United States In cooperation with United Department of States Department of the Agriculture Interior, Bureau of Land Soil Survey of Management; University of Natural Idaho, College of Owyhee County Resources Agriculture; and Idaho Soil Conservation Conservation Commission Service Area, Idaho This CD contains the historical soil survey for Owyhee County, Idaho, published in 2003.

For more current maps and data, go to Web Soil Survey at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/ or Soil Data Mart at http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available online from the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 3

How to Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the general soil map. These maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets, which precedes the soil maps. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map units symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1987. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1990. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1987. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; University of Idaho, College of Agriculture; and Idaho Soil Conservation Commission. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Balanced Rock, Bruneau River, and Owyhee Soil Conservation District. Since the publication of this survey, more information on soil properties may have been collected, new interpretations developed, or existing interpretive criteria modified. The most current soil information and interpretations for this survey are in the Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) at the local Natural Resources Conservation Service field office. The soil maps in this publication may exist in digital form in a full quadrangle format. The digitizing of the maps is in accordance with the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database standards. During the digitizing process, changes or corrections to the maps may have occurred. These changes or corrections improve the matching of this survey to adjacent surveys and correct previous errors or omissions of map unit symbols or lines. If digital SSURGO certified maps exist for this survey, they are considered the official maps for the survey area and are part of the FOTG at the local Natural Resources Conservation Service field office. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC, 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: Typical area of Bieber and Hurryback soils on low hills, Zola and Welch soils on stream terraces, Wickahoney and Budlewis soils on tablelands, and Blackleg and Northcastle soils on knolls is right center. South Mountain is in background.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources”). 5

Contents

Cover ...... 1 8—Arbidge-Laped-Slickspots complex, 0 How to Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 to 8 percent slopes ...... 36 Contents ...... 5 9—Arbidge-Owsel-Gariper complex, 1 to Foreword ...... 13 15 percent slopes ...... 37 General Nature of the Survey Area...... 15 10—Arness-Humdun complex, 1 to 8 History and Development ...... 15 percent slopes ...... 38 Agriculture and Water Supply ...... 16 11—Babbington-Beetville loams, 0 to Recreation ...... 17 3 percent slopes ...... 39 Climate ...... 17 12—Babbington-Piline association, 0 to How This Survey Was Made ...... 17 3 percent slopes ...... 40 General Soil Map Units ...... 21 13—Badlands-Typic Torriorthents-Xeric Soil Descriptions ...... 21 Torriorthents complex, very steep ...... 41 1. Paynecreek-Bluecreek-Northcastle ...... 21 14—Bauscher-Sharesnout association, 5 2. Alzola ...... 21 to 35 percent slopes ...... 41 3. Blackleg-Threek-Barkley ...... 21 15—Bedstead-Arbidge association, 2 to 4. Arbidge-Hardtrigger-Gariper ...... 23 15 percent slopes ...... 42 5. McKeeth-Escalante-Badlands ...... 23 16—Bieber-Hurryback association, 2 to 6. Heckison-Freshwater ...... 23 40 percent slopes ...... 43 7. Wickahoney-Monasterio-Yatahoney ...... 23 17—Blackleg-Northcastle complex, 1 to 8. Hat-Cleavage ...... 23 12 percent slopes ...... 44 9. Scism-Briabbit ...... 26 18—Blackleg-Threek association, 3 to 10. Fairylawn-Acrelane-Longcreek ...... 26 40 percent slopes ...... 45 11. Willhill-Dougal ...... 26 19—Bluecreek sandy loam, 1 to 10 12. Bruncan-Troughs-Snowmore ...... 26 percent slopes ...... 46 13. Arbidge-Bedstead-Buncelvoir ...... 26 20—Booford-Barkley complex, 8 to 14. Kanlee-Poisoncreek ...... 27 45 percent slopes ...... 46 15. Sharesnout-Snell ...... 27 21—Booford-Blackleg association, 2 to 16. Parkay-Dehana-Wareagle ...... 27 12 percent slopes ...... 47 17. Rock outcrop-Rubbleland ...... 27 22—Boulder Lake-Yatahoney association, Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 0 to 10 percent slopes ...... 48 Soil Descriptions ...... 30 23—Brace-Freshwater complex, 1 to 1—Acrelane-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to 15 percent slopes ...... 48 45 percent slopes ...... 30 24—Briabbit-Murphill complex, 2 to 35 2—Alzola silt loam, 1 to 10 percent slopes ..... 31 percent slopes ...... 49 3—Alzola-Troughs-Bigflat stony loams, 5 25—Bruncan very stony silt loam, 2 to to 35 percent slopes ...... 32 15 percent slopes ...... 50 4—Arbidge-Buncelvoir-Chilcott complex, 26—Bruncan-Arbidge complex, 1 to 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 33 8 percent slopes ...... 50 5—Arbidge-Chilcott silt loams, 1 to 8 27—Bruncan-Hardtrigger-Buncelvoir percent slopes ...... 34 complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes ...... 51 6—Arbidge-Heckison association, 2 to 28—Bruncan-Jenor-Troughs association, 15 percent slopes ...... 35 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 52 7—Arbidge-Hunnton silt loams, 1 to 8 29—Bruncan-Laped complex, 1 to percent slopes ...... 35 8 percent slopes ...... 53 6

30—Bruncan-Minveno complex, 2 to 52—Dranyon-Dehana gravelly loams, 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 54 40 percent slopes ...... 74 31—Bruncan-Snowmore silt loams, 1 to 53—Duco-Chinabutte-Dougal complex, 8 percent slopes ...... 55 5 to 45 percent slopes ...... 74 32—Bruncan-Troughs very stony loams, 1 54—Escalante sandy loam, 1 to 12 to 10 percent slopes ...... 56 percent slopes ...... 75 33—Bruncan-Troughs-Midraw complex, 0 to 55—Escalante-Tindahay-Ornea complex, 5 percent slopes ...... 56 1 to 12 percent slopes ...... 76 34—Brunzell-Doodlelink-Threek gravelly 56—Fairylawn-Perla association, 2 to 25 loams, 2 to 45 percent slopes ...... 57 percent slopes ...... 77 35—Catchell-Longcreek complex, 3 to 57—Fairylawn-Schnipper silt loams, 1 to 25 percent slopes ...... 59 8 percent slopes ...... 78 36—Chayson-Merlin complex, 2 to 58—Foxmount-Povey-Rubbleland complex, 12 percent slopes ...... 60 10 to 50 percent slopes...... 78 37—Chilcott-Igert gravelly loams, 2 to 59—Freshwater-Larioscamp-Dishpan 20 percent slopes ...... 60 complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 79 38—Chilcott-Lamonta complex, 2 to 60—Fryingpan-Hat-Nipintuck complex, 1 12 percent slopes ...... 61 to 30 percent slopes ...... 80 39—Chinabutte-Alibi very stony loams, 61—Fulcrum-Monasterio stony sandy 3 to 45 percent slopes ...... 62 loams, 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 81 40—Cleavage-Avtable-Monasterio complex, 62—Gaib-Wareagle-Rock outcrop 1 to 35 percent slopes ...... 63 association, 2 to 50 percent slopes ...... 82 41—Cleavage-Rubbleland complex, 2 to 63—Gooding-Gariper loams, 2 to 20 35 percent slopes ...... 64 percent slopes ...... 83 42—Cleavage-Snell complex, 5 to 50 64—Goose Creek loam, 1 to 3 percent percent slopes ...... 65 slopes ...... 84 43—Cottle-Willhill complex, 3 to 25 percent 65—Graveya-Ratsnest-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 65 association, 3 to 35 percent slopes ...... 84 44—Dehana-Nagitsy association, 2 to 66—Graylock-Takeuchi association, 3 to 50 percent slopes ...... 66 60 percent slopes ...... 85 45—Deunah-Yatahoney-Lostvalley 67—Hades-Sharesnout complex, 5 to 35 complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 67 percent slopes ...... 86 46—Diawell-McKeeth association, 2 to 68—Hardtrigger-Arbidge complex, 2 to 20 percent slopes ...... 68 12 percent slopes ...... 87 47—Dollarhide-Rock outcrop complex, 15 69—Hardtrigger-Briabbit-Tindahay to 75 percent slopes ...... 69 complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes ...... 88 48—Doodlelink-Bregar-Sharesnout 70—Hardtrigger-Cottle-Midraw complex, complex, 5 to 40 percent slopes ...... 70 3 to 35 percent slopes ...... 89 49—Doodlelink-Sharesnout-Parkay 71—Hardtrigger-Enko complex, 2 to 15 association, 3 to 50 percent slopes ...... 71 percent slopes ...... 90 50—Doodlelink-Snell-Parkay complex, 72—Hardtrigger-Gariper-Diawell complex, 5 to 40 percent slopes ...... 72 2 to 20 percent slopes ...... 91 51—Dougal-Bruncan stony sandy loams, 73—Hardtrigger-Goose Creek loams, 1 to 2 to 20 percent slopes ...... 73 5 percent slopes ...... 92 7

74—Hardtrigger-Scism complex, 1 to 96—Loomis-Fairylawn complex, 1 to 15 5 percent slopes ...... 93 percent slopes ...... 113 75—Hardtrigger-Snowmore-Vickery 97—Loomis-Haw association, 2 to 35 complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 94 percent slopes ...... 114 76—Hat-Avtable-Monasterio complex, 98—Lostvalley-Budlewis complex, 1 to 10 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 94 percent slopes ...... 115 77—Hat-Nagitsy-Rock outcrop complex, 99—Mackey-Cottle association, 10 to 45 5 to 50 percent slopes ...... 96 percent slopes ...... 115 78—Hat-Rock outcrop-Nipintuck complex, 100—McKeeth-Veta gravelly loams, 2 to 2 to 35 percent slopes ...... 97 15 percent slopes ...... 116 79—Hat-Zecanyon complex, 1 to 101—Merlin-Lostvalley-Chayson 20 percent slopes ...... 97 complex, 1 to 12 percent slopes ...... 117 80—Haw-Renslow association, 0 to 102—Minveno-Roseworth silt loams, 1 to 4 percent slopes ...... 98 5 percent slopes ...... 118 81—Heckison-Bigflat silt loams, 1 to 103—Mollic Haploxeralfs-Pachic 10 percent slopes ...... 99 Argixerolls complex, steep ...... 119 82—Heckison-Freshwater complex, 1 to 20 104—Monasterio-Chayson-Budlewis percent slopes ...... 100 complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes ...... 120 83—Heckison-Insidert-Bigflat silt loams, 1 105—Monasterio-Cleavage-Saturday to 10 percent slopes ...... 100 association, 1 to 25 percent slopes ...... 121 84—Hotcreek-Troughs association, 1 to 15 106—Monasterio-Cleavage-Thacker percent slopes ...... 102 complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes ...... 122 85—Hurryback-Hat-Avtable association, 1 107—Monasterio-Wickahoney complex, to 40 percent slopes ...... 102 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 123 86—Hurryback-Wickahoney association, 3 108—Mulshoe very stony sandy loam, to 45 percent slopes ...... 104 4 to 25 percent slopes ...... 124 87—Igert-Willhill-Hardtrigger gravelly 109—Mulshoe-Squawcreek-Gaib loams, 1 to 25 percent slopes ...... 104 association, 2 to 30 percent 88—Insidert-Tanner complex, 1 to 8 slopes ...... 124 percent slopes ...... 105 110—Nagitsy-Rock outcrop-Parkay 89—Jumpcreek-Frenchjohn complex, 3 complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes ...... 125 to 30 percent slopes ...... 106 111—Nazaton-Naz complex, 10 to 60 90—Kanlee-Ola-Quicksilver association, percent slopes ...... 126 3 to 50 percent slopes ...... 107 112—Nipintuck-Rock outcrop complex, 91—Kanlee-Poisoncreek-Ola association, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 127 1 to 45 percent slopes ...... 108 113—Nipintuck-Squawcreek-Rock 92—Kiyi-Sharesnout-Hades complex, 3 to outcrop complex, 2 to 30 percent 40 percent slopes ...... 109 slopes ...... 128 93—Larioscamp-Dishpan-Brace loams, 1 114—Northcastle-Bluecreek-Yatahoney to 12 percent slopes ...... 110 loams, 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 129 94—Larioscamp-Freshwater complex, 115—Northcastle-Wagonbox-Fryingpan 1 to 15 percent slopes ...... 111 complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes ...... 130 95—Longcreek-Hurryback-Succor 116—Ola-Earcree association, 10 to 50 complex, 3 to 40 percent slopes ...... 112 percent slopes ...... 131 8

117—Orovada-Roseworth-Wholan 139—Povey-Nagitsy association, 4 to complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 131 60 percent slopes ...... 148 118—Owsel-Coonskin-Orovada complex, 140—Quicksilver-Takeuchi-Rock outcrop 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 132 association, 3 to 50 percent 119—Parkay gravelly silt loam, 10 to 50 slopes ...... 149 percent slopes ...... 133 141—Ratsnest-Ornea complex, 1 to 120—Parkay-Bregar complex, 5 to 25 12 percent slopes ...... 150 percent slopes ...... 134 142—Roca-Freshwater stony loams, 121—Parkay-Dehana association, 5 to 2 to 20 percent slopes ...... 151 50 percent slopes ...... 135 143—Rock outcrop-Xerollic Haplargids 122—Parkay-Dehana-Booneville complex, very steep ...... 152 association, 5 to 50 percent 144—Rubbleland-Rock outcrop-Pachic slopes ...... 136 Argixerolls complex, very steep ...... 152 123—Parkay-Povey complex, 5 to 50 145—Salisbury-Gacey-Barnard complex, percent slopes ...... 137 2 to 12 percent slopes ...... 153 124—Parkay-Wickahoney association, 2 146—Saturday-Mulshoe complex, 4 to to 30 percent slopes ...... 137 25 percent slopes ...... 154 125—Paynecreek gravelly sandy loam, 147—Scism silt loam, 5 to 20 percent 1 to 5 percent slopes ...... 138 slopes ...... 155 126—Paynecreek-Barkley-Chayson 148—Scism very fine sandy loam, 1 to loams, 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 139 12 percent slopes ...... 155 127—Paynecreek-Northcastle complex, 149—Scism-Coonskin complex, 1 to 1 to 8 percent slopes ...... 140 20 percent slopes ...... 156 128—Paynecreek-Northcastle-Blackwell 150—Sharesnout-Bregar complex, 5 to association, 0 to 8 percent slopes ...... 140 35 percent slopes ...... 157 129—Perla-Ruclick complex, 2 to 12 151—Sharesnout-Bregar-Coser complex, percent slopes ...... 142 5 to 35 percent slopes ...... 158 130—Pits, gravel ...... 142 152—Sharesnout-Budlewis complex, 1 to 131—Pits and Dumps, mine ...... 142 15 percent slopes ...... 159 132—Pixley-Barkley complex, 2 to 10 153—Sharesnout-Coser-Threek complex, percent slopes ...... 143 5 to 35 percent slopes ...... 160 133—Playas-Duric Natrargids association, 154—Sharesnout-Monasterio-Pixley nearly level ...... 144 complex, 1 to 20 percent 134—Plush-Rubbleland-Rock outcrop slopes ...... 161 association, 25 to 50 percent 155—Shoofly gravelly loam, 0 to 4 slopes ...... 144 percent slopes ...... 162 135—Poisoncreek-Kanlee association, 156—Snell-Kiyi association, 3 to 40 4 to 45 percent slopes ...... 145 percent slopes ...... 163 136—Poisoncreek-Kanlee-Bauscher 157—Snell-Sharesnout complex, 5 to 40 association, 4 to 45 percent slopes ...... 146 percent slopes ...... 164 137—Povey-Dehana complex, 4 to 40 158—Snowmore-Igert-Bruncan complex, percent slopes ...... 147 1 to 12 percent slopes ...... 164 138—Povey-Earcree complex, 10 to 50 159—Snowmore-Troughs complex, 1 to percent slopes ...... 148 10 percent slopes ...... 166 9

160—Snowmore-Willhill association, 2 to 182—Troughs-Sugarcreek association, 25 percent slopes ...... 166 2 to 15 percent slopes ...... 186 161—Southmount-Booneville complex, 183—Tucker-Zola silt loams, 0 to 4 5 to 40 percent slopes ...... 167 percent slopes ...... 187 162—Squawcreek-Avtable-Wagonbox 184—Typic Haploxerolls-Pachic complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes ...... 168 Argixerolls-Badlands complex, very 163—Squawcreek-Wickahoney stony steep ...... 188 loams, 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 169 185—Typic Torripsamments-Typic 164—Squawcreek-Zecanyon association, Torrifluvents complex, gently 2 to 20 percent slopes ...... 170 sloping ...... 188 165—Strickland-Dehana-Parkay 186—Typic Torripsamments-Typic association, 5 to 35 percent slopes ...... 170 Torriorthents complex, undulating...... 189 166—Succor-Gooding-Deshler complex, 187—Upcreek-Riverwash complex, 0 to 2 to 35 percent slopes ...... 171 4 percent slopes ...... 190 167—Sugarcreek gravelly loam, 3 to 188—Vickery-Snowmore complex, 1 to 30 percent slopes ...... 172 5 percent slopes ...... 191 168—Takeuchi-Earcree-Rock outcrop 189—Vipont-Bauscher association, 8 to association, 10 to 60 percent 60 percent slopes ...... 192 slopes ...... 173 190—Vitale very stony loam, 5 to 169—Takeuchi-Kanlee-Poisoncreek 40 percent slopes ...... 192 association, 1 to 45 percent slopes ...... 174 191—Vitale-Cleavage-Bauscher complex, 170—Takeuchi-Quicksilver association, 3 5 to 50 percent slopes ...... 193 to 50 percent slopes ...... 175 192—Vitale-Itca-Rubbleland complex, 171—Tanner silt loam, 2 to 8 percent 2 to 60 percent slopes ...... 194 slopes ...... 176 193—Vitale-Mulshoe-Itca complex, 2 to 172—Tanner-Dishpan loams, 1 to 8 40 percent slopes ...... 195 percent slopes ...... 176 194—Vitale-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 173—Thacker-Cleavage-Bigflat 40 percent slopes ...... 196 association, 1 to 12 percent slopes ...... 177 195—Wagonbox-Deunah-Hatpeak 174—Thacker-Cleavage-Sharesnout complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes ...... 197 complex, 2 to 40 percent slopes ...... 178 196—Wareagle-Povey association, 15 to 175—Thacker-Monasterio-Cleavage 50 percent slopes ...... 198 association, 1 to 40 percent slopes ...... 179 197—Weash-Ruclick complex, 5 to 176—Threek-Barkley-Blackleg complex, 35 percent slopes ...... 199 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 180 198—Weash-Schnipper complex, 1 to 177—Threek-Blackleg-Hatpeak complex, 8 percent slopes ...... 199 2 to 20 percent slopes ...... 181 199—Welch loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 200 178—Tindahay-Royal-Badlands complex, 200—Welch-Upcreek loams, 0 to 1 to 90 percent slopes ...... 182 3 percent slopes ...... 201 179—Troughs-Arbidge association, 201—Wickahoney-Blackleg-Thacker 2 to 12 percent slopes ...... 183 association, 2 to 30 percent slopes ...... 201 180—Troughs-Jenor-Laped association, 202—Wickahoney-Budlewis complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 184 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 202 181—Troughs-Owsel complex, 1 to 203—Wickahoney-Doodlelink association, 10 percent slopes ...... 185 3 to 45 percent slopes ...... 203 10

204—Wickahoney-Monasterio-Yatahoney Classification of the Soils...... 237 association, 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 204 Taxonomic Units and Their Morphology ...... 237 205—Wickahoney-Parkay-Bregar complex, Acrelane Series ...... 237 3 to 50 percent slopes ...... 205 Alibi Series ...... 238 206—Wickahoney-Wagonbox-Rubbleland Alzola Series ...... 239 complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes ...... 206 Arbidge Series ...... 240 207—Wickahoney-Zecanyon complex, Arness Series ...... 241 3 to 45 percent slopes ...... 207 Avtable Series ...... 242 208—Wickahoney-Zecanyon-Hat Babbington Series ...... 243 association, 1 to 20 percent slopes ...... 208 Barkley Series ...... 244 209—Willhill-Bedstead complex, 2 to Barnard Series ...... 244 25 percent slopes ...... 209 Bauscher Series ...... 245 210—Willhill-Cottle association, 3 to Bedstead Series ...... 246 35 percent slopes ...... 210 Beetville Series ...... 247 211—Willhill-Cottle-Longcreek complex, Bieber Series ...... 248 3 to 35 percent slopes ...... 210 Bigflat Series ...... 249 212—Xeric Torriorthents-Typic Blackleg Series ...... 250 Torriorthents-Badlands complex, Blackwell Series ...... 251 very steep ...... 211 Bluecreek Series ...... 251 213—Xerollic Haplargids-Xerollic Booford Series...... 252 Paleargids-Rubbleland complex, Booneville Series...... 253 steep ...... 212 Boulder Lake Series ...... 254 214—Yatahoney-Nicholflat association, Brace Series ...... 255 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 213 Bregar Series ...... 256 215—Yatahoney-Zecanyon-Deunah Briabbit Series ...... 256 complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes ...... 214 Bruncan Series ...... 257 216—Zola-Welch complex, 0 to 2 Brunzell Series ...... 258 percent slopes ...... 215 Budlewis Series ...... 259 Prime Farmland ...... 217 Buncelvoir Series ...... 260 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 219 Catchell Series ...... 261 Crops and Pasture ...... 219 Chayson Series ...... 262 Land Capability Classification ...... 221 Chilcott Series ...... 263 Rangeland and Grazeable Woodland ...... 221 Chinabutte Series ...... 264 Woodland ...... 223 Cleavage Series ...... 265 Disturbed Land Reclamation ...... 223 Coonskin Series ...... 265 Wildlife Habitat...... 225 Coser Series ...... 266 Engineering ...... 227 Cottle Series ...... 267 Building Site Development ...... 227 Dehana Series ...... 268 Sanitary Facilities ...... 228 Deshler Series ...... 269 Construction Materials ...... 229 Deunah Series ...... 269 Water Management ...... 230 Diawell Series ...... 270 Soil Properties ...... 233 Dishpan Series ...... 271 Engineering Index Properties ...... 233 Dollarhide Series ...... 272 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 234 Doodlelink Series...... 273 Soil and Water Features ...... 235 Dougal Series ...... 274 11

Dranyon Series ...... 274 Midraw Series ...... 313 Duco Series...... 275 Minveno Series ...... 314 Duric Natrargids ...... 276 Mollic Haploxeralfs ...... 315 Earcree Series...... 277 Monasterio Series ...... 315 Enko Series...... 277 Mulshoe Series ...... 317 Escalante Series ...... 278 Murphill Series...... 318 Fairylawn Series ...... 279 Nagitsy Series ...... 318 Foxmount Series ...... 280 Naz Series ...... 319 Frenchjohn Series ...... 281 Nazaton Series ...... 320 Freshwater Series ...... 282 Nicholflat Series ...... 320 Fryingpan Series ...... 283 Nipintuck Series ...... 321 Fulcrum Series ...... 284 Northcastle Series ...... 322 Gacey Series ...... 285 Ola Series ...... 323 Gaib Series ...... 285 Ornea Series ...... 323 Gariper Series ...... 286 Orovada Series ...... 324 Gooding Series ...... 287 Owsel Series ...... 325 Goose Creek Series ...... 288 Pachic Argixerolls ...... 326 Graveya Series ...... 289 Parkay Series ...... 327 Graylock Series ...... 290 Paynecreek Series ...... 328 Hades Series ...... 291 Perla Series ...... 328 Hardtrigger Series ...... 292 Piline Series ...... 329 Hat Series ...... 293 Pixley Series ...... 330 Hatpeak Series ...... 293 Plush Series ...... 331 Haw Series ...... 294 Poisoncreek Series ...... 332 Heckison Series ...... 295 Povey Series ...... 332 Hotcreek Series ...... 296 Quicksilver Series ...... 333 Humdun Series ...... 297 Ratsnest Series ...... 334 Hunnton Series ...... 298 Renslow Series ...... 335 Hurryback Series ...... 298 Roca Series...... 336 Igert Series ...... 299 Roseworth Series ...... 337 Insidert Series ...... 300 Royal Series ...... 338 Itca Series ...... 301 Ruclick Series ...... 338 Jenor Series ...... 302 Salisbury Series ...... 339 Jumpcreek Series ...... 302 Saturday Series ...... 340 Kanlee Series ...... 303 Schnipper Series ...... 341 Kiyi Series ...... 304 Scism Series ...... 342 Lamonta Series ...... 305 Sharesnout Series ...... 343 Laped Series ...... 306 Shoofly Series ...... 343 Larioscamp Series ...... 307 Snell Series ...... 344 Longcreek Series...... 308 Snowmore Series ...... 345 Loomis Series ...... 309 Southmount Series ...... 346 Lostvalley Series ...... 310 Squawcreek Series...... 347 Mackey Series ...... 311 Strickland Series ...... 348 McKeeth Series ...... 311 Succor Series ...... 349 Merlin Series ...... 312 Sugarcreek Series ...... 349 12

Takeuchi Series ...... 350 Zola Series ...... 372 Tanner Series ...... 351 Formation of the Soils ...... 375 Thacker Series ...... 352 Time ...... 375 Threek Series ...... 353 Climate ...... 375 Tindahay Series ...... 354 Living Organisms ...... 376 Troughs Series ...... 355 Parent Material...... 377 Tucker Series ...... 356 Relief ...... 379 Typic Haploxerolls ...... 356 References ...... 381 Typic Torrifluvents ...... 357 Glossary ...... 383 Typic Torriorthents ...... 358 Tables ...... 397 Typic Torripsamments ...... 358 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 398 Upcreek Series ...... 359 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ...... 400 Veta Series ...... 360 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 401 Vickery Series ...... 361 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Vipont Series ...... 362 of the Soils ...... 402 Vitale Series ...... 362 Table 5.—Rangeland and Grazeable Woodland Wagonbox Series...... 363 Productivity and Characteristic Plant Wareagle Series ...... 364 Communities ...... 406 Weash Series ...... 365 Table 6.—Building Site Development ...... 474 Welch Series ...... 366 Table 7.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 511 Wholan Series ...... 366 Table 8.—Construction Materials ...... 552 Wickahoney Series...... 367 Table 9.—Water Management ...... 590 Willhill Series ...... 368 Table 10.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 626 Xeric Torriorthents ...... 369 Table 11.—Physical and Chemical Properties Xerollic Haplargids ...... 369 of the Soils ...... 722 Xerollic Paleargids ...... 370 Table 12.—Water Features ...... 766 Yatahoney Series...... 371 Table 13.—Soil Features ...... 787 Zecanyon Series ...... 371 Table 14.—Classification of the Soils ...... 807

Issued 1998 13

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in Owyhee County Area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described. Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Luana E. Kiger State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

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15

Soil Survey of Owyhee County Area, Idaho

By Alan L. Harkness, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Alan L. Harkness, Natural Resources Conservation Service; and Paul J. Seronko, F. Don Hobson, Don B. Jackson, James S. Renthal, Robert D. Roudabush, Richard S. Spencer, and Robert Long, Bureau of Land Management

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; University of Idaho, College of Agriculture; and Idaho Soil Conservation Commission

OWYHEE COUNTY AREA is in the southwestern part of Idaho (fig. 1). The survey area is comprised of 3,710,266 acres, or about 5,797 square miles, of Owyhee County. The rest of the county is included in the soil surveys of Canyon Area, Idaho; Elmore Area, Idaho; and Duck Valley Indian Reservation, Idaho and Nevada. Owyhee County Area includes private and State land intermingled with Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land Management. Owyhee County is bounded on the north by the Snake River and Elmore County, on the east by Twin Falls County, on the south by Nevada, and on the west by Oregon. Murphy, the county seat of Owyhee County, has a population of about 50. The survey area consists dominantly of undulating to rolling tablelands, structural benches, and foothills. The major drainageways in the area are the Bruneau and Owyhee Rivers. The spectacular narrow canyons formed by these rivers are more than 1,000 feet deep in some areas. Steep mountains are in the west- Figure 1.—Location of Owyhee County Area in Idaho. central part of the area. Hayden Peak, the highest point, is 8,403 feet in elevation. The lowest point, 2,225 feet in elevation, is along the Snake River in a band of General Nature of the Survey Area dissected fan terraces at the northwestern boundary. This section gives general information about the An older survey, “Soil-Geology-Vegetation survey area. It discusses history and development, Inventories for Reynolds Creek Watershed” published agriculture and water supply, recreation, and climate. in 1977 (11). The present survey, however, updates the earlier survey and provides additional information. History and Development Descriptions, names, and delineations of soils in this soil survey do not fully agree with those on soil By Margaret Wyatt, archaeologist, Bureau of Land maps for adjacent survey areas. Differences are the Management. result of better knowledge of soils, modifications in series concepts, intensity of mapping, or the extent of Indians living in the survey area at the time of the soils within the survey. first white exploration included those of the Shoshone, 16 Soil Survey

Bannock, and Northern Paiute tribes. As early as Transportation routes include U.S. Highway 95, 1812, European fur trappers, such as Peter Skene which runs across the northwestern corner of the Ogden and Donald McKenzie, were exploring the area area, and State Highway 51, which runs north and claimed by the British and known as the Oregon south in the central part. State Highway 45 runs east Country. A treaty between the United States and Great and west along the Snake River, and a hard-surface Britain was signed in 1846. It affirmed the Northwest county highway serves Three Creek and Murphy Hot as American territory and stimulated westward Springs in the southeastern part. No rail access expansion. currently is available. Several small airstrips are in the For the next two decades, wagon traffic was heavy area. through Idaho on the Oregon and California Trails. Beyond its importance for emigrants, the Oregon Trail Agriculture and Water Supply also was used as a stage and freight route until after 1862. The discovery of gold in California in the 1850’s Irrigated agriculture in the survey area was initiated and the expansion of miners from the Boise Basin by the ranchers that settled stream valleys around mining communities contributed to an Owyhee gold Silver City in the late 1860’s and the 1870’s. Federal rush. Towns such as Booneville, Ruby City, Delamar, land acts, such as the Homestead Act of 1862, the and Silver City sprang up and grew rapidly. Millions of Desert Land Act of 1877, and the Carey Act of 1894, dollars in minerals was taken from the Owyhee promoted continued agricultural development. In Mountains. 1885 the county as a whole supported 50,000 head of Owyhee County was established on December 31, cattle, 30,000 head of sheep, and 10,000 head of 1863. Its name reportedly was taken from an earlier horses as well as orchards along Reynolds and Sinker spelling of a word missionaries later spelled “Hawaii,” Creeks. which referred to the Sandwich Islands. Natives of Most of the arable land near sources of irrigation these islands were brought to the Northwest to work water was developed by the turn of the century. Water for the fur companies. Silver City served as the county supplies from rainfall and streamflow, however, proved seat from 1867 to 1934, and it was the first city in to be small and unreliable. Spring water developments, Idaho to have telegraph service and a daily stream diversions, excavated ponds, and small newspaper. The Boise-Nampa & Owyhee Railroad, for reservoirs were constructed to provide more adequate which Murphy was the terminal city, served the county sources of water. from 1898 to 1945. Shipments by train from Murphy in The Murphy Land and Irrigation Company was 1915 included 16 carloads of horses, 112 carloads of one of the earliest organized irrigation endeavors. cattle, 6 carloads of hogs, 395 carloads of sheep, 3 By 1910 its canals delivered water to Murphy Flat carloads of wool, 8 carloads of alfalfa seed, and from a 70-foot-high earthen dam on Sinker Creek. $50,000 worth of bullion from the mines (1). The dam collapsed in June 1943, but it was rebuilt Swan Falls Dam on the Snake River is one of the in 1976. The Grasmere Reservoir was built in 1910 oldest hydroelectric power plants in the West. by an English development company. In 1913 the Completed in 1901, it furnished the mills and towns of Wilson Water Users Association was formed to the Silver City area with the first electric power in pump irrigation water from the Snake River near Idaho. Cattle from Texas and California were Guffey. introduced into Owyhee County in about 1867. In 1934 The advent of high-lift pumps in the 1960’s allowed the county seat was moved from Silver City to Murphy, for the most recent rush to convert arid public land to marking a transition from mining to agriculture as the irrigated cropland. Deep wells and high-lift pumps are dominant industry in the county. used to irrigated more than 75 percent of the irrigated The survey area has some of the most rugged and cropland in the survey area. arid land in Idaho; hence, the population centers have The survey area encompasses most of the been confined to the northwestern lowlands along the Owyhee Soil Conservation District, organized in Snake River. The economy is dependent on 1953, and parts of the Bruneau River and agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and Balanced Rock Soil Conservation Districts, government employment. Industrial development organized in 1953 and 1961, respectively. The historically has been limited to mining because of the Agricultural Research Service, through intensive great distance between available markets. Mining is a study of the Reynolds Creek Experimental rapidly growing employment opportunity. Delamar Watershed, helps to identify the most suitable Mine is one of the largest open-pit gold and silver management practices for the agricultural land in mines in the United States. the survey area. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 17

Recreation City and the average daily minimum temperature is 20.3 and 10.9 degrees, respectively. The lowest By Wally Meyer, outdoor recreation planner, Bureau of Land temperature on record, which occurred on January 21, Management. 1962, was -24 degrees at Reynolds and -40 degrees at Mountain City. In summer, the average daily The survey area provides numerous opportunities temperature is 65.9 degrees at Reynolds and 59.5 for outdoor recreation. The various landforms provide degrees at Mountain City and the average daily for activities such as recreational motor vehicle use, maximum temperature is 82.2 degrees at Reynolds rock hounding, sightseeing, hiking, cross-country and 81.1 degrees at Mountain City. The highest skiing, camping, and picnicking. The area also temperature on record at Reynolds was 105 degrees provides excellent fishing, hunting, and nature study on August 9, 1990, and at Mountain City, 99 degrees opportunities. Boating on the Snake River is popular, on August 5, 1994. and the Owyhee and Bruneau Rivers are nationally Growing degree days, shown in table 1, are known for white-water rafting and kayaking. Museums equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, growing at Murphy and Silver City and remnants of the Oregon degree days accumulate by the amount that the Trail attract people interested in history. average temperature each day exceeds a base Recreational sites have been developed at Jump temperature (40 degrees). The normal monthly Creek Falls and along the North Fork of the Owyhee accumulation is used to schedule single or successive River. The Bureau of Land Management has plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring developed sites for off-road vehicle use near Murphy. and the first freeze in fall. To provide opportunities for sightseeing, the Bureau The total annual precipitation is about 10.9 inches has also established the Owyhee Uplands National at Reynolds and 13.2 inches at Mountain City. Of this, Back Country Byway along the Deep Creek-Mud Flat about 3 inches, or 30 percent, usually falls in June Road, from Jordan Valley to Grandview. Soil through September. The growing season for most compaction is a concern at several popular crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day undeveloped recreation sites in the area. Use of off- rainfall during the period of record was 2.38 inches at road vehicles in several areas has resulted in plant Reynolds on April 14, 1973. Thunderstorms occur on destruction and severe soil erosion. Unpaved roads about 15 days each year, and most occur during the throughout the area are dusty in summer and may be period May through August. impassable during wet periods. The average seasonal snowfall is 11 inches at Vast remote areas of the survey area provide Reynolds and 20 inches at Mountain City. The greatest primitive recreation opportunities. Unmodified natural snow depth at any one time on record at Reynolds settings provide isolation from the sites and sounds of was 9 inches on February 8, 1994, and at Mountain man. Twenty-two wilderness study areas, totaling City, 20 inches on January 1, 1969. On an average, at 713,596 acres, have been identified in the survey least 1 inch of snow is on the ground 8 days per year area. at Reynolds and 20 days per year at Mountain City. The heaviest 1-day snowfall on record at Reynolds Climate was 9 inches on February 8, 1994, and at Mountain By the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Water and City, 12 inches on October 29, 1972. Climate Center, Portland, Oregon. The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about 40 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the The climate tables were created from data recorded average at dawn is about 70 percent. The sun shines at Reynolds, Idaho, and Mountain City, Nevada, during 83 percent of the time in summer and 45 percent of the period 1961 to 1990. Thunderstorm days, relative the time in winter. The prevailing wind is from the west. humidity, percent sunshine, and wind information were Average windspeed is highest, 10 miles per hour, in estimated from data recorded at the first order station March. at Boise, Idaho. Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation How This Survey Was Made for the survey area as recorded at Reynolds and Mountain City. Table 2 shows probable dates of the This survey was made to provide information about first freeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. provides data on the length of the growing season. The information includes a description of the soils and In winter, the average daily temperature is 30.2 miscellaneous areas and their location and a degrees F at Reynolds and 25.2 degrees at Mountain discussion of their suitability, limitations, and 18 Soil Survey

management for specified uses. Soil scientists same taxonomic class in other areas so that they observed the steepness, length, and shape of the could confirm data and assemble additional data slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of based on experience and research. crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some Helicopters were used to observe some areas that of the soils in the area generally are collected for were inaccessible. The scientists dug many holes to laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil study the soil profile, which is the sequence of natural scientists interpret the data from these analyses and layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and the surface down into the unconsolidated material in the soil properties to determine the expected behavior which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all devoid of roots and other living organisms and has not of the soils are field tested through observation of the been changed by other biological activity. soils in different uses and under different levels of The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey management. Some interpretations are modified to fit area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the local conditions, and some new interpretations are geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and from other sources, such as research information, miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind production records, and field experience of specialists. of landform or with a segment of the landform. By For example, data on rangeland productivity was observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the assembled from plot measurements on the same survey area and relating their position to specific kinds of soil. segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a Predictions about soil behavior are based not concept or model of how they were formed. Thus, only on soil properties but also on such variables during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the are predictable over long periods of time, but kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location they are not predictable from year to year. For on the landscape. example, soil scientists can predict with a fairly Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have into one another as their characteristics gradually a high water table within certain depths in most change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, years, but they cannot predict that a high water table soil scientists must determine the boundaries between will always be at a specific level in the soil on a the soils. They can observe only a limited number of specific date. soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, After soil scientists located and identified the supplemented by an understanding of the soil- significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to photographs and identified each as a specific map determine the boundaries. unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating soil profiles that they studied. They noted color, boundaries accurately. texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and This survey area was mapped at two levels of amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, detail. At the more detailed level, map units are reaction, and other features that enable them to narrowly defined. Map unit boundaries were identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey plotted and verified at closely spaced intervals. area and determining their properties, the soil At the less detailed level, map units are broadly scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes defined. Boundaries were plotted and verified at (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each wider intervals. The broadly defined units are taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with indicated by an asterisk in the legend for the detailed precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a soil maps. The detail of mapping was selected to meet basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. the anticipated long-term use of the survey, and the Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification map units were designed to meet the needs for that used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind use. and character of soil properties and the arrangement This survey area was mapped at two levels of of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists detail. At the more detailed level, map units are classified and named the soils in the survey area, they narrowly defined. Map unit boundaries were plotted compared the individual soils with similar soils in the and verified at closely spaced intervals. At the less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 19

detailed level, map units are broadly defined. The descriptions, names, and delineations of the Boundaries were plotted and verified at wider intervals. soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those In the legend for the detailed soil maps, narrowly of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are defined units are indicated by symbols in which the the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications first letter is a capital and the second is lowercase. For in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of broadly defined units, the first and second letters are mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey capitals. areas.

