Diseño de la investigación .......................................................................................... 36 3.5. Población y muestra ................................................................................................... 38 3.6. Instrumentos de colecta de datos ............................................................................... 38 3.7. Procedimientos de análisis de datos ........................................................................... 38 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN .................................................................................... 40 4.1 Descripción de la arquitectura foliar de las especies
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