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21

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map at the back of this publication Present uses: Pastureland, hayland, rangeland, and shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of wetland wildlife habitat soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to water general soil map is a unique natural landscape. table, restricted permeability, hazard of flooding, Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or hazard of wind erosion, low available water miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or capacity, and short frost-free period miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit can occur in another but in a different pattern. 2. Alzola The general soil map can be used to compare the Gently sloping to moderately steep, loamy, well suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas drained, cool, very deep soils that formed in mixed of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, alluvium areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Major landforms: Outwash terraces Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable Percentage of survey area: 0.5 for planning the management of a farm or field or for Elevation: 5,000 to 5,800 feet selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. Frost-free period: 75 to 90 days The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place Average annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics Minor components: Freshwater soils that affect management. Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Limitations for use: Low precipitation and short frost- Soil Descriptions free period Soils on terraces and bottom lands Number of map units: 5 3. Blackleg-Threek-Barkley Percentage of survey area: 11 Undulating to hilly, clayey and loamy, well drained, cool, moderately deep to very deep soils that formed 1. Paynecreek-Bluecreek-Northcastle in mixed alluvium

Gently sloping, loamy and clayey, well drained, cool, Major landforms: Outwash terraces and fan terraces moderately deep to very deep soils that formed in (see fig. 2, page 20) recent mixed alluvium Percentage of survey area: 1.5 Elevation: 4,800 to 7,100 feet Major landforms: Stream terraces and fan terraces Frost-free period: 60 to 95 days Percentage of survey area: 2 Average annual precipitation: 12 to 17 inches Elevation: 5,000 to 5,900 feet Minor components: Booford, Brunzell, Hatpeak, Frost-free period: 60 to 95 days Doodlelink, and Northcastle soils Average annual precipitation: 12 to 16 inches Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Minor components: Welch, Pixley, Barkley, Upcreek, Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to Tucker, Zola, and Blackwell soils bedrock, restricted permeability, low available 22 Soil Survey 



Mixed Alluvium Mixed

Barkley Blackleg




 

Threek

Mixed Alluvium
    
 

Figure 2.—Typical pattern of soils in general soil map unit 3. Figure 2.—Typical Barkley

Welded Rhyolitic Tuff Volcanic Ash Sediments
 

Glacial Till
 

 Owyhee County Area, Idaho 23

water capacity, hazard of water erosion in steeper Major landforms: Structural benches, calderas, and areas, and short frost-free period plug domes Percentage of survey area: 6 Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet 4. Arbidge-Hardtrigger-Gariper Frost-free period: 70 to 95 days Average annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches Gently sloping to moderately steep, loamy and clayey, Minor components: Larioscamp, Bigflat, Tanner, Brace, well drained, warm, moderately deep to very deep Dishpan, Insidert, and Roca soils soils that formed in mixed alluvium Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to Major landforms: Fan terraces bedrock, very low available water capacity, low Percentage of survey area: 4 precipitation, and short frost-free period Elevation: 2,350 to 5,500 feet Frost-free period: 85 to 150 days Average annual precipitation: 8 to 13 inches 7. Wickahoney-Monasterio-Yatahoney Minor components: Owsel, Chilcott, Gooding, Succor, Bieber, Salisbury, and Lamonta soils Undulating to steep, clayey and loamy, well drained, Present uses: Rangeland, hayland, and wildlife habitat cool, shallow and moderately deep soils that formed in Limitations for use: Hazard of wind erosion, hazard of residuum and alluvium derived from welded rhyolitic water erosion in steeper areas, restricted tuff, breccia, and basalt permeability, depth to hardpan, and low precipitation Major landforms: Foothills, tablelands, and structural benches (see fig. 4, page 23) Percentage of survey area: 21 5. McKeeth-Escalante-Badlands Elevation: 4,800 to 7,300 feet Frost-free period: 60 to 95 days Gently sloping to strongly sloping, loamy, well drained, Average annual precipitation: 13 to 18 inches warm, very deep soils that formed in eolian sand and Minor components: Deunah, Wagonbox, Lostvalley, mixed alluvium, and Badlands Squawcreek, Zecanyon, and Budlewis soils, and Mollic Haploxeralfs Major landforms: Fan terraces and fan piedmonts (see Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat fig. 3, page 22) Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to Percentage of survey area: 3 bedrock, low available water capacity, restricted Elevation: 2,300 to 3,800 feet permeability, slope, stones on the surface, and Frost-free period: 120 to 150 days short frost-free period Average annual precipitation: 7 to 10 inches Minor components: Tindahay soils; Typic Torriorthents; Veta, Shoofly, and Ornea soils; Xeric Torriorthents; 8. Hat-Cleavage and Ratsnest, Royal, and Diawell soils Present uses: Rangeland, irrigated cropland, and Undulating to steep, loamy, well drained, cool, shallow wildlife habitat and moderately deep soils that formed in residuum Limitations for use: Hazard of wind erosion and low and colluvium derived from welded rhyolitic tuff precipitation Major landforms: Foothills and structural benches Soils on foothills, structural benches, Percentage of survey area: 12 tablelands, calderas, and plug domes Elevation: 4,800 to 6,800 feet Frost-free period: 60 to 90 days Number of map units: 8 Average annual precipitation: 13 to 18 inches Percentage of survey area: 75 Minor components: Monasterio soils; Rock outcrop; and Nipintuck, Mulshoe, Squawcreek, Vitale, 6. Heckison-Freshwater Avtable, Thacker, Gaib, Hurryback, and Saturday soils Undulating to hilly, loamy, well drained, cool, shallow Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat and moderately deep soils that formed in residuum Limitations for use: Slope, depth to bedrock, very low and alluvium derived from basalt and breccia available water capacity, stones on the surface, 24 Soil Survey


 

McKeeth

Mixed Alluvium Mixed

and Eolian Sand Eolian and Mixed Sediments Mixed

Badlands



Escalante Badlands





   

 Figure 3.—Typical pattern of soils in general soil map unit 5. Figure 3.—Typical

 McKeeth Mixed Sediments and Eolian Sand

 

Mixed Alluvium


 



Owyhee County Area, Idaho 25

Rhyolitic Tuff Rhyolitic
 Welded

Wickahoney Rock outcrop

Monasterio

 
  Wickahoney

    Wickahoney Yatahoney

Welded Rhyolitic Tuff



 Mollic Haploxeralfs Pachic Argixerolls Figure 4.—Typical pattern of soils in general soil map unit 7. Figure 4.—Typical

Breccia

Rock outcrop Yatahoney

Colluvium

 

Basalt

  

 





 26 Soil Survey

hazard of water erosion in steeper areas, and 11. Willhill-Dougal short frost-free period Undulating to hilly, loamy, well drained, warm, shallow and moderately deep soils that formed in residuum 9. Scism-Briabbit and slope alluvium derived from welded rhyolitic tuff Undulating to hilly, loamy and silty, well drained, warm, Major landforms: Foothills and structural benches moderately deep soils that formed in alluvium and Percentage of survey area: 11 loess derived from basalt and lacustrine deposits Elevation: 2,800 to 5,500 feet Frost-free period: 85 to 140 days Major landforms: Foothills, tablelands, structural Average annual precipitation: 10 to 13 inches benches, and calderas Minor components: Cottle, Troughs, Snowmore, Percentage of survey area: 2 Bruncan, Igert, Sugarcreek, and Minveno soils Elevation: 2,300 to 5,000 feet Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Frost-free period: 100 to 150 days Limitations for use: Depth to bedrock, depth to Average annual precipitation: 8 to 11 inches hardpan, stones on the surface, very low available Minor components: Hardtrigger, Tindahay, Murphill, water capacity, and low precipitation and Bruncan soils, Typic Torripsamments, and Typic Torriorthents Present uses: Rangeland, irrigated cropland, and 12. Bruncan-Troughs-Snowmore wildlife habitat Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to Nearly level to hilly, loamy, well drained, warm, shallow bedrock, low available water capacity, hazard of and moderately deep soils that formed in alluvium and wind erosion, and low precipitation loess derived from basalt and tuff

Major landforms: Calderas, tablelands, and structural 10. Fairylawn-Acrelane-Longcreek benches Percentage of survey area: 12 Undulating to steep, clayey and loamy, well drained, Elevation: 2,700 to 5,500 feet warm, shallow and moderately deep soils that formed Frost-free period: 85 to 145 days in residuum, colluvium, and alluvium derived from Average annual precipitation: 8 to 13 inches basalt and granite Minor components: Laped, Jenor, Arbidge, Owsel, Hardtrigger, Orovada, Coonskin, and Minveno Major landforms: Foothills, tablelands, and structural soils benches Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Percentage of survey area: 3 Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to Elevation: 2,800 to 5,500 feet bedrock, stones on the surface, very low available Frost-free period: 85 to 135 days water capacity, and low precipitation Average annual precipitation: 10 to 15 inches Minor components: Chinabutte, Duco, Hurryback, Perla, Schnipper, Succor, Catchell, and Loomis 13. Arbidge-Bedstead-Buncelvoir soils; Rock outcrop; and Dougal and Weash soils Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Gently sloping to strongly sloping, loamy and clayey, Limitations for use: Slope, depth to bedrock, depth to well drained, warm, moderately deep to very deep hardpan, stones on the surface, very low available soils that formed in loess and silty alluvium derived water capacity, restricted permeability, hazard of from basalt and volcanic ash water erosion in steeper areas, and low precipitation at lower elevations Major landforms: Calderas, tablelands, and foothills Owyhee County Area, Idaho 27

Percentage of survey area: 8 Frost-free period: 55 to 95 days Elevation: 3,250 to 5,500 feet Average annual precipitation: 13 to 17 inches Frost-free period: 85 to 130 days Minor components: Cleavage, Coser, Hades, Average annual precipitation: 8 to 13 inches Doodlelink, and Kiyi soils Minor components: Bruncan, Hunnton, Chilcott, and Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hardtrigger soils Limitations for use: Slope, depth to bedrock, very low Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat available water capacity, restricted permeability, Limitations for use: Depth to hardpan, depth to stones on the surface, hazard of water erosion in bedrock, very low available water capacity, steeper areas, and short frost-free period restricted permeability, stones on the surface, and low precipitation 16. Parkay-Dehana-Wareagle Soils, Rock outcrop, and Rubbleland on mountains and in canyons Rolling to steep, loamy, well drained, cold, deep and very deep soils that formed in residuum, colluvium, Number of map units: 4 and slope alluvium derived from welded rhyolitic tuff Percentage of survey area: 14 Major landforms: Mountains and canyons (see fig. 5, 14. Kanlee-Poisoncreek page 26) Percentage of survey area: 3 Undulating to steep, loamy, well drained and Elevation: 5,050 to 8,400 feet somewhat excessively drained, cool, shallow and Frost-free period: 30 to 70 days moderately deep soils that formed in residuum and Average annual precipitation: 16 to 32 inches colluvium derived from granitic rock Minor components: Povey soils, Rock outcrop, and Booneville, Nagitsy, Graylock, Takeuchi, Major landforms: Mountains Earcree, Foxmount, Wickahoney, and Percentage of survey area: 3 Bregar soils Elevation: 4,600 to 7,000 feet Present uses: Woodland, rangeland, and wildlife Frost-free period: 60 to 95 days habitat Average annual precipitation: 13 to 18 inches Limitations for use: Slope, depth to bedrock, stones on Minor components: Takeuchi, Quicksilver, Bauscher, the surface, hazard of water erosion, and short and Ola soils, and Rock outcrop frost-free period Present uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Limitations for use: Slope, depth to bedrock, very low available water capacity, hazard of wind erosion, 17. Rock outcrop-Rubbleland hazard of water erosion in steeper areas, and Very steep extrusive flow Rock outcrop and short frost-free period Rubbleland

15. Sharesnout-Snell Major landforms: Canyons Percentage of survey area: 4 Rolling to steep, clayey, well drained, cool, moderately Elevation: 2,300 to 6,750 feet deep to very deep soils that formed in residuum and Frost-free period: 60 to 140 days slope alluvium derived from basalt and welded rhyolitic Average annual precipitation: 8 to 18 inches tuff Minor components: Xerollic Haplargids and Pachic Argixerolls Major landforms: Mountains Present uses: Wildlife habitat and recreation Percentage of survey area: 4 Limitations for use: Slope, exposed bedrock, rock Elevation: 4,800 to 7,200 feet fragments on surface 28

Parkay





Dehana

Parkay Dehana



Parkay

Dehana Welded Rhyolite Tuff Rhyolite Welded Figure 5.—Typical pattern of soils in general soil map unit 16. Figure 5.—Typical



Dehana Wareagle

 





  29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at complex that it was impractical to make enough the back of this survey represent the soils or observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit areas on the landscape. descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can The presence of included areas in a map unit in no be used to determine the suitability and potential of a way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure the management needed for those uses. More taxonomic classes but rather to separate the information about each map unit is given under the landscape into landforms or landform segments that heading “Use and Management of the Soils.” have similar use and management requirements. The A map unit delineation on a map represents an area delineation of such segments on the map provides dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or sufficient information for the development of resource miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, named according to the taxonomic classification of the onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a soils and miscellaneous areas. taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural general facts about the unit and gives the principal phenomena, and they have the characteristic hazards and limitations to be considered in planning variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of for specific uses. some observed properties may extend beyond the Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped surface layer, all the soils of a series have major without including areas of other taxonomic classes. horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils and arrangement. or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and Soils of one series can differ in texture of the some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of classes. erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. Most included soils have properties similar to those On the basis of such differences, a soil series is of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on they do not affect use and management. These are the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. that affects use or management. For example, Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, Bruncan very stony silt loam, 2 to 15 percent slopes, however, have properties and behavioral is a phase of the Bruncan series. characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to Some map units are made up of two or more major require different management. These are called soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally complexes or associations. are in small areas and could not be mapped A complex consists of two or more soils or separately because of the scale used. Some small miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol such small areas that they cannot be shown on the maps. The included areas of contrasting soils or separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar descriptions. A few included areas may not have been in all areas. Nipintuck-Squawcreek-Rock outcrop observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes, is an example. the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so An association is made up of two or more 30 Soil Survey

geographically associated soils or miscellaneous complex that it was impractical to make enough areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. observations to identify all the inclusions on the Because of present or anticipated uses of the map landscape. units in the survey area, it was not considered Position on landscape refers to the dominant practical or necessary to map the soils or position or positions on which the component is miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and located. In naming landscape positions, an effort has relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas been made to give the specific position of the are somewhat similar. Takeuchi-Quicksilver component rather than a general position that could association, 3 to 50 percent slopes, is an example. encompass other components. In some instances, This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such however, the component is distributed over a larger areas have little or no soil material and support little or landscape to such a degree that it is more nearly no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. accurate to name the larger landscape positions rather In the map unit descriptions that follow, a than the local ones. semitabular format is used. In this format a boldface Vegetal climax association consists of the plants heading (for example, Composition) is used to that typify the native plant community. identify the kind of information grouped directly below Typical profile is a vertical, two-dimensional section it. Introducing each item of information under the of the soil extending from the surface to a restrictive heading is an italicized term or phrase (for example, layer or to a depth of 60 inches or more. Position on landscape:) that identifies or describes the Depth class is an adjective term (for example, information. Many of the boldface headings and moderately deep) for the depth of the soil to a introductory terms or phrases are self-explanatory; restrictive layer. The type of restrictive layer is however, some of them need further explanation. specified unless it is consolidated bedrock. These explanations are provided in the following Permeability is the quality of the soil that enables paragraphs, generally in the order in which they are water to move downward through the profile. used in the map unit descriptions. Permeability is measured as the number of inches per Composition is given for the components identified hour that water moves downward through the in the name of the map unit as well as for the saturated soil. contrasting inclusions. Available water capacity is the capacity of the soil to Inclusions are areas of components (soils or hold water available for use by most plants. It miscellaneous areas) that differ from the components commonly is expressed as inches of water per inch of for which the unit is named. Inclusions can be soil (see “Glossary’’). either similar or contrasting. Similar inclusions Hazard of erosion refers to the hazard if protective are components that differ from the components plant cover is removed. The hazard of erosion is for which the unit is named but that for purposes constant and cannot be increased or decreased. of use and management can be considered to be Table 4 gives the the acreage and proportionate the same as the named components. Note that in extent of each map unit. Other tables (see “Contents”) the “Composition’’ paragraph a single percentage give properties of the soils and the limitations, is provided for a named soil and the similar capabilities, and potentials for many uses. The inclusions because their use and management are Glossary defines many of the terms used in describing similar. the soils or miscellaneous areas. Contrasting inclusions are components that differ sufficiently from the components for which the unit is named that they would have different use and Soil Descriptions management if they were extensive enough to be managed separately. For most uses, contrasting inclusions have limited effect on use and management. 1—Acrelane-Rock outcrop complex, 10 to Inclusions generally are in small areas, and they could 45 percent slopes not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting inclusions Setting are identified by a special symbol on the detailed soil maps. A few inclusions may not have been observed, Major landform: Foothills and consequently they are not mentioned in the Elevation: 3,000 to 5,200 feet descriptions, especially where the pattern was so Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Owyhee County Area, Idaho 31

Composition bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Acrelane very gravelly sandy loam and similar inclusions—60 percent Land Capability Classification Rock outcrop—15 percent Acrelane soil: VIs, nonirrigated Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Rock outcrop: VIII Acrelane Soil Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Side slopes Slope range: 10 to 45 percent 2—Alzola silt loam, 1 to 10 percent slopes Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Setting Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 135 days Major landform: Outwash terraces Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Elevation: 5,200 to 5,800 feet bluebunch wheatgrass Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Typical profile: Composition 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown very gravelly sandy loam Alzola silt loam and similar inclusions—75 percent 3 to 6 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 6 to 12 inches—brown and yellowish brown very Alzola Soil gravelly sandy clay loam 12 inches—weathered bedrock Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Depth class: Shallow Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Drainage class: Well drained Climatic data (average annual): Runoff: Medium to very rapid Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Permeability: Moderate Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Available water capacity: Very low Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Hazard of erosion by wind: High and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: Rock Outcrop 0 to 4 inches—light gray and very pale brown silt Description of areas: Random, exposed areas of hard loam intermediate intrusive rock 4 to 9 inches—pale brown cobbly silty clay loam Vegetation: Curlleaf mountainmahogany rooted in 9 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown extremely fractures cobbly clay loam Runoff: Very rapid 14 to 22 inches—weakly cemented, very pale brown extremely cobbly sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 22 to 60 inches—very pale brown extremely • Soils that are similar to Cottle soils but have a dark- cobbly loamy sand colored surface layer, are on summits and south- Depth class: Very deep facing side slopes, and support Wyoming big Drainage class: Well drained sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Runoff: Slow or medium less Permeability: Moderately slow • Soils that are similar to Ratsnest soils but are more Available water capacity: Medium moist, are in saddles and on lower side slopes, and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Kanlee soils but are warmer, Contrasting Inclusions are on toe slopes and north-facing side slopes, and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and • Freshwater soils that are in saddles and support bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— • Fuego soils that are on upper north-facing side 10 percent or less slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, • Soils that are similar to Owsel soils but are cooler, 32 Soil Survey

are in swales, and support Wyoming big sagebrush Troughs Soil and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Position on landscape: South-facing escarpments • Slickspots—5 percent or less Slope range: 8 to 25 percent Land Capability Classification Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 12 inches VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—45 to 46 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 100 days 3—Alzola-Troughs-Bigflat stony loams, 5 Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush to 35 percent slopes and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: 0 to 6 inches—pale brown stony loam Setting 6 to 12 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly Major landform: Calderas loam Elevation: 5,000 to 5,500 feet 12 to 18 inches—very pale brown very cobbly Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat loam 18 to 40 inches—hardpan Composition 40 inches—bedrock Alzola stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Taxadjunct feature: The subsoil of this soil does not Troughs stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent meet the criteria for an argillic horizon. This Bigflat stony loam and similar inclusions—20 percent difference, however, does not significantly affect Contrasting inclusions—15 percent use and management. Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Alzola Soil Drainage class: Well drained Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and upper Runoff: Rapid or very rapid escarpments Permeability: Moderate Slope range: 8 to 20 percent Available water capacity: Very low Climatic data (average annual): Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Bigflat Soil Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Position on landscape: North-facing escarpments and bluebunch wheatgrass Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 4 inches—brown stony loam Precipitation—10 to 13 inches 4 to 15 inches—brown and yellowish brown cobbly Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F silty clay loam Frost-free period—75 to 95 days 15 to 22 inches—very pale brown very cobbly clay Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush loam and bluebunch wheatgrass 22 to 30 inches—weakly cemented very pale Typical profile: brown very cobbly sandy loam 0 to 7 inches—brown stony loam 30 to 60 inches—very pale brown very cobbly 7 to 20 inches—brown cobbly clay sandy loam 20 to 27 inches—very pale brown cobbly Taxadjunct feature: The upper part of this soil has loam colors that meet the criteria for a mollic epipedon. 27 to 44 inches—very pale brown cobbly fine This difference, however, does not significantly sandy loam affect use and management. 44 to 60 inches—hardpan Depth class: Very deep Depth class: Deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Runoff: Medium a depth of 5 to 10 inches Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Medium Runoff: Medium to very rapid Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High Owyhee County Area, Idaho 33

Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Haw soils but are cooler, do Buncelvoir Soil not contain lime, are on escarpments and foot slopes, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Position on landscape: Smooth and concave slopes wheatgrass—10 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 6 percent • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rubbleland—small areas Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—90 to 105 days Alzola soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Troughs soil: VIe, nonirrigated and Thurber needlegrass Bigflat soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 5 inches—pale brown silt loam 5 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay loam 4—Arbidge-Buncelvoir-Chilcott complex, 13 to 17 inches—very pale brown clay loam 2 to 6 percent slopes 17 to 60 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium Major landform: Calderas Permeability: Slow Elevation: 5,000 to 5,350 feet Available water capacity: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Arbidge loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Buncelvoir silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Chilcott Soil Chilcott loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Convex slopes Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Arbidge Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F and Thurber needlegrass Frost-free period—85 to 100 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 0 to 3 inches—very pale brown loam and Thurber needlegrass 3 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay Typical profile: 10 to 14 inches—very pale brown silty clay loam 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam 14 to 18 inches—very pale brown silt loam 4 to 20 inches—pale brown and very pale brown 18 to 39 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam clay loam 39 to 43 inches—hardpan 20 to 34 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy 43 to 60 inches—pale brown sandy loam loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 34 to 36 inches—hardpan Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 36 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly a depth of 3 to 10 inches loamy sand Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Runoff: Medium Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Slow or medium Available water capacity: High Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: High 34 Soil Survey

Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Roseworth soils that are on ridges and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Chilcott Soil 10 percent or less • Owsel soils that are in draws and support Wyoming Position on landscape: Smooth and concave slopes big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or Slope range: 1 to 5 percent less Climatic data (average annual): • Slickspots—small areas Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Buncelvoir soil: VIe, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Chilcott soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam 8 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay 14 to 17 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay 5—Arbidge-Chilcott silt loams, 1 to 8 loam percent slopes 17 to 37 inches—very pale brown and light yellowish brown fine sandy loam Setting 37 to 44 inches—hardpan 44 inches—bedrock Major landform: Calderas Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Elevation: 5,050 to 5,300 feet Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat a depth of 3 to 10 inches Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Arbidge silt loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Permeability: Slow Chilcott silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Available water capacity: High Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Arbidge Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): • Gariper soils that are on upper ridges and support Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F 10 percent or less Frost-free period—90 to 100 days • Bruncan soils that are on rims and support Wyoming Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent and bluebunch wheatgrass or less Typical profile: • Slickspots—5 percent or less 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown silt loam • Coonskin soils that are on lower ridges and support 3 to 20 inches—brown and pale brown clay loam Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— 20 to 30 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam 5 percent or less 30 to 38 inches—hardpan 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Land Capability Classification loamy sand Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Chilcott soil: VIe, nonirrigated Runoff: Slow or medium Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Owyhee County Area, Idaho 35

6—Arbidge-Heckison association, 2 to 15 8 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam percent slopes 12 to 30 inches—very pale brown cobbly very fine sandy loam 30 to 36 inches—hardpan Setting 36 inches—bedrock Major landform: Plug domes Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Elevation: 4,900 to 5,400 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Slow Composition Available water capacity: Medium Arbidge loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Heckison loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Arbidge Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes • Bruncan soils that are on side slopes and toe slopes Slope range: 6 to 15 percent and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—9 to 10 inches • Slickspots—5 percent or less Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Soils that are similar to Pixley soils but are drier, are Frost-free period—85 to 100 days moderately deep, are on steeper north-facing side Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush slopes, and support basin big sagebrush and and Thurber needlegrass bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Buncelvoir soils that are on foot slopes and support 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— 4 to 20 inches—pale brown and very pale brown small areas clay loam Land Capability Classification 20 to 34 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy loam Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated 34 to 36 inches—hardpan Heckison soil: IVe, nonirrigated 36 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly loamy sand Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 7—Arbidge-Hunnton silt loams, 1 to 8 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: Medium Major landform: Tablelands Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Elevation: 4,900 to 5,400 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Heckison Soil Arbidge silt loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Position on landscape: Summits and north-facing side Hunnton silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent slopes Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Arbidge Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Position on landscape: Summits Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Frost-free period—85 to 95 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Precipitation—11 to 13 inches and bluebunch wheatgrass Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—85 to 100 days 0 to 3 inches—brown loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 3 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam and bluebunch wheatgrass 36 Soil Survey

Typical profile: 8—Arbidge-Laped-Slickspots complex, 0 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown silt loam to 8 percent slopes 3 to 20 inches—brown and pale brown clay loam 20 to 30 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Setting 30 to 38 inches—hardpan 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Major landform: Basins of calderas and tablelands loamy sand Elevation: 4,150 to 5,350 feet Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderately slow Arbidge silt loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Available water capacity: Medium Laped stony silt loam and similar inclusions—20 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Slickspots—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hunnton Soil Arbidge Soil Position on landscape: Summits Position on landscape: Mounds and fan terraces Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Frost-free period—90 to 115 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—pale brown silt loam 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown silt loam 3 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay 3 to 20 inches—brown and pale brown clay loam loam 20 to 30 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam 11 to 27 inches—light yellowish brown clay 30 to 38 inches—hardpan 27 to 50 inches—hardpan 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan loamy sand Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Runoff: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Slow or medium Available water capacity: Low Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Bruncan soils that are on knolls and support Laped Soil Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— 10 percent or less Position on landscape: Toe slopes • Bedstead soils that are on rims and in swales and Slope range: 1 to 5 percent support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Climatic data (average annual): 10 percent or less Precipitation—7 to 9 inches • Slickspots—5 percent or less Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Hunnton soil: VIe, nonirrigated needlegrass Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 37

0 to 3 inches—light gray stony silt loam 9—Arbidge-Owsel-Gariper complex, 1 to 15 3 to 8 inches—very pale brown gravelly silt loam percent slopes 8 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly silty clay loam Setting 16 to 19 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam Major landform: Fan terraces 19 to 22 inches—hardpan Elevation: 3,850 to 5,300 feet 22 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium Arbidge silt loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Owsel silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Available water capacity: Low Gariper loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Arbidge Soil Slickspots Position on landscape: Summits and upper side slopes Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Position on landscape: Shallow depressions Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Description of areas: Barren areas that have a Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F puddled or crusted, very smooth, nearly Frost-free period—90 to 120 days impervious surface Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Kind of material: Dense, massive very fine sandy loam and bluebunch wheatgrass to clay Typical profile: Depth class: Very deep 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown silt loam Drainage class: Well drained 3 to 20 inches—brown and pale brown clay loam Runoff: Ponded 20 to 30 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Permeability: Very slow 30 to 38 inches—hardpan Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Sodicity: High loamy sand Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are similar to Owsel soils but are drier, are Runoff: Slow or medium on alluvial flats, and support shadscale, bud Permeability: Moderately slow sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Available water capacity: Medium needlegrass—10 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Bruncan soils that are on knolls and support Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent or less • Wholan soils that are on alluvial flats and support Owsel Soil winterfat and Indian ricegrass—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Toe slopes • Midraw soils that are in draws and support low Slope range: 1 to 10 percent sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Laped soil: VIIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Slickspots: VIII and bluebunch wheatgrass Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 38 Soil Survey

0 to 10 inches—pale brown silt loam Land Capability Classification 10 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Owsel soil: VIe, nonirrigated 23 to 45 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam Gariper soil: VIe, nonirrigated 45 to 60 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Very slow to medium 10—Arness-Humdun complex, 1 to 8 Permeability: Moderately slow percent slopes Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Setting Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Fan terraces Elevation: 5,250 to 5,450 feet Gariper Soil Major uses: Rangeland, hayland, and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Lower side slopes Composition Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Arness fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—60 Precipitation—10 to 13 inches percent Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Humdun very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions— Frost-free period—90 to 120 days 20 percent Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Contrasting inclusions—20 percent and bluebunch wheatgrass Arness Soil Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown Position on landscape: Summits loam Slope range: 1 to 8 percent 9 to 18 inches—yellowish brown clay Climatic data (average annual): 18 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Precipitation—11 to 13 inches 22 to 47 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F loam Frost-free period—70 to 95 days 47 to 60 inches—hardpan Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Depth class: Deep to a hardpan and bluebunch wheatgrass Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Typical profile: a depth of 4 to 10 inches 0 to 4 inches—brown fine sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 10 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Permeability: Slow clay loam Available water capacity: High 16 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Shrink-swell potential: High loam Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high 19 to 33 inches—hardpan Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 33 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained • Babbington soils that are on stream terraces and Runoff: Slow or medium support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Permeability: Moderately slow wildrye—10 percent or less Available water capacity: Low • Soils that are similar to Alzola soils but are warmer, Shrink-swell potential: Moderate are on upper fan terraces, and support Wyoming big Hazard of erosion by water: Slight sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Hazard of erosion by wind: High less Humdun Soil • Soils that are similar to Chilcott soils but are shallow, are in swales, and support low sagebrush and Position on landscape: Lower slopes bluebunch wheatgrass—small areas Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 39

Climatic data (average annual): Beetville loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Babbington Soil Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Position on landscape: Stream terraces and bluebunch wheatgrass Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 4 inches—brown very fine sandy loam Precipitation—10 to 13 inches 4 to 12 inches—yellowish brown loam Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 12 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown very fine Frost-free period—100 to 130 days sandy loam Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, 25 to 30 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy bluegrass, and basin wildrye loam Typical profile: 30 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown loam sand 4 to 29 inches—brown and grayish brown clay Depth class: Very deep loam Drainage class: Well drained 29 to 42 inches—light brownish gray loam Runoff: Very slow or slow 42 to 60 inches—light brownish gray stratified Permeability: Moderate loamy sand and very gravelly sand Available water capacity: Very high Depth class: Very deep Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Hazard of erosion by wind: High at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Drainage class: Moderately well drained Contrasting Inclusions Runoff: Very slow or slow • Soils that are similar to Chilcott soils but are cooler, Permeability: Moderately slow are on side slopes, and support Wyoming big Available water capacity: Very high sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Shrink-swell potential: Moderate less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but are cooler, Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate are on knolls and ridges, and support Wyoming big Frequency of flooding: Rare sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Beetville Soil less • Soils that are similar to Blackleg soils but are drier, Position on landscape: Stream terraces have an abrupt textural change, are on escarpments, Slope range: 0 to 2 percent and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass—5 percent or less Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—100 to 130 days Arness soil: VIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Humdun soil: VIc, nonirrigated bluegrass, and basin wildrye Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 13 inches—grayish brown loam 13 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam 11—Babbington-Beetville loams, 0 to 3 29 to 44 inches—light gray gravelly loamy sand percent slopes 44 to 60 inches—light olive brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep Setting Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Major landform: Bottom land Drainage class: Moderately well drained Elevation: 3,400 to 4,650 feet Runoff: Very slow Major uses: Hayland, rangeland, and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Babbington loam and similar inclusions—55 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Frequency of flooding: Occasional 40 Soil Survey

Contrasting Inclusions 3 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam 8 to 24 inches—pale brown and light yellowish • Soils that are similar to Upcreek soils but are brown silty clay loam warmer, are on fluvial bottoms, and support sedge and 24 to 40 inches—light yellowish brown clay bluegrass—10 percent or less loam • Riverwash—5 percent or less 40 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loam • Soils that are similar to Succor soils but are Depth class: Very deep somewhat poorly drained, are on lower alluvial Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table terraces, and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, at a depth of 40 to 60 inches and basin wildrye—5 percent or less Drainage class: Moderately well drained • Gariper soils that are on upper fan terraces and Runoff: Very slow support basin big sagebrush and bluebunch Permeability: Moderately slow wheatgrass—5 percent or less Available water capacity: Very high • Slickspots—small areas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Deshler soils but are Hazard of erosion by water: Slight somewhat poorly drained, have a higher content of Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate rock fragments, are on lower alluvial terraces, and Frequency of flooding: Rare support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— small areas Piline Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Alluvial flats Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Babbington soil: IIw, irrigated, and Vw, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Beetville soil: IIIw, irrigated, and Vw, nonirrigated Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Map unit (complex): IIw, irrigated, and Vw, nonirrigated Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days 12—Babbington-Piline association, 0 to 3 Vegetal climax association: Silver sagebrush and percent slopes bluegrass Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—light gray silty clay loam Setting 10 to 16 inches—light gray silty clay Major landform: Alluvial flats 16 to 30 inches—pale brown clay Elevation: 4,800 to 5,300 feet 30 to 48 inches—very pale brown clay loam Major uses: Rangeland, hayland, and wildlife habitat 48 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loam Depth class: Very deep Composition Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Babbington silt loam and similar inclusions—50 at a depth of 0 to 24 inches percent Drainage class: Poorly drained Piline silty clay loam and similar inclusions—40 Runoff: Ponded percent Permeability: Very slow Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: High Babbington Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Position on landscape: Stream terraces and mounds Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Buncelvoir soils that are on toe slopes and support Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Frost-free period—90 to 100 days 10 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Land Capability Classification bluegrass, and basin wildrye Typical profile: Babbington soil: IIIc, irrigated, and VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray silt loam Piline soil: Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated Owyhee County Area, Idaho 41

13—Badlands-Typic Torriorthents-Xeric Frost-free period—110 to 150 days Torriorthents complex, very steep Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Sample profile: Setting 0 to 4 inches—brown stony loam Major landforms: Escarpments of fan terraces, fan 4 to 15 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam piedmonts, and structural benches 15 to 30 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy Elevation: 2,250 to 4,000 feet loam Major uses: Wildlife habitat and recreation 30 to 60 inches—extremely cobbly very fine sandy loam Composition Depth class: Deep and very deep Badlands—30 percent Drainage class: Well drained Typic Torriorthents and similar inclusions—30 percent Runoff: Medium and rapid Xeric Torriorthents and similar inclusions—20 percent Permeability: Moderately rapid to moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Badlands Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Position on landscape: South-facing, convex slopes Sodicity: Moderate and ridges Contrasting Inclusions Slope range: 15 to 90 percent Description of areas: Barren soft lacustrine material • Soils that are on gently sloping toe slopes and dissected by many intermittent drainageways support Wyoming big sagebrush and Indian Depth class: Very shallow ricegrass—10 percent or less Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Soils that have an abrupt textural change and a hardpan, are on strongly sloping shoulder slopes, and Typic Torriorthents support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 60 percent • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F Badlands: VIII Frost-free period—110 to 150 days Typic Torriorthents: VIIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Xeric Torriorthents: VIIe, nonirrigated sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated needlegrass Sample profile: 0 to 45 inches—very pale brown silt loam 14—Bauscher-Sharesnout association, 5 45 inches—weathered bedrock to 35 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep and deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Setting Runoff: Slow to very rapid Major landform: Mountains Permeability: Moderately slow to moderately rapid Elevation: 5,300 to 7,100 feet Available water capacity: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to severe Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Sodicity: Moderate Bauscher sandy loam and similar inclusions—35 Xeric Torriorthents percent Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Bauscher sandy loam, dry, and similar inclusions—30 Slope range: 10 to 45 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Sharesnout stony loam and similar inclusions—15 Precipitation—8 to 10 inches percent Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—20 percent 42 Soil Survey

Bauscher Soil Sharesnout Soil Position on landscape: Concave, north-facing side Position on landscape: Summits and convex side slopes slopes Slope range: 8 to 35 percent Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—16 to 18 inches Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Frost-free period—55 to 75 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho and Idaho fescue fescue Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam 0 to 6 inches—dark brown stony loam 3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy 6 to 10 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay loam loam 8 to 30 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown 10 to 30 inches—yellowish brown extremely sandy clay loam gravelly clay 30 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly 30 inches—bedrock coarse sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep 42 to 60 inches— weathered bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Deep Runoff: Medium or rapid Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Medium or rapid Available water capacity: Very low Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: High • Saturday soils that are on ridges and knolls and Bauscher Soil, Dry support curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Saddles and foot slopes • Kanlee soils that are on south-facing side slopes Slope range: 5 to 20 percent and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Precipitation—14 to 17 inches • Welch soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F sedge and bluegrass—small areas Frost-free period—60 to 85 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Land Capability Classification bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Bauscher soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Bauscher soil, dry: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown sandy Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam 12 to 45 inches—brown and yellowish brown sandy clay loam 15—Bedstead-Arbidge association, 2 to 45 to 54 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly 15 percent slopes coarse sandy loam 54 inches—weathered bedrock Setting Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Tablelands Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 4,800 to 5,500 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: High Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Bedstead extremely stony silt loam and similar Hazard of erosion by wind: High inclusions—40 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 43

Arbidge silt loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Bedstead Soil • Soils that are similar to Hotcreek soils but are Position on landscape: Swales, knolls, and rims deeper, are on rims and ridges, and support low Slope range: 2 to 15 percent sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Climatic data (average annual): less Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Buncelvoir soils that are on alluvial flats and support Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Frost-free period—85 to 100 days 5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and • Rubbleland—5 percent or less bluebunch wheatgrass • Slickspots—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Rock outcrop—small areas 0 to 1 inch—pale brown extremely stony silt loam 1 inch to 6 inches—brown stony silt loam Land Capability Classification 6 to 11 inches—pale brown cobbly silt loam Bedstead soil: VIIs, nonirrigated 11 to 18 inches—brown extremely stony clay Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated 18 to 21 inches—brown extremely stony clay loam 21 to 22 inches—hardpan 22 inches—bedrock 16—Bieber-Hurryback association, 2 to 40 Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan percent slopes Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at a depth of 6 to 12 inches Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Fan piedmonts Permeability: Slow Elevation: 4,600 to 5,200 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Bieber gravelly loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Arbidge Soil Hurryback loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Mounds and foot slopes Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Bieber Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Position on landscape: Summits Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Frost-free period—85 to 100 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Precipitation—11 to 13 inches and bluebunch wheatgrass Air temperature—45 to 58 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—85 to 105 days 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown silt loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and 3 to 20 inches—brown and pale brown clay loam bluebunch wheatgrass 20 to 30 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Typical profile: 30 to 38 inches—hardpan 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly 4 to 11 inches—brown clay loam loamy sand 11 to 17 inches—yellowish brown clay Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 17 to 60 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Runoff: Slow or medium Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Runoff: Medium or rapid Available water capacity: Medium Permeability: Very slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: Very low 44 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: High 17—Blackleg-Northcastle complex, 1 to Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 12 percent slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hurryback Soil Setting Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Major landform: Fan terraces Slope range: 8 to 40 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 5,600 feet Climatic data (average annual): Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Composition Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Blackleg gravelly loam and similar inclusions—70 Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, percent bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Northcastle loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Typical profile: Contrasting inclusions—15 percent 0 to 6 inches—dark brown loam Blackleg Soil 6 to 24 inches—brown clay loam 24 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly Position on landscape: Summits clay loam Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Climatic data (average annual): Depth class: Very deep Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Drainage class: Well drained Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Runoff: Medium or rapid Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Permeability: Moderately slow Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Available water capacity: Very high fescue Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 8 to 13 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 13 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown very Contrasting Inclusions gravelly clay • Salisbury soils that are on mounds and support low 22 to 29 inches—light brown very gravelly clay sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less loam • Soils that are similar to Blackleg soils but are 29 to 42 inches—hardpan warmer, have less clay, are on summits and side Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan slopes, and support low sagebrush and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue—5 percent or less Runoff: Slow or medium • Tucker soils that are on stream terraces and support Permeability: Slow basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 Available water capacity: Low percent or less Shrink-swell potential: High • Soils that are similar to Haw soils but have more Hazard of erosion by water: Slight rock fragments, do not contain lime, and support basin Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent Northcastle Soil or less • Soils that are similar to McKeeth soils but are Position on landscape: Mounds somewhat poorly drained, are in small depressions, Slope range: 1 to 8 percent and support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Bieber soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Hurryback soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Owyhee County Area, Idaho 45

Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass with Frost-free period—65 to 90 days common western juniper Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Typical profile: bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue 0 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown loam Typical profile: 16 to 34 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay 0 to 6 inches—brown stony loam loam 6 to 13 inches—brown loam 34 to 60 inches—hardpan 13 to 23 inches—brown cobbly clay loam 60 to 72 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy 23 to 29 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay loam 29 to 36 inches—yellowish brown cobbly clay Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 36 to 50 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Runoff: Slow or medium Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Runoff: Slow to rapid Available water capacity: High Permeability: Slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Contrasting Inclusions Threek Soil • Soils that are similar to Scism soils but are cooler and more moist, are on side slopes, and support basin Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Slope range: 5 to 40 percent wheatgrass—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Threek soils that are on upper side slopes and Precipitation—12 to 14 inches support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Frost-free period—65 to 85 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Land Capability Classification Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Blackleg soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Northcastle soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—dark brown stony loam Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 4 to 12 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 12 to 24 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay 24 to 34 inches—brown fine sandy loam 18—Blackleg-Threek association, 3 to 40 34 to 60 inches—brown loamy sand percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Slow Major landform: Outwash terraces Available water capacity: Medium Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Blackleg stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Contrasting Inclusions percent Threek stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are very Contrasting inclusions—25 percent deep; are on north-facing concave side slopes; and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Blackleg Soil wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes • Soils that are similar to Pixley soils but are drier, are Slope range: 3 to 30 percent on ridges and shoulder slopes, and support Wyoming Climatic data (average annual): big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 Precipitation—12 to 15 inches percent or less Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F • Blackleg soils that are on summits and upper side 46 Soil Survey

slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— • Paynecreek soils that are on lower stream terraces 5 percent or less and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and • Rock outcrop—small areas basin wildrye—small areas Land Capability Classification Land Capability Classification Blackleg soil: IVe, nonirrigated IVe, nonirrigated Threek soil: IVe, nonirrigated 20—Booford-Barkley complex, 8 to 45 19—Bluecreek sandy loam, 1 to 10 percent slopes percent slopes Setting Setting Major landform: Terrace escarpments Major landform: Fan terraces Elevation: 5,200 to 6,200 feet Elevation: 5,300 to 5,400 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Composition Booford loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Bluecreek sandy loam and similar inclusions—80 Barkley stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Booford Soil Bluecreek Soil Position on landscape: Side slopes Position on landscape: Summits Slope range: 10 to 45 percent Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown loam 0 to 9 inches—light brownish gray and brown 10 to 14 inches—brown gravelly clay loam sandy loam 14 to 25 inches—pale brown clay 9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam 25 inches—weathered bedrock 14 to 24 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay Depth class: Moderately deep 24 to 35 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 35 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly loamy Runoff: Medium to very rapid sand Permeability: Slow Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Available water capacity: Medium Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: High Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Barkley Soil Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Position on landscape: Upper side slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: High Slope range: 8 to 30 percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting Inclusions Precipitation—14 to 17 inches • Yatahoney soils that are on fan terraces and support Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Nicholflat soils that are on concave alluvial flats and Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue or less Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 47

2 inches to 0—undecomposed organic mat Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 7 inches—brown stony loam Precipitation—14 to 17 inches 7 to 14 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F 14 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Frost-free period—70 to 80 days sandy clay loam Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, 26 to 38 inches—yellowish brown gravelly sandy bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue loam Typical profile: 38 to 48 inches—pink weakly cemented very 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown loam gravelly sandy loam 10 to 14 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 48 to 60 inches—pink gravelly sandy loam 14 to 25 inches—pale brown clay Depth class: Very deep 25 inches—weathered bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep Runoff: Medium or rapid Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Runoff: Slow or medium Available water capacity: Medium Permeability: Slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are shallow, Blackleg Soil are on shoulder slopes, and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Knolls and shoulder slopes • Threek soils that are on upper side slopes and Slope range: 2 to 12 percent support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Precipitation—14 to 16 inches • Rock outcrop—small areas Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F • Hades soils that are on upper side slopes and Frost-free period—65 to 80 days support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—small areas fescue Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Booford soil: VIe, nonirrigated 8 to 13 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Barkley soil: IVe, nonirrigated 13 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown very Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated gravelly clay 22 to 29 inches—light brown very gravelly clay loam 21—Booford-Blackleg association, 2 to 12 29 to 42 inches—hardpan percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow Major landform: Fan terraces Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 5,700 to 6,000 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Booford loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Contrasting Inclusions Blackleg gravelly loam and similar inclusions—30 percent • Barkley soils that are on steeper side slopes and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Booford Soil • Paynecreek soils that are on stream terraces and Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes support basin big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Slope range: 2 to 10 percent percent or less 48 Soil Survey

Land Capability Classification Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Booford soil: IVe, nonirrigated 3 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown loam Blackleg soil: IVe, nonirrigated 9 to 22 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 22 to 26 inches—yellowish brown clay 22—Boulder Lake-Yatahoney association, 26 to 30 inches—hardpan 0 to 10 percent slopes 30 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow or medium Major landform: Basin floors Permeability: Slow Elevation: 5,300 to 6,150 feet Available water capacity: Medium Major uses: Wildlife habitat and rangeland Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Boulder Lake clay and similar inclusions—70 percent Contrasting Inclusions Yatahoney silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent • Soils that are similar to Nicholflat soils but are moderately deep to bedrock, are on toe slopes, and Boulder Lake Soil support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent Position on landscape: Alluvial flats or less Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are deep, are Climatic data (average annual): on mounds, and support basin big sagebrush, Precipitation—13 to 16 inches bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 percent or less Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F • Soils that are similar to Boulder Lake soils but are Frost-free period—60 to 90 days frequently flooded for very long periods and are in Vegetal climax association: Silver sagebrush and intermittent lakebeds—small areas bluegrass Land Capability Classification Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown clay Boulder Lake soil: VIw, nonirrigated 10 to 45 inches—light brownish gray and pale Yatahoney soil: IVe, nonirrigated brown clay 45 to 60 inches—very pale brown silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep 23—Brace-Freshwater complex, 1 to 15 Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table percent slopes at a depth of 0 to 18 inches Drainage class: Very poorly drained Setting Runoff: Ponded Major landform: Structural benches Permeability: Very slow Elevation: 5,300 to 6,000 feet Available water capacity: Very high Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Brace loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Freshwater stony loam and similar inclusions—30 Yatahoney Soil percent Position on landscape: Toe slopes Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Brace Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Position on landscape: Summits and concave side Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F slopes Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Climatic data (average annual): Idaho fescue Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 49

Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Brace soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Freshwater soil: VIs, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray loam 6 to 19 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam 24—Briabbit-Murphill complex, 2 to 35 19 to 23 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam percent slopes 23 to 26 inches—hardpan 26 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Major landforms: Foothills and structural benches Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 2,300 to 4,500 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Briabbit fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—50 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Murphill very gravelly fine sandy loam and similar Freshwater Soil inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Ridges and south-facing side Contrasting inclusions—25 percent slopes Briabbit Soil Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Side slopes Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F and bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—105 to 150 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 0 to 5 inches—pale brown stony loam and Indian ricegrass 5 to 13 inches—pale brown clay loam Typical profile: 13 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam 18 to 22 inches—hardpan 10 to 22 inches—pale brown cobbly sandy loam 22 inches—bedrock 22 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Very low Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hazard of erosion by wind: High Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Murphill Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Summits, shoulder slopes, and • Soils that are similar to Roca soils but have less rock south-facing side slopes fragments, are on north-facing side slopes, and Slope range: 2 to 35 percent support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F • Alzola soils that are on side slopes and support Frost-free period—105 to 150 days Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 5 percent or less and Indian ricegrass 50 Soil Survey

Typical profile: Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F 0 to 3 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly Frost-free period—120 to 145 days fine sandy loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 3 to 9 inches—yellowish brown fine sandy loam and Thurber needlegrass 9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown extremely Typical profile: gravelly loamy sand 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very stony silt loam 14 inches—weathered bedrock 4 to 8 inches—pale brown loam Depth class: Shallow 8 to 16 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Drainage class: Well drained 16 to 20 inches—very pale brown very cobbly Runoff: Medium to very rapid loam Permeability: Moderately rapid 20 to 26 inches—hardpan Available water capacity: Very low 26 inches—bedrock Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderately slow • Rubbleland that commonly has purple sage rooted Available water capacity: Low in fractures—10 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Escalante soils that are on fan terraces and support Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate fourwing saltbush and Indian ricegrass—10 percent or Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight less Contrasting Inclusions • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less • Ratsnest soils that are on side slopes and support • Soils that are similar to Escalante soils but are shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and moderately deep, are on summits, and support Thurber needlegrass—small areas shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and • Hardtrigger soils that are on side slopes and toe Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less slopes and support Wyoming big sagebrush and • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Indian ricegrass—small areas • Soils that are similar to Buncelvoir soils but are moderately deep, are on flats, and support Wyoming Land Capability Classification big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or Briabbit soil: VIe, nonirrigated less Murphill soil: VIs, nonirrigated • Soils that are similar to Mackey soils but are shallow, Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated are on rims, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less 25—Bruncan very stony silt loam, 2 to 15 Land Capability Classification percent slopes VIs, nonirrigated

Setting 26—Bruncan-Arbidge complex, 1 to 8 Major landform: Buttes percent slopes Elevation: 2,700 to 3,850 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Setting Composition Major landform: Tablelands Bruncan very stony silt loam and similar inclusions— Elevation: 5,100 to 5,400 feet 75 percent Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Bruncan Soil Composition Position on landscape: Summits Bruncan gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—50 Slope range: 2 to 15 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Arbidge silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 51

Bruncan Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Summits • Hunnton soils that are on alluvial flats and support Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Climatic data (average annual): 10 percent or less Precipitation—9 to 10 inches • Slickspots—10 percent or less Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Owsel soils that are on summits and support Frost-free period—85 to 100 days Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush percent or less and Thurber needlegrass • Laped soils that are on summits and support Typical profile: shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and 0 to 2 inches—pale brown gravelly silt loam Thurber needlegrass—small areas 2 to 5 inches—pale brown silt loam Land Capability Classification 5 to 8 inches—very pale brown clay loam 8 to 14 inches—very pale brown very cobbly silt Bruncan soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated 14 to 16 inches—hardpan Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 16 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 27—Bruncan-Hardtrigger-Buncelvoir Runoff: Slow or medium complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Setting Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major landform: Calderas Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Elevation: 4,800 to 5,400 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Arbidge Soil Composition Position on landscape: Summits Bruncan stony loam and similar inclusions—50 Slope range: 2 to 8 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Hardtrigger gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Precipitation—10 to 12 inches percent Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Buncelvoir loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—85 to 100 days Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Bruncan Soil Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown silt loam Position on landscape: Ridges and convex slopes 3 to 20 inches—brown and pale brown clay loam Slope range: 1 to 8 percent 20 to 30 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Climatic data (average annual): 30 to 38 inches—hardpan Precipitation—10 to 13 inches 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F loamy sand Frost-free period—85 to 105 days Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Drainage class: Well drained and bluebunch wheatgrass Runoff: Slow or medium Typical profile: Permeability: Moderately slow 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Available water capacity: Medium 3 to 5 inches—pale brown loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 5 to 11 inches—very pale brown clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate 11 to 14 inches—very pale brown very cobbly Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate loam 52 Soil Survey

14 to 20 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 20 inches—bedrock Runoff: Slow or medium Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: High Runoff: Slow or medium Shrink-swell potential: High Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Chilcott soils that are on fan terraces and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Hardtrigger Soil 10 percent or less Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes • Owsel soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Slope range: 1 to 8 percent in swales and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Climatic data (average annual): bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Precipitation—10 to 13 inches • Babbington soils that are on stream terraces and Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Frost-free period—90 to 100 days wildrye—small areas Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Land Capability Classification and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Bruncan soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated 4 to 8 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam Buncelvoir soil: VIe, nonirrigated 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown clay loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 15 to 20 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay loam 20 to 28 inches—white gravelly sandy loam 28—Bruncan-Jenor-Troughs association, 28 to 60 inches—white very gravelly loamy sand 1 to 10 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Very slow or slow Major landform: Calderas Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 4,800 to 5,100 feet Available water capacity: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Bruncan very stony loam and similar inclusions—35 Buncelvoir Soil percent Jenor very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—25 Position on landscape: Swales and concave slopes percent Slope range: 1 to 6 percent Troughs very stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Bruncan Soil Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Position on landscape: Knolls and convex slopes and bluebunch wheatgrass Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 7 inches—light gray loam Precipitation—8 to 10 inches 7 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F loam Frost-free period—90 to 105 days 15 to 19 inches—very pale brown clay loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 19 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy and Thurber needlegrass loam Typical profile: Depth class: Very deep 0 to 3 inches—very pale brown very stony loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 53

3 to 11 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay 30 inches—bedrock loam Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 11 to 14 inches—very pale brown very cobbly Drainage class: Well drained loam Runoff: Slow to rapid 14 to 20 inches—hardpan Permeability: Moderately slow 20 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Very low Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Owsel soils that are on concave slopes and support Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 10 percent or less • Chilcott soils that are on stream terraces and Jenor Soil support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Position on landscape: Concave slopes and swales needlegrass—5 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 4 percent • Slickspots—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—small areas Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—95 to 110 days Bruncan soil: VIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Jenor soil: VIIe, nonirrigated sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Troughs soil: VIs, nonirrigated needlegrass Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy 29—Bruncan-Laped complex, 1 to 8 loam percent slopes 5 to 21 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam 21 to 60 inches—hardpan Setting Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major landform: Tablelands Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,100 to 5,350 feet Runoff: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Low Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Bruncan gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—55 Hazard of erosion by wind: High percent Sodicity: Moderate Laped stony silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Troughs Soil Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Bruncan Soil Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Summits Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F and Thurber needlegrass Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 0 to 2 inches—very pale brown very stony loam and Thurber needlegrass 2 to 8 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam Typical profile: 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly 0 to 2 inches—pale brown gravelly silt loam loam 2 to 5 inches—pale brown silt loam 15 to 30 inches—hardpan 5 to 8 inches—very pale brown clay loam 54 Soil Survey

8 to 14 inches—very pale brown very cobbly silt Laped soil: VIIe, nonirrigated loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 14 to 16 inches—hardpan 16 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 30—Bruncan-Minveno complex, 2 to 15 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: Very low Major landform: Structural benches Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Elevation: 4,200 to 5,000 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Laped Soil Bruncan very stony silt loam and similar inclusions— Position on landscape: Knolls and rims 40 percent Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Minveno stony silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Bruncan Soil Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Position on landscape: Summits sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Slope range: 2 to 15 percent needlegrass Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—9 to 10 inches 0 to 3 inches—light gray stony silt loam Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F 3 to 8 inches—very pale brown gravelly silt Frost-free period—95 to 115 days loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 8 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly silty and Thurber needlegrass clay loam Typical profile: 16 to 19 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very stony silt 19 to 22 inches—hardpan loam 22 inches—bedrock 4 to 8 inches—pale brown loam Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 8 to 16 inches—pale brown gravelly clay Drainage class: Well drained loam Runoff: Medium 16 to 20 inches—very pale brown very cobbly Permeability: Moderately slow loam Available water capacity: Low 20 to 26 inches—hardpan Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 26 inches—bedrock Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow • Slickspots—10 percent or less Available water capacity: Low • Arbidge soils that are on summits and support Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Loomis soils that are in swales and support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Minveno Soil less Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and side • Playas—small areas slopes • Rock outcrop—small areas Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Bruncan soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F Owyhee County Area, Idaho 55

Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Climatic data (average annual): and Thurber needlegrass Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Typical profile: Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony silt loam Frost-free period—90 to 100 days 3 to 12 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 12 to 19 inches—very pale brown loam and bluebunch wheatgrass 19 to 23 inches—hardpan Typical profile: 23 inches—bedrock 0 to 6 inches—pale brown silt loam Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 6 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Drainage class: Well drained 15 to 19 inches—very pale brown very cobbly silt Runoff: Medium or rapid loam Permeability: Moderate 19 to 24 inches—hardpan Available water capacity: Low 24 inches—bedrock Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderately slow • Troughs soils that are on side slopes and support Available water capacity: Low Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Scism soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Snowmore Soil needlegrass—5 percent or less • Chilcott soils that are on summits and support Position on landscape: Smooth slopes Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Slope range: 2 to 8 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Slickspots—5 percent or less Precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Rock outcrop—small areas Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Bruncan soil: VIs, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Minveno soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—pale brown silt loam 4 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown and very pale brown clay loam 31—Bruncan-Snowmore silt loams, 1 to 8 13 to 23 inches—very pale brown cobbly percent slopes loam 23 to 28 inches—hardpan 28 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major landform: Calderas Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,900 to 5,200 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Bruncan silt loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Snowmore silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—25 percent • Chilcott soils that are on concave slopes and Bruncan Soil support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes wheatgrass—10 percent or less 56 Soil Survey

• Owsel soils that are in swales and support Wyoming Troughs Soil big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent Position on landscape: Smooth slopes or less Slope range: 1 to 10 percent • Bedstead soils that are in swales and draws and Climatic data (average annual): support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 Precipitation—8 to 10 inches percent or less Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F • Slickspots—5 percent or less Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Bruncan soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Snowmore soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 2 inches—very pale brown very stony Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated loam 2 to 8 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 32—Bruncan-Troughs very stony loams, 1 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly to 10 percent slopes loam 15 to 30 inches—hardpan 30 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Major landform: Calderas Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,700 to 5,300 feet Runoff: Slow to rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Bruncan very stony loam and similar inclusions—45 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Troughs very stony loam and similar inclusions—30 Contrasting Inclusions percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent • Snowmore soils that are in swales and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Bruncan Soil 10 percent or less Position on landscape: Knolls, ridges, and rims • Jenor soils that are on mounds and support Slope range: 1 to 8 percent shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Climatic data (average annual): Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Slickspots—5 percent or less Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Rock outcrop—small areas Frost-free period—90 to 105 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Bruncan soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Troughs soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—very pale brown very stony loam Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 3 to 11 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay loam 11 to 14 inches—very pale brown very cobbly 33—Bruncan-Troughs-Midraw complex, 0 loam to 5 percent slopes 14 to 20 inches—hardpan 20 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Major landform: Structural benches Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,800 to 4,800 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Bruncan extremely stony silt loam and similar Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight inclusions— 40 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 57

Troughs extremely stony silt loam and similar Available water capacity: Very low inclusions— 25 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Midraw very stony silt loam and similar inclusions—25 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Midraw Soil Bruncan Soil Position on landscape: Summits Position on landscape: Summits Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Slope range: 0 to 5 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Black sagebrush and Vegetal climax association: Black sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—light gray very stony silt loam 0 to 2 inches—pale brown extremely stony silt 3 to 6 inches—pale brown gravelly silty clay loam loam 6 to 15 inches—very pale brown cobbly clay 2 to 4 inches—light brownish gray loam 15 to 20 inches—hardpan 4 to 11 inches—light brownish gray clay loam 20 inches—bedrock 11 to 18 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan loam Drainage class: Well drained 18 to 20 inches—hardpan Runoff: Slow or medium 20 inches—bedrock Permeability: Slow Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Available water capacity: Very low Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: High Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Available water capacity: Very low Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Soils that are similar to Hardtrigger soils but have Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight more silt, are on summits, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or Troughs Soil less Position on landscape: Summits • Soils that are similar to McKeeth soils but are more Slope range: 0 to 5 percent moist, are on summits, and support Wyoming big Climatic data (average annual): sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or Precipitation—8 to 10 inches less Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Black sagebrush and Bruncan soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Thurber needlegrass Troughs soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Midraw soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—pale brown extremely stony silt Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated loam 3 to 7 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 7 to 13 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly 34—Brunzell-Doodlelink-Threek gravelly loam loams, 2 to 45 percent slopes 13 to 20 inches—hardpan 20 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Outwash terraces Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 5,000 to 5,800 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 58 Soil Survey

Composition 6 to 25 inches—dark brown and grayish brown very gravelly loam Brunzell gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 25 to 40 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay percent loam Doodlelink gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 40 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely percent gravelly clay loam Threek gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Depth class: Very deep percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Brunzell Soil Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate slopes Slope range: 3 to 30 percent Threek Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue and Frost-free period—70 to 95 days some western juniper Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Typical profile: bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue and 0 to 9 inches—brown and grayish brown gravelly some western juniper loam Typical profile: 9 to 15 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish clay loam brown gravelly loam 15 to 25 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly 7 to 13 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam sandy clay loam 13 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown very 25 to 40 inches—white very cobbly sandy loam gravelly clay 40 to 60 inches—very pale brown extremely 31 to 60 inches—brownish yellow weakly cobbly sandy clay loam cemented extremely gravelly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: High Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Doodlelink Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Slope range: 5 to 45 percent • Nagitsy soils that are on upper, north-facing side Climatic data (average annual): slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain Precipitation—16 to 20 inches snowberry, and mountain brome—10 percent or less Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F • Parkay soils that are on north-facing shoulder slopes Frost-free period—70 to 90 days and support snowbrush ceanothus—5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush • Blackleg soils that are on summits and support low and Idaho fescue and some western juniper sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Saturday soils but are very 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam deep, are on shoulder slopes, and support curlleaf Owyhee County Area, Idaho 59

mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry—small Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate areas Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Land Capability Classification Longcreek Soil Brunzell soil: IVe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and side Doodlelink soil: VIe, nonirrigated slopes Threek soil: IVe, nonirrigated Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F 35—Catchell-Longcreek complex, 3 to 25 Frost-free period—95 to 120 days percent slopes Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Setting Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Major landforms: Structural benches and foothills 4 to 9 inches—brown very cobbly clay Elevation: 3,800 to 4,900 feet loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 9 to 17 inches—light brown and pink very cobbly Composition clay loam 17 inches—bedrock Catchell loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Characteristics outside range for series: Elevation and Longcreek gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 frost-free period (differences do not affect use and percent management) Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Depth class: Shallow Catchell Soil Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Permeability: Slow Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Available water capacity: Very low Climatic data (average annual): Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Contrasting Inclusions bluebunch wheatgrass • Plush soils that are on south-facing side slopes and Typical profile: support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch 0 to 4 inches—light brownish gray loam wheatgrass—10 percent or less 4 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam • Alibi soils that are in saddles and on north-facing 8 to 15 inches—brown clay side slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho 15 to 18 inches—reddish yellow clay loam fescue—5 percent or less 18 to 25 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam • Rubbleland—5 percent or less 25 to 26 inches—hardpan • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 26 inches—bedrock • Goose Creek soils that are on stream terraces and Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at wildrye—small areas a depth of 2 to 8 inches Drainage class: Well drained Land Capability Classification Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Very slow Catchell soil: VIs, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Medium Longcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Shrink-swell potential: High Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 60 Soil Survey

36—Chayson-Merlin complex, 2 to 12 9 to 19 inches—yellowish brown clay percent slopes 19 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Plug domes Permeability: Very slow Elevation: 5,500 to 5,900 feet Available water capacity: Low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Chayson silt loam and similar inclusions—60 Contrasting Inclusions percent Merlin very stony loam and similar inclusions—15 • Soils that are similar to Dishpan soils but are more percent moist, have more clay, are on foot slopes, and support Contrasting inclusions—25 percent basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Chayson Soil • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits and north-facing side • Itca soils that are in swales and support fussy slopes sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 8 percent • Budlewis soils that are on side slopes and support Climatic data (average annual): mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Chayson soil: IVe, nonirrigated Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Merlin soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IVs, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 4 to 27 inches—brown and dark brown clay loam 27 to 37 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 37—Chilcott-Igert gravelly loams, 2 to 20 37 to 45 inches—hardpan percent slopes 45 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Setting Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Fan terraces Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 3,100 to 4,450 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Chilcott gravelly loam and similar inclusions—70 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Igert gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Merlin Soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Swales and concave side Chilcott Soil slopes Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Position on landscape: Summits Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Frost-free period—50 to 85 days Air temperature—48 to 51 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Frost-free period—105 to 130 days fescue Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Typical profile: and Thurber needlegrass 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown very stony loam Typical profile: 4 to 9 inches—brown clay loam 0 to 5 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 61

5 to 12 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay Land Capability Classification 12 to 21 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Chilcott soil: VIs, nonirrigated clay loam Igert soil: VIe, nonirrigated 21 to 60 inches—hardpan Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Characteristics outside range for series: Percentage of rock fragments in the lower part of the subsoil (difference does not affect use and management) 38—Chilcott-Lamonta complex, 2 to 12 Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan percent slopes Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at a depth of 3 to 10 inches Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Pediments Permeability: Slow Elevation: 3,900 to 4,900 feet Available water capacity: Low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Chilcott loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Lamonta gravelly clay loam and similar inclusions—35 Igert Soil percent Position on landscape: Side slopes Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Slope range: 3 to 20 percent Chilcott Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 11 inches Position on landscape: Summits Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Frost-free period—105 to 130 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Precipitation—10 to 12 inches and bluebunch wheatgrass Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—100 to 120 days 0 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam and bluebunch wheatgrass 18 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Typical profile: loam 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam 23 to 39 inches—very pale brown extremely 4 to 7 inches—light gray very fine sandy loam gravelly loam 7 to 11 inches—yellowish brown clay 39 inches—bedrock 11 to 17 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep 17 to 31 inches—white and light gray silt loam Drainage class: Well drained 31 to 40 inches—hardpan Runoff: Medium or rapid 40 to 60 inches—pale brown sandy loam Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Available water capacity: Medium Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Shrink-swell potential: Moderate a depth of 3 to 10 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: High • Gariper soils that are on summits and side slopes Shrink-swell potential: High and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate wheatgrass—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Longcreek soils that are on shoulder slopes and Lamonta Soil support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits • Ratsnest soils that are on foot slopes and support Slope range: 2 to 12 percent shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Climatic data (average annual): Thurber needlegrass—small areas Precipitation—11 to 13 inches 62 Soil Survey

Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 39—Chinabutte-Alibi very stony loams, 3 Frost-free period—95 to 120 days to 45 percent slopes Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Setting Typical profile: 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly clay Major landform: Foothills loam Elevation: 3,700 to 5,250 feet 7 to 18 inches—brown clay Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 18 to 23 inches—brown clay loam Composition 23 to 28 inches—hardpan 28 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly Chinabutte very stony loam and similar inclusions—50 loamy sand percent Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Alibi very stony loam and similar inclusions—30 Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at percent a depth of 6 to 10 inches Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Drainage class: Well drained Chinabutte Soil Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Very slow Position on landscape: Summits and convex side Available water capacity: Low slopes Shrink-swell potential: High Slope range: 3 to 45 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Climatic data (average annual): Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—90 to 125 days • Soils that are similar to Gariper soils but have a Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho dark-colored surface layer, are on summits, and fescue support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 Typical profile: percent or less 0 to 5 inches—brown very stony loam • Soils that are similar to Haw soils but do not contain 5 to 8 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam lime, are on fan terraces, and support basin big 8 to 15 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay loam sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch 15 inches—bedrock wheatgrass—5 percent or less Depth class: Shallow • Soils that are similar to Haw soils but have more Drainage class: Well drained clay, are on mounds, and support Wyoming big Runoff: Medium to very rapid sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Permeability: Slow less Available water capacity: Very low • Rock outcrop—small areas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but have a dark- Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high colored surface layer, are on knolls and shoulder Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight slopes, and support low sagebrush and bluegrass— small areas Alibi Soil Position on landscape: Toe slopes and north-facing Land Capability Classification side slopes Chilcott soil: VIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Lamonta soil: VIs, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 63

Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Cleavage Soil Frost-free period—90 to 125 days Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Slope range: 2 to 35 percent fescue Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—13 to 16 inches 0 to 4 inches—brown very stony loam Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F 4 to 7 inches—brown gravelly loam Frost-free period—75 to 90 days 7 to 17 inches—yellowish brown and brown Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho gravelly clay fescue 17 to 23 inches—pink very gravelly sandy loam Typical profile: 23 inches—bedrock 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown stony loam Depth class: Moderately deep 3 to 8 inches—brown very gravelly loam Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 8 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay a depth of 7 to 10 inches loam Drainage class: Well drained 18 inches—bedrock Runoff: Medium or rapid Depth class: Shallow Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Low Runoff: Medium to very rapid Shrink-swell potential: High Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Rubbleland—10 percent or less • Soils that are similar to Paynecreek soils but are Avtable Soil warmer, are on north-facing side slopes, and support Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Slope range: 2 to 15 percent wheatgrass—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Hardtrigger soils that are on south-facing side Precipitation—13 to 16 inches slopes and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Thurber needlegrass—small areas Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—small areas Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Land Capability Classification fescue Typical profile: Chinabutte soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam Alibi soil: VIs, nonirrigated 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 10 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown extremely stony clay loam 40—Cleavage-Avtable-Monasterio 19 inches—bedrock complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Foothills Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 5,300 to 6,400 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Monasterio Soil Cleavage stony loam and similar inclusions—35 Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes percent Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Avtable stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Climatic data (average annual): Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Precipitation—13 to 17 inches 20 percent Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—60 to 85 days 64 Soil Survey

Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Composition bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Cleavage stony loam and similar inclusions—65 Typical profile: percent 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy Rubbleland—15 percent loam Contrasting inclusions—20 percent 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very Cleavage Soil gravelly sandy loam Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay Slope range: 2 to 35 percent loam Climatic data (average annual): 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy Precipitation—13 to 16 inches clay loam Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F 28 inches—weathered bedrock Frost-free period—70 to 80 days Depth class: Moderately deep Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue Runoff: Slow to rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Moderate 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown stony loam Available water capacity: Low 3 to 8 inches—brown very gravelly loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 8 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 18 inches—bedrock Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained • Sharesnout soils that are on side slopes and support Runoff: Medium to very rapid low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Nipintuck soils that are on ridges and support low Available water capacity: Very low sagebrush and bluegrass and occasional western Shrink-swell potential: Moderate juniper—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight rooted in fractures—5 percent or less • Parkay soils that are on north-facing, concave Rubbleland slopes and support snowbank aspen—small areas Position on landscape: Swales and intermounds Land Capability Classification Description of areas: Barren garlands and stripes of loose, angular welded rhyolitic tuff fragments that Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated formed mainly under periglacial conditions Avtable soil: VIs, nonirrigated Runoff: Rapid Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Contrasting Inclusions • Itca soils that are on summits and support low 41—Cleavage-Rubbleland complex, 2 to sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less 35 percent slopes • Vitale soils that are on mounds and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less • Rock outcrop—small areas Setting Land Capability Classification Major landform: Foothills Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated Elevation: 5,900 to 6,600 feet Rubbleland: VIII Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Owyhee County Area, Idaho 65

42—Cleavage-Snell complex, 5 to 50 Runoff: Medium or rapid percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Setting Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major landforms: Foothills and mountains Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Elevation: 4,800 to 6,750 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Soils that are similar to Mulshoe soils but have a thicker dark-colored surface layer, are on north-facing Cleavage very stony loam and similar inclusions—50 side slopes, and support mountain big sagebrush and percent Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Snell stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent • Dehana soils that are on north-facing, concave side Contrasting inclusions—20 percent slopes and support snowbank aspen—5 percent or Cleavage Soil less • Rock outcrop that has curlleaf mountainmahogany Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes rooted in some fractures—5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 50 percent • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Climatic data (average annual): support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Precipitation—13 to 16 inches wildrye—small areas Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue Snell soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 9 inches—brown very stony loam 9 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 16 inches—bedrock 43—Cottle-Willhill complex, 3 to 25 Depth class: Shallow percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Major landform: Foothills Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Elevation: 3,300 to 4,900 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Composition Snell Soil Cottle stony fine sandy loam and similar inclusions— Position on landscape: Side slopes 60 percent Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Willhill stony loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Cottle Soil Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Slope range: 4 to 25 percent bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—9 to 12 inches 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F 10 to 22 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Frost-free period—95 to 130 days clay loam Vegetal climax association: Black sagebrush and 22 to 39 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Thurber needlegrass 39 inches—bedrock Typical profile: Depth class: Moderately deep 0 to 3 inches—very pale brown stony fine sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam 66 Soil Survey

3 to 10 inches—pale brown and very pale brown • Briabbit soils that are in draws and support Wyoming very gravelly loam big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent 10 to 16 inches—very pale brown extremely or less cobbly clay loam • Rock outcrop—small areas 16 inches—bedrock Land Capability Classification Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Cottle soil: VIe, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium to very rapid Willhill soil: VIe, nonirrigated Permeability: Moderately slow Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 44—Dehana-Nagitsy association, 2 to 50 Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight percent slopes Willhill Soil Setting Position on landscape: Side slopes Major landform: Mountains Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Elevation: 6,200 to 6,800 feet Climatic data (average annual): Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—95 to 130 days Dehana gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush percent and bluebunch wheatgrass Nagitsy gravelly loam and similar inclusions—30 Typical profile: percent 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Dehana Soil 7 to 10 inches—very pale brown very gravelly clay Position on landscape: Swales and toe slopes loam Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 10 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely Climatic data (average annual): gravelly loam Precipitation—18 to 22 inches 15 to 22 inches—white extremely cobbly loam Air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F 22 inches—weathered bedrock Frost-free period—40 to 50 days Depth class: Moderately deep Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Drainage class: Well drained and Idaho fescue Runoff: Slow to rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Moderately slow 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Available water capacity: Low 7 to 20 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 20 to 42 inches—brown gravelly loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 42 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight clay loam Depth class: Very deep Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained • Troughs soils that are on foot slopes and support Runoff: Slow or medium Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Permeability: Moderately slow 10 percent or less Available water capacity: Very high • McKeeth soils that are on fan terraces and support Hazard of erosion by water: Slight shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Nagitsy Soil • Cottle soils that are on similar landscape positions but support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes wheatgrass—5 percent or less Slope range: 10 to 50 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 67

Climatic data (average annual): 45—Deunah-Yatahoney-Lostvalley Precipitation—18 to 22 inches complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes Air temperature—35 to 37 degrees F Frost-free period—40 to 50 days Setting Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, and mountain brome Major landform: Tablelands Typical profile: Elevation: 5,300 to 6,150 feet 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed leaves and Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat twigs Composition 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam Deunah very stony loam and similar inclusions—35 9 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam percent 17 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown very Yatahoney silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent gravelly loam Lostvalley very stony silt loam and similar inclusions— 22 to 35 inches—yellowish brown extremely 15 percent gravelly loam Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 35 inches—bedrock Deunah Soil Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Position on landscape: Summits Runoff: Medium to very rapid Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Permeability: Moderate Climatic data (average annual): Available water capacity: Medium Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Contrasting Inclusions Idaho fescue • Soils that are similar to Doodlelink soils but have a Typical profile: thinner surface layer, are on ridges, and support 0 to 3 inches—pale brown very stony loam mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and 3 to 7 inches—pale brown clay loam Idaho fescue—10 percent or less 7 to 22 inches—brown clay • Nagitsy soils that are on north-facing side slopes 22 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown clay and support snowbrush ceanothus—5 percent or less 25 to 28 inches—hardpan • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 28 inches—bedrock • Hat soils that are on shoulder slopes and support Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at snowberry—5 percent or less a depth of 2 to 10 inches • Wareagle soils that are on north-facing side slopes Drainage class: Well drained and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry— Runoff: Slow or medium small areas Permeability: Very slow • Eroded Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing Available water capacity: Low side slopes, support forbs, and commonly are covered Shrink-swell potential: High by snowdrifts—small areas Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Povey soils that are on concave slopes and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate quaking aspen—small areas Yatahoney Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Summits Dehana soil: VIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Nagitsy soil: VIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): 68 Soil Survey

Precipitation—13 to 16 inches and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and • Soils that are similar to Boulder Lake soils but are Idaho fescue frequently flooded for very long periods and are on Typical profile: intermittent lakebeds—small areas 0 to 3 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Land Capability Classification 3 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown loam 9 to 22 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Deunah soil: VIs, nonirrigated 22 to 26 inches—yellowish brown clay Yatahoney soil: IVe, nonirrigated 26 to 38 inches—hardpan Lostvalley soil: Vs, nonirrigated 38 inches—bedrock Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium 46—Diawell-McKeeth association, 2 to 20 Permeability: Slow percent slopes Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: High Setting Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Major landform: Fan piedmonts Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Elevation: 3,200 to 3,750 feet Lostvalley Soil Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Summits Composition Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Diawell gravelly sandy clay loam and similar Climatic data (average annual): inclusions—55 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches McKeeth gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F percent Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue Diawell Soil Typical profile: Position on landscape: Side slopes 0 to 2 inches—pale brown very stony silt Slope range: 2 to 20 percent loam Climatic data (average annual): 2 to 6 inches—pale brown silt loam Precipitation—8 to 10 inches 6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown clay Air temperature—50 to 51 degrees F 14 to 27 inches—yellowish brown silty clay Frost-free period—120 to 135 days 27 to 32 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush loam and Thurber needlegrass 32 inches—bedrock Typical profile: Depth class: Moderately deep 0 to 6 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy clay Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at loam a depth of 4 to 10 inches 6 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Drainage class: Well drained sandy clay loam Runoff: Slow or medium 11 to 20 inches—very pale brown gravelly fine Permeability: Very slow sandy loam Available water capacity: High 20 to 22 inches—hardpan Shrink-swell potential: High 22 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Hazard of erosion by water: Slight sandy loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 30 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loamy sand Contrasting Inclusions 50 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown very • Squawcreek soils that are on mounds and support gravelly loamy sand low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan • Hatpeak soils that are on north-facing side slopes Drainage class: Well drained Owyhee County Area, Idaho 69

Runoff: Medium or rapid 47—Dollarhide-Rock outcrop complex, 15 Permeability: Moderately slow to 75 percent slopes Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Setting Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Mountain summits Elevation: 6,000 to 7,800 feet McKeeth Soil Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Position on landscape: Summits and foot slopes Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Dollarhide very stony loam and similar inclusions—65 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Rock outcrop—30 percent Air temperature—50 to 51 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Frost-free period—120 to 135 days Dollarhide Soil Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Position on landscape: Ridges and upper side slopes needlegrass Slope range: 15 to 75 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 5 inches—light gray gravelly loam Precipitation—6 to 18 inches 5 to 12 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay Air temperature—37 to 39 degrees F loam Frost-free period—40 to 60 days 12 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush, Idaho loam fescue, and bluegrass 16 to 20 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Typical profile: sandy loam 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very stony 20 to 60 inches—brownish yellow extremely loam gravelly loamy sand 5 to 13 inches— brown and grayish brown Depth class: Very deep extremely cobbly loam Drainage class: Well drained 13 inches—bedrock Runoff: Slow Depth class: Shallow Permeability: Moderately slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Medium Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Permeability: Moderately rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate to severe Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Contrasting Inclusions Rock Outcrop • Enko soils that are on lower fan terraces and Position on landscape: Ridges support Wyoming big sagebrush and Indian Kind of material: Exposed hard quartzitic metamorphic ricegrass—10 percent or less rock • Soils that are similar to Alzola soils but are warmer, Vegetation: Curlleaf mountainmahogany commonly are on summits and shoulder slopes, and support rooted in fractures Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Runoff: Very rapid 10 percent or less Contrasting Inclusions Land Capability Classification • Nagitsy soils that are on ridges and support curlleaf Diawell soil: VIs, nonirrigated mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry—5 McKeeth soil: VIIe, nonirrigated percent or less 70 Soil Survey

• Eroded Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing Climatic data (average annual): side slopes, support forbs, and commonly are covered Precipitation—12 to 14 inches by snowdrifts—small areas Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Dollarhide soil: VIIs, nonirrigated bluegrass Rock outcrop: VIII Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown extremely gravelly loam 48—Doodlelink-Bregar-Sharesnout 8 inches—bedrock complex, 5 to 40 percent slopes Depth class: Very shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 5,600 to 6,650 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Composition Sharesnout Soil Doodlelink gravelly loam and similar inclusions—40 Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes percent Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Bregar stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Precipitation—14 to 17 inches percent Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—55 to 80 days Doodlelink Soil Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue Position on landscape: Side slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 5 to 40 percent 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Climatic data (average annual): 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Precipitation—16 to 20 inches 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely Frost-free period—60 to 80 days cobbly clay Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush 22 inches—bedrock and Idaho fescue Depth class: Moderately deep Typical profile: Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 6 to 25 inches—dark brown and grayish brown Permeability: Slow very gravelly loam Available water capacity: Very low 25 to 40 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay Shrink-swell potential: Moderate loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 40 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate gravelly clay loam Depth class: Very deep Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Available water capacity: Medium • Sharesnout soils that support mountain big Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate fescue—5 percent or less • Soils that are similar to Dehana soils but have a Bregar Soil thinner surface layer, are on upper north-facing side Position on landscape: Ridges and toe slopes slopes, and support snowbrush ceanothus—small Slope range: 5 to 25 percent areas Owyhee County Area, Idaho 71

Land Capability Classification Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F Doodlelink soil: IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—55 to 80 days Bregar soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated fescue Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam 49—Doodlelink-Sharesnout-Parkay 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam association, 3 to 50 percent slopes 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly clay Setting 22 inches—bedrock Major landform: Mountains Depth class: Moderately deep Elevation: 6,000 to 7,200 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Slow Composition Available water capacity: Very low Doodlelink gravelly loam and similar inclusions—35 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Parkay Soil Parkay cobbly loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Concave side slopes Slope range: 5 to 50 percent Doodlelink Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—35 to 50 days Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen Air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—60 to 75 days 0 to 1 inch—very dark grayish brown cobbly Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush loam and Idaho fescue 1 inch to 9 inches—dark brown and brown cobbly Typical profile: loam 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 9 to 21 inches—brown very cobbly loam 6 to 25 inches—dark brown and grayish brown 21 to 31 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay very gravelly loam loam 25 to 40 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay 31 to 60 inches—light brownish gray extremely loam cobbly sandy clay loam 40 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely 60 inches—weathered bedrock gravelly clay loam Depth class: Deep Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Sharesnout Soil • Vitale soils that are on summits and south-facing Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side side slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, slopes bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent Slope range: 3 to 15 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Strickland soils that are on upper north-facing side 72 Soil Survey

slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain Snell Soil snowberry, and mountain brome—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Convex side slopes • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 40 percent • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Climatic data (average annual): support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Precipitation—14 to 17 inches wildrye—small areas Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • Rock outcrop—small areas Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Doodlelink soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated 10 to 22 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly clay loam 50—Doodlelink-Snell-Parkay complex, 5 22 to 39 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam to 40 percent slopes 39 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Mountains Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 5,600 to 6,750 feet Available water capacity: Medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Doodlelink gravelly loam and similar inclusions—40 Parkay Soil percent Snell stony loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Position on landscape: Concave side slopes Parkay gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Slope range: 5 to 25 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Air temperature—37 to 42 degrees F Doodlelink Soil Frost-free period—45 to 70 days Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Slope range: 5 to 40 percent and Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—16 to 20 inches 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Frost-free period—60 to 80 days 10 to 35 inches—brown and grayish brown cobbly Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush loam and Idaho fescue 35 to 45 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Typical profile: 45 inches—bedrock 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam Depth class: Deep 6 to 25 inches—dark brown and grayish brown Drainage class: Well drained very gravelly loam Runoff: Slow to rapid 25 to 40 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay Permeability: Moderately slow loam Available water capacity: High 40 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate gravelly clay loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Depth class: Very deep Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid • Cleavage soils that are on ridges and support low Permeability: Moderately slow sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Available water capacity: Medium • Sharesnout soils that are on ridges and upper side Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 5 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 73

• Bregar soils that are on south-facing ridges and Runoff: Medium or rapid support low sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or Permeability: Moderate less Available water capacity: Very low • Soils that are similar to Dehana soils but have a Shrink-swell potential: Moderate thinner surface layer, are on upper north-facing side Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high slopes, and support snowbrush ceanothus—5 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate or less Bruncan Soil • Rock outcrop—small areas • Zola soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Position on landscape: Concave summits sedge and bluegrass—small areas Slope range: 2 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Doodlelink soil: IVe, nonirrigated Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Snell soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—85 to 110 days Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—brown and light brownish gray 51—Dougal-Bruncan stony sandy loams, stony sandy loam 2 to 20 percent slopes 4 to 6 inches—very pale brown sandy loam 6 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay Setting loam 10 to 13 inches—hardpan Major landform: Structural benches 13 inches—bedrock Elevation: 4,550 to 5,450 feet Depth class: Very shallow to a hardpan Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium Permeability: Moderately slow Dougal stony sandy loam and similar inclusions—55 Available water capacity: Very low percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Bruncan stony sandy loam and similar inclusions—20 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight percent Hazard of erosion by wind: High Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Dougal Soil • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Convex summits • Hardtrigger soils that are on mounds and support Slope range: 2 to 20 percent basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 Climatic data (average annual): percent or less Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Soils that are similar to Hardtrigger soils but are Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F moderately deep, do not contain lime, and support Frost-free period—85 to 110 days basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and percent or less bluebunch wheatgrass • Rubbleland—small areas Typical profile: • Gariper soils that are in swales and support basin 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony sandy loam big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—small 4 to 8 inches—pale brown sandy loam areas 8 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown sandy clay Land Capability Classification loam 16 inches—bedrock Dougal soil: VIs, nonirrigated Depth class: Shallow Bruncan soil: VIe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 74 Soil Survey

52—Dranyon-Dehana gravelly loams, 2 to 7 to 20 inches—dark brown gravelly loam 40 percent slopes 20 to 42 inches—brown gravelly loam 42 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Setting Depth class: Very deep Major landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,850 to 7,600 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Dranyon gravelly loam and similar inclusions—70 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Contrasting Inclusions Dehana gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 percent • Parkay soils that are on side slopes and support Contrasting inclusions—10 percent quaking aspen—10 percent or less • Rock outcrop—small areas Dranyon Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes and toe slopes Dranyon soil: VIs, nonirrigated Slope range: 4 to 40 percent Dehana soil: VIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Precipitation—20 inches or more Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Frost-free period—30 to 60 days 53—Duco-Chinabutte-Dougal complex, 5 Vegetal climax association: Quaking aspen to 45 percent slopes Typical profile: 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed leaves and Setting twigs Major landform: Foothills 0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly Elevation: 4,000 to 5,350 feet loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 8 to 18 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 18 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam Composition 28 to 35 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Duco gravelly loam and similar inclusions—35 percent 35 to 60 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Chinabutte cobbly loam and similar inclusions—25 Depth class: Very deep percent Drainage class: Well drained Dougal very stony loam and similar inclusions—15 Runoff: Slow to rapid percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Duco Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Slope range: 10 to 45 percent Climatic data (average annual): Dehana Soil Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Position on landscape: Side slopes Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Frost-free period—90 to 115 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Precipitation—18 to 22 inches bluebunch wheatgrass Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—30 to 60 days 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush 4 to 8 inches—brown gravelly clay loam and Idaho fescue 8 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Typical profile: 16 inches—bedrock 0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow Owyhee County Area, Idaho 75

Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Runoff: Rapid or very rapid • Soils that are similar to Deshler soils but are deep, Permeability: Moderately slow are on north-facing side slopes, and support basin big Available water capacity: Very low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Shrink-swell potential: Moderate wheatgrass—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Chinabutte Soil • Soils that are similar to Ruclick soils but have less clay, are on south-facing side slopes, and support Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 Slope range: 12 to 45 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Alibi soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Precipitation—13 to 15 inches support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 115 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Duco soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue Chinabutte soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Dougal soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 6 inches—brown and dark brown cobbly loam Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 6 to 10 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly clay loam 54—Escalante sandy loam, 1 to 12 18 inches—bedrock percent slopes Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Permeability: Slow Major landform: Fan terraces Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 2,300 to 3,400 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland, cropland, and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Escalante sandy loam and similar inclusions—75 Dougal Soil percent Position on landscape: Ridges Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Slope range: 5 to 20 percent Escalante Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Position on landscape: Summits Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Frost-free period—90 to 115 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Precipitation—8 to 10 inches bluegrass Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—125 to 150 days 0 to 2 inches—yellowish brown very stony loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 2 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay and Indian ricegrass loam Typical profile: 7 inches—bedrock 0 to 8 inches—pale brown sandy loam Depth class: Very shallow 8 to 13 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained 13 to 36 inches—pale brown sandy loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 36 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loamy sand Permeability: Moderate Depth class: Very deep Available water capacity: Very low Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Very slow to medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Permeability: Moderately rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Available water capacity: High 76 Soil Survey

Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by wind: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: High Contrasting Inclusions Tindahay Soil • Orovada soils that are on fan terraces and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes 10 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 12 percent • Badlands—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • McKeeth soils that are on shoulder slopes and Precipitation—8 to 10 inches support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Frost-free period—125 to 150 days • Soils that are similar to McKeeth soils but are more Vegetal climax association: Fourwing saltbush and moist, are on summits and side slopes, and support Indian ricegrass Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Typical profile: percent or less 0 to 14 inches—light brownish gray loamy fine sand Land Capability Classification 14 to 24 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam IIIe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated 24 to 30 inches—light gray loamy sand 30 to 42 inches—light gray sand 42 to 60 inches—light gray fine gravelly coarse 55—Escalante-Tindahay-Ornea complex, sand 1 to 12 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Setting Runoff: Very slow to medium Permeability: Moderately rapid Major landform: Fan terraces Available water capacity: Medium Elevation: 2,300 to 3,400 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major uses: Cropland, rangeland, and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: High Composition Ornea Soil Escalante sandy loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Position on landscape: Summits Tindahay loamy fine sand and similar inclusions—15 Slope range: 1 to 5 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Ornea loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Frost-free period—125 to 150 days Escalante Soil Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Slope range: 1 to 12 percent needlegrass Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—8 to 10 inches 0 to 3 inches—pale brown loam Air temperature—51 to 52 degrees F 3 to 7 inches—very pale brown gravelly silt loam Frost-free period—125 to 150 days 7 to 12 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush loam and Indian ricegrass 12 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Typical profile: loam 0 to 8 inches—pale brown sandy loam 16 to 54 inches—white and very pale brown 8 to 13 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam extremely gravelly loamy sand 13 to 36 inches—pale brown sandy loam 54 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly loamy 36 to 60 inches—light brownish gray loamy sand sand Depth class: Very deep Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Very slow to medium Runoff: Slow Permeability: Moderately rapid Permeability: Moderately slow over very rapid Owyhee County Area, Idaho 77

Available water capacity: Medium 19 to 24 inches—pale brown clay loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 24 to 29 inches—very pale brown loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight 29 to 32 inches—hardpan Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 32 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Contrasting Inclusions Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at • Orovada soils that are on fan terraces and support a depth of 5 to 12 inches Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Drainage class: Well drained 10 percent or less Runoff: Medium or rapid • Soils that are similar to Vickery soils but have less Permeability: Very slow clay, are on summits, and support Wyoming big Available water capacity: Medium sagebrush and Indian ricegrass—5 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: High • Wholan soils that are on summits and toe slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high and support winterfat and Indian ricegrass—small Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate areas Perla Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side Escalante soil: IIIe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated slopes Tindahay soil: IVe, irrigated, and VIIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Ornea soil: IIIe, irrigated, and VIIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Map unit (complex): IIIe, irrigated, and VIe, Precipitation—12 to 13 inches nonirrigated Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and 56—Fairylawn-Perla association, 2 to 25 bluebunch wheatgrass percent slopes Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam Setting 3 to 8 inches—dark brown clay loam 8 to 16 inches—brown clay Major landform: Structural benches 16 to 23 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Elevation: 4,300 to 5,150 feet 23 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Fairylawn stony silt loam and similar inclusions—65 Permeability: Slow percent Available water capacity: Low Perla loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Fairylawn Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Contrasting Inclusions Slope range: 2 to 25 percent • Soils that are similar to Barkley soils but are warmer, Climatic data (average annual): are on north-facing side slopes, and support basin big Precipitation—12 to 15 inches sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F wheatgrass—10 percent or less Frost-free period—90 to 110 days • Loomis soils that are on rims and shoulder slopes Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho and support low sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent fescue or less Typical profile: • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony silt loam Land Capability Classification 5 to 7 inches—light brownish gray silt loam 7 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown and Fairylawn soil: IVe, nonirrigated yellowish brown clay Perla soil: IVe, nonirrigated 78 Soil Survey

57—Fairylawn-Schnipper silt loams, 1 to 8 12 to 26 inches—yellowish brown and light percent slopes yellowish brown silty clay loam 26 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown loam 36 to 60 inches—hardpan Setting Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major landform: Tablelands Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,450 to 5,400 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Fairylawn silt loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Schnipper silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Contrasting Inclusions • Loomis soils that are in swales and support low Fairylawn Soil sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits • Hotcreek soils that are in intermound areas and Slope range: 1 to 8 percent support low sagebrush and bluegrass— 5 percent or Climatic data (average annual): less Precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Soils that are similar to Fryingpan soils but are Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F warmer, are on low mounds, and support low Frost-free period—85 to 105 days sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho • Piline soils that are on alluvial flats and support fescue silver sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or less Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 8 inches—pale brown silt loam 8 to 20 inches—brown clay Fairylawn soil: IVe, nonirrigated 20 to 25 inches—light brown loam Schnipper soil: IVe, nonirrigated 25 to 40 inches—hardpan Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 40 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 58—Foxmount-Povey-Rubbleland a depth of 5 to 12 inches complex, 10 to 50 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Setting Permeability: Very slow Major landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Medium Elevation: 6,200 to 8,300 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Wildlife habitat and rangeland Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Foxmount very gravelly loam and similar inclusions— Schnipper Soil 45 percent Position on landscape: Mounds Povey very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Slope range: 1 to 8 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Rubbleland and similar inclusions—15 percent Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Air temperature—45 to 58 degrees F Foxmount Soil Frost-free period—85 to 110 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Position on landscape: Ridges and upper south-facing bluebunch wheatgrass side slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 10 to 50 percent 0 to 12 inches—yellowish brown and brown silt Climatic data (average annual): loam Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 79

Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—30 to 50 days • Povey soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf support snowbrush ceanothus—10 percent or less mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry • Wareagle soils that are on north-facing side slopes Typical profile: and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—5 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed leaves and percent or less twigs • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 0 to 11 inches—dark brown and brown very gravelly loam Land Capability Classification 11 to 20 inches—light brown very gravelly loam Foxmount soil: VIIe, nonirrigated 20 to 36 inches—light brown extremely cobbly Povey soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Rubbleland: VIII 36 inches—weathered bedrock Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid 59—Freshwater-Larioscamp-Dishpan Permeability: Moderate complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Setting Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Foothills Povey Soil Elevation: 5,300 to 5,950 feet Position on landscape: Lower south-facing side slopes Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Composition Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Freshwater stony silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Air temperature—35 to 38 degrees F percent Frost-free period—30 to 55 days Larioscamp loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Dishpan loam and similar inclusions—15 percent and Idaho fescue Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Typical profile: Freshwater Soil 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly loam Position on landscape: Summits and shoulder 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam slopes 17 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly loam Slope range: 2 to 20 percent 25 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Climatic data (average annual): cobbly loam Precipitation—11 to 13 inches 32 to 60 inches—yellowish brown extremely Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F cobbly sandy loam Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Drainage class: Well drained and bluebunch wheatgrass Runoff: Medium or rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Moderate 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony silt loam Available water capacity: High 4 to 12 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 12 to 30 inches—hardpan 30 inches—bedrock Rubbleland Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Position on landscape: Cliff bases and very steep, Drainage class: Well drained exposed side slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Description of areas: Barren sheets and masses of Permeability: Moderately slow loose, angular rhyolitic rock fragments; masses Available water capacity: Very low formed mainly as a result of falling, rolling, or Shrink-swell potential: Moderate sliding rock Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Runoff: Rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 80 Soil Survey

Larioscamp Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Side slopes and swales • Soils that are similar to Cottle soils but are cooler, Slope range: 1 to 10 percent are on summits, and support Wyoming big sagebrush Climatic data (average annual): and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—12 to 13 inches • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Slickspots—small areas Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Land Capability Classification and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Freshwater soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—pale brown loam Larioscamp soil: IVe, nonirrigated 3 to 9 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Dishpan soil: IVe, nonirrigated 9 to 15 inches—yellowish brown clay Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 15 to 25 inches—very pale brown very cobbly sandy loam 25 to 29 inches—hardpan 60—Fryingpan-Hat-Nipintuck complex, 1 29 inches—bedrock to 30 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow or medium Major landform: Structural benches Permeability: Slow Elevation: 5,300 to 5,700 feet Available water capacity: Low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Fryingpan stony loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Dishpan Soil Hat gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Fan terraces Nipintuck stony coarse sandy loam and similar Slope range: 1 to 8 percent inclusions—15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Fryingpan Soil Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush slopes and bluebunch wheatgrass Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 4 inches—brown loam Precipitation—13 to 15 inches 4 to 16 inches—brown and light yellowish brown Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F clay loam Frost-free period—75 to 90 days 16 to 28 inches—very pale brown very cobbly fine Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho sandy loam fescue 28 inches—bedrock Typical profile: Depth class: Moderately deep 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Drainage class: Well drained 3 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Runoff: Slow or medium 16 to 18 inches—light brown loam Permeability: Moderately slow 18 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Low Depth class: Shallow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Owyhee County Area, Idaho 81

Available water capacity: Low Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Wagonbox soils that are on summits and support Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Hat Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Mounds and north-facing side Fryingpan soil: VIs, nonirrigated slopes Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Nipintuck soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—80 to 90 days 61—Fulcrum-Monasterio stony sandy Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, loams, 1 to 20 percent slopes bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Typical profile: Setting 0 to 5 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 5 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Major landform: Extrusive domes 12 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Elevation: 5,700 to 6,200 feet 19 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat cobbly clay loam 24 inches—bedrock Composition Depth class: Moderately deep Fulcrum stony sandy loam and similar inclusions—70 Drainage class: Well drained percent Runoff: Slow to rapid Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Permeability: Moderately slow 15 percent Available water capacity: Low Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Fulcrum Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Side slopes Nipintuck Soil Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Position on landscape: Knolls and rims Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Precipitation—10 to 14 inches Frost-free period—65 to 80 days Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Frost-free period—80 to 90 days bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Typical profile: bluegrass 0 to 3 inches—dark brown stony sandy loam Typical profile: 3 to 11 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam 0 to 2 inches—yellowish brown stony coarse 11 to 21 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam sandy loam 21 to 28 inches—yellowish brown extremely 2 to 6 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam cobbly loamy sand 6 inches—bedrock 28 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Very shallow Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderate Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Very low Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 82 Soil Survey

Monasterio Soil Composition Position on landscape: Side slopes Gaib stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Wareagle very gravelly loam and similar inclusions— Climatic data (average annual): 30 percent Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Rock outcrop—15 percent Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Frost-free period—60 to 80 days Gaib Soil Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Position on landscape: South-facing upper side slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 2 to 30 percent 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy Climatic data (average annual): loam Precipitation—15 to 18 inches 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very Frost-free period—60 to 90 days gravelly sandy loam Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with loam common western juniper 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy Typical profile: clay loam 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam 28 inches—weathered bedrock 3 to 7 inches—grayish brown loam Depth class: Moderately deep 7 to 11 inches—brown very gravelly loam Drainage class: Well drained 11 to 18 inches—brown very gravelly clay Runoff: Slow to rapid loam Permeability: Moderate 18 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Low Depth class: Shallow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Runoff: Medium to very rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Squawcreek soils that are on ridges and support low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Cleavage soils that are on knolls and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Wareagle Soil • Zola soils that are on stream terraces and support Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 Slope range: 15 to 50 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—small areas Precipitation—22 to 32 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—35 to 39 degrees F Frost-free period—less than 60 days Fulcrum soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated snowberry Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed organic 62—Gaib-Wareagle-Rock outcrop material association, 2 to 50 percent slopes 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam 7 to 15 inches—brown and dark brown very gravelly loam Setting 15 to 60 inches—very pale brown extremely Major landform: Mountains gravelly loam Elevation: 5,050 to 6,400 feet Depth class: Very deep Major uses: Woodland, rangeland, mines, and wildlife Drainage class: Well drained habitat Runoff: Medium or rapid Owyhee County Area, Idaho 83

Permeability: Moderate Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Available water capacity: Medium bluebunch wheatgrass Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam 4 to 7 inches—light gray loam Rock Outcrop 7 to 17 inches—pale brown clay Position on landscape: Ridges and cliffs 17 to 30 inches—pale brown clay loam Description of areas: Exposed hard welded rhyolitic 30 to 57 inches—white clay loam tuff 57 to 60 inches—hardpan Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in Depth class: Deep to a hardpan fractures Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Runoff: Very rapid a depth of 3 to 8 inches Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting Inclusions Runoff: Medium or rapid • Hat soils that are on side slopes and support Permeability: Very slow mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Available water capacity: Very high Idaho fescue with common western juniper—10 Shrink-swell potential: High percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high • Nipintuck soils that are on ridges and support low Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or less Gariper Soil • Doodlelink soils that are on north-facing side slopes and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho Position on landscape: Summits fescue—5 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 15 percent • Soils that are similar to Povey soils but have less Climatic data (average annual): rock fragments, are on toe slopes, and support Precipitation—10 to 13 inches quaking aspen—small areas Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Gaib soil: VIs, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Wareagle soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Rock outcrop: VIII 0 to 9 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown loam 9 to 18 inches—yellowish brown clay 63—Gooding-Gariper loams, 2 to 20 18 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown clay percent slopes loam 22 to 47 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy Setting loam 47 to 60 inches—hardpan Major landform: Fan terraces Depth class: Deep to a hardpan Elevation: 3,500 to 4,900 feet Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat a depth of 4 to 10 inches Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Gooding loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Permeability: Slow Gariper loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Available water capacity: High Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Gooding Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Succor soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent Frost-free period—95 to 120 days or less 84 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to Brunzell soils but are Runoff: Very slow or slow warmer, are on north-facing side slopes, and support Permeability: Moderately slow basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Available water capacity: Very high wheatgrass—5 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Gariper soils but are Hazard of erosion by water: Slight moderately deep, are on south-facing side slopes, and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Frequency of flooding: Rare wheatgrass—5 percent or less Contrasting Inclusions • Badlands—5 percent or less • Chilcott soils that are on summits and support • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but are Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— somewhat poorly drained, are on lower alluvial small areas terraces, and support sedge and bluegrass—10 • Slickspots—small areas percent or less • Soils that are similar to Goose Creek soils but are • Troughs soils that are on side slopes and support somewhat poorly drained, have a thinner surface layer, Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 are on stream terraces, and support basin big percent or less sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—small areas • Chilcott soils that are on upper fan terraces and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Land Capability Classification needlegrass—5 percent or less Gooding soil: VIs, nonirrigated • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Gariper soil: VIe, nonirrigated • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but have a Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated light colored surface layer, are on fluvial bottoms, and support willows—small areas 64—Goose Creek loam, 1 to 3 percent Land Capability Classification slopes IIc, irrigated, and VIc, nonirrigated

Setting 65—Graveya-Ratsnest-Rock outcrop Major landform: Bottom land association, 3 to 35 percent slopes Elevation: 4,200 to 5,350 feet Major uses: Hayland, rangeland, and wildlife habitat Setting Composition Major landform: Foothills Goose Creek loam and similar inclusions—75 percent Elevation: 2,350 to 3,600 feet Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Major uses: Rangeland, mines, and wildlife habitat Goose Creek Soil Composition Position on landscape: Stream terraces Graveya stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Slope range: 1 to 3 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Ratsnest gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—20 Precipitation—10 to 13 inches percent Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Rock outcrop—15 percent Frost-free period—95 to 115 days Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Graveya Soil bluegrass, and basin wildrye Typical profile: Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes 0 to 17 inches—dark gray loam Slope range: 8 to 35 percent 17 to 33 inches—dark gray and gray clay loam Climatic data (average annual): 33 to 40 inches—dark gray loam Precipitation—10 to 12 inches 40 to 60 inches—grayish brown loam Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Depth class: Very deep Frost-free period—125 to 145 days Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush at a depth of 40 to 60 inches and bluebunch wheatgrass Drainage class: Moderately well drained Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 85

0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Contrasting Inclusions 3 to 8 inches—pale brown gravelly loam • Eroded Plush soils that are on lower side slopes and 8 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, loam and Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less 14 to 22 inches—very pale brown very gravelly • Willhill soils that are on summits and shoulder clay loam slopes and support Wyoming big sagebrush and 22 to 42 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less sandy loam • Veta soils that are on concave slopes and support 42 to 60 inches—very pale brown extremely Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 gravelly sandy loam percent or less Depth class: Very deep • McKeeth soils that are on fan terraces and support Drainage class: Well drained shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Runoff: Medium or rapid Thurber needlegrass—small areas Permeability: Moderately slow • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but are well Available water capacity: High drained, are on fluvial bottoms, and support fourwing Shrink-swell potential: Moderate saltbush and Indian ricegrass—small areas Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Loomis soils that are on ridges and knolls and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Ratsnest Soil wheatgrass—small areas Position on landscape: Saddles, toe slopes, and Land Capability Classification south-facing side slopes Graveya soil: VIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 3 to 12 percent Ratsnest soil: VIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Rock outcrop: VIII Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Frost-free period—125 to 145 days 66—Graylock-Takeuchi association, 3 to Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud 60 percent slopes sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass Setting Typical profile: 0 to 2 inches—light gray gravelly silt loam Major landform: Mountains 2 to 4 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Elevation: 5,000 to 7,600 feet 4 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown clay Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat 10 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown and pale Composition yellow silty clay loam 33 to 39 inches—light gray silt loam Graylock bouldery loamy sand and similar 39 inches—soft bedrock inclusions—60 percent Depth class: Moderately deep Takeuchi fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Drainage class: Well drained inclusions—15 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Permeability: Slow Graylock Soil Available water capacity: High Shrink-swell potential: High Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Slope range: 20 to 60 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—25 to 40 inches Rock Outcrop Air temperature—34 to 42 degrees F Position on landscape: Ridges and cliffs Frost-free period—30 to 70 days Kind of material: Barren, exposed, hard welded Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain rhyolitic tuff snowberry Runoff: Very rapid Typical profile: 86 Soil Survey

1 inch to 0—undecomposed organic material moderately well drained, are on concave slopes, and 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown bouldery loamy support subalpine fir—small areas sand Land Capability Classification 4 to 7 inches—grayish brown bouldery sandy loam Graylock soil: VIIe, nonirrigated 7 to 41 inches—pale brown and light yellowish Takeuchi soil: VIe, nonirrigated brown very gravelly loamy sand 41 to 56 inches—very pale brown extremely stony loamy coarse sand 67—Hades-Sharesnout complex, 5 to 35 56 inches—bedrock percent slopes Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Mountain draws and valleys Permeability: Very rapid Elevation: 5,000 to 6,500 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland, hayland, mines, and wildlife Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Composition Takeuchi Soil Hades loam and similar inclusions—45 percent Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—35 Slope range: 3 to 45 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Hades Soil Frost-free period—55 to 85 days Position on landscape: Side slopes Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Slope range: 5 to 30 percent bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—16 to 20 inches 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown fine gravelly Air temperature—38 to 41 degrees F coarse sandy loam Frost-free period—50 to 80 days 12 to 26 inches—brown and dark brown fine Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush gravelly coarse sandy loam and Idaho fescue 26 to 36 inches—weathered bedrock Typical profile: 36 inches—bedrock 0 to 5 inches—dark brown loam Depth class: Moderately deep 5 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 20 to 40 inches—brown clay loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 40 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Permeability: Moderately rapid Depth class: Very deep Available water capacity: Very low Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: High Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Nazaton soils that are on north-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—10 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent or less Sharesnout Soil • Soils that are similar to Naz soils but are moderately deep, are on north-facing side slopes, and support Position on landscape: Ridges and upper side slopes Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—10 percent or Slope range: 5 to 35 percent less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop that has curlleaf mountainmahogany Precipitation—13 to 17 inches rooted in some fractures—5 percent or less Air temperature—40 to 46 degrees F • Soils that are similar to the Graylock soil but are Frost-free period—55 to 80 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 87

Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Composition fescue Hardtrigger gravelly loam and similar inclusions—40 Typical profile: percent 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Arbidge loam and similar inclusions—35 percent 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Hardtrigger Soil 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes cobbly clay Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 22 inches—bedrock Climatic data (average annual): Depth class: Moderately deep Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Air temperature—48 to 51 degrees F Runoff: Medium or rapid Frost-free period—110 to 130 days Permeability: Slow Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Available water capacity: Very low and Thurber needlegrass Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 0 to 6 inches—brown and light yellowish brown Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate gravelly loam Contrasting Inclusions 6 to 14 inches—very pale brown clay loam 14 to 29 inches—very pale brown very gravelly • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are poorly sandy loam drained, are on toe slopes, and support low 29 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown and very sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and mulesear wyethia—10 pale brown very gravelly loamy sand percent or less Depth class: Very deep • Tucker soils that are on stream terraces and support Drainage class: Well drained sedge and bluegrass—5 percent or less Runoff: Slow or medium • Dehana soils that are on concave slopes and Permeability: Moderately slow support snowbank aspen—5 precent or less Available water capacity: High • Upcreek soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Hazard of erosion by water: Slight wildrye—small areas Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Southmount soils that are on north-facing shoulder slopes and support Douglas fir and mountain Arbidge Soil snowberry—small areas Position on landscape: Summits and toe slopes • Cleavage soils that are on side slopes and support Slope range: 2 to 6 percent mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Climatic data (average annual): Idaho fescue—small areas Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—48 to 51 degrees F Frost-free period—110 to 130 days Hades soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated and Thurber needlegrass Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam 68—Hardtrigger-Arbidge complex, 2 to 12 4 to 20 inches—pale brown and very pale brown percent slopes clay loam 20 to 34 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy loam Setting 34 to 36 inches—hardpan Major landform: Fan terraces 36 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Elevation: 3,250 to 4,300 feet loamy sand Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 88 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—105 to 145 days Runoff: Slow or medium Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Permeability: Moderately slow and Indian ricegrass Available water capacity: Medium Typical profile: Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 0 to 3 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate 3 to 14 inches—light yellowish gray and light Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay loam 14 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Contrasting Inclusions sandy clay loam • McKeeth soils that are on summits at lower 21 to 49 inches—very pale brown gravelly coarse elevations and support shadscale, bud sagebrush, sandy loam Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass—10 49 to 60 inches—multicolored very gravelly loamy percent or less sand • Soils that are similar to Alzola soils but are warmer, Depth class: Very deep are on summits and side slopes, and support Drainage class: Well drained Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Runoff: Slow or medium 10 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Gariper soils that are on toe slopes and support Available water capacity: High Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Babbington soils that are on stream terraces and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Briabbit Soil wildrye—small areas • Slickspots—small areas Position on landscape: Side slopes Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Land Capability Classification Climatic data (average annual): Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—48 to 52 degrees F Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—105 to 145 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Indian ricegrass 69—Hardtrigger-Briabbit-Tindahay Typical profile: complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes 0 to 10 inches—brown fine sandy loam 10 to 22 inches—pale brown cobbly sandy loam Setting 22 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Major landform: Structural benches and fan terraces Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 2,450 to 4,500 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately rapid Composition Available water capacity: Low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hardtrigger gravelly sandy loam and similar Hazard of erosion by wind: High inclusions—40 percent Briabbit fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—20 Tindahay Soil percent Tindahay loamy fine sand and similar inclusions—15 Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes and percent fan terraces Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Climatic data (average annual): Hardtrigger Soil Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Air temperature—48 to 52 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Frost-free period—105 to 145 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Fourwing saltbush and Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Indian ricegrass Air temperature—48 to 52 degrees F Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 89

0 to 14 inches—light brownish gray loamy fine Hardtrigger Soil sand Position on landscape: Side slopes 14 to 24 inches—pale brown fine sandy Slope range: 8 to 35 percent loam Climatic data (average annual): 24 to 30 inches—light gray loamy sand Precipitation—11 to 13 inches 30 to 42 inches—light gray sand Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F 42 to 60 inches—light gray fine gravelly coarse Frost-free period—100 to 130 days sand Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Depth class: Very deep bluebunch wheatgrass Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Typical profile: Runoff: Very slow to medium 0 to 9 inches—light brownish gray bouldery Permeability: Moderately rapid loam Available water capacity: Medium 9 to 14 inches—light gray gravelly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight loam Hazard of erosion by wind: High 14 to 47 inches—brown and yellowish brown Contrasting Inclusions gravelly clay loam 47 to 60 inches—light gray clay loam • Soils that are similar to Sugarcreek soils but are Depth class: Very deep very deep, are on north-facing side slopes and upper Drainage class: Well drained fan terraces, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Runoff: Medium or rapid Indian ricegrass—10 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Murphill soils that are on knolls and shoulder slopes Available water capacity: Very high and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Indian Shrink-swell potential: Moderate ricegrass—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • McKeeth soils that are on fan terraces and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less • Badlands—5 percent or less Cottle Soil • Soils that are similar to Gariper soils but are highly Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side saline, are on concave toe slopes, and support slopes Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass with Slope range: 4 to 35 percent common black greasewood—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—100 to 125 days Briabbit soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Tindahay soil: VIIe, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam 70—Hardtrigger-Cottle-Midraw complex, 3 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly to 35 percent slopes clay loam 8 to 12 inches—very pale brown extremely gravelly clay loam Setting 12 to 17 inches—very pale brown extremely Major landform: Landslide deposits gravelly loam Elevation: 3,200 to 4,600 feet 17 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium to very rapid Hardtrigger bouldery loam and similar inclusions—40 Permeability: Moderately slow percent Available water capacity: Very low Cottle stony loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Midraw stony loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 90 Soil Survey

Midraw Soil Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Side slopes Composition Slope range: 3 to 20 percent Hardtrigger gravelly sandy loam and similar Climatic data (average annual): inclusions—60 percent Precipitation—11 to 12 inches Enko sandy loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Frost-free period—100 to 125 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Hardtrigger Soil bluebunch wheatgrass Position on landscape: Summits Typical profile: Slope range: 2 to 15 percent 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray stony loam Climatic data (average annual): 3 to 8 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Precipitation—9 to 11 inches 8 to 15 inches—light brownish gray gravelly clay Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F 15 to 18 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Frost-free period—90 to 140 days 18 to 21 inches—hardpan Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 21 inches—bedrock and Indian ricegrass Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Typical profile: Drainage class: Well drained 0 to 3 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 3 to 14 inches—light yellowish gray and light Permeability: Slow yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay loam Available water capacity: Very low 14 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Shrink-swell potential: High sandy clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 21 to 49 inches—very pale brown gravelly coarse Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate sandy loam Contrasting Inclusions 49 to 60 inches—multicolored very gravelly loamy sand • Succor soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Depth class: Very deep support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent Drainage class: Well drained or less Runoff: Slow or medium • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Gooding soils that are on summits and south-facing Available water capacity: High side slopes and support low sagebrush and bluebunch Shrink-swell potential: Moderate wheatgrass—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Soils that are similar to Deshler soils but are deep, Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate are on north-facing side slopes, and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—small areas Enko Soil • Succor soils that are on stream terraces and support Position on landscape: Summits basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Slope range: 2 to 10 percent wheatgrass—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—9 to 11 inches Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—90 to 140 days Cottle soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Midraw soil: VIs, nonirrigated and Indian ricegrass Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—pale brown and brown sandy loam 71—Hardtrigger-Enko complex, 2 to 15 5 to 14 inches—pale brown loam percent slopes 14 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam 18 to 32 inches—very pale brown sandy loam 32 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Setting sandy loam Major landforms: Alluvial fans and fan terraces Depth class: Very deep Elevation: 2,700 to 5,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Owyhee County Area, Idaho 91

Runoff: Slow or medium Typical profile: Permeability: Slow 0 to 3 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy loam Available water capacity: High 3 to 14 inches—light yellowish gray and light Hazard of erosion by water: Slight yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay loam Hazard of erosion by wind: High 14 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay loam Contrasting Inclusions 21 to 49 inches—very pale brown gravelly coarse • Soils that are similar to Takeuchi soils but are sandy loam warmer and drier, are on knolls and upper side slopes, 49 to 60 inches—multicolored very gravelly loamy and support basin big sagebrush and bluebunch sand wheatgrass—10 percent or less Depth class: Very deep • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are similar to Acrelane soils but have a Runoff: Slow or medium light-colored surface layer, are on ridges and south- Permeability: Moderately slow facing side slopes, and support Wyoming big Available water capacity: High sagebrush and Indian ricegrass—5 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Tindahay soils that support basin big sagebrush, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight bluegrass, and basin wildrye—small areas Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Loomis soils but are Gariper Soil moderately deep, are on shoulder slopes, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes small areas Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Enko soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—110 to 125 days Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: 72—Hardtrigger-Gariper-Diawell complex, 0 to 9 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown 2 to 20 percent slopes loam 9 to 18 inches—yellowish brown clay Setting 18 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam 22 to 47 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy Major landform: Fan terraces loam Elevation: 3,700 to 4,300 feet 47 to 60 inches—hardpan Major uses: Rangeland, hayland, and wildlife habitat Depth class: Deep to a hardpan Composition Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Hardtrigger gravelly sandy loam and similar Drainage class: Well drained inclusions—30 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Gariper loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Permeability: Slow Diawell gravelly sandy clay loam and similar Available water capacity: High inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hardtrigger Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes Diawell Soil Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Side slopes and shoulder Precipitation—9 to 12 inches slopes Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Frost-free period—110 to 125 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Precipitation—9 to 11 inches and Indian ricegrass Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F 92 Soil Survey

Frost-free period—110 to 125 days 73—Hardtrigger-Goose Creek loams, 1 to Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 5 percent slopes and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: Setting 0 to 6 inches—pale brown gravelly sandy clay loam Major landform: Bottom land and fan terraces 6 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Elevation: 2,350 to 4,150 feet sandy clay loam Major use: Hayland 11 to 20 inches—very pale brown gravelly fine Composition sandy loam 20 to 22 inches—hardpan Hardtrigger loam and similar inclusions—50 percent 22 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Goose Creek loam and similar inclusions—35 sandy loam percent 30 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Contrasting inclusions—15 percent loamy sand 50 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown very Hardtrigger Soil gravelly loamy sand Position on landscape: Upper terraces Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Drainage class: Well drained Climatic data (average annual): Runoff: Medium or rapid Precipitation—8 to 11 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Available water capacity: Very low Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate and Thurber needlegrass Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Typical profile: Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 6 inches—pale brown loam 6 to 18 inches—very pale brown clay loam • Soils that are similar to Diawell soils but have more 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown sandy loam clay, are on summits, and support Wyoming big Depth class: Very deep sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Drainage class: Well drained less Runoff: Very slow or slow • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but have more Permeability: Moderately slow clay, have a light-colored surface layer, are on fluvial Available water capacity: High bottoms, and support basin big sagebrush and basin Shrink-swell potential: Moderate wildrye—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Soils that are similar to the Hardtrigger soil but are Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate moderately deep, are on steep side slopes, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Goose Creek Soil needlegrass—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Lower terraces • Goose Creek soils that are on stream terraces and Slope range: 1 to 3 percent support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Climatic data (average annual): wildrye—small areas Precipitation—8 to 11 inches Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—110 to 140 days Hardtrigger soil: IVe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Gariper soil: IVe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated bluegrass, and basin wildrye Diawell soil: VIe, irrigated, and VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IVe, irrigated, and VIe, 0 to 17 inches—dark gray loam nonirrigated 17 to 33 inches—dark gray and gray clay loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 93

33 to 40 inches—dark gray loam 0 to 6 inches—pale brown loam 40 to 60 inches—grayish brown loam 6 to 18 inches—very pale brown clay loam Depth class: Very deep 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown sandy Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table loam at a depth of 40 to 60 inches Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Very slow or slow Runoff: Very slow or slow Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Available water capacity: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Frequency of flooding: Rare Scism Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Fan terraces • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but have more Slope range: 1 to 5 percent silt and clay, are on lower alluvial terraces, and Climatic data (average annual): support sedge and bluegrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—9 to 11 inches • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but are drier, Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F are on upper fan terraces, and support fourwing Frost-free period—100 to 120 days saltbush and Indian ricegrass—5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush • Riverwash—small areas and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown and light yellowish Hardtrigger soil: IIe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated brown silt loam Goose Creek soil: IIc, irrigated, and VIc, nonirrigated 6 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown and very Map unit (complex): IIe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated pale brown silt loam 21 to 34 inches—hardpan 34 to 60 inches—white sandy loam 74—Hardtrigger-Scism complex, 1 to 5 Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Setting Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Medium Major landform: Draws Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Elevation: 4,100 to 5,000 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Contrasting Inclusions Hardtrigger loam and similar inclusions—55 • Orovada soils that are on lower fan terraces and percent support basin big sagebrush and basin wildrye—10 Scism silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent percent or less Contrasting inclusions—25 percent • Rubbleland—5 percent or less • Loomis soils that are in swales and support low Hardtrigger Soil sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Position on landscape: Fan terraces less Slope range: 1 to 5 percent • Diawell soils that are on toe slopes of hills and Climatic data (average annual): support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Precipitation—9 to 11 inches needlegrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—90 to 115 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated and Thurber needlegrass Scism soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 94 Soil Survey

75—Hardtrigger-Snowmore-Vickery Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: Medium Major landform: Calderas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Elevation: 4,700 to 5,100 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Vickery Soil Hardtrigger loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Position on landscape: Smooth and concave Snowmore loam and similar inclusions—30 percent slopes Vickery silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Hardtrigger Soil Air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Frost-free period—100 to 110 days Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Climatic data (average annual): and Thurber needlegrass Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Typical profile: Air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F 0 to 4 inches—pale brown silt loam Frost-free period—90 to 100 days 4 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 12 to 25 inches—very pale brown silt loam and Thurber needlegrass 25 to 40 inches—hardpan Typical profile: Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 0 to 6 inches—pale brown loam Drainage class: Well drained 6 to 18 inches—very pale brown clay loam Runoff: Slow 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown sandy Permeability: Moderate loam Available water capacity: Medium Depth class: Very deep Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Runoff: Very slow or slow Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High • Slickspots—10 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Orovada soils that are in swales and support Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent or less • Rock outcrop—small areas Snowmore Soil Position on landscape: Smooth slopes Land Capability Classification Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Snowmore soil: VIe, nonirrigated Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Vickery soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass 76—Hat-Avtable-Monasterio complex, 1 to Typical profile: 20 percent slopes 0 to 8 inches—pale brown loam 8 to 19 inches—pale brown clay loam Setting 19 to 34 inches—very pale brown gravelly fine sandy loam Major landform: Foothills 34 to 38 inches—hardpan Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet 38 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Owyhee County Area, Idaho 95

Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hat gravelly loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Avtable stony loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Monasterio Soil Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Position on landscape: Concave side slopes 15 percent Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Climatic data (average annual): Hat Soil Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Position on landscape: Convex side slopes Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Climatic data (average annual): bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Precipitation—13 to 16 inches occasional western juniper Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—75 to 90 days 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, loam bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam occasional western juniper 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very Typical profile: gravelly sandy loam 0 to 5 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay 5 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam loam 12 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy 19 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely clay loam cobbly clay loam 28 inches—weathered bedrock 24 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Low Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Avtable Soil • Booford soils that are on south-facing foot Position on landscape: Summits slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, Slope range: 2 to 15 percent bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent Climatic data (average annual): or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F rooted in fractures—5 precent or less Frost-free period—70 to 95 days • Soils that are similar to Doodlelink soils but are Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho deep, are on north-facing concave side slopes, and fescue support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Typical profile: percent or less 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam • Saturday soils that are on north-facing shoulder 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam slopes and support curlleaf mountainmahogany and 10 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown extremely mountain snowberry with occasional western juniper— stony clay loam small areas 19 inches—bedrock • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Depth class: Shallow support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Drainage class: Well drained Land Capability Classification Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Very low Avtable soil: VIs, nonirrigated 96 Soil Survey

Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated mountain snowberry, and mountain brome Typical profile: 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed leaves and 77—Hat-Nagitsy-Rock outcrop complex, 5 twigs to 50 percent slopes 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam Setting 9 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam 17 to 22 inches—dark yellowish brown very Major landform: Foothills and mountains gravelly loam Elevation: 5,200 to 6,800 feet 22 to 35 inches—yellowish brown extremely Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat gravelly loam Composition 35 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Hat very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—35 Drainage class: Well drained percent Runoff: Medium to very rapid Nagitsy gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Permeability: Moderate percent Available water capacity: Medium Rock outcrop—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hat Soil Rock Outcrop Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Position on landscape: Ridges and cliffs Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Kind of material: Exposed hard welded rhyolitic Climatic data (average annual): tuff Precipitation—13 to 18 inches Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F fractures Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Runoff: Very rapid Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Contrasting Inclusions common western juniper • Hat soils that are on shoulder slopes and south- Typical profile: facing side slopes and support curlleaf 0 to 16 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry—10 loam percent or less 16 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown extremely • Nipintuck soils that are on knolls and ridges and gravelly clay loam support low sagebrush and bluegrass with occasional 24 inches—bedrock western juniper—5 percent or less Depth class: Moderately deep • Avtable soils that are on knolls and south-facing side Drainage class: Well drained slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Runoff: Medium or rapid 5 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Dehana soils that are in swales and on north-facing Available water capacity: Low side slopes and support mountain big sagebrush and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing side Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate slopes and support snowbrush ceanothus—small areas Nagitsy Soil • Soils that are similar to Povey soils but have less Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes rock fragments, are on concave slopes, and support Slope range: 10 to 50 percent quaking aspen—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Air temperature—35 to 38 degrees F Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—40 to 55 days Nagitsy soil: VIe, nonirrigated Owyhee County Area, Idaho 97

Rock outcrop: VIII Nipintuck Soil Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Ridges and shoulder slopes Slope range: 2 to 30 percent 78—Hat-Rock outcrop-Nipintuck complex, Climatic data (average annual): 2 to 35 percent slopes Precipitation—10 to 14 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Setting Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Major landform: Foothills bluegrass with occasional western juniper Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet Typical profile: Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 0 to 2 inches—yellowish brown stony coarse sandy loam Composition 2 to 6 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly Hat very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—40 loam percent 6 inches—bedrock Rock outcrop—25 percent Depth class: Very shallow Nipintuck stony coarse sandy loam and similar Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained inclusions—20 percent Runoff: Medium to very rapid Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Very low Hat Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 18 inches • Hat soils that are on shoulder slopes and side Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F slopes and support curlleaf mountainmahogany and Frost-free period—70 to 90 days mountain snowberry—10 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, • Zecanyon soils that are on toe slopes and support bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less common western juniper • Soils that are similar to Fulcrum soils but have a Typical profile: light-colored surface layer, are on south-facing breaks, 0 to 16 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly and support western juniper—small areas loam • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and 16 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown extremely support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin gravelly clay loam wildrye—small areas 24 inches—bedrock Land Capability Classification Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium or rapid Rock outcrop: VIII Permeability: Moderately slow Nipintuck soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Low Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 79—Hat-Zecanyon complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes Rock Outcrop Position on landscape: Ridges and cliffs Setting Kind of material: Exposed hard welded rhyolitic tuff Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in Major landform: Foothills fractures Elevation: 5,200 to 5,700 feet Runoff: Very rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 98 Soil Survey

Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hat gravelly loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Zecanyon loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—20 percent • Yatahoney soils that are in saddles and swales and Hat Soil support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits and shoulder slopes • Zecanyon soils that are on summits and support Slope range: 1 to 20 percent alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Paynecreek soils that are on stream terraces and Precipitation—13 to 16 inches support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F wildrye—5 percent or less Frost-free period—80 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—small areas Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Land Capability Classification Typical profile: Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 5 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Zecanyon soil: IVe, nonirrigated 5 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 12 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 19 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly clay loam 80—Haw-Renslow association, 0 to 4 24 inches—bedrock percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Stream terraces Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 4,850 to 5,300 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Haw loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Zecanyon Soil Renslow silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Position on landscape: Side slopes Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Haw Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Position on landscape: Mounds and upper terraces Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Precipitation—10 to 13 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—85 to 105 days 0 to 5 inches—pale brown loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 5 to 9 inches—brown loam and bluebunch wheatgrass 9 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Typical profile: 13 to 20 inches—brown gravelly clay 0 to 6 inches—brown loam 20 to 28 inches—reddish yellow extremely gravelly 6 to 9 inches—yellowish brown loam sandy clay loam 9 to 15 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 28 inches—bedrock 15 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep 21 to 60 inches—very pale brown sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep Runoff: Slow to rapid Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Very slow or slow Available water capacity: Low Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: High Available water capacity: Very high Owyhee County Area, Idaho 99

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Heckison silt loam and similar inclusions—70 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Bigflat silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Renslow Soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Lower terraces Heckison Soil Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Frost-free period—90 to 105 days Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Frost-free period—80 to 95 days bluegrass, and basin wildrye Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Typical profile: and bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam Typical profile: 6 to 18 inches—yellowish brown silt loam 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam 18 to 38 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam 4 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam 38 to 60 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy 19 to 29 inches—very pale brown silt loam loam 29 to 35 inches—hardpan Depth class: Very deep 35 inches—bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Runoff: Very slow Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Available water capacity: Very high Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Frenchjohn soils that are in swales and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Bigflat Soil • Soils that are similar to Buncelvoir soils but do not Position on landscape: Fan terraces contain lime, are on lower stream terraces, and Slope range: 1 to 8 percent support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Climatic data (average annual): wildrye—5 percent or less Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Soils that are similar to Ruclick soils but are drier, Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F are on lower fan terraces, and support Wyoming big Frost-free period—80 to 90 days sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush less and bluebunch wheatgrass • Rubbleland—small areas Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam 6 to 9 inches—pale brown silt loam Haw soil: VIc, nonirrigated 9 to 19 inches—yellowish brown and light Renslow soil: IVc, nonirrigated yellowish brown silty clay 19 to 40 inches—very pale brown loam 81—Heckison-Bigflat silt loams, 1 to 10 40 to 48 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam percent slopes 48 to 60 inches—white extremely gravelly loamy sand Depth class: Very deep Setting Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Major landform: Calderas a depth of 5 to 10 inches Elevation: 5,200 to 5,700 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow or medium 100 Soil Survey

Permeability: Very slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Freshwater Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and convex Contrasting Inclusions side slopes • Slickspots—10 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 20 percent • Insidert soils that are on concave slopes and Climatic data (average annual): support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Precipitation—11 to 13 inches wheatgrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Heckison soil: IVe, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Bigflat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony silt loam 4 to 12 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay loam 82—Heckison-Freshwater complex, 1 to 12 to 30 inches—hardpan 20 percent slopes 30 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Plug domes Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 5,300 to 5,800 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Heckison silt loam and similar inclusions—75 percent Freshwater stony silt loam and similar inclusions—20 Contrasting Inclusions percent • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Land Capability Classification Heckison Soil Heckison soil: IVe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Freshwater soil: VIs, nonirrigated Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 83—Heckison-Insidert-Bigflat silt loams, 1 Frost-free period—80 to 90 days to 10 percent slopes Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Setting Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam Major landform: Calderas 4 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam Elevation: 5,300 to 5,650 feet 19 to 29 inches—very pale brown silt loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 29 to 35 inches—hardpan Composition 35 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Heckison silt loam and similar inclusions—40 Drainage class: Well drained percent Runoff: Slow to rapid Insidert silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Permeability: Slow Bigflat silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: Medium Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 101

Heckison Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Convex slopes Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Bigflat Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Smooth and concave slopes Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F and bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam and bluebunch wheatgrass 4 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam Typical profile: 19 to 29 inches—very pale brown silt loam 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam 29 to 35 inches—hardpan 6 to 9 inches—pale brown silt loam 35 inches—bedrock 9 to 19 inches—yellowish brown and light Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan yellowish brown silty clay Drainage class: Well drained 19 to 40 inches—very pale brown loam Runoff: Slow to rapid 40 to 48 inches—very pale brown fine sandy Permeability: Slow loam Available water capacity: Medium 48 to 60 inches—white extremely gravelly loamy Shrink-swell potential: Moderate sand Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Depth class: Very deep Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Insidert Soil a depth of 5 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Permeability: Very slow Climatic data (average annual): Available water capacity: High Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Shrink-swell potential: High Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Contrasting Inclusions Typical profile: • Freshwater soils that are on ridges and support 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown silt loam Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— 6 to 9 inches—brown clay 5 percent or less 9 to 17 inches—light yellowish brown and pale • Dishpan soils that are on stream terraces and brown clay support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch 17 to 24 inches—white very gravelly sandy loam wheatgrass—5 percent or less 24 to 27 inches—hardpan • Slickspots—5 percent or less 27 inches—bedrock • Merlin soils that are in swales and support low Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at a depth of 3 to 9 inches Land Capability Classification Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Heckison soil: IVe, nonirrigated Permeability: Slow Insidert soil: IVe, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Medium Bigflat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Shrink-swell potential: High Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 102 Soil Survey

84—Hotcreek-Troughs association, 1 to 6 to 12 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly 15 percent slopes loam 12 to 20 inches—hardpan 20 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Major landform: Foothills Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,900 to 4,550 feet Runoff: Medium or rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hotcreek very stony sandy loam and similar Hazard of erosion by water: Slight inclusions—45 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Troughs stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—20 percent • Sugarcreek soils that are on side slopes and Hotcreek Soil support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Position on landscape: Summits and upper side slopes needlegrass—10 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 15 percent • Plush soils that are on escarpments and support Climatic data (average annual): Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Precipitation—9 to 12 inches 5 percent or less Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Frost-free period—105 to 120 days • Slickspots—small areas Vegetal climax association: Black sagebrush and • Orovada soils that are on stream terraces and Thurber needlegrass support basin big sagebrush and basin wildrye—small Typical profile: areas 0 to 2 inches—light brownish gray very stony Land Capability Classification sandy loam 2 to 7 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly Hotcreek soil: VIIs, nonirrigated clay loam Troughs soil: VIe, nonirrigated 7 to 11 inches—hardpan 11 inches—bedrock Depth class: Very shallow to a hardpan 85—Hurryback-Hat-Avtable association, 1 Drainage class: Well drained to 40 percent slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: Very low Major landform: Foothills Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 5,000 to 6,300 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Troughs Soil Composition Position on landscape: Lower side slopes Hurryback loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Hat gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Avtable stony loam and similar inclusions—15 Precipitation—8 to 10 inches percent Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Frost-free period—105 to 120 days Hurryback Soil Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 8 to 40 percent 0 to 2 inches—pale brown stony loam Climatic data (average annual): 2 to 6 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay loam Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 103

Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Avtable Soil Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, slopes bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Slope range: 2 to 15 percent occasional western juniper Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—13 to 15 inches 0 to 6 inches—dark brown loam Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F 6 to 24 inches—brown clay loam Frost-free period—70 to 95 days 24 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho clay loam fescue with occasional western juniper 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Typical profile: Depth class: Very deep 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 10 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Permeability: Moderately slow stony clay loam Available water capacity: Very high 19 inches—bedrock Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Depth class: Shallow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Hat Soil Available water capacity: Very low Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting Inclusions Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F • Nipintuck soils that are on ridges and breaks and Frost-free period—70 to 90 days support low sagebrush and bluegrass with occasional Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, western juniper—10 percent or less bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper common western juniper rooted in fractures—10 percent or less Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Doodlelink soils but have 0 to 5 inches—pale brown gravelly loam less rock fragments, are on upper north-facing 5 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam concave side slopes, and support mountain big 12 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly clay sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less loam • Yatahoney soils that are on toe slopes and support 19 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue with occasional cobbly clay loam western juniper—small areas 24 inches—bedrock • Saturday soils that are on ridges and north-facing Depth class: Moderately deep shoulder slopes and support curlleaf Drainage class: Well drained mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Runoff: Slow to rapid occasional western juniper—small areas Permeability: Moderately slow Land Capability Classification Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hurryback soil: IVe, nonirrigated Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Avtable soil: VIs, nonirrigated 104 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Wickahoney Soil Position on landscape: Convex side slopes Slope range: 3 to 45 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue Typical profile: Figure 6.—Typical area of Hurryback-Wickahoney association, 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam 3 to 45 percent slopes. Wickahoney-Budlewis complex, 1 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam to 10 percent slopes, on nearly level tableland in upper 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly right. clay 19 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow 86—Hurryback-Wickahoney association, Drainage class: Well drained 3 to 45 percent slopes Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: High Major landform: Tableland escarpments (fig. 6) Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Elevation: 5,100 to 6,150 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Rubbleland—10 percent or less Hurryback stony loam and similar inclusions—40 • Rock outcrop that has occasional western juniper percent rooted in fractures—10 percent or less Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—35 • Soils that are similar to Tucker soils but have percent occasional vertical cracks, are on foot slopes, and Contrasting inclusions—25 percent support sedge and bluegrass—5 percent or less Hurryback Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Concave side slopes Hurryback soil: IVe, nonirrigated Slope range: 8 to 40 percent Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F 87—Igert-Willhill-Hardtrigger gravelly Frost-free period—65 to 90 days loams, 1 to 25 percent slopes Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Setting Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam Major landform: Foothills 8 to 33 inches—dark brown and brown clay loam Elevation: 3,500 to 5,400 feet 33 to 45 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 45 to 60 inches—pale yellow sandy loam Composition Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Igert gravelly loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Willhill gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 Permeability: Moderately slow percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 105

Hardtrigger gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Hardtrigger Soil Igert Soil Position on landscape: Foot slopes Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Slope range: 3 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 125 days Frost-free period—90 to 130 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 0 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 4 to 8 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown gravelly 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown clay loam loam 15 to 20 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay 18 to 23 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loam loam 20 to 28 inches—white gravelly sandy loam 23 to 39 inches—very pale brown weakly 28 to 60 inches—white very gravelly loamy sand cemented extremely gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep 39 inches—bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep Runoff: Very slow or slow Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Runoff: Medium or rapid Available water capacity: High Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Cottle soils that are on ridges and shoulder slopes Willhill Soil and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Position on landscape: Side slopes wheatgrass—10 percent or less Slope range: 3 to 25 percent • Rock outcrop—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Igert soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—85 to 125 days Willhill soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Hardtrigger soil: VIe, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray gravelly loam 88—Insidert-Tanner complex, 1 to 8 5 to 9 inches—brown gravelly clay loam percent slopes 9 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam Setting 13 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Major landform: Calderas cobbly loam Elevation: 5,600 to 5,900 feet 28 inches—weathered bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Insidert silt loam and similar inclusions—60 percent Available water capacity: Low Tanner loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent 106 Soil Survey

Insidert Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Smooth and concave slopes • Heckison soils that are on knolls and support Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Climatic data (average annual): 10 percent or less Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Soils that are similar to Dishpan soils but have more Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F clay, are in swales, and support Wyoming big Frost-free period—75 to 85 days sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush less and bluebunch wheatgrass • Rock outcrop—small areas Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown silt loam 6 to 9 inches—brown clay Insidert soil: IVe, nonirrigated 9 to 17 inches—pale brown and light yellowish Tanner soil: IVe, nonirrigated brown clay Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 17 to 24 inches—white very gravelly sandy loam 24 to 27 inches—hardpan 27 inches—bedrock 89—Jumpcreek-Frenchjohn complex, 3 to Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 30 percent slopes Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at a depth of 3 to 9 inches Setting Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Structural benches Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 4,250 to 4,700 feet Permeability: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Jumpcreek gravelly loam and similar inclusions—60 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Frenchjohn gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions— Tanner Soil 15 percent Position on landscape: Convex slopes Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Jumpcreek Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Slope range: 3 to 30 percent Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Precipitation—11 to 13 inches and bluebunch wheatgrass Air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—95 to 115 days 0 to 4 inches—brown loam Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and 4 to 11 inches—brown silty clay loam bluebunch wheatgrass 11 to 16 inches—pale brown silty clay Typical profile: 16 to 21 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam loam 6 to 12 inches—brown very gravelly loam 21 to 42 inches—hardpan 12 to 21 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly 42 inches—bedrock clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 21 to 30 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay Drainage class: Well drained 30 to 36 inches—very pale brown, weakly Runoff: Slow or medium cemented extremely gravelly sandy loam Permeability: Slow 36 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: High Depth class: Moderately deep Shrink-swell potential: High Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Owyhee County Area, Idaho 107

Available water capacity: Medium Land Capability Classification Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Jumpcreek soil: IVe, nonirrigated Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Frenchjohn soil: IVe, nonirrigated Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Frenchjohn Soil Position on landscape: Saddles and concave side 90—Kanlee-Ola-Quicksilver association, 3 slopes to 50 percent slopes Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Setting Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Major landform: Mountains Frost-free period—95 to 115 days Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat fescue Typical profile: Composition 0 to 11 inches—grayish brown and brown gravelly Kanlee fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar silt loam inclusions—45 percent 11 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly Ola coarse sandy loam and similar inclusions—25 clay percent 22 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown very Quicksilver bouldery coarse sandy loam and similar gravelly clay loam inclusions—15 percent 29 to 36 inches—very pale brown extremely Contrasting inclusions—15 percent gravelly sandy loam 36 inches—bedrock Kanlee Soil Depth class: Moderately deep Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes a depth of 8 to 12 inches Slope range: 4 to 40 percent Drainage class: Well drained Climatic data (average annual): Runoff: Medium or rapid Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Permeability: Slow Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Available water capacity: Medium Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Shrink-swell potential: High Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate common western juniper Typical profile: Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown fine • Soils that are similar to Haw soils but are more gravelly coarse sandy loam moist, do not contain lime, are on north-facing side 10 to 14 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy slopes, and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho loam fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or 14 to 32 inches—brown fine gravelly sandy clay less loam • Chilcott soils that are on toe slopes and support 32 to 45 inches—weathered granite Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— 45 inches—bedrock 5 percent or less Depth class: Moderately deep • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are similar to Cottle soils but have a dark- Runoff: Medium or rapid colored surface layer, are on ridges, and support low Permeability: Moderately slow sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Available water capacity: Low less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 108 Soil Survey

Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: High • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Ola Soil • Bauscher soils that are on concave north-facing side slopes and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes fescue—5 percent or less Slope range: 8 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Kanlee soil: IVe, nonirrigated Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Ola soil: IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Quicksilver soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper Typical profile: 91—Kanlee-Poisoncreek-Ola association, 0 to 5 inches—brown coarse sandy loam 1 to 45 percent slopes 5 to 18 inches—brown sandy loam 18 to 28 inches—brown coarse sandy loam Setting 28 to 35 inches—pale brown gravelly coarse sandy loam Major landform: Mountains 35 to 38 inches—weathered bedrock Elevation: 5,000 to 6,400 feet 38 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Kanlee fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Permeability: Moderate inclusions—50 percent Available water capacity: Medium Poisoncreek gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate inclusions—30 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: High Ola coarse sandy loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Quicksilver Soil Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side Kanlee Soil slopes Slope range: 3 to 50 percent Position on landscape: Side slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 4 to 40 percent Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Frost-free period—65 to 95 days Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf Frost-free period—75 to 90 days mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, common western juniper bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—brown bouldery coarse sandy loam 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown fine 4 to 15 inches—brown and pale brown gravelly gravelly coarse sandy loam coarse sandy loam 10 to 14 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy 15 to 18 inches—pale brown very gravelly coarse loam sandy loam 14 to 32 inches—brown fine gravelly sandy clay 18 inches—bedrock loam Depth class: Shallow 32 to 45 inches—weathered bedrock Drainage class: Well drained 45 inches—bedrock Runoff: Medium to very rapid Depth class: Moderately deep Permeability: Moderately rapid Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Very low Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Owyhee County Area, Idaho 109

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by wind: High Hazard of erosion by wind: High Contrasting Inclusions Poisoncreek Soil • Soils that are similar to Upcreek soils but are well Position on landscape: Summits, shoulder slopes, and drained, have less clay in the lower part, are on south-facing side slopes stream terraces, and support basin big sagebrush, Slope range: 1 to 45 percent bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Kanlee soils that are in saddles and on south-facing Precipitation—14 to 16 inches side slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F fescue—small areas Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue Kanlee soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Poisoncreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse Ola soil: IVe, nonirrigated sandy loam 3 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly sandy clay loam 92—Kiyi-Sharesnout-Hades complex, 3 to 6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown extremely 40 percent slopes gravelly sandy clay loam 12 to 16 inches—weathered bedrock Setting 16 inches—bedrock Major landform: Foothills and mountains Depth class: Shallow Elevation: 5,300 to 6,600 feet Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow to very rapid Permeability: Moderate Composition Available water capacity: Very low Kiyi gravelly loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Sharesnout stony loam and similar inclusions—25 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high percent Hazard of erosion by wind: High Hades loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Ola Soil Kiyi Soil Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Slope range: 8 to 20 percent Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 3 to 40 percent Precipitation—16 to 18 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Frost-free period—55 to 90 days Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Frost-free period—60 to 85 days and Idaho fescue Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Typical profile: and Idaho fescue 0 to 5 inches—brown coarse sandy loam Typical profile: 5 to 18 inches—brown sandy loam 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown and grayish 18 to 28 inches—brown coarse sandy loam brown gravelly loam 28 to 35 inches—pale brown gravelly coarse 8 to 16 inches—grayish brown gravelly clay loam sandy loam 16 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 35 to 38 inches—weathered bedrock 25 to 40 inches—pale brown gravelly clay 38 inches—bedrock 40 to 60 inches—very pale brown very cobbly clay Depth class: Moderately deep Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderate Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: Medium Available water capacity: High 110 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Sharesnout Soil • Nagitsy soils that are on north-facing side slopes Position on landscape: Toe slopes and south-facing and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain side slopes snowberry, and mountain brome—10 percent or less Slope range: 3 to 35 percent • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are poorly Climatic data (average annual): drained, are on toe slopes, and support low Precipitation—14 to 17 inches sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and mulesear wyethia—10 Air temperature—38 to 44 degrees F percent or less Frost-free period—55 to 85 days • Tucker soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, sedge and bluegrass—small areas bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue • Saturday soils that are on ridges and support Typical profile: curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry 0 to 4 inches—dark brown stony loam with occasional western juniper—small areas 4 to 12 inches—brown stony loam • Rock outcrop—small areas 12 to 21 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay Land Capability Classification loam 21 to 30 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay Kiyi soil: IVe, nonirrigated loam Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated 30 inches—bedrock Hades soil: IVe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Slow 93—Larioscamp-Dishpan-Brace loams, 1 Available water capacity: Medium to 12 percent slopes Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Setting Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Calderas Elevation: 5,400 to 5,800 feet Hades Soil Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Composition Slope range: 5 to 30 percent Climatic data (average annual): Larioscamp loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Dishpan loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Air temperature—38 to 41 degrees F Brace loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Frost-free period—50 to 80 days Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Larioscamp Soil and Idaho fescue Typical profile: Position on landscape: Smooth and concave slopes 0 to 5 inches—dark brown loam Slope range: 1 to 10 percent 5 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown loam Climatic data (average annual): 20 to 40 inches—brown clay loam Precipitation—12 to 13 inches 40 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Very deep Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Runoff: Slow to rapid and bluebunch wheatgrass Permeability: Moderately slow Typical profile: Available water capacity: Very high 0 to 3 inches—pale brown loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 3 to 9 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 111

9 to 15 inches—yellowish brown clay Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 15 to 25 inches—very pale brown very cobbly Drainage class: Well drained sandy loam Runoff: Slow or medium 25 to 29 inches—hardpan Permeability: Moderately slow 29 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Low Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Permeability: Slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: High • Soils that are similar to Insidert soils but have a light- Hazard of erosion by water: Slight colored surface layer, are on concave slopes, and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Dishpan Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Swales Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Larioscamp soil: IVe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Dishpan soil: IVe, nonirrigated Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Brace soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass 94—Larioscamp-Freshwater complex, Typical profile: 1 to 15 percent slopes 0 to 4 inches—brown loam 4 to 16 inches—brown and light yellowish brown Setting clay loam Major landform: Structural benches 16 to 28 inches—very pale brown very cobbly fine Elevation: 5,350 to 5,550 feet sandy loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 28 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Composition Drainage class: Well drained Larioscamp loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Runoff: Slow or medium Freshwater stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Permeability: Moderately slow percent Available water capacity: Low Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Larioscamp Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Summits Brace Soil Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Position on landscape: Convex slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Frost-free period—70 to 90 days and bluebunch wheatgrass Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Typical profile: and bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 3 inches—pale brown loam Typical profile: 3 to 9 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray loam 9 to 15 inches—yellowish brown clay 6 to 19 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam 15 to 25 inches—very pale brown very cobbly 19 to 23 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam sandy loam 23 to 26 inches—hardpan 25 to 29 inches—hardpan 26 inches—bedrock 29 inches—bedrock 112 Soil Survey

Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 95—Longcreek-Hurryback-Succor Drainage class: Well drained complex, 3 to 40 percent slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: High Major landform: Structural benches and foothills Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Elevation: 4,600 to 5,500 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Freshwater Soil Composition Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Longcreek very cobbly loam and similar inclusions— Slope range: 2 to 15 percent 30 percent Climatic data (average annual): Hurryback loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Succor gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F percent Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Longcreek Soil and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side 0 to 5 inches—pale brown stony loam slopes 5 to 13 inches—pale brown clay loam Slope range: 5 to 35 percent 13 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Climatic data (average annual): 18 to 22 inches—hardpan Precipitation—11 to 13 inches 22 inches—bedrock Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Frost-free period—90 to 115 days Drainage class: Well drained Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Runoff: Medium or rapid bluebunch wheatgrass Permeability: Moderately slow Typical profile: Available water capacity: Very low 0 to 5 inches—brown very cobbly loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 5 to 11 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 11 to 19 inches—light brown very cobbly clay 19 inches—bedrock Contrasting Inclusions Characteristics outside range for series: Elevation and • Insidert soils that are on structural benches and frost-free period (differences do not affect use and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch management) wheatgrass—10 percent or less Depth class: Shallow • Soils that are similar to Kanlee soils but are drier, Drainage class: Well drained are on summits, and support Wyoming big sagebrush Runoff: Medium to very rapid and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Permeability: Slow • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but are cooler, Available water capacity: Very low are in swales, and support low sagebrush and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Land Capability Classification Hurryback Soil Larioscamp soil: IVe, nonirrigated Freshwater soil: VIs, nonirrigated Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Slope range: 8 to 40 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 113

Climatic data (average annual): basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Precipitation—13 to 16 inches wheatgrass—10 percent or less Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Frost-free period—75 to 95 days • Soils that are similar to Cottle soils but are very Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, shallow, are on ridges and knolls, and support low bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Perla soils but are more 0 to 6 inches—dark brown loam moist, are on south-facing side slopes, and support 6 to 24 inches—brown clay loam low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 24 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly • Rubbleland—small areas clay loam Land Capability Classification 35 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Depth class: Very deep Longcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Hurryback soil: IVe, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium or rapid Succor soil: IVe, nonirrigated Permeability: Moderately slow Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 96—Loomis-Fairylawn complex, 1 to 15 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent slopes Succor Soil Setting Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes and Major landform: Tablelands toe slopes Elevation: 4,650 to 5,100 feet Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Composition Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Loomis very stony loam and similar inclusions—55 Frost-free period—90 to 115 days percent Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Fairylawn silt loam and similar inclusions—25 percent fescue Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Loomis Soil 5 to 18 inches—brown clay Position on landscape: Summits 18 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Slope range: 2 to 15 percent 22 to 33 inches—pale brown sandy loam Climatic data (average annual): 33 to 60 inches—light gray loam Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Depth class: Very deep Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Frost-free period—90 to 105 days a depth of 5 to 14 inches Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Drainage class: Well drained bluegrass Runoff: Medium to very rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Slow 0 to 3 inches—light yellowish brown very stony Available water capacity: Very high loam Shrink-swell potential: High 3 to 7 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 7 to 14 inches—pale brown extremely cobbly clay Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 14 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are similar to Sharesnout soils but are Runoff: Medium or rapid warmer, are on south-facing side slopes, and support Permeability: Slow 114 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Loomis stony loam and similar inclusions—45 percent Haw sandy loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Fairylawn Soil Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Summits Loomis Soil Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Convex summits and shoulder Precipitation—12 to 14 inches slopes Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Frost-free period—90 to 105 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Precipitation—11 to 12 inches fescue Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—90 to 115 days 0 to 8 inches—pale brown silt loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and 8 to 20 inches—brown clay bluebunch wheatgrass 20 to 25 inches—light brown loam Typical profile: 25 to 40 inches—hardpan 0 to 4 inches—light brownish gray stony loam 40 inches—bedrock 4 to 7 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 7 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 14 inches—bedrock a depth of 5 to 12 inches Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Very slow Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Medium Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Haw Soil • Schnipper soils that are on mounds and support Position on landscape: Swales basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 Slope range: 2 to 20 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Piline soils that are on alluvial flats and support Precipitation—11 to 12 inches silver sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Frost-free period—90 to 115 days • Rock outcrop that has occasional western juniper Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush rooted in fractures—5 percent or less and Indian ricegrass Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 4 inches—pale brown sandy loam Loomis soil: VIs, nonirrigated 4 to 18 inches—brown sandy loam Fairylawn soil: IVe, nonirrigated 18 to 32 inches—brown and light yellowish brown Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated sandy clay loam 32 to 60 inches—very pale brown loam Depth class: Very deep 97—Loomis-Haw association, 2 to 35 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Setting Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major landform: Fan terraces Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 4,000 to 5,000 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: High Owyhee County Area, Idaho 115

Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: High • Kanlee soils that are on upper north-facing side Shrink-swell potential: High slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate or less • Soils that are similar to Cottle soils but are underlain Budlewis Soil by soft bedrock, are on eroded slopes, and support Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes black sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—10 Slope range: 1 to 10 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches • Soils that are similar to Tindahay soils but have more Air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F clay, are on stream terraces, and support basin big Frost-free period—70 to 80 days sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—small areas Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Land Capability Classification fescue Typical profile: Loomis soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Haw soil: VIe, nonirrigated 9 to 14 inches—brown silty clay loam 14 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown clay 98—Lostvalley-Budlewis complex, 1 to 10 24 to 29 inches—very pale brown gravelly percent slopes loam 29 to 30 inches—hardpan 30 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major landform: Calderas Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,700 to 6,200 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Medium Composition Shrink-swell potential: High Lostvalley stony silt loam and similar inclusions—50 Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Budlewis silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—20 percent • Soils that are similar to Bigflat soils but are more Lostvalley Soil moist, are in swales, and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Smooth and concave slopes • Soils that are similar to Ruclick soils but are more Slope range: 1 to 10 percent moist, contain lime, are on rims and in draws, and Climatic data (average annual): support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches or less Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Lostvalley soil: IVe, nonirrigated fescue Budlewis soil: IVs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 6 inches—brown stony silt loam 6 to 20 inches—pale brown cobbly clay 20 to 26 inches—very pale brown cobbly clay 99—Mackey-Cottle association, 10 to 45 loam percent slopes 26 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Setting Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at a depth of 4 to 10 inches Major landform: Foothills Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 3,000 to 4,800 feet Runoff: Slow to rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 116 Soil Survey

Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Mackey stony loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Cottle stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Contrasting Inclusions Mackey Soil • Rubbleland—10 percent or less • Plush soils that are on steep side slopes and Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Slope range: 15 to 45 percent wheatgrass—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Plush soils that are on concave slopes and support Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Frost-free period—100 to 130 days small areas Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush • Acrelane soils that are on side slopes and support and bluebunch wheatgrass Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Typical profile: small areas 0 to 6 inches—pale brown stony loam 6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly Land Capability Classification loam Mackey soil: VIe, nonirrigated 12 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Cottle soil: VIe, nonirrigated gravelly sandy loam 26 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep 100—McKeeth-Veta gravelly loams, 2 to Drainage class: Well drained 15 percent slopes Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Permeability: Moderately rapid Setting Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate to severe Major landform: Fan piedmonts Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Cottle Soil Composition Position on landscape: Ridges and south-facing side slopes McKeeth gravelly loam and similar inclusions—65 Slope range: 10 to 40 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Veta gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F McKeeth Soil Frost-free period—95 to 130 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Position on landscape: Summits and Thurber needlegrass Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam Precipitation—7 to 9 inches 5 to 8 inches—light brownish gray very gravelly Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F loam Frost-free period—120 to 150 days 8 to 11 inches—pale brown very gravelly Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud loam sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber 11 to 16 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay needlegrass loam Typical profile: 16 inches—bedrock 0 to 5 inches—light gray gravelly loam Depth class: Shallow 5 to 12 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay Drainage class: Well drained loam Runoff: Rapid or very rapid 12 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Permeability: Moderately slow loam Available water capacity: Very low 16 to 20 inches—discontinuous, strongly Owyhee County Area, Idaho 117

cemented very pale brown very gravelly sandy Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated loam 20 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely gravelly loamy sand 101—Merlin-Lostvalley-Chayson complex, Depth class: Very deep 1 to 12 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Tablelands Available water capacity: Medium Elevation: 5,450 to 6,050 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Veta Soil Merlin very stony loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Position on landscape: Swales Lostvalley stony silt loam and similar inclusions—25 Slope range: 4 to 15 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Chayson silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F Frost-free period—120 to 150 days Merlin Soil Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Position on landscape: Swales and concave slopes and Thurber needlegrass Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 10 inches—pale brown and very pale brown Precipitation—13 to 16 inches gravelly loam Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F 10 to 31 inches—very pale brown and light Frost-free period—50 to 85 days yellowish brown very gravelly fine sandy loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 31 to 60 inches—stratified very pale brown sandy fescue loam to very gravelly loamy sand Typical profile: Depth class: Very deep 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown very stony loam Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 9 inches—brown clay loam Runoff: Slow or medium 9 to 19 inches—yellowish brown clay Permeability: Moderately rapid 19 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Medium Depth class: Shallow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: Low • Ornea soils that are on summits and side slopes and Shrink-swell potential: High support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight and Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Soils that are similar to Chilcott soils but are drier, are on shoulder slopes and side slopes, and support Lostvalley Soil shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Position on landscape: Summits Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 10 percent • Wholan soils that are on foot slopes and support Climatic data (average annual): winterfat and Indian ricegrass—small areas Precipitation—13 to 16 inches • Badlands—small areas Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F • Slickspots—small areas Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Land Capability Classification fescue McKeeth soil: VIIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Veta soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 6 inches—brown stony silt loam 118 Soil Survey

6 to 20 inches—pale brown cobbly clay Chayson soil: IVe, nonirrigated 20 to 26 inches—very pale brown cobbly clay Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated loam 26 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep 102—Minveno-Roseworth silt loams, 1 to Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 5 percent slopes a depth of 4 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow to rapid Major landform: Structural benches Permeability: Very slow Elevation: 4,250 to 4,750 feet Available water capacity: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Minveno silt loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Chayson Soil Roseworth silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Position on landscape: Mounds and north-facing Contrasting inclusions—25 percent slopes Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Minveno Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Lower summits Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—100 to 120 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam and Thurber needlegrass 4 to 27 inches—brown and dark brown clay loam Typical profile: 27 to 37 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 0 to 12 inches—brown and yellowish brown silt 37 to 45 inches—hardpan loam 45 inches—bedrock 12 to 16 inches—pale brown silt loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 16 to 19 inches—very pale brown loam Drainage class: Well drained 19 to 39 inches—hardpan Runoff: Slow or medium 39 inches—bedrock Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Available water capacity: Medium Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Permeability: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: High • Budlewis soils that are on convex slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent Roseworth Soil or less • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Upper summits • Soils that are similar to Hatpeak soils but do not Slope range: 1 to 5 percent contain lime, are on upper north-facing concave Climatic data (average annual): slopes, and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho Precipitation—8 to 10 inches fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Merlin soil: VIs, nonirrigated and Thurber needlegrass Lostvalley soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 119

0 to 4 inches—pale brown silt loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 4 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam fescue 13 to 16 inches—hardpan Sample profile: 16 to 31 inches—very pale brown weakly 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray cobbly loam cemented sandy loam 5 to 9 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 31 to 60 inches—hardpan 9 to 21 inches—yellowish brown clay Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 21 to 38 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly Drainage class: Well drained clay loam Runoff: Slow or medium 38 inches—weathered bedrock Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Moderately deep and deep Available water capacity: Very low Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Rapid and very rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Permeability: Moderately slow and slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: High Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate and high • Sugarcreek soils that are on side slopes and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Pachic Argixerolls needlegrass—10 percent or less • Slickspots—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Slightly concave side slopes • Soils that are similar to Diawell soils but are Slope range: 20 to 50 percent moderately deep, are on foot slopes, and support Climatic data (average annual): Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Precipitation—13 to 18 inches percent or less Air temperature—38 to 49 degrees F • Rock outcrop—small areas Frost-free period—60 to 120 days • Orovada soils that are on toe slopes and support Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, basin big sagebrush and basin wildrye—small areas bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Sample profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony Minveno soil: VIs, nonirrigated loam Roseworth soil: VIs, nonirrigated 10 to 20 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated loam 20 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Depth class: Deep and very deep 103—Mollic Haploxeralfs-Pachic Drainage class: Well drained Argixerolls complex, steep Runoff: Very rapid Permeability: Moderate and slow Setting Available water capacity: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major landform: Tableland escarpments Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate and high Elevation: 4,400 to 6,800 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Contrasting Inclusions Mollic Haploxeralfs and similar inclusions—40 percent • Rubbleland—10 percent or less Pachic Argixerolls and similar inclusions—35 percent • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Contrasting inclusions—25 percent • Soils that have a hardpan, are on less steep slopes, and support alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Mollic Haploxeralfs percent or less Position on landscape: Convex side slopes • Soils that are more moist, are on concave slopes, Slope range: 15 to 50 percent and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho Climatic data (average annual): fescue—small areas Precipitation—12 to 17 inches • Soils that are similar to Boulder Lake soils but are Air temperature—40 to 48 degrees F frequently flooded for very long periods and are on Frost-free period—60 to 110 days intermittent lakebeds—small areas 120 Soil Survey

Land Capability Classification Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Mollic Haploxeralfs: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—43 to 44 degrees F Pachic Argixerolls: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue 104—Monasterio-Chayson-Budlewis Typical profile: complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes 0 to 5 inches—brown loam 5 to 10 inches—brown gravelly loam 10 to 18 inches—pale brown and light yellowish Setting brown gravelly clay loam Major landform: Structural benches 18 to 23 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Elevation: 5,450 to 5,650 feet loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 23 to 50 inches—hardpan 50 inches—bedrock Composition Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Monasterio very stony sandy loam and similar Drainage class: Well drained inclusions—40 percent Runoff: Slow or medium Chayson loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Budlewis silt loam and similar inclusions—15 Available water capacity: Medium percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Monasterio Soil Budlewis Soil Position on landscape: Summits Slope range: 1 to 15 percent Position on landscape: Upper side slopes and Climatic data (average annual): shoulder slopes Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Air temperature—43 to 44 degrees F Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—80 to 85 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown very stony fescue sandy loam Typical profile: 6 to 11 inches—grayish brown very gravelly sandy 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam clay loam 9 to 14 inches—brown silty clay loam 11 to 19 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly 14 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown clay sandy clay loam 24 to 29 inches—very pale brown gravelly 19 to 24 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy loam clay loam 29 to 30 inches—hardpan 24 inches—weathered bedrock 30 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderate Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Very low Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Chayson Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Lower side slopes • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 10 percent • Soils that are similar to Cleavage soils but have less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 121

rock fragments, are on ridges, and support low Drainage class: Well drained sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Runoff: Slow to rapid • Soils that are similar to Fulcrum soils but have less Permeability: Moderate rock fragments, are on summits, and support basin big Available water capacity: Low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Shrink-swell potential: Moderate wheatgrass—small areas Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Land Capability Classification Cleavage Soil Monasterio soil: VIs, nonirrigated Chayson soil: IVe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Ridges and shoulder slopes Budlewis soil: IVs, nonirrigated Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Map unit (complex): IVs, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F 105—Monasterio-Cleavage-Saturday Frost-free period—65 to 80 days association, 1 to 25 percent slopes Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue Setting Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—brown very stony loam Major landform: Foothills 9 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Elevation: 5,900 to 6,350 feet 16 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Shallow Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Permeability: Moderately slow 45 percent Available water capacity: Very low Cleavage very stony loam and similar inclusions—30 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Saturday stony loam and similar inclusions—15 Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Saturday Soil Monasterio Soil Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Position on landscape: Side slopes Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Air temperature—39 to 42 degrees F Frost-free period—65 to 80 days Frost-free period—60 to 75 days Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue occasional western juniper Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy 1 inch to 0—undecomposed organic matter loam 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown and very 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam dark brown stony loam 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very 9 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly gravelly sandy loam loam 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay 24 to 56 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly loam sandy loam 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy 56 inches—bedrock clay loam Depth class: Deep 28 inches—weathered bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep Runoff: Slow or medium 122 Soil Survey

Permeability: Moderate 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam Available water capacity: Medium 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very Shrink-swell potential: Moderate gravelly sandy loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight loam 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy Contrasting Inclusions clay loam • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 28 inches—weathered bedrock • Soils that are similar to the Saturday soil but have Depth class: Moderately deep less rock fragments, are on concave north-facing side Drainage class: Well drained slopes, and support mountain big sagebrush and Runoff: Slow to rapid Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Permeability: Moderate • Squawcreek soils that are on south-facing side Available water capacity: Low slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Shrink-swell potential: Moderate small areas Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Land Capability Classification Cleavage Soil Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Ridges and south-facing side Saturday soil: IVe, nonirrigated slopes Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Climatic data (average annual): 106—Monasterio-Cleavage-Thacker Precipitation—13 to 16 inches complex, 1 to 35 percent slopes Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Setting Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper Major landform: Foothills Typical profile: Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown stony loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 3 to 8 inches—brown very gravelly loam Composition 8 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— 18 inches—bedrock 35 percent Depth class: Shallow Cleavage stony loam and similar inclusions—25 Drainage class: Well drained percent Runoff: Medium to very rapid Thacker stony silt loam and similar inclusions—20 Permeability: Moderately slow percent Available water capacity: Very low Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Monasterio Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Thacker Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Frost-free period—65 to 95 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Precipitation—13 to 16 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F common western juniper Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy fescue with occasional western juniper loam Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 123

0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray stony silt loam Composition 3 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— 12 to 26 inches—pale brown and light yellowish 75 percent brown clay Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—15 26 to 39 inches—light yellowish brown loam percent 39 to 56 inches—hardpan Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 56 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Monasterio Soil Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Position on landscape: Side slopes a depth of 7 to 15 inches Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Drainage class: Well drained Climatic data (average annual): Runoff: Medium or rapid Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Permeability: Very slow Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Available water capacity: High Frost-free period—65 to 85 days Shrink-swell potential: High Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Typical profile: Contrasting Inclusions 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy loam • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy rooted in fractures—10 percent or less loam • Hurryback soils that are on north-facing side slopes 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch gravelly sandy loam wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with occasional western 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay juniper—5 percent or less loam • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but have a dark- 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy colored surface layer, are on canyon rims, and support clay loam low sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or less 28 inches—weathered bedrock • Lostvalley soils that are on lower side slopes and Depth class: Moderately deep foot slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue—small areas Runoff: Slow to rapid • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Permeability: Moderate support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Available water capacity: Low wildrye—small areas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Land Capability Classification Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated Wickahoney Soil Thacker soil: IVe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): 107—Monasterio-Wickahoney complex, Precipitation—13 to 16 inches 1 to 20 percent slopes Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Setting fescue Major landform: Foothills Typical profile: Elevation: 5,450 to 6,000 feet 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 124 Soil Survey

12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly 21 to 24 inches—weathered bedrock clay 24 inches—bedrock 19 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Very low Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting Inclusions • Soils that are similar to Saturday soils but have less • Yatahoney soils that are on alluvial flats and support rock fragments, are on north-facing mountainsides, alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and fescue—10 percent or less support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin • Gaib soils that are on shoulder slopes and support wildrye—5 percent or less curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain • Rock outcrop—small areas snowberry—5 percent or less • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Land Capability Classification support sedge and bluegrass with occasional western Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated juniper—small areas Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated Land Capability Classification Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated VIs, nonirrigated 108—Mulshoe very stony sandy loam, 4 to 25 percent slopes 109—Mulshoe-Squawcreek-Gaib association, 2 to 30 percent slopes Setting Setting Major landform: Mountains Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Major landform: Mountains Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Elevation: 5,200 to 6,600 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Composition Mulshoe very stony sandy loam and similar inclusions—85 percent Mulshoe very stony sandy loam and similar Contrasting inclusions—15 percent inclusions—30 percent Squawcreek stony loam and similar inclusions—25 Mulshoe Soil percent Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Gaib stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Slope range: 4 to 25 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Mulshoe Soil Precipitation—15 to 17 inches Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Frost-free period—60 to 80 days Slope range: 4 to 25 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Climatic data (average annual): bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Precipitation—15 to 17 inches common western juniper Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—65 to 90 days 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, brown very stony sandy loam bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with 9 to 21 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay common western juniper loam Typical profile: Owyhee County Area, Idaho 125

0 to 9 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish 11 to 18 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam brown very stony sandy loam 18 inches—bedrock 9 to 21 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Depth class: Shallow loam Drainage class: Well drained 21 to 24 inches—weathered bedrock Runoff: Medium to very rapid 24 inches—bedrock Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Moderately deep Available water capacity: Very low Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Very low Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight rooted in fractures—10 percent or less • Hades soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Squawcreek Soil support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes and with common western juniper—5 percent or less summits • Soils that are similar to Hat soils but have less clay, Slope range: 2 to 20 percent are on south-facing breaks, and support western Climatic data (average annual): juniper—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper Mulshoe soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Squawcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam Gaib soil: VIs, nonirrigated 4 to 14 inches—pale brown clay loam 14 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown clay 19 inches—bedrock 110—Nagitsy-Rock outcrop-Parkay Depth class: Shallow complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Setting Permeability: Slow Major landform: Mountain summits Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 6,300 to 8,400 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Wildlife habitat, rangeland, and mines Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Nagitsy very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—30 Gaib Soil percent Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Rock outcrop—30 percent Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Parkay gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—15 to 18 inches Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F Nagitsy Soil Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf Position on landscape: South-facing shoulder slopes mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Slope range: 3 to 30 percent common western juniper Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—15 to 18 inches 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown stony Air temperature—34 to 37 degrees F loam Frost-free period—25 to 50 days 3 to 7 inches—grayish brown loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush, Idaho 7 to 11 inches—brown very gravelly loam fescue, and bluegrass 126 Soil Survey

Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Cleavage soils but are 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam cooler, are on ridges, and support low sagebrush and 7 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 20 to 37 inches—pale brown and light yellowish • Soils that are similar to Booneville soils but have a brown extremely gravelly loam thinner surface layer, are on shoulder slopes, and 37 inches—bedrock support mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, Depth class: Moderately deep and mountain brome—small areas Drainage class: Well drained • Dehana soils that are on shoulder slopes and Runoff: Medium or rapid support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Permeability: Moderate wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—small areas Available water capacity: Low Land Capability Classification Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Nagitsy soil: VIe, nonirrigated Rock outcrop: VIII Rock Outcrop Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Ridges Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated Kind of material: Barren, exposed hard extrusive flow rock Runoff: Very rapid 111—Nazaton-Naz complex, 10 to 60 percent slopes Parkay Soil Position on landscape: Concave side slopes and Setting saddles Major landform: Mountains Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Elevation: 6,000 to 7,400 feet Climatic data (average annual): Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Nazaton stony loam and similar inclusions—50 Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush percent and Idaho fescue Naz loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Typical profile: Contrasting inclusions—10 percent 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Nazaton Soil 10 to 35 inches—brown and grayish brown cobbly Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes loam Slope range: 20 to 60 percent 35 to 45 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Climatic data (average annual): 45 inches—bedrock Precipitation—24 to 30 inches Depth class: Deep Air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—45 to 60 days Runoff: Slow to rapid Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain Permeability: Moderately slow snowberry Available water capacity: High Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed organic Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate material 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam Contrasting Inclusions 5 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam • Eroded Nagitsy soils that are on north-facing side 15 to 34 inches—grayish brown and brown very slopes, support forbs, and commonly are covered by cobbly loam snowdrifts—10 percent or less 34 to 60 inches—pale brown very cobbly loam • Foxmount soils that are on concave south-facing Depth class: Very deep shoulder slopes and support curlleaf Drainage class: Well drained mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry—5 Runoff: Rapid percent or less Permeability: Moderately rapid • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Available water capacity: High Owyhee County Area, Idaho 127

Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or severe Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Nipintuck stony coarse sandy loam and similar Naz Soil inclusions—45 percent Rock outcrop—45 percent Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Slope range: 10 to 60 percent Climatic data (average annual): Nipintuck Soil Precipitation—25 to 35 inches Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Air temperature—34 to 39 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain Precipitation—10 to 14 inches snowberry Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 2 inches to 1 inch—undecomposed litter Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed organic bluegrass with occasional western juniper material Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown loam 0 to 2 inches—yellowish brown stony coarse 5 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown loam sandy loam 24 to 45 inches—dark grayish brown coarse 2 to 6 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam sandy loam 6 inches—bedrock 45 to 50 inches—pale brown gravelly coarse Depth class: Very shallow sandy loam Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 50 inches—weathered bedrock Runoff: Medium to very rapid Depth class: Deep Permeability: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Very low Runoff: Medium to very rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Permeability: Moderately rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to severe Rock Outcrop Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Cliffs and ridges Contrasting Inclusions Kind of material: Exposed hard welded rhyolitic tuff Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in • Dranyon soils that are on foot slopes and support fractures quaking aspen—10 percent or less Runoff: Very rapid • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Contrasting Inclusions • Rock outcrop—small areas • Squawcreek soils that are on low mounds and Land Capability Classification support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Nazaton soil: VIIe, nonirrigated • Hat soils that are on side slopes and support Naz soil: VIIe, nonirrigated mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated Idaho fescue with common western juniper—small areas 112—Nipintuck-Rock outcrop complex, 2 • Paynecreek soils that are on toe slopes and support to 30 percent slopes basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye— small areas Setting Land Capability Classification Major landform: Breaks Nipintuck soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Elevation: 5,100 to 6,750 feet Rock outcrop: VIII Major uses: Wildlife habitat and rangeland Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated 128 Soil Survey

2 to 6 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly loam 6 inches—bedrock Depth class: Very shallow Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Squawcreek Soil Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Figure 7.—Typical area of Nipintuck-Squawcreek-Rock outcrop Frost-free period—65 to 95 days complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes. Squawcreek soil is on Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho mound in foreground, and Nipintuck soil is in center. Western juniper in an area of Hat-Avtable-Monasterio fescue complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes, in background. Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam 4 to 14 inches—pale brown clay loam 113—Nipintuck-Squawcreek-Rock 14 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown outcrop complex, 2 to 30 percent clay slopes 19 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Foothills and structural benches (fig. Permeability: Slow 7) Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 5,000 to 6,650 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Rock Outcrop Nipintuck stony coarse sandy loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Position on landscape: Ridges Squawcreek stony loam and similar inclusions—30 Kind of material: Exposed hard welded rhyolitic tuff percent Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in Rock outcrop—15 percent fractures Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Runoff: Very rapid Nipintuck Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Eroded summits and side • Hat soils that are on mounds and support low slopes sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 30 percent • Soils that are similar to Mulshoe soils but have less Climatic data (average annual): rock fragments, are on north-facing side slopes, and Precipitation—10 to 14 inches support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and bluegrass with occasional western juniper Nipintuck soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Squawcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 2 inches—yellowish brown stony coarse Rock outcrop: VIII sandy loam Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated Owyhee County Area, Idaho 129

114—Northcastle-Bluecreek-Yatahoney 0 to 8 inches—light brownish gray and brown loam loams, 1 to 10 percent slopes 8 to 20 inches—light yellowish brown and pale brown clay 20 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam Setting 31 to 41 inches—hardpan Major landform: Fan terraces 41 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Elevation: 5,300 to 5,500 feet loamy sand Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Slow or medium Northcastle loam and similar inclusions—45 Permeability: Slow percent Available water capacity: Medium Bluecreek loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Yatahoney loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Northcastle Soil Yatahoney Soil Position on landscape: Upper summits Position on landscape: Swales Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Idaho fescue Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown loam 0 to 6 inches—brown and pale brown loam 16 to 34 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay 6 to 21 inches—pale brown and light brown clay loam 21 to 23 inches—yellow gravelly sandy clay loam 34 to 60 inches—hardpan 23 to 32 inches—hardpan 60 to 72 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy 32 inches—bedrock loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Medium Available water capacity: High Shrink-swell potential: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Bluecreek Soil • Nicholflat soils that are on alluvial flats and support Position on landscape: Mounds low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 10 percent • Boulder Lake soils that are on alluvial flats and Climatic data (average annual): support silver sagebrush and bluegrass—small areas Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Northcastle soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Bluecreek soil: IVe, nonirrigated Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Yatahoney soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 130 Soil Survey

115—Northcastle-Wagonbox-Fryingpan 5 to 9 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay loam complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes 9 to 17 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay 17 to 18 inches—hardpan 18 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Major landform: Structural benches Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,100 to 5,600 feet Runoff: Slow or medium Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: High Northcastle loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Wagonbox very stony loam and similar inclusions—25 Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight percent Fryingpan Soil Fryingpan stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and south- Contrasting inclusions—20 percent facing side slopes Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Northcastle Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Toe slopes and foot slopes Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Precipitation—12 to 14 inches Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F fescue Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass 3 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown clay Typical profile: loam 0 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown loam 16 to 18 inches—light brown loam 16 to 34 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay 18 inches—bedrock loam Depth class: Shallow 34 to 60 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 60 to 72 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy Runoff: Medium or rapid loam Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Available water capacity: Low Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: High Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Hat soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with occasional western Wagonbox Soil juniper—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits • Barkley soils that are on foot slopes and support Slope range: 1 to 8 percent mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Climatic data (average annual): Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F and curlleaf mountainmahogany rooted in fractures—5 Frost-free period—75 to 90 days percent or less Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho • Rubbleland—small areas fescue • Zecanyon soils that are on south-facing side slopes Typical profile: and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray very stony loam bluebunch wheatgrass—small areas Owyhee County Area, Idaho 131

Land Capability Classification Air temperature—37 to 40 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 65 days Northcastle soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Wagonbox soil: VIs, nonirrigated and Idaho fescue Fryingpan soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly coarse sandy loam 116—Ola-Earcree association, 10 to 50 8 to 34 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse percent slopes sandy loam 34 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loamy coarse sand Setting Depth class: Very deep Major landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,500 to 6,500 feet Runoff: Medium or rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Ola coarse sandy loam and similar inclusions—45 Hazard of erosion by wind: High percent Contrasting Inclusions Earcree gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar inclusions—35 percent • Soils that are similar to Takeuchi soils but have more Contrasting inclusions—20 percent rock fragments, are on south-facing side slopes, and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Ola Soil wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with common western Position on landscape: Lower south-facing side slopes juniper—10 percent or less Slope range: 20 to 50 percent • Povey soils that are on upper north-facing side Climatic data (average annual): slopes and support snowbank aspen—5 percent or Precipitation—14 to 18 inches less Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F • Soils that are similar to the Ola soil but are very Frost-free period—65 to 80 days deep, are on south-facing foot slopes, and support Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Naz soils that are on north-facing side slopes and 0 to 5 inches—brown coarse sandy loam support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—small 5 to 18 inches—brown sandy loam areas 18 to 28 inches—brown coarse sandy loam • Rock outcrop that commonly has curlleaf 28 to 35 inches—pale brown gravelly coarse mountainmahogany rooted in fractures—small areas sandy loam Land Capability Classification 35 to 38 inches—weathered bedrock 38 inches—bedrock Ola soil: VIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Earcree soil: IVe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Permeability: Moderate 117—Orovada-Roseworth-Wholan Available water capacity: Medium complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hazard of erosion by wind: High Setting Major landform: Draws Earcree Soil Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet Position on landscape: Upper north-facing side Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat slopes Composition Slope range: 10 to 40 percent Climatic data (average annual): Orovada very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions— Precipitation—16 to 20 inches 50 percent 132 Soil Survey

Roseworth silt loam and similar inclusions—25 Wholan Soil percent Position on landscape: Fan terraces Wholan silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Orovada Soil Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Air temperature—46 to 51 degrees F Position on landscape: Fan terraces and stream Frost-free period—100 to 120 days terraces Vegetal climax association: Winterfat and Indian Slope range: 1 to 5 percent ricegrass Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—9 to 10 inches 0 to 12 inches—very pale brown silt loam Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F 12 to 60 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy Frost-free period—100 to 125 days loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Depth class: Very deep and Thurber needlegrass Drainage class: Well drained Typical profile: Runoff: Very slow or slow 0 to 5 inches—pale brown very fine sandy loam Permeability: Moderate 5 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown loam Available water capacity: Very high 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Depth class: Very deep Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Sodicity: Moderate Runoff: Very slow or slow Permeability: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Very high • Troughs soils that are on rims and support Wyoming Hazard of erosion by water: Slight big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or Hazard of erosion by wind: High less Roseworth Soil • Jenor soils that are on alluvial flats and support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Position on landscape: Toe slopes of hills Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 5 percent • Soils that are similar to the Wholan soil but are Climatic data (average annual): steeper, are on side slopes, and support winterfat and Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Indian ricegrass—small areas Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Orovada soil: VIe, nonirrigated and Thurber needlegrass Roseworth soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Wholan soil: VIIc, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—pale brown silt loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 4 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam 13 to 16 inches—hardpan 118—Owsel-Coonskin-Orovada complex, 16 to 31 inches—weakly cemented very pale 1 to 5 percent slopes brown sandy loam 31 to 60 inches—hardpan Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Structural benches Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 4,150 to 4,900 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Owsel silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Coonskin silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 133

Orovada very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions— Permeability: Moderately slow 20 percent Available water capacity: Medium Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Owsel Soil Orovada Soil Position on landscape: Summits Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Position on landscape: Summits Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Frost-free period—95 to 115 days Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Frost-free period—100 to 115 days and Thurber needlegrass Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Typical profile: and Thurber needlegrass 0 to 6 inches—light yellowish brown silt Typical profile: loam 0 to 5 inches—pale brown very fine sandy 6 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay loam loam 5 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown loam 15 to 18 inches—very pale brown loam 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown fine sandy Depth class: Very deep loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep Runoff: Very slow or slow Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Runoff: Very slow or slow Available water capacity: Very high Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Available water capacity: Very high Hazard of erosion by wind: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Slickspots—10 percent or less • Vickery soils that are in swales and support Coonskin Soil Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits • Bruncan soils that are on knolls and ridges and Slope range: 1 to 5 percent support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Climatic data (average annual): needlegrass—5 percent or less Precipitation—9 to 10 inches • Orovada soils that are in draws and support basin Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F big sagebrush and basin wildrye—small areas Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Land Capability Classification and Thurber needlegrass Owsel soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Coonskin soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 7 inches—pale brown and light yellowish Orovada soil: VIe, nonirrigated brown silt loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 7 to 16 inches—very pale brown cobbly silt loam 16 to 30 inches—white very cobbly fine sandy 119—Parkay gravelly silt loam, 10 to 50 loam percent slopes 30 to 40 inches—hardpan 40 to 60 inches—intermittent layers of hardpan Setting and soil material Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,400 to 7,800 feet Runoff: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 134 Soil Survey

Composition Composition Parkay gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—75 Parkay gravelly loam and similar inclusions—55 percent percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Bregar stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Parkay Soil Parkay Soil Position on landscape: Side slopes Slope range: 10 to 50 percent Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Frost-free period—30 to 60 days and Idaho fescue Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Typical profile: and Idaho fescue 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly silt Typical profile: loam 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam 8 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown very 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam gravelly clay loam 10 to 35 inches—brown and grayish brown cobbly 24 to 48 inches—very dark grayish brown very loam gravelly loam 35 to 45 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam 48 inches—weathered bedrock 45 inches—bedrock Depth class: Deep Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Bregar Soil • Itca soils that are on narrow benches and support Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes and low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less ridges • Cleavage soils that are on narrow benches and Slope range: 5 to 25 percent support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Precipitation—12 to 14 inches • Povey soils that are on concave slopes and support Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F snowbrush ceanothus—5 percent or less Frost-free period—60 to 75 days • Rubbleland—small areas Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and • Rock outcrop—small areas bluegrass Land Capability Classification Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam VIe, nonirrigated 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown extremely gravelly loam 120—Parkay-Bregar complex, 5 to 25 8 inches—bedrock percent slopes Depth class: Very shallow Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 6,300 to 7,350 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Owyhee County Area, Idaho 135

Contrasting Inclusions Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly silt • Soils that are similar to Itca soils but are cooler, are loam on ridges, and support low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, 8 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown very and bluegrass—10 percent or less gravelly clay loam • Povey soils that are on concave side slopes and 24 to 48 inches—very dark grayish brown very support snowbrush ceanothus—5 percent or less gravelly loam • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are poorly 48 inches—weathered bedrock drained, are on toe slopes, and support low Depth class: Deep sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and mulesear wyethia—5 Drainage class: Well drained percent or less Runoff: Medium or rapid • Dehana soils that are on upper north-facing side Permeability: Moderately slow slopes and support snowbank aspen—small areas Available water capacity: High • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Naz soils but are moderately deep, have less organic matter, are on Dehana Soil north-facing side slopes, and support subalpine fir— Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes small areas Slope range: 5 to 35 percent • Eroded Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing Climatic data (average annual): side slopes, support forbs, and commonly are covered Precipitation—20 to 25 inches by snowdrifts—small areas Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—35 to 60 days Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Bregar soil: VIIs, nonirrigated 0 to 14 inches—dark gray gravelly loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 14 to 60 inches—brown gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep 121—Parkay-Dehana association, 5 to 50 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Setting Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major landform: Mountains Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Elevation: 5,700 to 7,600 feet Contrasting Inclusions Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat • Nagitsy soils that are on upper side slopes and Composition support snowbrush ceanothus—10 percent or less Parkay gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—45 • Cleavage soils that are on ridges and convex slopes percent and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Dehana gravelly loam and similar inclusions—35 percent percent • Vipont soils that are on summits and south-facing Contrasting inclusions—20 percent shoulder slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent Parkay Soil or less Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and south- • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and facing side slopes support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Slope range: 10 to 50 percent • Rock outcrop that commonly has curlleaf Climatic data (average annual): mountainmahogany rooted in fractures—small Precipitation—18 to 22 inches areas Air temperature—36 to 41 degrees F • Soils that are similar to the Parkay soil but have a Frost-free period—35 to 60 days thinner surface layer, are on small benches, and Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush support mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, and Idaho fescue and mountain brome—small areas 136 Soil Survey

Land Capability Classification Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Frost-free period—35 to 60 days Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen Dehana soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 14 inches—dark gray gravelly loam 122—Parkay-Dehana-Booneville 14 to 60 inches—brown gravelly loam association, 5 to 50 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Very high Elevation: 5,200 to 7,300 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major uses: Woodland, rangeland, and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Booneville Soil Parkay gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes percent Slope range: 8 to 40 percent Dehana gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—22 to 32 inches Booneville loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Air temperature—35 to 39 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain Parkay Soil snowberry Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 10 to 50 percent 2 inches to 0—undecomposed organic material Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 5 inches—dark brown loam Precipitation—16 to 22 inches 5 to 14 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F 14 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly Frost-free period—35 to 60 days loam Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush 30 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay and Idaho fescue loam Typical profile: Depth class: Very deep 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly silt Drainage class: Well drained loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 8 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown very Permeability: Moderately slow gravelly clay loam Available water capacity: High 24 to 48 inches—very dark grayish brown very Shrink-swell potential: Moderate gravelly loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 48 inches—weathered bedrock Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Depth class: Deep Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid • Soils that are similar to the Parkay soil but are more Permeability: Moderately slow acid, are on upper side slopes, and support Available water capacity: High snowbrush ceanothus—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high • Naz soils that are on lower side slopes and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—5 percent or less Dehana Soil • Cleavage soils that are on ridges and shoulder Position on landscape: Concave north-facing side slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— slopes 5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 35 percent • Vipont soils that are on south-facing side slopes and Climatic data (average annual): support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Precipitation—20 to 25 inches wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 137

Land Capability Classification Typical profile: 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Dehana soil: VIe, nonirrigated 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam Booneville soil: VIe, nonirrigated 17 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly loam 25 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely 123—Parkay-Povey complex, 5 to 50 cobbly loam percent slopes 32 to 60 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Setting Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Mountains Runoff: Medium or rapid Elevation: 6,800 to 7,700 feet Permeability: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Parkay gravelly loam and similar inclusions—60 Contrasting Inclusions percent Povey very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 • Nagitsy soils that are on ridges and shoulder slopes percent and support low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Contrasting inclusions—15 percent bluegrass—10 percent or less • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Parkay Soil • Soils that are similar to Earcree soils but have more Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes volcanic glass, are on upper north-facing side slopes, Slope range: 5 to 25 percent and support snowbrush ceanothus—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Air temperature—36 to 38 degrees F Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—30 to 50 days Povey soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated and Idaho fescue Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam 124—Parkay-Wickahoney association, 2 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam to 30 percent slopes 10 to 35 inches—brown and grayish brown cobbly loam Setting 35 to 45 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Major landform: Tableland escarpments 45 inches—weathered bedrock Elevation: 5,600 to 7,000 feet Depth class: Deep Major uses: Wildlife habitat and rangeland Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Parkay gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 Available water capacity: High percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Wickahoney extremely stony silt loam and similar Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate inclusions—30 percent Povey Soil Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Parkay Soil Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Air temperature—35 to 37 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—30 to 50 days Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Air temperature—36 to 41 degrees F and Idaho fescue Frost-free period—40 to 70 days 138 Soil Survey

Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush • Lostvalley soils that are on toe slopes and support and Idaho fescue low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Typical profile: • Rock outcrop—small areas 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam Land Capability Classification 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam 10 to 35 inches—brown and grayish brown cobbly Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Wickahoney soil: VIIs, nonirrigated 35 to 45 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam 45 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Deep 125—Paynecreek gravelly sandy loam, Drainage class: Well drained 1 to 5 percent slopes Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: High Major landform: Stream terraces Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 5,300 to 5,700 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major use: Hayland Wickahoney Soil Composition Position on landscape: Convex slopes and narrow Paynecreek gravelly sandy loam and similar benches inclusions—80 percent Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Paynecreek Soil Air temperature—39 to 42 degrees F Position on landscape: Summits Frost-free period—60 to 75 days Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Climatic data (average annual): fescue Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Typical profile: Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F 0 to 4 inches—pale brown extremely stony silt Frost-free period—60 to 90 days loam Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, 4 to 12 inches—brown very stony clay loam Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Typical profile: 18 to 20 inches—light brown very cobbly clay 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam loam 4 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam 20 inches—bedrock 8 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam Depth class: Shallow 14 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Drainage class: Well drained sandy clay loam Runoff: Medium to very rapid 29 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown very Permeability: Slow gravelly sandy loam Available water capacity: Very low Depth class: Very deep Shrink-swell potential: High Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Runoff: Very slow or slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Parkay soils that are on upper north-facing side Hazard of erosion by water: Slight slopes and support snowbank aspen—10 percent or Hazard of erosion by wind: High less Contrasting Inclusions • Boulder Lake soils that are on toe slopes and support silver sagebrush and bluegrass—10 percent • Welch soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support or less sedge and bluegrass—10 percent or less • Soils that are similar to Tucker soils but have • Upcreek soils that are on lower stream terraces and occasional vertical cracks, are on fluvial bottoms, and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin support sedge and bluegrass—5 percent or less wildrye—5 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 139

• Soils that are similar to Babbington soils but are Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, cooler, are on summits, and support basin big bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 percent or Typical profile: less 0 to 17 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown loam Land Capability Classification 17 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam IIIe, irrigated and nonirrigated 35 to 43 inches—pink, weakly cemented very gravelly sandy loam 43 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly 126—Paynecreek-Barkley-Chayson sandy loam loams, 1 to 10 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Very slow Major landforms: Fan terraces and stream terraces Available water capacity: Medium Elevation: 5,500 to 5,900 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland, hayland, and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Paynecreek loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Chayson Soil Chayson loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Position on landscape: Upper fan terraces Barkley loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Slope range: 2 to 10 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Paynecreek Soil Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Position on landscape: Stream terraces Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Climatic data (average annual): bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Typical profile: Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F 0 to 5 inches—brown loam Frost-free period—60 to 85 days 5 to 10 inches—brown gravelly loam Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, 10 to 18 inches—pale brown and light yellowish bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue brown gravelly clay loam Typical profile: 18 to 23 inches—very pale brown very gravelly 0 to 11 inches—brown loam loam 11 to 17 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 23 to 50 inches—hardpan 17 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown loam 50 inches—bedrock 25 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 42 inches—soft bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Deep Runoff: Slow or medium Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Runoff: Very slow or slow Available water capacity: Medium Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Barkley Soil • Soils that are similar to Upcreek soils but are well Position on landscape: Lower fan terraces drained, are on lower stream terraces, and support Slope range: 2 to 8 percent basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye— Climatic data (average annual): 10 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 15 inches • Yatahoney soils that are on escarpments and Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Frost-free period—60 to 85 days bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less 140 Soil Survey

• Chayson soils that are on shoulder slopes and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: High or less Northcastle Soil • Zola soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye— Position on landscape: Upper summits small areas Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Paynecreek soil: IVe, irrigated and nonirrigated Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Barkley soil: IVe, irrigated and nonirrigated Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Chayson soil: IIIe, irrigated, and IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Map unit (complex): IVe, irrigated and nonirrigated Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—light brownish gray and brown 127—Paynecreek-Northcastle complex, sandy loam 1 to 8 percent slopes 10 to 34 inches—pale brown and very pale brown sandy clay loam Setting 34 to 40 inches—hardpan 40 to 60 inches—gray gravelly loamy sand Major landform: Stream terraces Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Elevation: 5,300 to 5,450 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland, wildlife habitat, and hayland Runoff: Slow or medium Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Medium Paynecreek gravelly sandy loam and similar Shrink-swell potential: Moderate inclusions—55 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Northcastle sandy loam and similar inclusions—30 Hazard of erosion by wind: High percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Contrasting Inclusions Paynecreek Soil • Paynecreek soils that are in swales and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye— Position on landscape: Lower summits 10 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 5 percent • Bluecreek soils that are on upper stream terraces Climatic data (average annual): and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Precipitation—13 to 15 inches bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Paynecreek soil: IIIe, irrigated and nonirrigated Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Northcastle soil: IIIe, irrigated, and IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IIIe, irrigated and nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam 4 to 8 inches—brown gravelly sandy clay loam 8 to 14 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay 128—Paynecreek-Northcastle-Blackwell loam association, 0 to 8 percent slopes 14 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy clay loam Setting 29 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam Major landforms: Stream terraces and bottom lands Depth class: Very deep Elevation: 5,100 to 5,900 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland, hayland, and wildlife habitat Runoff: Very slow or slow Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Paynecreek loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Northcastle loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 141

Blackwell loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Blackwell Soil Paynecreek Soil Position on landscape: Flood plains Position on landscape: Upper terraces Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—15 to 18 inches Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Sedge and bluegrass Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Typical profile: bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with 0 to 15 inches—dark gray and very dark gray occasional western juniper loam Typical profile: 15 to 25 inches—light brownish gray gravelly 0 to 11 inches—brown loam sandy clay loam 11 to 17 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 25 to 60 inches—light gray, stratified gravelly 17 to 25 inches—light yellowish brown loam coarse sandy loam to clay loam 25 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown sandy Depth class: Very deep loam Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table 42 inches—soft bedrock at a depth of 0 to 30 inches Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Runoff: Very slow or slow Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Available water capacity: High Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Frequency of flooding: Frequent Northcastle Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Lower terraces • Upcreek soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Slope range: 1 to 8 percent support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Climatic data (average annual): wildrye—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches • Nicholflat soils that are on lower terraces and Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent Frost-free period—70 to 90 days or less Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, • Soils that are similar to Cleavage soils but have less Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass rock fragments, are on low ridges, and support low Typical profile: sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 0 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown loam • Soils that are similar to Upcreek soils but are well 16 to 34 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay drained, are on upper terraces, and support mountain loam big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 34 to 60 inches—hardpan • Rock outcrop—small areas 60 to 72 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy • Soils that are similar to Dranyon soils but have less loam clay, are on toe slopes, and support quaking aspen Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan and curlleaf mountainmahogany—small areas Drainage class: Well drained Land Capability Classification Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderately slow Paynecreek soil: IVe, irrigated and nonirrigated Available water capacity: High Northcastle soil: IIIe, irrigated, and IVe, nonirrigated Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Blackwell soil: Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated 142 Soil Survey

129—Perla-Ruclick complex, 2 to 12 21 to 29 inches—pale brown extremely gravelly percent slopes clay 29 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Major landform: Tablelands Permeability: Slow Elevation: 4,000 to 4,950 feet Available water capacity: Low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Perla loam and similar inclusions—65 percent Ruclick cobbly loam and similar inclusions—15 Contrasting Inclusions percent • Hardtrigger soils that are on summits and support Contrasting inclusions—20 percent basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 Perla Soil percent or less • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but are Position on landscape: Summits underlain by soft bedrock, are on summits, and Slope range: 2 to 12 percent support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—11 to 13 inches • Ruclick soils that are on escarpments and support Air temperature—46 to 59 degrees F basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Frost-free period—90 to 120 days small areas Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and • Schnipper soils that are on summits and support bluebunch wheatgrass basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Typical profile: small areas 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown loam 3 to 8 inches—dark brown clay loam Land Capability Classification 8 to 16 inches—brown clay 16 to 23 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Perla soil: IVe, nonirrigated 23 inches—bedrock Ruclick soil: IVs, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow 130—Pits, gravel Available water capacity: Low Major landforms: Fan terraces and outwash terraces Shrink-swell potential: High Elevation: 2,200 to 6,000 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major use: Mines Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Kind of material: Lake and stream deposits of sand, Ruclick Soil gravel, cobbles, and stones that range in age from Pliocene to Holocene Position on landscape: Summits Vegetation: Little, if any Slope range: 2 to 5 percent Land capability classification: VIII Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F 131—Pits and Dumps, mine Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Major landform: Mountains bluebunch wheatgrass Elevation: 5,700 to 6,500 feet Typical profile: Major uses: Mines 0 to 5 inches—brown cobbly loam Description of areas: Pits—open excavations from 5 to 10 inches—brown cobbly clay loam which soil material and bedrock have been 10 to 21 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay removed; dumps—accumulations of waste rock Owyhee County Area, Idaho 143

Kind of rock: Hard rhyolite and welded tuff of the Climatic data (average annual): Miocene Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Vegetation: Little, if any, unless reclaimed Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Land capability classification: VIII Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue 132—Pixley-Barkley complex, 2 to 10 Typical profile: percent slopes 0 to 17 inches—light brownish gray and pale brown loam 17 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown clay Setting loam Major landform: Fan terraces 35 to 43 inches—pink, weakly cemented very Elevation: 4,900 to 5,450 feet gravelly sandy loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 43 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy loam Composition Depth class: Very deep Pixley silt loam and similar inclusions—45 Drainage class: Well drained percent Runoff: Slow or medium Barkley loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Permeability: Very slow Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Pixley Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Position on landscape: Slightly concave slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Slope range: 2 to 10 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches • Bluecreek soils that are on toe slopes of higher Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F terraces and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho Frost-free period—80 to 95 days fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho less fescue • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Typical profile: support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray and brown silt wildrye—5 percent or less loam • Soils that are similar to Blackleg soils but are 6 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam shallow, have less rock fragments, are on higher 9 to 18 inches—light gray gravelly clay loam remnant terraces, and support low sagebrush and 18 to 60 inches—hardpan Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan • Soils that are similar to Arbidge soils but are cooler, Drainage class: Well drained are on mounds, and support basin big sagebrush and Runoff: Medium or rapid bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Permeability: Slow • Welch soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Available water capacity: Low sedge and bluegrass—small areas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Badlands that are on escarpments of higher Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate terraces—small areas Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Land Capability Classification Barkley Soil Pixley soil: VIs, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Slightly convex slopes Barkley soil: IVe, nonirrigated Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 144 Soil Survey

133—Playas-Duric Natrargids association, Land Capability Classification nearly level Playas: VIII Duric Natrargids: VIIs, nonirrigated Setting Major landform: Closed basins of calderas and 134—Plush-Rubbleland-Rock outcrop tablelands association, 25 to 50 percent slopes Elevation: 4,000 to 5,300 feet Major use: Wildlife habitat Setting Composition Major landform: Breaks (fig. 8) Playas—80 percent Duric Natrargids and similar inclusions—20 percent Playas Position on landscape: Flats Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Description of areas: Puddled or crusted, nearly impervious surface underlain by dense silty clay loam or silty clay Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Runoff: Ponded Permeability: Very slow Shrink-swell potential: High Sodicity: High Duric Natrargids Position on landscape: Edges of flats Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Figure 8.—Typical area of Plush-Rubbleland-Rock outcrop Climatic data (average annual): association, 25 to 50 percent slopes. Graveya-Ratsnest- Rock outcrop association, 3 to 35 percent slopes, in Precipitation—8 to 12 inches foreground. Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Elevation: 3,000 to 5,250 feet Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Major uses: Wildlife habitat sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass Composition Sample profile: Plush very stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— 0 to 4 inches—light gray silt loam 40 percent 4 to 15 inches—light gray silty clay Rubbleland—30 percent 15 to 22 inches—light gray silty clay loam Rock outcrop—20 percent 22 to 60 inches—white silty clay loam Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Runoff: Ponded Plush Soil Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: Very high Position on landscape: Side slopes Shrink-swell potential: High Slope range: 25 to 50 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Climatic data (average annual): Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Salinity: High Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Sodicity: High Frost-free period—90 to 135 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 145

Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Composition and bluebunch wheatgrass Poisoncreek stony coarse sandy loam and similar Typical profile: inclusions—55 percent 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very stony sandy loam Kanlee fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar 4 to 11 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly inclusions—25 percent loam Contrasting inclusions—20 percent 11 to 20 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam Poisoncreek Soil 20 to 48 inches—very pale brown extremely Position on landscape: Summits and convex side gravelly loam slopes 48 inches—bedrock Slope range: 5 to 45 percent Depth class: Deep Climatic data (average annual): Drainage class: Well drained Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F Permeability: Moderately slow Frost-free period—60 to 85 days Available water capacity: Medium Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Shrink-swell potential: Moderate fescue Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate to high Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown stony coarse sandy Rubbleland loam 5 to 12 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Position on landscape: Cliff bases loam Description of areas: Barren masses of loose, angular 12 to 15 inches—weathered bedrock fragments of welded rhyolitic tuff; masses formed 15 inches—bedrock mainly as a result falling, rolling, or sliding rock Depth class: Shallow Runoff: Rapid Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Rock Outcrop Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Moderate Position on landscape: Cliffs and rims Available water capacity: Very low Kind of rock: Exposed hard welded rhyolitic tuff Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Very rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Cottle soils that are on shoulder slopes and support Kanlee Soil Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Position on landscape: Side slopes 10 percent or less Slope range: 4 to 40 percent Land Capability Classification Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Plush soil: VIs, nonirrigated Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Rubbleland: VIII Frost-free period—65 to 80 days Rock outcrop: VIII Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho 135—Poisoncreek-Kanlee association, 4 fescue to 45 percent slopes Typical profile: 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown fine gravelly coarse sandy loam Setting 10 to 14 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy Major landform: Mountains loam Elevation: 5,600 to 6,900 feet 14 to 32 inches—brown fine gravelly sandy clay Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat loam 146 Soil Survey

32 to 45 inches—weathered bedrock Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F 45 inches—bedrock Frost-free period—60 to 95 days Depth class: Moderately deep Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue Runoff: Medium or rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Moderately slow 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown stony coarse sandy Available water capacity: Low loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 5 to 12 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high loam Hazard of erosion by wind: High 12 to 15 inches—weathered bedrock 15 inches—bedrock Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained • Parkay soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Runoff: Medium to very rapid support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Permeability: Moderate 10 percent or less Available water capacity: Very low • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Naz soils but have more Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high clay, are on upper north-facing concave side Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate slopes, and support snowbank aspen—5 percent or less Kanlee Soil • Soils that are similar to Earcree soils but have more Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes clay, are in draws, and support black cottonwood— Slope range: 4 to 40 percent small areas Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Poisoncreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Kanlee soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue 136—Poisoncreek-Kanlee-Bauscher Typical profile: association, 4 to 45 percent slopes 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown fine gravelly coarse sandy loam 10 to 14 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy Setting loam Major landform: Mountains 14 to 32 inches—brown fine gravelly sandy clay Elevation: 4,700 to 7,000 feet loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 32 to 45 inches—weathered bedrock 45 inches—bedrock Composition Depth class: Moderately deep Poisoncreek stony coarse sandy loam and similar Drainage class: Well drained inclusions—40 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Kanlee fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Permeability: Moderately slow inclusions—25 percent Available water capacity: Low Bauscher sandy loam, dry, and similar inclusions—15 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: High Poisoncreek Soil Bauscher Soil, Dry Position on landscape: Convex side slopes Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Slope range: 5 to 45 percent Slope range: 5 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 18 inches Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 147

Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—60 to 95 days Precipitation—18 to 24 inches Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Air temperature—35 to 38 degrees F bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Frost-free period—30 to 55 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen 0 to 12 inches—grayish brown sandy loam Typical profile: 12 to 45 inches—brown and yellowish brown 1 inch to 0—decomposed organic material sandy clay loam 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam 45 to 54 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly 7 to 22 inches—dark grayish brown and dark coarse sandy loam brown loam 54 inches—weathered bedrock 22 to 35 inches—brown very cobbly loam Depth class: Deep 35 to 50 inches—yellowish brown extremely Drainage class: Well drained cobbly loam Runoff: Slow or medium 50 inches—bedrock Permeability: Moderately slow Depth class: Deep Available water capacity: High Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Permeability: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Dehana Soil • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but are cooler, are on ridges and shoulder slopes, and support low Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Slope range: 5 to 35 percent less Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Poisoncreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Kanlee soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen Bauscher soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 14 inches—dark gray gravelly loam 14 to 60 inches—brown gravelly loam 137—Povey-Dehana complex, 4 to 40 Depth class: Very deep percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Major landform: Mountains Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 6,500 to 7,700 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Wildlife habitat Contrasting Inclusions Composition • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Povey loam and similar inclusions—60 percent • Soils that are similar to Earcree soils but have more Dehana gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 volcanic glass, are on shoulder slopes, and support percent snowbrush ceanothus—10 percent or less Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Land Capability Classification Povey Soil Povey soil: VIe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Dehana soil: VIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 4 to 40 percent Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 148 Soil Survey

138—Povey-Earcree complex, 10 to 50 8 to 34 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse percent slopes sandy loam 34 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loamy coarse sand Setting Depth class: Very deep Major landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 6,000 to 7,800 feet Runoff: Medium or rapid Major uses: Rangeland, wildlife habitat, and mines Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Povey very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 Hazard of erosion by wind: High percent Contrasting Inclusions Earcree gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar inclusions—30 percent • Dehana soils that are on side slopes and support Contrasting inclusions—25 percent mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Povey Soil • Ola soils that are on side slopes and support Position on landscape: Side slopes mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Precipitation—18 to 22 inches • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Air temperature—34 to 39 degrees F support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue Povey soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Earcree soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated loam 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 17 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly loam 139—Povey-Nagitsy association, 4 to 60 25 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely percent slopes cobbly loam 32 to 60 inches—yellowish brown extremely Setting cobbly sandy loam Major landform: Mountains Depth class: Very deep Elevation: 5,600 to 7,700 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major use: Wildlife habitat Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderate Composition Available water capacity: High Povey loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Nagitsy loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Earcree Soil Povey Soil Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes Slope range: 10 to 40 percent Position on landscape: Upper north-facing side slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 4 to 40 percent Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Precipitation—18 to 24 inches Frost-free period—45 to 60 days Air temperature—35 to 39 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Frost-free period—30 to 65 days and Idaho fescue Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly coarse 1 inch to 0—decomposed organic material sandy loam 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 149

7 to 22 inches—dark grayish brown and dark Land Capability Classification brown loam Povey soil: VIe, nonirrigated 22 to 35 inches—brown very cobbly loam Nagitsy soil: VIe, nonirrigated 35 to 50 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly loam 50 inches—bedrock 140—Quicksilver-Takeuchi-Rock outcrop Depth class: Deep association, 3 to 50 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Setting Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Medium Major landform: Mountains Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 5,200 to 6,800 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Nagitsy Soil Composition Position on landscape: Upper north-facing side slopes Quicksilver bouldery coarse sandy loam and similar Slope range: 8 to 60 percent inclusions—30 percent Climatic data (average annual): Takeuchi fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Precipitation—16 to 25 inches inclusions—25 percent Air temperature—34 to 39 degrees F Rock outcrop—25 percent Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Vegetal climax association: Snowbrush ceanothus Quicksilver Soil Typical profile: 1 2 inches to /2 inch—undecomposed leaves and Position on landscape: Ridges and south-facing side twigs slopes 1 /2 inch to 0—decomposed organic material Slope range: 3 to 50 percent 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown loam Climatic data (average annual): 10 to 32 inches—brown and very pale brown very Precipitation—16 to 22 inches gravelly loam Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F 32 inches—bedrock Frost-free period—65 to 95 days Depth class: Moderately deep Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf Drainage class: Well drained mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Runoff: Medium to very rapid common western juniper Permeability: Moderate Typical profile: Available water capacity: Medium 0 to 4 inches—brown bouldery coarse sandy loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to severe 4 to 15 inches—brown and pale brown gravelly Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate coarse sandy loam 15 to 18 inches—pale brown very gravelly coarse Contrasting Inclusions sandy loam • Naz soils that are on lower side slopes and support 18 inches—bedrock Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—10 percent or Depth class: Shallow less Drainage class: Well drained • Parkay soils that are on upper, north-facing side Runoff: Medium to very rapid slopes and support snowbank aspen—10 percent or Permeability: Moderately rapid less Available water capacity: Very low • Soils that are similar to Earcree soils but have more Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high clay, are on south-facing side slopes, and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent Takeuchi Soil or less • Rock outcrop—small areas Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes • Eroded Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing Slope range: 3 to 45 percent side slopes, support forbs, and commonly are covered Climatic data (average annual): by snowdrifts—small areas Precipitation—14 to 18 inches 150 Soil Survey

Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Ratsnest gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—50 Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, percent bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Ornea loam and similar inclusions—25 percent occasional western juniper Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Typical profile: 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown fine gravelly Ratsnest Soil coarse sandy loam Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes 12 to 26 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy Slope range: 3 to 12 percent loam Climatic data (average annual): 26 to 36 inches—weathered bedrock Precipitation—8 to 10 inches 36 inches—bedrock Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Depth class: Moderately deep Frost-free period—135 to 150 days Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Runoff: Medium or rapid sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Permeability: Moderately rapid needlegrass Available water capacity: Very low Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 0 to 2 inches—light gray gravelly silt loam Hazard of erosion by wind: High 2 to 4 inches—pale brown silty clay loam 4 to 10 inches—light yellowish brown clay Rock Outcrop 10 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown and pale Position on landscape: Random areas yellow silty clay loam Kind of rock: Exposed hard intermediate intrusive rock 33 to 39 inches—light gray silt loam Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in 39 inches—soft bedrock fractures Depth class: Moderately deep Runoff: Very rapid Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Slow • Nipintuck soils that are on south-facing side slopes Available water capacity: High and support curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain Shrink-swell potential: High snowberry—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Graylock soils that are on north-facing foot slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—5 Ornea Soil percent or less • Kanlee soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Position on landscape: Summits support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Slope range: 1 to 5 percent wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Quicksilver soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—135 to 150 days Takeuchi soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Rock outcrop: VIII sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: 141—Ratsnest-Ornea complex, 1 to 12 0 to 3 inches—pale brown loam percent slopes 3 to 7 inches—very pale brown gravelly silt loam 7 to 12 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay loam Setting 12 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Major landform: Pediments loam Elevation: 2,400 to 3,000 feet 16 to 60 inches—white and very pale brown Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat extremely gravelly loamy sand Owyhee County Area, Idaho 151

Depth class: Very deep Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Drainage class: Well drained and bluebunch wheatgrass Runoff: Slow Typical profile: Permeability: Moderately slow over very rapid 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Available water capacity: Medium 3 to 6 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 6 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 13 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly Salinity: Moderate clay 22 inches—bedrock Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Moderately deep • Orovada soils that are on north-facing side slopes Drainage class: Well drained and in swales and support Wyoming big sagebrush Runoff: Medium or rapid and Indian ricegrass—10 percent or less Permeability: Very slow • Badlands—5 percent or less Available water capacity: Low • Slickspots—5 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to the Ratsnest soil but are Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high more moist, are on alluvial terraces, and support basin Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate big sagebrush and basin wildrye with common black Freshwater Soil greasewood—5 percent or less • Wholan soils that are on fan terraces and support Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes winterfat and Indian ricegrass—small areas Slope range: 2 to 15 percent • Rock outcrop—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Ratsnest soil: VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Ornea soil: VIIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—pale brown stony loam 142—Roca-Freshwater stony loams, 2 to 5 to 13 inches—pale brown clay loam 20 percent slopes 13 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam 18 to 22 inches—hardpan Setting 22 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Major landform: Structural benches Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,200 to 5,850 feet Runoff: Medium or rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Composition Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Roca stony loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Freshwater stony loam and similar inclusions—25 Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Roca Soil • Soils that are similar to Gooding soils but are cooler, Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes are in swales, and support low sagebrush and Slope range: 4 to 20 percent bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Soils that are similar to Mackey soils but are cooler, Precipitation—11 to 13 inches are on side slopes, and support Wyoming big Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Frost-free period—75 to 90 days less 152 Soil Survey

• Soils that are similar to Larioscamp soils but are Drainage class: Well drained very deep to bedrock, are on side slopes, and support Runoff: Medium or rapid Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Permeability: Moderate and moderately slow 5 percent or less Available water capacity: Low • Alzola soils that are on fan terraces and support Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Rock outcrop—small areas Contrasting Inclusions • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin • Rubbleland—10 percent or less wildrye—small areas • Soils that have a dark-colored surface layer, are moderately well drained, are on nearly level alluvial Land Capability Classification terraces, and support mixed riparian vegetation—5 Roca soil: VIe, nonirrigated percent or less Freshwater soil: VIs, nonirrigated Land Capability Classification Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Rock outcrop: VIII Xerollic Haplargids: VIIe, nonirrigated 143—Rock outcrop-Xerollic Haplargids Map unit (complex): VIII complex, very steep

Setting 144—Rubbleland-Rock outcrop-Pachic Argixerolls complex, very steep Major landform: Canyons Elevation: 2,300 to 6,000 feet Setting Major uses: Wildlife habitat and recreation Major landform: Canyons Composition Elevation: 4,600 to 6,750 feet Major uses: Recreation and wildlife habitat Rock outcrop—65 percent Xerollic Haplargids and similar inclusions—20 percent Composition Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Rubbleland—40 percent Rock Outcrop Rock outcrop—25 percent Pachic Argixerolls and similar inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Rims, cliffs, and pinnacles Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Kind of rock: Exposed hard extrusive flow rock Runoff: Very rapid Rubbleland Position on landscape: Cliff bases Xerollic Haplargids Description of areas: Barren masses of loose, angular Position on landscape: Side slopes fragments of extrusive rock; masses formed Slope range: 15 to 60 percent mainly as a result of falling, rolling, or sliding rock Climatic data (average annual): Runoff: Rapid Precipitation—8 to 13 inches Rock Outcrop Air temperature—40 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 140 days Position on landscape: Rims, cliffs, and pinnacles Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Kind of rock: Exposed hard extrusive flow rock and bluebunch wheatgrass Runoff: Very rapid Sample profile: Pachic Argixerolls 0 to 6 inches—pale brown stony loam 6 to 12 inches—pale brown very gravelly loam Position on landscape: Side slopes 12 to 17 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Slope range: 20 to 50 percent sandy loam Climatic data (average annual): 17 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy Precipitation—13 to 18 inches loam Air temperature—38 to 47 degrees F Depth class: Very deep Frost-free period—60 to 100 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 153

Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, 10 to 16 inches—brown clay bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with 16 to 24 inches—yellowish brown clay loam occasional western juniper 24 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown loam Sample profile: 30 to 60 inches—hardpan 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 10 to 20 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly Drainage class: Well drained loam Runoff: Slow or medium 20 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Permeability: Slow Depth class: Deep and very deep Available water capacity: Medium Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: High Runoff: Very rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Gacey Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate and high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Intermound areas and toe slopes Contrasting Inclusions Slope range: 2 to 12 percent • Riverwash—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Soils that are somewhat poorly drained, are on Precipitation—11 to 13 inches nearly level alluvial terraces, and support mixed Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F riparian vegetation—5 percent or less Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Land Capability Classification bluebunch wheatgrass Rubbleland: VIII Typical profile: Rock outcrop: VIII 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown stony loam Pachic Argixerolls: VIe, nonirrigated 4 to 9 inches—light brownish gray cobbly clay Map unit (complex): VIII loam 9 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly clay 145—Salisbury-Gacey-Barnard complex, 16 to 27 inches—hardpan 2 to 12 percent slopes 27 to 60 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly loamy sand Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Fan terraces Runoff: Medium or rapid Elevation: 4,400 to 5,050 feet Permeability: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Salisbury loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Gacey stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Barnard silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Barnard Soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Mounds Salisbury Soil Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Position on landscape: Slightly convex slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Frost-free period—90 to 110 days bluebunch wheatgrass Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Typical profile: fescue 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam Typical profile: 6 to 11 inches—brown silty clay loam 0 to 10 inches—grayish brown loam 11 to 23 inches—pale brown clay 154 Soil Survey

23 to 27 inches—fractured hardpan Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F 27 to 40 inches—hardpan Frost-free period—60 to 80 days 40 to 60 inches—pale brown very gravelly loam Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf Depth class: Moderately deep to hardpan mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Drainage class: Well drained occasional western juniper Runoff: Slow or medium Typical profile: Permeability: Slow 1 inch to 0—undecomposed organic matter Available water capacity: Medium 0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown and very Shrink-swell potential: High dark brown stony loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight 9 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate loam 24 to 56 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly Contrasting Inclusions sandy loam • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and 56 inches—weathered bedrock support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Depth class: Deep wildrye—5 percent or less Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are similar to Jumpcreek soils but are very Runoff: Slow or medium deep, are on higher terraces, and support basin big Permeability: Moderate sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Available water capacity: Medium less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Booford soils but contain Hazard of erosion by water: Slight lime, are on side slopes, and support basin big Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Mulshoe Soil wheatgrass—5 percent or less • Tucker soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Position on landscape: Side slopes sedge and bluegrass—small areas Slope range: 4 to 25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—15 to 17 inches Salisbury soil: IVs, nonirrigated Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Gacey soil: VIs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—60 to 80 days Barnard soil: IVs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Map unit (complex): IVs, nonirrigated bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish 146—Saturday-Mulshoe complex, 4 to 25 brown very stony sandy loam percent slopes 9 to 21 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay loam Setting 21 to 24 inches—weathered bedrock 24 inches—bedrock Major landform: Mountains Depth class: Moderately deep Elevation: 5,700 to 6,800 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Medium or rapid Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Saturday stony loam and similar inclusions—45 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Mulshoe very stony sandy loam and similar Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight inclusions—30 percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Saturday Soil • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes rooted in fractures—10 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 25 percent • Soils that are similar to Gaib soils but have more Climatic data (average annual): clay, are on summits and side slopes, and support low Precipitation—16 to 20 inches sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 155

• Doodlelink soils that are on concave side slopes and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Hazard of erosion by wind: High percent or less Contrasting Inclusions • Blackwell soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support sedge and bluegrass—small areas • Owsel soils that are on concave foot slopes and • Soils that are similar to the Mulshoe soil but have support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch less clay, are on south-facing breaks, and support wheatgrass—10 percent or less western juniper—small areas • Orovada soils that are on north-facing side slopes of ridges and support Wyoming big Land Capability Classification sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or Saturday soil: IVe, nonirrigated less Mulshoe soil: VIs, nonirrigated • Coonskin soils that are on toe slopes and support Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less • Rock outcrop—small areas 147—Scism silt loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes Land Capability Classification VIe, nonirrigated Setting Major landform: Calderas 148—Scism very fine sandy loam, 1 to 12 Elevation: 4,100 to 5,000 feet percent slopes Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Setting Scism silt loam and similar inclusions—75 percent Major landform: Tablelands Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Elevation: 2,800 to 3,250 feet Major uses: Cropland (fig. 9), rangeland, and wildlife Scism Soil habitat Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes of ridges Slope range: 5 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—9 to 11 inches Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—100 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: 0 to 6 inches—yellowish brown and light yellowish brown silt loam 6 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown and very pale brown silt loam 21 to 34 inches—hardpan 34 to 60 inches—white sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Figure 9.—Sprinkler-irrigated wheat in an area of Scism very Permeability: Moderate fine sandy loam, 1 to 12 percent slopes. Available water capacity: Medium 156 Soil Survey

Composition Composition Scism very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—75 Scism very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—55 percent percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Coonskin stony silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Scism Soil Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Summits Scism Soil Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Air temperature—51 to 52 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—130 to 145 days Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Air temperature—51 to 52 degrees F and Thurber needlegrass Frost-free period—125 to 145 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 0 to 2 inches—light gray very fine sandy loam and Thurber needlegrass 2 to 7 inches—pale yellow silt loam Typical profile: 7 to 24 inches—pale yellow very fine sandy loam 0 to 2 inches—light gray very fine sandy loam 24 to 40 inches—hardpan 2 to 7 inches—pale yellow silt loam 40 to 60 inches—white loam 7 to 24 inches—pale yellow very fine sandy loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 24 to 40 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 40 to 60 inches—white loam Runoff: Slow or medium Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Permeability: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Medium Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Permeability: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: High • Soils that are similar to Royal soils but have more silt, are on summits, and support winterfat and Indian Coonskin Soil ricegrass—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes • Orovada soils that are on summits and support Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Climatic data (average annual): 10 percent or less Precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Soils that are similar to Coonskin soils but have less Air temperature—51 to 52 degrees F rock fragments, are on summits, and support Frost-free period—125 to 145 days Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush percent or less and Thurber needlegrass • Rock outcrop—small areas Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony silt loam 3 to 7 inches—very pale brown silt loam IIIe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated 7 to 22 inches—very pale brown very cobbly loam 22 to 40 inches—hardpan 149—Scism-Coonskin complex, 1 to 20 40 inches—bedrock percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landforms: Tablelands and plug domes Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 2,800 to 3,350 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Owyhee County Area, Idaho 157

Contrasting Inclusions 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly clay • Sugarcreek soils that are on south-facing side 22 inches—bedrock slopes and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Depth class: Moderately deep Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that are similar to Royal soils but have more Runoff: Medium or rapid silt, are on north-facing side slopes, and support Permeability: Slow Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Available water capacity: Very low 10 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Escalante soils but are Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate moderately deep, have more rock fragments, are on Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate canyon rims, shoulder slopes, and south-facing side slopes, and support fourwing saltbush and Indian Bregar Soil ricegrass—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Eroded summits and side • Rock outcrop—small areas slopes Land Capability Classification Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Scism soil: VIe, nonirrigated Precipitation—12 to 14 inches Coonskin soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and 150—Sharesnout-Bregar complex, 5 to 35 bluegrass percent slopes Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Setting gravelly loam Major landform: Foothills 8 inches—bedrock Elevation: 5,000 to 5,550 feet Depth class: Very shallow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid Composition Permeability: Moderately slow Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—40 Available water capacity: Very low percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Bregar stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Sharesnout Soil • Booford soils that are on mounds and support low Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes sagebrush and Idaho fescue with occasional western Slope range: 5 to 35 percent juniper—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Soils that are similar to Paynecreek soils but are Precipitation—13 to 15 inches moderately deep, are on mounds and shoulder Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F slopes, and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho Frost-free period—80 to 90 days fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho less fescue • Pixley soils that are on toe slopes and support low Typical profile: sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam wildrye—small areas 158 Soil Survey

Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated bluegrass Bregar soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam 4 to 8 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly 151—Sharesnout-Bregar-Coser complex, sandy loam 5 to 35 percent slopes 8 inches—bedrock Depth class: Very shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium to very rapid Major landform: Foothills Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 4,800 to 6,400 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Composition Coser Soil Sharesnout stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Position on landscape: Foot slopes Bregar stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Coser gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Sharesnout Soil Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes fescue Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam Precipitation—13 to 17 inches 4 to 13 inches—brown clay Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F 13 to 19 inches—yellowish brown clay Frost-free period—70 to 90 days 19 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho clay loam fescue 31 inches—weathered bedrock Typical profile: Depth class: Moderately deep 0 to 6 inches—dark brown stony loam Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 6 to 10 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay a depth of 3 to 8 inches loam Drainage class: Well drained 10 to 30 inches—yellowish brown extremely Runoff: Medium or rapid gravelly clay Permeability: Very slow 30 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Medium Depth class: Moderately deep Shrink-swell potential: High Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Permeability: Slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Hurryback soils that are on concave side slopes and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less • Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing side Bregar Soil slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain Position on landscape: Ridges and shoulder slopes snowberry, and mountain brome—5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 25 percent • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Hades soils that are on concave north-facing side Precipitation—12 to 14 inches slopes and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F fescue—5 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 159

• Rubbleland—small areas Permeability: Slow • Zola soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Available water capacity: Very low sedge and bluegrass—small areas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Goose Creek soils that are on stream terraces and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate support basin big sagebrush and basin wildrye—small Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate areas Budlewis Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Bregar soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Coser soil: VIs, nonirrigated Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 80 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 152—Sharesnout-Budlewis complex, 1 to fescue 15 percent slopes Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Setting 9 to 14 inches—brown silty clay loam 14 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown clay Major landform: Foothills 24 to 29 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam Elevation: 5,600 to 6,300 feet 29 to 30 inches—hardpan Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 30 inches—bedrock Composition Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 Runoff: Slow or medium percent Permeability: Slow Budlewis silt loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Available water capacity: Medium Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Sharesnout Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Contrasting Inclusions Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): • Coser soils that are on toe slopes and support Precipitation—14 to 17 inches low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F less Frost-free period—55 to 80 days • Chayson soils that are on summits and support Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and fescue Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Blackleg soils but are 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam moderately deep to bedrock, are in swales, and 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam or less 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely • Rock outcrop—small areas cobbly clay Land Capability Classification 22 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Budlewis soil: IVs, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium or rapid Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 160 Soil Survey

6 to 10 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay loam 10 to 30 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly clay 30 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Coser Soil Position on landscape: Side slopes and foot slopes Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Figure 10.—Typical area of Sharesnout-Coser-Threek complex, Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 5 to 35 percent slopes. Vipont-Bauscher association, 8 to fescue 60 percent slopes, on hillsides in background. Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 4 to 13 inches—brown clay 153—Sharesnout-Coser-Threek complex, 13 to 19 inches—yellowish brown clay 5 to 35 percent slopes 19 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay loam 31 inches—weathered bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep Major landform: Foothills (fig. 10) Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Elevation: 4,800 to 5,800 feet a depth of 3 to 8 inches Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Composition Permeability: Very slow Sharesnout stony loam and similar inclusions—50 Available water capacity: Medium percent Shrink-swell potential: High Coser gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Threek stony loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Threek Soil Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Side slopes and shoulder Sharesnout Soil slopes Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass fescue Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—dark brown stony loam 0 to 6 inches—dark brown stony loam 4 to 12 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 161

12 to 24 inches—brown extremely gravelly clay 24 to 34 inches—brown fine sandy loam 34 to 60 inches—brown loamy sand Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions • Hurryback soils that are on north-facing concave side slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Figure 11.—Typical area of Sharesnout-Monasterio-Pixley • Soils that are similar to Tucker soils but have wide complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes, in foregound and right center. Rubbleland-Rock outcrop-Pachic Argixerolls cracks, are on toe slopes, and support mountain big complex, very steep, in canyons. sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—small areas Sharesnout Soil • Rock outcrop—small areas Position on landscape: Summits and side • Welch soils that are on north-facing concave foot slopes slopes and support snowbank aspen—small areas Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Land Capability Classification Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Coser soil: VIs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—85 to 95 days Threek soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated fescue Typical profile: 154—Sharesnout-Monasterio-Pixley 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes loam 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay Setting loam Major landform: Foothills (fig. 11) 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely Elevation: 4,800 to 5,400 feet cobbly clay Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 22 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Composition Drainage class: Well drained Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—30 Runoff: Medium or rapid percent Permeability: Slow Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Available water capacity: Very low 25 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Pixley silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 162 Soil Survey

Monasterio Soil Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting Inclusions Precipitation—13 to 15 inches • Bregar soils that are on ridges and support low Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F sagebrush and bluegrass—10 percent or less Frost-free period—80 to 95 days • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, • Thacker soils that are on north-facing foot slopes bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 occasional western juniper percent or less Typical profile: • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin loam wildrye—small areas 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam • Hades soils that are on north-facing side slopes and 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue— gravelly sandy loam small areas 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay loam Land Capability Classification 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated clay loam Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated 28 inches—weathered bedrock Pixley soil: VIs, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderate 155—Shoofly gravelly loam, 0 to 4 percent Available water capacity: Low slopes Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Setting Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Fan piedmonts Pixley Soil Elevation: 3,400 to 4,000 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Foot slopes Slope range: 2 to 10 percent Composition Climatic data (average annual): Shoofly gravelly loam and similar inclusions—75 Precipitation—12 to 15 inches percent Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Shoofly Soil fescue Typical profile: Position on landscape: Summits 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray and brown silt Slope range: 0 to 4 percent loam Climatic data (average annual): 6 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam Precipitation—7 to 9 inches 9 to 18 inches—light gray gravelly clay Air temperature—49 to 51 degrees F loam Frost-free period—115 to 130 days 18 to 60 inches—hardpan Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Drainage class: Well drained needlegrass Runoff: Medium or rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Slow 0 to 7 inches—pale brown and very pale brown Available water capacity: Low gravelly loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 163

7 to 12 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, loam bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue 12 to 14 inches—hardpan Typical profile: 14 to 39 inches—intermittent layers of hardpan 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam and very pale brown extremely gravelly coarse 10 to 22 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly sand clay loam 39 to 60 inches—sand and gravel 22 to 39 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 39 inches—bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Moderately deep Runoff: Slow or medium Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Medium or rapid Available water capacity: Very low Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Contrasting Inclusions Kiyi Soil • McKeeth soils that are on summits and support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or less Slope range: 3 to 40 percent • Veta soils that are on side slopes and in swales and Climatic data (average annual): support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Precipitation—16 to 20 inches needlegrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F • Ornea soils that are on summits and support Frost-free period—60 to 90 days shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less and Idaho fescue • Slickspots—5 percent or less Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown and grayish Land Capability Classification brown gravelly loam VIIs, nonirrigated 8 to 16 inches—grayish brown gravelly clay loam 16 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 25 to 40 inches—pale brown gravelly clay 156—Snell-Kiyi association, 3 to 40 40 to 60 inches—very pale brown very cobbly clay percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Very slow Major landforms: Foothills and mountains Available water capacity: High Elevation: 5,100 to 6,300 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Snell stony loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Contrasting Inclusions Kiyi gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 percent • Soils that are similar to Coser soils but are poorly Contrasting inclusions—25 percent drained, are on toe slopes, and support low sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and mulesear wyethia—10 Snell Soil percent or less Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side • Strickland soils that are on north-facing side slopes slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain Slope range: 5 to 40 percent snowberry, and mountain brome—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Saturday soils that are on ridges and support Precipitation—14 to 16 inches curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F with occasional western juniper—5 percent or less Frost-free period—60 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 164 Soil Survey

• Cleavage soils that are on ridges and support low Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Frost-free period—55 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Land Capability Classification fescue Snell soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Kiyi soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 157—Snell-Sharesnout complex, 5 to 40 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely percent slopes cobbly clay 22 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Foothills and mountains Runoff: Medium or rapid Elevation: 4,800 to 6,600 feet Permeability: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Snell stony loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Contrasting Inclusions Contrasting inclusions—25 percent • Soils that are similar to Hades soils but are Snell Soil moderately deep, are on toe slopes and north-facing side slopes, and support mountain big sagebrush and Position on landscape: Side slopes Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 40 percent • Cleavage soils that are on summits and south-facing Climatic data (average annual): side slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho Precipitation—14 to 17 inches fescue—5 percent or less Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F • Bregar soils that are on ridges and shoulder slopes Frost-free period—60 to 90 days and support low sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, or less bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with • Welch soils that are on north-facing concave foot occasional western juniper slopes and support snowbank aspen—5 percent or Typical profile: less 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam • Welch soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support 10 to 22 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly sedge and bluegrass—small areas clay loam • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and 22 to 39 inches—brown very cobbly clay support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin loam wildrye—small areas 39 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Land Capability Classification Drainage class: Well drained Snell soil: VIe, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium or rapid Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated Permeability: Moderately slow Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 158—Snowmore-Igert-Bruncan complex, Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 1 to 12 percent slopes Sharesnout Soil Setting Position on landscape: Convex side slopes Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Major landform: Calderas Climatic data (average annual): Elevation: 5,200 to 5,400 feet Precipitation—15 to 17 inches Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Owyhee County Area, Idaho 165

Composition Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Snowmore stony silt loam and similar inclusions—40 Runoff: Slow or medium percent Permeability: Moderately slow Igert loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Available water capacity: Medium Bruncan silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Snowmore Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: South-facing slopes Bruncan Soil Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Position on landscape: Concave slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Air temperature—45 to 46 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Frost-free period—85 to 95 days and Thurber needlegrass Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Typical profile: and bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony silt loam Typical profile: 3 to 6 inches— brown loam 0 to 6 inches—pale brown silt loam 6 to 11 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 6 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam 11 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown and very 15 to 19 inches—very pale brown very cobbly silt pale brown gravelly fine sandy loam loam 31 to 36 inches—hardpan 19 to 24 inches—hardpan 36 inches—bedrock 24 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Low Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Igert Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: North-facing slopes • Soils that are similar to Owsel soils but have less Slope range: 2 to 12 percent silt, are on ridges, and support Wyoming big Climatic data (average annual): sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Precipitation—10 to 13 inches less Air temperature—45 to 46 degrees F • Soils that are similar to Loomis soils but are Frost-free period—90 to 100 days moderately deep, are in swales, and support Wyoming Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent and bluebunch wheatgrass or less Typical profile: • Rock outcrop—small areas 0 to 5 inches—pale brown loam 5 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam Land Capability Classification 15 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Snowmore soil: VIe, nonirrigated 18 to 29 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Igert soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Bruncan soil: VIe, nonirrigated 29 inches—bedrock Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 166 Soil Survey

159—Snowmore-Troughs complex, 1 to 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly 10 percent slopes loam 15 to 30 inches—hardpan 30 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Major landform: Calderas Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 4,900 to 5,200 feet Runoff: Slow to rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Snowmore stony silt loam and similar inclusions—60 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Troughs very stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Contrasting Inclusions percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent • Soils that are similar to Hardtrigger soils but are moderately deep, are in swales, and support Wyoming Snowmore Soil big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 Position on landscape: Smooth slopes percent or less Slope range: 1 to 10 percent • Willhill soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Climatic data (average annual): support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Precipitation—8 to 10 inches wheatgrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Slickspots—5 percent or less Frost-free period—90 to 105 days • Rock outcrop—small areas Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Land Capability Classification and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: Snowmore soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony silt loam Troughs soil: VIs, nonirrigated 3 to 6 inches— brown loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 6 to 11 inches—yellowish brown clay loam 11 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown and very pale brown gravelly fine sandy loam 160—Snowmore-Willhill association, 2 to 31 to 36 inches—hardpan 25 percent slopes 36 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Setting Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Foothills Runoff: Slow or medium Elevation: 4,900 to 5,500 feet Permeability: Moderately slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Snowmore silt loam and similar inclusions—70 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Troughs Soil Willhill gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Convex slopes Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Snowmore Soil Precipitation—8 to 11 inches Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Position on landscape: Summits and north-facing side Frost-free period—90 to 105 days slopes Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Slope range: 2 to 8 percent and Thurber needlegrass Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—10 to 12 inches 0 to 2 inches—very pale brown very stony loam Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F 2 to 8 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 167

Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 161—Southmount-Booneville complex, 5 and bluebunch wheatgrass to 40 percent slopes Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown silt loam Setting 4 to 13 inches—light yellowish brown and very pale brown clay loam Major landform: Mountains 13 to 23 inches—very pale brown cobbly loam Elevation: 5,800 to 7,400 feet 23 to 28 inches—hardpan Major uses: Woodland and wildlife habitat 28 inches—bedrock Composition Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Southmount silt loam and similar inclusions—40 Runoff: Slow or medium percent Permeability: Moderately slow Booneville loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Available water capacity: Low Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Southmount Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes and foot slopes Willhill Soil Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Position on landscape: Ridges and south-facing side Climatic data (average annual): slopes Precipitation—22 to 36 inches Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Air temperature—35 to 38 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F snowberry Frost-free period—85 to 100 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 1 inch to 0—partially decomposed organic matter and bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam Typical profile: 5 to 13 inches—dark brown cobbly silt loam 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray gravelly loam 13 to 18 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 5 to 9 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 18 to 42 inches—brownish yellow gravelly clay 9 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam loam 42 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam 13 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Depth class: Very deep cobbly loam Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonally saturated at a 28 inches—weathered bedrock depth of 40 to 60 inches Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Moderately well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Booneville Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes • Midraw soils that are in swales and support low Slope range: 8 to 40 percent sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Climatic data (average annual): less Precipitation—22 to 32 inches • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Air temperature—35 to 39 degrees F Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain Snowmore soil: VIe, nonirrigated snowberry Willhill soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 168 Soil Survey

2 inches to 0—undecomposed organic material Squawcreek Soil 0 to 5 inches—dark brown loam Position on landscape: Summits 5 to 14 inches—dark brown gravelly loam Slope range: 1 to 5 percent 14 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly Climatic data (average annual): loam Precipitation—13 to 15 inches 30 to 60 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F loam Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue Runoff: Medium or rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Moderately slow 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very stony silt loam Available water capacity: High 4 to 12 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 18 inches—bedrock Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Depth class: Shallow Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium • Povey soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Permeability: Slow support snowbank aspen—5 percent or less Available water capacity: Low • Povey soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Shrink-swell potential: High support mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight and mountain brome—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Soils that are similar to Strickland soils but are deep, are on concave slopes, and support quaking aspen—5 Avtable Soil percent or less Position on landscape: Summits • Soils that are similar to the Southmount soil but have Slope range: 2 to 15 percent more clay, are in saddles and on narrow benches, and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, Climatic data (average annual): and mountain brome—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 15 inches • Povey soils that are on convex side slopes and Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Frost-free period—75 to 90 days small areas Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Land Capability Classification fescue Typical profile: Southmount soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam Booneville soil: VIe, nonirrigated 4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 10 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown extremely stony clay loam 162—Squawcreek-Avtable-Wagonbox 19 inches—bedrock complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Structural benches Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 5,150 to 5,600 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Wagonbox Soil Squawcreek very stony silt loam and similar Position on landscape: Summits inclusions—40 percent Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Avtable stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Climatic data (average annual): Wagonbox very stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Precipitation—13 to 15 inches percent Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 169

Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Climatic data (average annual): fescue Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Typical profile: Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray very stony loam Frost-free period—80 to 95 days 5 to 9 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 9 to 17 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay fescue 17 to 18 inches—hardpan Typical profile: 18 inches—bedrock 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 4 to 14 inches—pale brown clay loam Drainage class: Well drained 14 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown clay Runoff: Slow or medium 19 inches—bedrock Permeability: Slow Depth class: Shallow Available water capacity: Very low Drainage class: Well drained Shrink-swell potential: High Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: High Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Hat soils that are on mounds and support mountain Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho Wickahoney Soil fescue with common western juniper—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 20 percent • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper Climatic data (average annual): rooted in fractures—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Squawcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Avtable soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue with occasional western juniper Wagonbox soil: VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly 163—Squawcreek-Wickahoney stony clay loams, 1 to 20 percent slopes 19 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landforms: Foothills and structural benches Permeability: Slow Elevation: 4,900 to 5,900 feet Available water capacity: Low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Squawcreek stony loam and similar inclusions—50 percent Contrasting Inclusions Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent • Nipintuck soils that are on summits and side slopes Contrasting inclusions—25 percent and support low sagebrush and bluegrass with occasional western juniper—10 percent or less Squawcreek Soil • Rock outcrop that has occasional western juniper Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes rooted in fractures—10 percent or less Slope range: 2 to 20 percent • Soils that are similar to Hat soils but have less rock 170 Soil Survey

fragments, are on mounds, and support basin big Climatic data (average annual): sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Precipitation—13 to 16 inches wheatgrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Squawcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 8 inches—brown and pale brown stony silt loam 8 to 17 inches—pale brown and light yellowish 164—Squawcreek-Zecanyon association, brown clay loam 2 to 20 percent slopes 17 to 30 inches—light brown cobbly clay loam 30 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Structural benches Runoff: Slow to rapid Elevation: 4,950 to 5,500 feet Permeability: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Medium Composition Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Squawcreek stony loam and similar inclusions—50 Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate percent Zecanyon stony silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Contrasting Inclusions percent • Soils that are similar to Wagonbox soils but have a Contrasting inclusions—15 percent dark-colored surface layer, are on summits, and Squawcreek Soil support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Intermound areas and side • Soils that are similar to Cleavage soils but have less slopes rock fragments, are on summits, and support basin big Slope range: 2 to 20 percent sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 15 inches • Rock outcrop—small areas Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Squawcreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue Zecanyon soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam 4 to 14 inches—pale brown clay loam 165—Strickland-Dehana-Parkay 14 to 19 inches—light yellowish brown association, 5 to 35 percent slopes clay 19 inches—bedrock Setting Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Major landform: Mountains Runoff: Medium or rapid Elevation: 6,300 to 7,600 feet Permeability: Slow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Available water capacity: Low Composition Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Strickland loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Dehana gravelly loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Zecanyon Soil Parkay gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 Position on landscape: Mounds and swales percent Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 171

Strickland Soil 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam 10 to 35 inches—brown and grayish brown cobbly Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes loam Slope range: 5 to 30 percent 35 to 45 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Climatic data (average annual): 45 inches—weathered bedrock Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Depth class: Deep Air temperature—35 to 40 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—30 to 50 days Runoff: Slow to rapid Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Permeability: Moderately slow mountain snowberry, and mountain brome Available water capacity: High Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate brown loam 14 to 20 inches—dark brown loam Contrasting Inclusions 20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown loam • Dranyon soils that are on upper concave side slopes 29 inches—weathered bedrock and support quaking aspen—10 percent or less Depth class: Moderately deep • Wickahoney soils that are on ridges and support low Drainage class: Well drained sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Runoff: Medium or rapid • Soils that are similar to Tucker soils but have Permeability: Moderate occasional vertical cracks, are on fluvial bottoms, and Available water capacity: Medium support sedge and bluegrass—small areas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Land Capability Classification Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Strickland soil: VIe, nonirrigated Dehana Soil Dehana soil: VIe, nonirrigated Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Upper side slopes Slope range: 5 to 35 percent Climatic data (average annual): 166—Succor-Gooding-Deshler complex, 2 Precipitation—18 to 22 inches to 35 percent slopes Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Setting Vegetal climax association: Snowbank aspen Typical profile: Major landform: Pediments 0 to 14 inches—dark gray gravelly loam Elevation: 4,250 to 5,200 feet 14 to 60 inches—brown gravelly loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Very deep Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Succor gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 Permeability: Moderately slow percent Available water capacity: Very high Gooding loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Deshler silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Parkay Soil Succor Soil Position on landscape: Side slopes Position on landscape: Summits and north-facing side Slope range: 5 to 25 percent slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Precipitation—12 to 14 inches Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Frost-free period—90 to 110 days and Idaho fescue Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Typical profile: fescue 0 to 4 inches—brown gravelly loam Typical profile: 172 Soil Survey

0 to 5 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam 0 to 15 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish 5 to 18 inches—brown clay brown silt loam 18 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam 15 to 18 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam 22 to 33 inches—pale brown sandy loam 18 to 30 inches—grayish brown clay 33 to 60 inches—light gray loam 30 to 39 inches—light gray silty clay loam Depth class: Very deep 39 inches—weathered bedrock Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Depth class: Moderately deep a depth of 5 to 14 inches Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Slow Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: High Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: High Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Gooding Soil • Soils that are similar to Haw soils but are deep, are Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes on foot slopes, and support basin big sagebrush and Slope range: 2 to 20 percent bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Soils that are similar to Dougal soils but have a Precipitation—11 to 13 inches darker colored surface layer, are on knolls and ridges, Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F and support low sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent Frost-free period—90 to 105 days or less Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and • Soils that are similar to Bieber soils but are bluebunch wheatgrass moderately deep, are on upper terraces, and support Typical profile: low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam or less 4 to 7 inches—light gray loam • Soils that are similar to the Succor soil but are 7 to 17 inches—pale brown clay shallow, are on foot slopes, and support low 17 to 30 inches—pale brown clay loam sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 30 to 57 inches—white clay loam • Badlands—small areas 57 to 60 inches—hardpan • Tucker soils that are on stream terraces and support Depth class: Deep to a hardpan basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye— Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at small areas a depth of 3 to 8 inches • Soils that are similar to Brunzell soils but are darker, Drainage class: Well drained are on north-facing side slopes, and support mountain Runoff: Medium or rapid big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho Permeability: Very slow fescue—small areas Available water capacity: Very high Land Capability Classification Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Succor soil: IVe, nonirrigated Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Gooding soil: VIs, nonirrigated Deshler soil: IVe, nonirrigated Deshler Soil Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Side slopes Slope range: 3 to 15 percent 167—Sugarcreek gravelly loam, 3 to 30 Climatic data (average annual): percent slopes Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Setting Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Major landform: Structural benches Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Elevation: 4,100 to 4,450 feet Typical profile: Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Owyhee County Area, Idaho 173

Composition Sugarcreek gravelly loam and similar inclusions—80 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Sugarcreek Soil Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Slope range: 3 to 30 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Air temperature—48 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—105 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: 0 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam Figure 12.—Typical area of Takeuchi-Earcree-Rock outcrop 13 to 21 inches—pale brown gravelly loam association, 10 to 60 percent slopes. 21 to 28 inches—white, weakly cemented very Composition gravelly sandy loam 28 to 39 inches—white extremely gravelly loamy Takeuchi bouldery coarse sandy loam and similar sand inclusions—35 percent 39 inches—bedrock Earcree gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Depth class: Moderately deep inclusions—25 percent Drainage class: Well drained Rock outcrop—20 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Takeuchi Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Slope range: 10 to 60 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—16 to 22 inches • Minveno soils that are on summits and support Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass— Frost-free period—55 to 80 days 10 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Land Capability Classification common western juniper Typical profile: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 13 inches—brown and grayish brown bouldery coarse sandy loam 168—Takeuchi-Earcree-Rock outcrop 13 to 20 inches—pale brown gravelly coarse association, 10 to 60 percent slopes sandy loam 20 to 26 inches—very pale brown very gravelly coarse sandy loam Setting 26 to 34 inches—weathered bedrock Major landform: Mountains (fig. 12) 34 inches—bedrock Elevation: 5,800 to 7,600 feet Depth class: Moderately deep Major uses: Rangeland, mines, and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 174 Soil Survey

Runoff: Medium to very rapid 169—Takeuchi-Kanlee-Poisoncreek Permeability: Moderately rapid association, 1 to 45 percent slopes Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate to severe Setting Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Mountains Earcree Soil Elevation: 4,600 to 6,200 feet Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Slope range: 10 to 40 percent Composition Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—16 to 18 inches Takeuchi fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F inclusions—30 percent Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Kanlee fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Vegetal climax association: Mountain big inclusions—30 percent sagebrush and Idaho fescue with common Poisoncreek gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar western juniper inclusions—15 percent Typical profile: Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly coarse Takeuchi Soil sandy loam 8 to 34 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse Position on landscape: Foot slopes sandy loam Slope range: 3 to 45 percent 34 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Climatic data (average annual): loamy coarse sand Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Depth class: Very deep Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Drainage class: Well drained Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Runoff: Medium or rapid Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Permeability: Moderately rapid bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Available water capacity: High Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown fine gravelly Hazard of erosion by wind: High coarse sandy loam 12 to 26 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy Rock Outcrop loam Position on landscape: Random areas 26 to 36 inches—weathered bedrock Kind of rock: Exposed hard intermediate intrusive rock 36 inches—bedrock Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in Depth class: Moderately deep fractures Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Runoff: Very rapid Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately rapid Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Very low • Dollarhide soils that are on ridges and support Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain Hazard of erosion by wind: High snowberry—10 percent or less Kanlee Soil • Graylock soils that are on north-facing side slopes and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry—5 Position on landscape: Side slopes and saddles percent or less Slope range: 4 to 40 percent • Soils that are similar to Dranyon soils but are Climatic data (average annual): moderately deep, are on north-facing side slopes, and Precipitation—13 to 16 inches support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F percent or less Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Land Capability Classification bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Takeuchi soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Earcree soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown fine Rock outcrop: VIII gravelly coarse sandy loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 175

10 to 14 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy slopes and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho loam fescue—5 percent or less 14 to 32 inches—brown fine gravelly sandy clay Land Capability Classification loam 32 to 45 inches—weathered bedrock Takeuchi soil: VIe, nonirrigated 45 inches—bedrock Kanlee soil: IVe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Poisoncreek soil: VIs, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow 170—Takeuchi-Quicksilver association, 3 Available water capacity: Low to 50 percent slopes Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Setting Hazard of erosion by wind: High Major landform: Mountains Poisoncreek Soil Elevation: 4,600 to 6,500 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Summits and convex side slopes Composition Slope range: 1 to 45 percent Takeuchi fine gravelly coarse sandy loam and similar Climatic data (average annual): inclusions—45 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Quicksilver bouldery coarse sandy loam and similar Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F inclusions—30 percent Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho fescue Takeuchi Soil Typical profile: Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes 0 to 3 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse Slope range: 3 to 45 percent sandy loam Climatic data (average annual): 3 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly sandy clay Precipitation—14 to 18 inches loam Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F 6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown extremely Frost-free period—65 to 95 days gravelly sandy clay loam Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, 12 to 16 inches—weathered bedrock bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with 16 inches—bedrock common western juniper Depth class: Shallow Typical profile: Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown fine gravelly Runoff: Slow to very rapid coarse sandy loam Permeability: Moderate 12 to 26 inches—brown fine gravelly coarse sandy Available water capacity: Very low loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 26 to 36 inches—weathered bedrock Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 36 inches—bedrock Hazard of erosion by wind: High Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Contrasting Inclusions Runoff: Medium or rapid • Kanlee soils that are on summits and convex side Permeability: Moderately rapid slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Available water capacity: Very low 10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: High • Soils that are similar to Upcreek soils but are well Quicksilver Soil drained, have more clay in the lower part, are on stream terraces, and support basin big sagebrush, Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 percent or less slopes • Ola soils that are on north-facing concave side Slope range: 3 to 50 percent 176 Soil Survey

Climatic data (average annual): Tanner Soil Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Position on landscape: Side slopes Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Curlleaf Precipitation—12 to 13 inches mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry with Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F common western juniper Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and 0 to 4 inches—brown bouldery coarse sandy loam bluebunch wheatgrass 4 to 15 inches—brown and pale brown gravelly Typical profile: coarse sandy loam 0 to 3 inches—brown silt loam 15 to 18 inches—pale brown very gravelly coarse 3 to 10 inches—brown silty clay loam sandy loam 10 to 20 inches—pale brown silty clay 18 inches—bedrock 20 to 36 inches—very pale brown silt loam Depth class: Shallow 36 to 51 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 51 inches—bedrock Runoff: Medium to very rapid Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Permeability: Moderately rapid Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Very low Runoff: Slow or medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: High Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Ola soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper—10 percent or less Contrasting Inclusions • Rock outcrop that commonly has western juniper • Insidert soils that are on toe slopes and support rooted in fractures—10 percent or less Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— • Poisoncreek soils that are on side slopes and 10 percent or less support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch • Merlin soils that are in swales and support low wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less • Nazaton soils that are on north-facing side slopes • Bigflat soils that are on summits and support and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry— Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— small areas 5 percent or less Land Capability Classification Land Capability Classification Takeuchi soil: VIe, nonirrigated IVe, nonirrigated Quicksilver soil: VIe, nonirrigated

171—Tanner silt loam, 2 to 8 percent 172—Tanner-Dishpan loams, 1 to 8 slopes percent slopes Setting Setting Major landform: Calderas Major landform: Plug domes Elevation: 5,600 to 5,850 feet Elevation: 5,250 to 5,750 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Composition Composition Tanner loam and similar inclusions—60 percent Tanner silt loam and similar inclusions—80 percent Dishpan loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 177

Tanner Soil Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— 10 percent or less Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes • Rock outcrop—small areas Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Tanner soil: IVe, nonirrigated Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Dishpan soil: IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: 173—Thacker-Cleavage-Bigflat 0 to 4 inches—brown loam association, 1 to 12 percent slopes 4 to 11 inches—brown silty clay loam 11 to 16 inches—pale brown silty clay Setting 16 to 21 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam 21 to 42 inches—hardpan Major landform: Foothills 42 inches—bedrock Elevation: 5,800 to 6,100 feet Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow Thacker stony silt loam and similar inclusions—55 Available water capacity: High percent Shrink-swell potential: High Cleavage very stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Bigflat silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Dishpan Soil Thacker Soil Position on landscape: Concave slopes Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Position on landscape: Foot slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Frost-free period—65 to 75 days and bluebunch wheatgrass Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Typical profile: fescue 0 to 4 inches—brown loam Typical profile: 4 to 16 inches—brown and light yellowish brown 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray stony silt loam clay loam 3 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam 16 to 28 inches—very pale brown very cobbly fine 12 to 26 inches—pale brown and light yellowish sandy loam brown clay 28 inches—bedrock 26 to 39 inches—light yellowish brown loam Depth class: Moderately deep 39 to 56 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 56 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam Runoff: Slow or medium Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Permeability: Moderately slow Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Available water capacity: Low a depth of 7 to 15 inches Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Runoff: Medium or rapid Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: High Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: High • Soils that are similar to Igert soils but are cooler, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight have more clay, are on ridges and knolls, and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 178 Soil Survey

Cleavage Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side • Soils that are similar to the Bigflat soil but are deep, slopes are in swales, and support basin big sagebrush and Slope range: 2 to 12 percent bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—small areas Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Thacker soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue Bigflat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—brown very stony loam 9 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 174—Thacker-Cleavage-Sharesnout 16 inches—bedrock complex, 2 to 40 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Major landform: Foothills Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 5,500 to 6,600 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Thacker stony silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Bigflat Soil percent Cleavage very gravelly loam and similar inclusions— Position on landscape: Side slopes 30 percent Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Sharesnout gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 85 days Thacker Soil Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam Climatic data (average annual): 6 to 9 inches—pale brown silt loam Precipitation—14 to 16 inches 9 to 19 inches—yellowish brown and light Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F yellowish brown silty clay Frost-free period—65 to 80 days 19 to 40 inches—very pale brown loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 40 to 48 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam fescue 48 to 60 inches—white extremely gravelly loamy Typical profile: sand 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray stony silt loam Depth class: Very deep 3 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 12 to 26 inches—pale brown and light yellowish a depth of 5 to 10 inches brown clay Drainage class: Well drained 26 to 39 inches—light yellowish brown loam Runoff: Slow or medium 39 to 56 inches—hardpan Permeability: Very slow 56 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam Available water capacity: High Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Shrink-swell potential: High Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate a depth of 7 to 15 inches Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Owyhee County Area, Idaho 179

Runoff: Medium or rapid Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Very slow • Soils that are similar to Jumpcreek soils but are Available water capacity: High more moist, are cooler, are in saddles and on north- Shrink-swell potential: High facing side slopes, and support mountain big Hazard of erosion by water: Slight sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate fescue—10 percent or less Cleavage Soil • Monasterio soils that are on toe slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Position on landscape: Summits, shoulder slopes, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less south-facing side slopes • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 40 percent • Nipintuck soils that are on ridges and support low Climatic data (average annual): sagebrush and bluegrass—small areas Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—70 to 80 days Thacker soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue Sharesnout soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 5 inches—brown very gravelly loam 5 to 15 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly clay loam 175—Thacker-Monasterio-Cleavage 15 inches—bedrock association, 1 to 40 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Foothills Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 5,650 to 6,500 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Composition Sharesnout Soil Thacker stony silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes percent Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Climatic data (average annual): 35 percent Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Cleavage very gravelly loam and similar inclusions— Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F 15 percent Frost-free period—55 to 80 days Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Thacker Soil fescue Typical profile: Position on landscape: Side slopes and toe slopes 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 4 to 10 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Climatic data (average annual): 10 to 15 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Precipitation—14 to 16 inches 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown extremely Air temperature—41 to 43 degrees F cobbly clay Frost-free period—65 to 80 days 22 inches—bedrock Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Depth class: Moderately deep fescue Drainage class: Well drained Typical profile: Runoff: Medium or rapid 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray stony silt loam Permeability: Slow 3 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam Available water capacity: Very low 12 to 26 inches—pale brown and light yellowish Shrink-swell potential: Moderate brown clay Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 26 to 39 inches—light yellowish brown loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 39 to 56 inches—hardpan 180 Soil Survey

56 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy 0 to 5 inches—brown very gravelly loam loam 5 to 15 inches—yellowish brown extremely Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan gravelly clay loam Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 15 inches—bedrock a depth of 7 to 15 inches Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Very slow Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Monasterio Soil • Soils that are similar to Blackleg soils but are drier, Position on landscape: Concave side slopes and have less clay, are in saddles and on lower foot swales slopes, and support basin big sagebrush and Slope range: 1 to 20 percent bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Soils that are similar to Deshler soils but are very Precipitation—14 to 18 inches deep, are on stream terraces, and support basin big Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—5 percent or Frost-free period—60 to 80 days less Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, • Rock outcrop—small areas bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Land Capability Classification Typical profile: 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy Thacker soil: IVe, nonirrigated loam Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly sandy loam 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay 176—Threek-Barkley-Blackleg complex, 2 loam to 30 percent slopes 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy clay loam Setting 28 inches—weathered bedrock Major landform: Outwash terraces Depth class: Moderately deep Elevation: 5,050 to 5,950 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderate Composition Available water capacity: Low Threek gravelly loam and similar inclusions—35 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Barkley loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Blackleg gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Cleavage Soil percent Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Summits, shoulder slopes, and south-facing side slopes Threek Soil Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—70 to 80 days Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F fescue Frost-free period—65 to 95 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Owyhee County Area, Idaho 181

bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Typical profile: occasional western juniper 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Typical profile: 8 to 13 inches—brown gravelly clay loam 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish 13 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown very brown gravelly loam gravelly clay 7 to 13 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam 22 to 29 inches—light brown very gravelly clay 13 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown very loam gravelly clay 29 to 42 inches—hardpan 31 to 60 inches—brownish yellow, weakly Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan cemented extremely gravelly sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep Runoff: Slow to rapid Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Slow to rapid Available water capacity: Low Permeability: Slow Shrink-swell potential: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Kiyi soils but have a thinner Barkley Soil surface layer, are on slightly concave slopes, and Position on landscape: Side slopes support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Slope range: 8 to 30 percent 10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Soils that are similar to Booford soils but are deep, Precipitation—13 to 17 inches are on steeper side slopes, and support mountain big Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Frost-free period—65 to 90 days with common western juniper—10 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, • Bauscher soils that are on north-facing side slopes Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass with and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch occasional western juniper wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Booford soils but are deep, 0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam are cooler, are on north-facing side slopes, and 4 to 15 inches—brown and light yellowish brown support mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, sandy clay loam and mountain brome—small areas 15 to 37 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam Land Capability Classification 37 to 60 inches—pink weakly cemented very gravelly sandy loam Threek soil: IVe, nonirrigated Depth class: Very deep Barkley soil: IVe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Blackleg soil: IVe, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium or rapid Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated Permeability: Very slow Available water capacity: Medium Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 177—Threek-Blackleg-Hatpeak complex, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 2 to 20 percent slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Setting Blackleg Soil Major landform: Outwash terraces Position on landscape: Summits and shoulder slopes Elevation: 5,500 to 6,150 feet Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Climatic data (average annual): Composition Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Threek gravelly loam and similar inclusions—45 Frost-free period—65 to 95 days percent Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Blackleg gravelly loam and similar inclusions—25 fescue with occasional western juniper percent 182 Soil Survey

Hatpeak loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Threek Soil Hatpeak Soil Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Position on landscape: Lower side slopes and toe Slope range: 2 to 20 percent slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Frost-free period—60 to 85 days Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Frost-free period—75 to 90 days bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Typical profile: Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 7 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish Typical profile: brown gravelly loam 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loam 7 to 13 inches—brown very gravelly clay 6 to 15 inches—brown silty clay loam loam 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown clay 13 to 31 inches—light yellowish brown very 22 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam gravelly clay 26 to 60 inches—hardpan 31 to 60 inches—reddish yellow, weakly cemented Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan extremely gravelly sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep Runoff: Slow or medium Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Runoff: Slow to rapid Available water capacity: Medium Permeability: Slow Shrink-swell potential: High Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Blackleg soils that are on lower shoulder slopes and Blackleg Soil support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Position on landscape: Ridges and upper shoulder wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less slopes • Booford soils that are on steeper side slopes and Slope range: 2 to 12 percent support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Climatic data (average annual): wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—small areas Precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Barkley soils that are on side slopes and support Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluebunch Frost-free period—65 to 85 days wheatgrass—small areas Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Land Capability Classification fescue Typical profile: Threek soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 8 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam Blackleg soil: IVe, nonirrigated 8 to 13 inches—brown gravelly clay loam Hatpeak soil: IVs, nonirrigated 13 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown very Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated gravelly clay 22 to 29 inches—light brown very gravelly clay loam 178—Tindahay-Royal-Badlands complex, 29 to 42 inches—hardpan 1 to 90 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow Major landform: Fan terraces Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 2,300 to 3,350 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Rangeland, cropland, and wildlife habitat Owyhee County Area, Idaho 183

Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: High Tindahay loamy fine sand and similar inclusions—35 percent Badlands Royal very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—25 Position on landscape: Exposed escarpments percent Slope range: 15 to 90 percent Badlands—15 percent Description of areas: Barren areas of soft lacustrine Contrasting inclusions—25 percent material dissected by many intermittent Tindahay Soil drainageways Depth class: Very shallow Position on landscape: Side slopes, toe slopes, and Runoff: Rapid or very rapid fan terraces Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): • McKeeth soils that are on summits and shoulder Precipitation—8 to 10 inches slopes and support shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass—10 percent or Frost-free period—125 to 150 days less Vegetal climax association: Fourwing saltbush and • Soils that are similar to Ornea soils but are more Indian ricegrass moist, are on shoulder slopes, and support Wyoming Typical profile: big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—10 percent 0 to 14 inches—light brownish gray loamy fine or less sand • Wholan soils that are on side slopes and support 14 to 24 inches—pale brown fine sandy loam winterfat and Indian ricegrass—5 percent or less 24 to 30 inches—light gray loamy sand 30 to 42 inches—light gray sand Land Capability Classification 42 to 60 inches—light gray fine gravelly coarse Tindahay soil: IVe, irrigated, and VIIe, nonirrigated sand Royal soil: IVe, irrigated, and VIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Very deep Badlands: VIII Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Map unit (complex): IVe, irrigated, and VIIe, Runoff: Very slow to medium nonirrigated Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight 179—Troughs-Arbidge association, 2 to Hazard of erosion by wind: High 12 percent slopes Royal Soil Setting Position on landscape: Toe slopes and fan terraces Slope range: 1 to 15 percent Major landform: Structural benches Climatic data (average annual): Elevation: 4,800 to 5,250 feet Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Composition Frost-free period—125 to 150 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Troughs stony loam and similar inclusions—55 percent and Indian ricegrass Arbidge loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Typical profile: Contrasting inclusions—20 percent 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very fine sandy loam Troughs Soil 4 to 36 inches—pale brown and very pale brown very fine sandy loam Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes 36 to 60 inches—very pale brown loamy very fine Slope range: 2 to 12 percent sand Climatic data (average annual): Depth class: Very deep Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Drainage class: Well drained Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Runoff: Slow or medium Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Permeability: Moderately rapid Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Available water capacity: Very high and Thurber needlegrass 184 Soil Survey

Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 2 inches—pale brown stony loam Troughs soil: VIe, nonirrigated 2 to 6 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay loam Arbidge soil: VIe, nonirrigated 6 to 12 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly loam 12 to 20 inches—hardpan 180—Troughs-Jenor-Laped association, 1 20 inches—bedrock to 10 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Calderas Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 3,850 to 5,200 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Troughs very stony loam and similar inclusions—35 Arbidge Soil percent Position on landscape: Toe slopes and swales Jenor very fine sandy loam and similar inclusions—30 Slope range: 2 to 6 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Laped stony silt loam and similar inclusions—25 Precipitation—9 to 10 inches percent Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Troughs Soil Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Typical profile: Slope range: 1 to 10 percent 0 to 4 inches—pale brown loam Climatic data (average annual): 4 to 20 inches—pale brown and very pale brown Precipitation—8 to 11 inches clay loam Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F 20 to 34 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy Frost-free period—90 to 120 days loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush 34 to 36 inches—hardpan and Thurber needlegrass 36 to 60 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Typical profile: loamy sand 0 to 2 inches—very pale brown very stony loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 2 to 8 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam Drainage class: Well drained 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly Runoff: Slow or medium loam Permeability: Moderately slow 15 to 30 inches—hardpan Available water capacity: Medium 30 inches—bedrock Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Very low • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Hardtrigger soils that are on lower fan terraces and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight wheatgrass—5 percent or less Jenor Soil • Cottle soils that are on side slopes and support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Position on landscape: Concave slopes 5 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 185

Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Troughs soil: VIs, nonirrigated Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Jenor soil: VIIe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Laped soil: VIIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass 181—Troughs-Owsel complex, 1 to 10 Typical profile: percent slopes 0 to 5 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy loam Setting 5 to 21 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam 21 to 60 inches—hardpan Major landform: Calderas Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Elevation: 5,000 to 5,300 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow Composition Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Low Troughs very stony loam and similar inclusions—60 Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: High Owsel silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Sodicity: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Laped Soil Troughs Soil Position on landscape: Knolls and ridges Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Precipitation—9 to 11 inches Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber and Thurber needlegrass needlegrass Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 2 inches—very pale brown very stony loam 0 to 3 inches—light gray stony silt loam 2 to 8 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 3 to 8 inches—very pale brown gravelly silt loam 8 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly 8 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly silty loam clay loam 15 to 30 inches—hardpan 16 to 19 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam 30 inches—bedrock 19 to 22 inches—hardpan Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan 22 inches—bedrock Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Runoff: Slow to rapid Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Runoff: Medium Available water capacity: Very low Permeability: Moderately slow Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Owsel Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Swales Contrasting Inclusions Slope range: 1 to 5 percent • Wholan soils that are on alluvial flats and support Climatic data (average annual): winterfat and Indian ricegrass—10 percent or less Precipitation—8 to 10 inches • Rock outcrop—small areas Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F • Slickspots—small areas Frost-free period—90 to 100 days 186 Soil Survey

Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Troughs Soil and Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: Summits Typical profile: Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 0 to 6 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Climatic data (average annual): 6 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay Precipitation—9 to 10 inches loam Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F 15 to 18 inches—very pale brown loam Frost-free period—90 to 125 days 18 to 60 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Depth class: Very deep and Thurber needlegrass Drainage class: Well drained Typical profile: Runoff: Very slow or slow 0 to 2 inches—pale brown stony loam Permeability: Moderately slow 2 to 6 inches—very pale brown gravelly clay Available water capacity: Very high loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 6 to 12 inches—very pale brown extremely cobbly Hazard of erosion by water: Slight loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 12 to 20 inches—hardpan Contrasting Inclusions 20 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan • Chilcott soils that are on stream terraces and Drainage class: Well drained support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Runoff: Medium or rapid needlegrass—10 percent or less Permeability: Moderately slow • Bruncan soils that are on knolls and rims and Available water capacity: Very low support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Shrink-swell potential: Moderate needlegrass—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Laped soils that are on concave slopes and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass—5 percent or less Sugarcreek Soil • Slickspots—small areas Position on landscape: Side slopes • Loomis soils that are in draws and support Wyoming Slope range: 4 to 15 percent big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—small Climatic data (average annual): areas Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 125 days Troughs soil: VIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Owsel soil: VIe, nonirrigated and Thurber needlegrass Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—brown stony loam 182—Troughs-Sugarcreek association, 3 to 8 inches—pale brown very gravelly 2 to 15 percent slopes loam 8 to 16 inches—white, weakly cemented very gravelly sandy loam Setting 16 to 28 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Major landform: Structural benches sandy loam Elevation: 3,500 to 5,000 feet 28 inches—bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium or rapid Troughs stony loam and similar inclusions—60 percent Permeability: Moderate Sugarcreek stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Available water capacity: Very low percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Owyhee County Area, Idaho 187

Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: High • Cottle soils that are on rims and ridges and support Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 5 percent or less Frequency of flooding: Occasional • Arbidge soils that are on fan terraces and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Zola Soil percent or less Position on landscape: Stream terraces • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Orovada soils that are on north-facing side slopes Climatic data (average annual): and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Precipitation—12 to 16 inches needlegrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Troughs soil: VIe, nonirrigated bluegrass, and basin wildrye Sugarcreek soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: 2 inches to 0—undecomposed and partially 183—Tucker-Zola silt loams, 0 to 4 decomposed grass and other organic material percent slopes 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam 4 to 13 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 13 to 41 inches—grayish brown and pale brown Setting clay loam Major landform: Bottom lands 41 to 60 inches—pale brown loam Elevation: 4,600 to 5,850 feet Depth class: Very deep Major use: Hayland Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table at a depth of 36 to 60 inches Composition Drainage class: Moderately well drained Tucker silt loam and similar inclusions—65 Runoff: Very slow percent Permeability: Moderately slow Zola silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Available water capacity: Very high Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Tucker Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Fluvial bottoms Frequency of flooding: Rare Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 16 inches • Soils that are similar to Boulder Lake soils but are Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F somewhat poorly drained, have a darker colored Frost-free period—75 to 90 days surface layer, are on stream terraces, and support Vegetal climax association: Sedge and bluegrass silver sagebrush and bluegrass—10 percent or less Typical profile: • Soils that are similar to Welch soils but have more 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam silt, are on fluvial bottoms, and support sedge and 5 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay loam bluegrass—5 percent or less 16 to 32 inches—dark grayish brown and grayish • Soils that are similar to Upcreek soils but have a brown silty clay thinner surface layer, have more clay, are on fluvial 32 to 60 inches—light brownish gray clay loam bottoms, and support sedge and bluegrass—5 percent Depth class: Very deep or less Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Land Capability Classification at a depth of 18 to 36 inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Tucker soil: Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated Runoff: Slow Zola soil: IIIw, irrigated and nonirrigated Permeability: Slow Map unit (complex): Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated 188 Soil Survey

184—Typic Haploxerolls-Pachic 20 to 60 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Argixerolls-Badlands complex, very Depth class: Deep and very deep steep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Very rapid Permeability: Slow and moderate Setting Available water capacity: High Major landform: Fan piedmont escarpments Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Elevation: 3,500 to 5,300 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate and high Major use: Wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Badlands Typic Haploxerolls and similar inclusions—35 percent Position on landscape: South-facing, convex side Pachic Argixerolls and similar inclusions—25 percent slopes and ridges Badlands—20 percent Slope range: 15 to 90 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Description of areas: Barren areas of soft lacustrine material dissected by many intermittent Typic Haploxerolls drainageways Position on landscape: Upper side slopes Depth class: Very shallow Slope range: 25 to 60 percent Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting Inclusions Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Air temperature—44 to 50 degrees F • Soils that are drier, are on upper side slopes, and Frost-free period—85 to 120 days support low sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, 10 percent or less Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass • Soils that are drier, are shallow, are on less steep Sample profile: side slopes, and support basin big sagebrush and 0 to 3 inches—dark brown very gravelly loamy bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less sand • Soils that are drier, have an abrupt textural 3 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy clay change, are on foot slopes, and support Wyoming loam big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—small 10 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly areas sandy clay loam Land Capability Classification 22 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep and deep Typic Haploxerolls: VIIe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Pachic Argixerolls: VIe, nonirrigated Runoff: Medium to very rapid Badlands: VIII Permeability: Moderately rapid Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated Available water capacity: Low Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate and high Hazard of erosion by wind: High 185—Typic Torripsamments-Typic Torrifluvents complex, gently sloping Pachic Argixerolls Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Setting Slope range: 20 to 50 percent Major landform: Bottom lands Climatic data (average annual): Elevation: 2,200 to 4,100 feet Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Major uses: Wildlife habitat, rangeland, hayland, and Air temperature—44 to 49 degrees F recreation Frost-free period—85 to 120 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Composition bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Sample profile: Typic Torripsamments and similar inclusions—40 0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam percent 10 to 20 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly Typic Torrifluvents and similar inclusions—35 percent loam Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 189

Typic Torripsamments • Soils that are calcareous at the surface, are on nearly level low terraces, and support basin big Position on landscape: Upper terraces sagebrush and basin wildrye—10 percent or less Slope range: 1 to 8 percent • Riverwash—5 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F Typic Torripsamments: IIIe, irrigated, and VIIs, Frost-free period—115 to 150 days nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Fourwing saltbush and Typic Torrifluvents: IIIs, irrigated, and VIs, nonirrigated Indian ricegrass Map unit (complex): IIIs, irrigated, and VIIs, Sample profile: nonirrigated 0 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine sand Depth class: Very deep 186—Typic Torripsamments-Typic Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Torriorthents complex, undulating Runoff: Very slow and slow Permeability: Very rapid Setting Available water capacity: Low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major landform: Structural benches Hazard of erosion by wind: High Elevation: 2,400 to 2,800 feet Sodicity: Moderate Major use: Wildlife habitat Typic Torrifluvents Composition Position on landscape: Lower terraces Typic Torripsamments and similar inclusions—55 Slope range: 1 to 4 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Typic Torriorthents and similar inclusions—35 percent Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F Typic Torripsamments Frost-free period—115 to 150 days Vegetal climax association: Fourwing saltbush and Position on landscape: Hummocks Indian ricegrass Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Sample profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 8 inches—brown and pale brown sandy loam Precipitation—8 to 9 inches 8 to 13 inches— pale brown fine sandy loam Air temperature—52 to 53 degrees F 13 to 23 inches—pale brown very gravelly loamy Frost-free period—140 to 150 days sand Vegetal climax association: Fourwing saltbush and 23 to 36 inches—pale brown very cobbly loamy Indian ricegrass sand Sample profile: 36 to 45 inches—pale brown very gravelly loamy 0 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown loamy fine coarse sand sand 45 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly loamy sand Depth class: Moderately deep and deep Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Very slow and slow Runoff: Very slow and slow Permeability: Very rapid Permeability: Moderately rapid to very rapid Available water capacity: Low Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: High Hazard of erosion by wind: High Sodicity: Moderate Frequency of flooding: Occasional Typic Torriorthents Sodicity: Moderate Position on landscape: Lower lying areas Contrasting Inclusions Slope range: 1 to 8 percent • Soils that are silty, are on upper terraces, and Climatic data (average annual): support winterfat and Indian ricegrass—10 percent or Precipitation—8 to 9 inches less Air temperature—52 to 53 degrees F 190 Soil Survey

Frost-free period—140 to 150 days Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass Sample profile: 0 to 8 inches—light gray fine sandy loam 8 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loamy very fine sand 12 to 21 inches—very pale brown silt loam 21 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep and deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow and medium Permeability: Moderately rapid Available water capacity: Low Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: High Sodicity: Moderate Figure 13.—Grass hay in an area of Upcreek-Riverwash complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes. Gaib-Wareagle-Rock Contrasting Inclusions outcrop association, 2 to 50 percent slopes, on hillside. • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Upcreek Soil • Badlands—small areas • Soils that are more moist and steeper, are on side Position on landscape: Stream terraces slopes of gulches, and support Wyoming big Slope range: 1 to 3 percent sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Typic Torripsamments: VIIs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—80 to 95 days Typic Torriorthents: VIIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated bluegrass, and basin wildrye Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown loam 187—Upcreek-Riverwash complex, 0 to 4 5 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam percent slopes 16 to 29 inches—grayish brown loam 29 to 33 inches—light brownish gray gravelly sand 33 to 60 inches—light brownish gray and light gray Setting very gravelly loamy sand Major landform: Bottom lands Depth class: Very deep Elevation: 4,400 to 5,250 feet Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Major uses: Hayland (fig. 13), recreation, and at a depth of 18 to 36 inches minesComposition Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Upcreek loam and similar inclusions—65 percent Runoff: Slow Riverwash—15 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Available water capacity: High Owyhee County Area, Idaho 191

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Climatic data (average annual): Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Air temperature—46 to 47 degrees F Frequency of flooding: Occasional Frost-free period—100 to 110 days Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Riverwash and Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: Stream channels Typical profile: Slope range: 0 to 4 percent 0 to 4 inches—pale brown silt loam Description of areas: Barren, unstabilized sand and 4 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam gravel that is washed and reworked frequently 12 to 25 inches—very pale brown silt loam Depth class: Very deep 25 to 40 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Runoff: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Rapid Runoff: Slow Frequency of flooding: Frequent Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Medium Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but are cooler Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate and somewhat poorly drained, are on lower stream Snowmore Soil terraces, and support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye—10 percent or less Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes • Zola soils that are on upper stream terraces and Slope range: 1 to 5 percent support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Climatic data (average annual): wildrye—5 percent or less Precipitation—9 to 10 inches • Soils that are similar to Beetville soils but are cooler Air temperature—46 to 47 degrees F and poorly drained, have a light-colored surface layer, Frost-free period—90 to 105 days are on fluvial bottoms, and support sedge and Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush bluegrass—5 percent or less and Thurber needlegrass Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 8 inches—pale brown loam Upcreek soil: VIc, irrigated and nonirrigated 8 to 19 inches—pale brown clay loam Riverwash: VIII 19 to 34 inches—very pale brown gravelly fine Map unit (complex): VIc, irrigated and nonirrigated sandy loam 34 to 38 inches—hardpan 38 inches—bedrock 188—Vickery-Snowmore complex, 1 to 5 Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Medium Major landform: Calderas Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Elevation: 4,850 to 5,050 feet Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Contrasting Inclusions Vickery silt loam and similar inclusions—50 percent • Slickspots—10 percent or less Snowmore loam and similar inclusions—35 percent • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Land Capability Classification Vickery Soil Vickery soil: VIe, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Smooth and convex slopes Snowmore soil: VIe, nonirrigated Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 192 Soil Survey

189—Vipont-Bauscher association, 8 to 3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy 60 percent slopes loam 8 to 30 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown sandy clay loam Setting 30 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Major landforms: Mountains and foothills coarse sandy loam Elevation: 5,000 to 6,150 feet 42 inches—weathered bedrock Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth class: Deep Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium or rapid Vipont stony loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Bauscher sandy loam and similar inclusions—40 Available water capacity: High percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: High Vipont Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and south- facing side slopes • Soils that are similar to Kanlee soils but have less Slope range: 15 to 60 percent clay, are on convex slopes, and support mountain big Climatic data (average annual): sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho Precipitation—14 to 18 inches fescue—10 percent or less Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Frost-free period—70 to 90 days • Vitale soils that are on steep, south-facing side Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent Typical profile: or less 0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown stony loam Land Capability Classification 4 to 10 inches—grayish brown gravelly loam 10 to 21 inches—olive brown very cobbly clay Vipont soil: VIe, nonirrigated loam Bauscher soil: IVe, nonirrigated 21 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly sandy clay loam 36 inches—bedrock 190—Vitale very stony loam, 5 to 40 Depth class: Moderately deep percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid Setting Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Foothills Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 6,000 to 6,900 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Composition Vitale very stony loam and similar inclusions—80 Bauscher Soil percent Position on landscape: Summits and north-facing side Contrasting inclusions—20 percent slopes Vitale Soil Slope range: 8 to 35 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Side slopes Precipitation—16 to 18 inches Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Precipitation—15 to 18 inches Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F and Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper Frost-free period—55 to 80 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Owyhee County Area, Idaho 193

Typical profile: Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very stony Frost-free period—60 to 90 days loam Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, 5 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with sandy loam occasional western juniper 16 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly Typical profile: clay loam 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very stony 28 to 34 inches—very pale brown extremely loam cobbly loam 5 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly 34 inches—bedrock loam Depth class: Moderately deep 16 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly Drainage class: Well drained clay loam Runoff: Slow to rapid 28 to 34 inches—very pale brown extremely Permeability: Moderately slow cobbly loam Available water capacity: Low 34 inches—bedrock Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Depth class: Moderately deep Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Low • Dehana soils that are on draws and support Shrink-swell potential: Moderate mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Cleavage soils that are on ridges and knolls and Cleavage Soil support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Ridges and south-facing side • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less slopes Slope range: 5 to 50 percent Land Capability Classification Climatic data (average annual): VIs, nonirrigated Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days 191—Vitale-Cleavage-Bauscher complex, Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 5 to 50 percent slopes fescue with occasional western juniper Typical profile: Setting 0 to 9 inches—brown very stony loam 9 to 16 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Major landform: Foothills and mountains 16 inches—bedrock Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet Depth class: Shallow Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained Composition Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Vitale very stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Available water capacity: Very low percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Cleavage very stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Bauscher sandy loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Bauscher Soil Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Vitale Soil Slope range: 8 to 35 percent Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Precipitation—16 to 18 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Frost-free period—60 to 95 days 194 Soil Survey

Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Composition and Idaho fescue Vitale stony loam and similar inclusions—30 percent Typical profile: Itca very stony loam and similar inclusions—25 0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown sandy loam percent 3 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy Rubbleland—20 percent loam Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 8 to 30 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown sandy clay loam Vitale Soil 30 to 42 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes coarse sandy loam Slope range: 20 to 60 percent 42 inches—weathered bedrock Climatic data (average annual): Depth class: Deep Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Drainage class: Well drained Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Runoff: Medium or rapid Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Permeability: Moderately slow Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Available water capacity: High fescue Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Typical profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown stony loam Hazard of erosion by wind: High 5 to 29 inches—brown, pale brown, and light Contrasting Inclusions brownish gray very gravelly clay loam 29 inches—bedrock • Rock outcrop that has occasional western juniper Depth class: Moderately deep rooted in fractures—10 percent or less Drainage class: Well drained • Saturday soils that are on shoulder slopes and Runoff: Rapid or very rapid support curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain Permeability: Moderately slow snowberry—5 percent or less Available water capacity: Low • Nagitsy soils that are on upper north-facing side Shrink-swell potential: Moderate slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate or high snowberry, and mountain brome with occasional Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight western juniper—5 percent or less • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Itca Soil • Wareagle soils that are on north-facing side slopes Position on landscape: Summits and south-facing side and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry— slopes small areas Slope range: 2 to 40 percent • Povey soils that are on concave side slopes and Climatic data (average annual): support quaking aspen—small areas Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Vitale soil: VIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Cleavage soil: VIs, nonirrigated fescue Bauscher soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown very stony loam 4 to 13 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam 192—Vitale-Itca-Rubbleland complex, 2 to 13 to 16 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay 60 percent slopes 16 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium to very rapid Major landform: Mountains and foothills Permeability: Slow Elevation: 4,600 to 6,600 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Owyhee County Area, Idaho 195

Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Vitale Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Position on landscape: Side slopes Rubbleland Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Cliff bases and very steep, Precipitation—13 to 18 inches exposed side slopes Air temperature—39 to 44 degrees F Description of areas: Barren sheets and masses of Frost-free period—55 to 85 days loose, angular fragments of rhyolitic rock; masses Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, formed mainly as a result of falling, rolling, or bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue sliding rock Typical profile: Runoff: Rapid 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very stony Contrasting Inclusions loam 5 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly • Soils that are similar to Gooding soils but are sandy loam moderately deep, are cooler, are on summits and 16 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly saddles, and support low sagebrush and bluebunch clay loam wheatgrass—10 percent or less 28 to 34 inches—very pale brown extremely • Vitale soils that are on north-facing side slopes and cobbly loam support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch 34 inches—bedrock wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Depth class: Moderately deep • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Drainage class: Well drained • Bregar soils that are on ridges and knolls and Runoff: Slow to rapid support low sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or Permeability: Moderately slow less Available water capacity: Low • Soils that are similar to Doodlelink soils but have Shrink-swell potential: Moderate less rock fragments, are on concave side slopes, and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight small areas Mulshoe Soil Land Capability Classification Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Vitale soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Slope range: 4 to 25 percent Itca soil: VIs, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Rubbleland: VIII Precipitation—14 to 17 inches Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Frost-free period—60 to 80 days 193—Vitale-Mulshoe-Itca complex, 2 to 40 Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, percent slopes bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Typical profile: 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown and dark grayish Setting brown very stony sandy loam Major landform: Foothills 9 to 21 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay Elevation: 5,700 to 6,900 feet loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 21 to 24 inches—weathered bedrock 24 inches—bedrock Composition Depth class: Moderately deep Vitale very stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Drainage class: Well drained percent Runoff: Slow to rapid Mulshoe very stony sandy loam and similar Permeability: Moderately slow inclusions—20 percent Available water capacity: Medium Itca very stony loam and similar inclusions—15 Shrink-swell potential: Moderate percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 196 Soil Survey

Itca Soil Composition Position on landscape: Summits and rims Vitale very stony loam and similar inclusions—60 Slope range: 2 to 40 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Rock outcrop—15 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Vitale Soil Frost-free period—60 to 80 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes fescue Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown very stony loam Precipitation—13 to 17 inches 4 to 13 inches—brown very cobbly clay loam Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F 13 to 16 inches—brown extremely cobbly clay Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 16 inches—bedrock Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Depth class: Shallow bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue with Drainage class: Well drained common western juniper Runoff: Medium to very rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Slow 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown very stony Available water capacity: Very low loam Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 5 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight 16 to 28 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly clay loam Contrasting Inclusions 28 to 34 inches—very pale brown extremely • Dehana soils that are on north-facing side slopes cobbly loam and in swales and support mountain big sagebrush 34 inches—bedrock and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Depth class: Moderately deep • Rock outcrop that has occasional curlleaf Drainage class: Well drained mountainmahogany rooted in fractures—10 percent or Runoff: Slow to rapid less Permeability: Moderately slow • Saturday soils that are on ridges, rims, and knolls Available water capacity: Low and support curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain Shrink-swell potential: Moderate snowberry—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Land Capability Classification Rock Outcrop Vitale soil: VIs, nonirrigated Mulshoe soil: VIs, nonirrigated Position on landscape: Ridges and cliffs Itca soil: VIs, nonirrigated Kind of rock: Exposed hard welded tuff Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Vegetation: Western juniper commonly rooted in fractures Runoff: Very rapid 194—Vitale-Rock outcrop complex, 5 to 40 percent slopes Contrasting Inclusions • Nipintuck soils that are on breaks and support Setting western juniper and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Major landform: Mountains • Sharesnout soils that are on side slopes and toe Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet slopes and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue— Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 5 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 197

• Gaib soils that are on shoulder slopes and support Available water capacity: Very low curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain snowberry Shrink-swell potential: High with common western juniper—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Bregar soils that are on ridges and support low Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or Deunah Soil less • Wareagle soils that are on north-facing side slopes Position on landscape: Summits and support Douglas fir and mountain snowberry— Slope range: 2 to 4 percent small areas Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Vitale soil: VIs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Rock outcrop: VIII Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated Idaho fescue Typical profile: 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony silt loam 195—Wagonbox-Deunah-Hatpeak 4 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes 9 to 27 inches—light yellowish brown and light brown clay Setting 27 to 30 inches—hardpan 30 inches—bedrock Major landform: Tablelands Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Elevation: 5,300 to 5,500 feet Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat a depth of 2 to 12 inches Composition Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium Wagonbox very stony loam and similar inclusions—35 Permeability: Very slow percent Available water capacity: High Deunah stony silt loam and similar inclusions—35 Shrink-swell potential: High percent Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hatpeak loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Wagonbox Soil Hatpeak Soil Position on landscape: Summits Position on landscape: Mounds and swales Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, fescue Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass Typical profile: Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray very stony loam 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown loam 5 to 9 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay loam 6 to 15 inches—brown silty clay loam 9 to 17 inches—pale brown very cobbly clay 15 to 22 inches—yellowish brown clay 17 to 18 inches—hardpan 22 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown clay loam 18 inches—bedrock 26 to 60 inches—hardpan Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Runoff: Slow or medium Permeability: Slow Permeability: Slow 198 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: Medium 7 to 15 inches—brown and dark brown very Shrink-swell potential: High gravelly loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight 15 to 60 inches—very pale brown extremely Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate gravelly loam Depth class: Very deep Contrasting Inclusions Drainage class: Well drained • Northcastle soils that are on north-facing side slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Permeability: Moderate bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Available water capacity: Medium • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high • Rock outcrop—small areas Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Squawcreek soils that are on knolls and support low Povey Soil sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Position on landscape: Side slopes Land Capability Classification Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Wagonbox soil: VIs, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Deunah soil: IVe, nonirrigated Precipitation—18 to 22 inches Hatpeak soil: IVs, nonirrigated Air temperature—35 to 40 degrees F Map unit (complex): IVs, nonirrigated Frost-free period—30 to 70 days Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue 196—Wareagle-Povey association, 15 to Typical profile: 50 percent slopes 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown very gravelly loam Setting 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 17 to 25 inches—brown very gravelly loam Major landform: Mountains 25 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely Elevation: 5,700 to 8,200 feet cobbly loam Major uses: Woodland, mines, wildlife habitat, and 32 to 60 inches—yellowish brown extremely rangeland cobbly sandy loam Composition Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Wareagle very gravelly loam and similar inclusions— Runoff: Medium or rapid 55 percent Permeability: Moderate Povey very gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Available water capacity: High percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Wareagle Soil Contrasting Inclusions Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes • Soils that are similar to Booneville soils but have a Slope range: 15 to 50 percent light-colored surface layer, are on upper north-facing Climatic data (average annual): concave side slopes, and support subalpine fir—10 Precipitation—22 to 32 inches percent or less Air temperature—34 to 37 degrees F • Nagitsy soils that are on south-facing side slopes Frost-free period—less than 60 days and support mountain big sagebrush, mountain Vegetal climax association: Douglas fir and mountain snowberry, and mountain brome—10 percent or less snowberry • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Nagitsy soils that are on ridges and support low 2 inches to 0—partially decomposed organic sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and bluegrass—small areas material • Foxmount soils that are on south-facing side slopes 0 to 7 inches—dark brown very gravelly and support curlleaf mountainmahogany and mountain loam snowberry—small areas Owyhee County Area, Idaho 199

Land Capability Classification 5 to 11 inches—gray very gravelly clay loam 11 to 29 inches—grayish brown very gravelly clay Wareagle soil: VIe, nonirrigated 29 inches—bedrock Povey soil: VIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained 197—Weash-Ruclick complex, 5 to 35 Runoff: Medium or rapid percent slopes Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: High Setting Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Major landform: Foothills Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Elevation: 4,500 to 5,050 feet Contrasting Inclusions Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat • Succor soils that are in saddles and swales and Composition support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent Weash loam and similar inclusions—50 or less percent • Soils that are similar to Deshler soils but have more Ruclick cobbly loam and similar inclusions—25 rock fragments, are on north-facing side slopes, and percent support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Contrasting inclusions—25 percent bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less • Eroded Weash soils that are on ridges and shoulder Weash Soil slopes and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Position on landscape: Side slopes Indian ricegrass—5 percent or less Slope range: 5 to 35 percent • Rock outcrop—small areas Climatic data (average annual): • Babbington soils that are on stream terraces and Precipitation—11 to 13 inches support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F wildrye—small areas Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Land Capability Classification Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Weash soil: VIe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Ruclick soil: IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—light gray loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 3 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loam 12 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Shallow 198—Weash-Schnipper complex, 1 to 8 Drainage class: Well drained percent slopes Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: Very low Major landform: Lacustrine terraces Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Elevation: 4,800 to 5,000 feet Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Ruclick Soil Composition Position on landscape: Side slopes Weash loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Schnipper silt loam and similar inclusions—30 Climatic data (average annual): percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Weash Soil Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Position on landscape: Side slopes bluebunch wheatgrass Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Typical profile: Climatic data (average annual): 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown cobbly loam Precipitation—12 to 13 inches 200 Soil Survey

Air temperature—45 to 46 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Weash soil: VIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Schnipper soil: IVe, nonirrigated bluebunch wheatgrass Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 3 inches—light gray loam 3 to 12 inches—light brownish gray loam 199—Welch loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes 12 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Shallow Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow or medium Major landform: Bottom lands Permeability: Moderately slow Elevation: 5,300 to 5,350 feet Available water capacity: Very low Major use: Hayland Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Welch loam and similar inclusions—75 percent Schnipper Soil Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Summits Welch Soil Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Fluvial bottoms Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Air temperature—45 to 46 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush and Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F bluebunch wheatgrass Frost-free period—50 to 80 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Sedge and bluegrass 0 to 12 inches—yellowish brown and brown silt Typical profile: loam 0 to 9 inches—gray loam 12 to 26 inches—yellowish brown and light 9 to 30 inches—grayish brown clay loam yellowish brown silty clay loam 30 to 42 inches—light gray loam 26 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown loam 42 to 51 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam 36 to 60 inches—hardpan 51 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan sandy loam Drainage class: Well drained Depth class: Very deep Runoff: Slow or medium Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Permeability: Moderately slow at a depth of 12 to 18 inches Available water capacity: High Drainage class: Poorly drained Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Very slow Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Very high Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Welch soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight sedge and bluegrass—5 percent or less Frequency of flooding: Frequent • Hardtrigger soils that are on fan terraces and Contrasting Inclusions support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less • Zola soils that are on upper stream terraces and • Orovada soils that are in swales and support basin support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin big sagebrush and basin wildrye—5 percent or less wildrye—10 percent or less • Fairylawn soils that are on summits and support low • Upcreek soils that are on fluvial bottoms and sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin • Rock outcrop—small areas wildrye—5 percent or less Owyhee County Area, Idaho 201

• Paynecreek soils that are on fan terraces and Climatic data (average annual): support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Precipitation—12 to 16 inches bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F • Water—5 percent or less Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, Land Capability Classification bluegrass, and basin wildrye Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—grayish brown loam 5 to 16 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam 200—Welch-Upcreek loams, 0 to 3 16 to 29 inches—grayish brown loam percent slopes 29 to 33 inches—light brownish gray gravelly sand 33 to 60 inches—light brownish gray and light gray Setting very gravelly loamy sand Depth class: Very deep Major landform: Bottom lands Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Elevation: 4,900 to 6,400 feet at a depth of 18 to 36 inches Major uses: Hayland, recreation, and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Composition Runoff: Slow Permeability: Moderately slow Welch loam and similar inclusions—45 percent Available water capacity: High Upcreek loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Welch Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Frequency of flooding: Occasional Position on landscape: Fluvial bottoms Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): • Zola soils that are on stream terraces and support Precipitation—14 to 16 inches basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin wildrye— Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F 10 percent or less Frost-free period—45 to 90 days • Tucker soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Vegetal climax association: Sedge and bluegrass sedge and bluegrass—5 percent or less Typical profile: • Paynecreek soils that are on upper stream terraces 0 to 9 inches—gray loam and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch 9 to 30 inches—grayish brown clay loam wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less 30 to 42 inches—light gray loam 42 to 51 inches—light grayish brown sandy loam Land Capability Classification 51 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse Welch soil: Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated sandy loam Upcreek soil: IVc, irrigated and nonirrigated Depth class: Very deep Map unit (complex): Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table at a depth of 12 to 18 inches Drainage class: Poorly drained 201—Wickahoney-Blackleg-Thacker Runoff: Very slow association, 2 to 30 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Very high Setting Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Major landform: Mountains Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Elevation: 5,700 to 7,100 feet Frequency of flooding: Frequent Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Upcreek Soil Composition Position on landscape: Stream terraces Wickahoney extremely stony silt loam and similar Slope range: 1 to 3 percent inclusions—35 percent 202 Soil Survey

Blackleg stony loam and similar inclusions—30 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Thacker stony silt loam and similar inclusions—20 Thacker Soil percent Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Foot slopes Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Wickahoney Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Summits Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—60 to 80 days Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Air temperature—39 to 42 degrees F fescue Frost-free period—60 to 75 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray stony silt loam fescue 3 to 12 inches—pale brown silt loam Typical profile: 12 to 26 inches—pale brown and light yellowish 0 to 4 inches—pale brown extremely stony silt brown clay loam 26 to 39 inches—light yellowish brown loam 4 to 12 inches—brown very stony clay loam 39 to 56 inches—hardpan 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay 56 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam 18 to 20 inches—light brown very cobbly clay Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan loam Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 20 inches—bedrock a depth of 7 to 15 inches Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium or rapid Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Very slow Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: High Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: High Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Contrasting Inclusions Blackleg Soil • Boulder Lake soils that are on alluvial flats and Position on landscape: Side slopes support silver sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or Slope range: 3 to 30 percent less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Precipitation—14 to 17 inches • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Air temperature—38 to 43 degrees F support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Frost-free period—50 to 80 days wildrye—5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Land Capability Classification bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Typical profile: Wickahoney soil: VIIs, nonirrigated 0 to 6 inches—brown stony loam Blackleg soil: IVe, nonirrigated 6 to 13 inches—brown loam Thacker soil: IVe, nonirrigated 13 to 23 inches—brown cobbly clay loam 23 to 29 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay 29 to 36 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay 202—Wickahoney-Budlewis complex, 1 to 36 to 50 inches—hardpan 10 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Slow Major landform: Tablelands Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 5,000 to 6,000 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Owyhee County Area, Idaho 203

Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Wickahoney extremely stony silt loam and similar inclusions—45 percent Contrasting Inclusions Budlewis silt loam and similar inclusions—30 percent • Soils that are similar to Deunah soils but are shallow, Contrasting inclusions—25 percent are on edges of mounds, and support low sagebrush Wickahoney Soil and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less • Sharesnout soils that are on mounds and support Position on landscape: Intermound areas mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Idaho fescue with occasional western juniper—10 Climatic data (average annual): percent or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches • Rock outcrop that has occasional western juniper Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F rooted in fractures—5 percent or less Frost-free period—75 to 95 days • Boulder Lake soils that are on fluvial bottoms and Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho support silver sagebrush and bluegrass—small areas fescue Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 4 inches—pale brown extremely stony silt Wickahoney soil: VIIs, nonirrigated loam Budlewis soil: IVs, nonirrigated 4 to 12 inches—brown very stony clay loam Map unit (complex): VIs, nonirrigated 12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown very cobbly clay 18 to 20 inches—light brown very cobbly clay loam 203—Wickahoney-Doodlelink association, 20 inches—bedrock 3 to 45 percent slopes Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium Permeability: Slow Major landform: Mountains Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 5,100 to 6,700 feet Shrink-swell potential: High Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—60 Budlewis Soil percent Position on landscape: Mounds Doodlelink gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 Slope range: 1 to 10 percent percent Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Wickahoney Soil Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 95 days Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Slope range: 3 to 45 percent fescue Climatic data (average annual): Typical profile: Precipitation—13 to 16 inches 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F 9 to 14 inches—brown silty clay loam Frost-free period—65 to 90 days 14 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown clay Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 24 to 29 inches—very pale brown gravelly loam fescue 29 to 30 inches—hardpan Typical profile: 30 inches—bedrock 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam Drainage class: Well drained 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Runoff: Slow or medium clay Permeability: Slow 19 inches—bedrock Available water capacity: Medium Depth class: Shallow Shrink-swell potential: High Drainage class: Well drained 204 Soil Survey

Runoff: Medium to very rapid 204—Wickahoney-Monasterio-Yatahoney Permeability: Slow association, 1 to 20 percent slopes Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Major landform: Foothills Elevation: 5,350 to 6,000 feet Doodlelink Soil Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Concave upper side slopes Composition Slope range: 5 to 40 percent Climatic data (average annual): Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Precipitation—16 to 20 inches percent Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Monasterio stony sandy loam and similar inclusions— Frost-free period—60 to 85 days 35 percent Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Yatahoney silt loam and similar inclusions—15 percent and Idaho fescue Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Typical profile: Wickahoney Soil 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam 6 to 25 inches—dark brown and grayish brown Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes very gravelly loam Slope range: 1 to 20 percent 25 to 40 inches—pale brown very gravelly clay Climatic data (average annual): loam Precipitation—13 to 16 inches 40 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F gravelly clay loam Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Depth class: Very deep Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Drainage class: Well drained fescue Runoff: Slow to rapid Typical profile: Permeability: Moderately slow 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam Available water capacity: Medium 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate clay 19 inches—bedrock Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Shallow • Soils that are similar to Itca soils but are drier, are Drainage class: Well drained on south-facing side slopes, and support low Runoff: Medium or rapid sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or Permeability: Slow less Available water capacity: Low • Vitale soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Shrink-swell potential: High support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Monasterio Soil • Saturday soils that are on upper side slopes and support snowbrush ceanothus—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Side slopes • Rubbleland—small areas Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Land Capability Classification Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Doodlelink soil: IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—65 to 85 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 205

Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue wildrye—small areas Typical profile: Land Capability Classification 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown stony sandy loam Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated 8 to 11 inches—brown gravelly sandy loam Monasterio soil: IVe, nonirrigated 11 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very Yatahoney soil: IVe, nonirrigated gravelly sandy loam 17 to 25 inches—brown very cobbly sandy clay loam 205—Wickahoney-Parkay-Bregar 25 to 28 inches—brown extremely cobbly sandy complex, 3 to 50 percent slopes clay loam 28 inches—weathered bedrock Setting Depth class: Moderately deep Major landform: Mountains Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,700 to 7,350 feet Runoff: Slow to rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Composition Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate percent Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Parkay gravelly silt loam and similar inclusions—30 Yatahoney Soil percent Bregar stony loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Foot slopes Contrasting inclusions—5 percent Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): Wickahoney Soil Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Position on landscape: Convex side slopes Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Slope range: 3 to 45 percent Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Idaho fescue Air temperature—39 to 42 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—60 to 75 days 0 to 3 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 3 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown loam fescue 9 to 22 inches—yellowish brown clay loam Typical profile: 22 to 26 inches—yellowish brown clay 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam 26 to 38 inches—hardpan 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 38 inches—bedrock 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan clay Drainage class: Well drained 19 inches—bedrock Runoff: Slow or medium Depth class: Shallow Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Medium Runoff: Medium to very rapid Shrink-swell potential: High Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Available water capacity: Very low Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate • Doodlelink soils that are on north-facing side slopes Parkay Soil and support mountain big sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Position on landscape: Concave side slopes • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Slope range: 10 to 50 percent • Rock outcrop—small areas Climatic data (average annual): • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Precipitation—18 to 22 inches 206 Soil Survey

Air temperature—36 to 39 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—35 to 60 days Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush Parkay soil: VIe, nonirrigated and Idaho fescue Bregar soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly silt loam 8 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown very 206—Wickahoney-Wagonbox-Rubbleland gravelly clay loam complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes 24 to 48 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly loam Setting 48 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Deep Major landform: Tablelands Drainage class: Well drained Elevation: 5,350 to 6,300 feet Runoff: Medium or rapid Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Permeability: Moderately slow Composition Available water capacity: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Wickahoney extremely stony loam and similar Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate inclusions—40 percent Wagonbox extremely stony loam and similar Bregar Soil inclusions—25 percent Position on landscape: Ridges and shoulder slopes Rubbleland—15 percent Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Wickahoney Soil Precipitation—12 to 14 inches Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F Position on landscape: Summits Frost-free period—60 to 80 days Slope range: 2 to 8 percent Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Climatic data (average annual): bluegrass Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Typical profile: Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F 0 to 4 inches—yellowish brown stony loam Frost-free period—70 to 90 days 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and gravelly loam Idaho fescue 8 inches—bedrock Typical profile: Depth class: Very shallow 0 to 4 inches—brown extremely stony loam Drainage class: Well drained 4 to 6 inches—brown very stony clay loam Runoff: Medium to very rapid 6 to 15 inches—brown and light brown very cobbly Permeability: Moderately slow clay Available water capacity: Very low 15 inches—bedrock Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Depth class: Shallow Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Slow • Soils that are similar to Dehana soils but have a Available water capacity: Very low thicker surface layer, are on concave slopes, and Shrink-swell potential: High support mountain big sagebrush, mountain snowberry, Hazard of erosion by water: Slight and mountain brome—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight • Rock outcrop—small areas Wagonbox Soil • Soils that are similar to Naz soils but are moderately deep, have less organic matter, are on north-facing Position on landscape: Summits side slopes, and support Douglas fir, mountain Slope range: 1 to 8 percent snowberry, and commonly subalpine fir—small areas Climatic data (average annual): Owyhee County Area, Idaho 207

Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Composition Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—55 Frost-free period—70 to 90 days percent Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Zecanyon gravelly loam and similar inclusions—20 Idaho fescue percent Typical profile: Contrasting inclusions—25 percent 0 to 3 inches—yellowish brown extremely stony loam Wickahoney Soil 3 to 8 inches—yellowish brown very stony clay Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes loam Slope range: 3 to 45 percent 8 to 14 inches—brown very stony clay Climatic data (average annual): 14 to 20 inches—hardpan Precipitation—13 to 16 inches 20 inches—bedrock Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Drainage class: Well drained Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho Runoff: Slow or medium fescue Permeability: Slow Typical profile: Available water capacity: Very low 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam Shrink-swell potential: High 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam Hazard of erosion by water: Slight 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight clay Rubbleland 19 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Position on landscape: Rims and knolls Drainage class: Well drained Description of areas: Barren residual masses of loose, Runoff: Medium to very rapid angular basalt fragments underlain by bedrock Permeability: Slow Runoff: Rapid Available water capacity: Very low Contrasting Inclusions Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high • Soils that are similar to Deunah soils but are shallow, Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate are on summits, and support low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Zecanyon Soil • Zecanyon soils that are on north-facing side slopes Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes and support alkali sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 Slope range: 3 to 20 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Wickahoney soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Wagonbox soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Idaho fescue Rubbleland: VIII Typical profile: Map unit (complex): VIIs, nonirrigated 0 to 3 inches—light brownish gray gravelly loam 3 to 10 inches—pale brown gravelly loam 207—Wickahoney-Zecanyon complex, 3 10 to 18 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly to 45 percent slopes clay loam 18 to 24 inches—yellowish brown cobbly clay 24 to 37 inches—light yellowish brown extremely Setting gravelly clay loam Major landform: Foothills 37 inches—bedrock Elevation: 5,350 to 6,050 feet Depth class: Moderately deep Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Drainage class: Well drained 208 Soil Survey

Runoff: Slow to rapid Runoff: Medium or rapid Permeability: Slow Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Medium Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: High Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Zecanyon Soil • Monasterio soils that are on toe slopes and mounds Position on landscape: Saddles and side slopes and support mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch Slope range: 1 to 20 percent wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Deunah soils that are in swales and support alkali Precipitation—13 to 16 inches sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F • Rubbleland—5 percent or less Frost-free period—75 to 90 days • Rock outcrop—small areas Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Land Capability Classification Typical profile: Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 5 inches—pale brown loam Zecanyon soil: IVe, nonirrigated 5 to 9 inches—brown loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 9 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam 13 to 20 inches—brown gravelly clay 20 to 28 inches—reddish yellow extremely gravelly 208—Wickahoney-Zecanyon-Hat sandy clay loam association, 1 to 20 percent slopes 28 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Setting Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Slow to rapid Major landform: Foothills Permeability: Slow Elevation: 5,300 to 5,850 feet Available water capacity: Low Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Shrink-swell potential: High Composition Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Wickahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—40 percent Hat Soil Zecanyon loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Hat gravelly loam and similar inclusions—15 percent Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Contrasting inclusions—10 percent Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Climatic data (average annual): Wickahoney Soil Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Position on landscape: Summits and shoulder slopes Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Slope range: 1 to 20 percent Frost-free period—80 to 90 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Precipitation—13 to 16 inches bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Typical profile: Frost-free period—75 to 90 days 0 to 5 inches—pale brown gravelly loam Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho 5 to 12 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam fescue 12 to 19 inches—brown very gravelly clay loam Typical profile: 19 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely 0 to 5 inches—light brownish gray stony loam cobbly clay loam 5 to 12 inches—pale brown cobbly clay loam 24 inches—bedrock 12 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly Depth class: Moderately deep clay Drainage class: Well drained 19 inches—bedrock Runoff: Slow to rapid Depth class: Shallow Permeability: Moderately slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Low Owyhee County Area, Idaho 209

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Permeability: Moderately slow Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Available water capacity: Low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting Inclusions Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate • Deunah soils that are in swales and support alkali Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate sagebrush and Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Bedstead Soil • Rubbleland—small areas • Rock outcrop—small areas Position on landscape: Shoulder slopes and concave side slopes Land Capability Classification Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Wickahoney soil: VIe, nonirrigated Climatic data (average annual): Zecanyon soil: IVe, nonirrigated Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Hat soil: IVe, nonirrigated Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Frost-free period—100 to 130 days Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and 209—Willhill-Bedstead complex, 2 to 25 bluebunch wheatgrass percent slopes Typical profile: 0 to 1 inch—pale brown extremely stony silt loam Setting 1 inch to 6 inches—brown stony silt loam 6 to 11 inches—pale brown cobbly silt loam Major landform: Foothills 11 to 18 inches—brown extremely stony clay Elevation: 3,600 to 4,800 feet 18 to 21 inches—brown extremely stony clay loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 21 to 22 inches—hardpan Composition 22 inches—bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Willhill stony loam and similar inclusions—60 percent Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Bedstead extremely stony silt loam and similar a depth of 6 to 12 inches inclusions—15 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Runoff: Medium or rapid Willhill Soil Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Very low Position on landscape: Summits and side slopes Shrink-swell potential: High Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Climatic data (average annual): Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Contrasting Inclusions Frost-free period—100 to 130 days • Soils that are similar to Catchell soils but do not Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush have a continuous hardpan, are on side slopes, and and bluebunch wheatgrass support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Typical profile: wheatgrass—10 percent or less 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam • Soils that are similar to Cottle soils but have a dark- 3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay colored surface layer, are on ridges and shoulder loam slopes, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and 7 to 10 inches—very pale brown very gravelly clay bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less loam • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 10 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely • Rubbleland—small areas gravelly loam 15 to 22 inches—white extremely cobbly Land Capability Classification loam 22 inches—weathered bedrock Willhill soil: VIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep Bedstead soil: VIIs, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 210 Soil Survey

210—Willhill-Cottle association, 3 to 35 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam percent slopes 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly clay loam 8 to 12 inches—very pale brown extremely Setting gravelly clay loam Major landform: Foothills 12 to 17 inches—very pale brown extremely Elevation: 2,800 to 5,100 feet gravelly loam Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat 17 inches—bedrock Depth class: Shallow Composition Drainage class: Well drained Willhill stony loam and similar inclusions—45 percent Runoff: Medium to very rapid Cottle stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Available water capacity: Very low Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Willhill Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Position on landscape: Side slopes Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 12 inches • Orovada soils that are on toe slopes and in draws Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Frost-free period—90 to 140 days needlegrass—5 percent or less Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush • Bruncan soils that are on toe slopes and support and bluebunch wheatgrass Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Typical profile: percent or less 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less 3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay • Soils that are similar to Orovada soils but are loam steeper, are on north-facing side slopes, and support 7 to 10 inches—very pale brown very gravelly clay Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass— loam 5 percent or less 10 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely • Wholan soils that are on foot slopes and support gravelly loam winterfat and Indian ricegrass—small areas 15 to 22 inches—white extremely cobbly loam Land Capability Classification 22 inches—weathered bedrock Depth class: Moderately deep Willhill soil: VIe, nonirrigated Drainage class: Well drained Cottle soil: VIe, nonirrigated Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: Low 211—Willhill-Cottle-Longcreek complex, Shrink-swell potential: Moderate 3 to 35 percent slopes Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Setting Cottle Soil Major landform: Foothills Elevation: 2,800 to 5,100 feet Position on landscape: Summits and shoulder slopes Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Slope range: 4 to 35 percent Climatic data (average annual): Composition Precipitation—9 to 12 inches Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F Willhill stony loam and similar inclusions—35 percent Frost-free period—95 to 140 days Cottle stony loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Longcreek cobbly loam and similar inclusions—20 and bluebunch wheatgrass percent Typical profile: Contrasting inclusions—25 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 211

Willhill Soil Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Position on landscape: South-facing side slopes Longcreek Soil Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Position on landscape: Summits and shoulder slopes Climatic data (average annual): Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Climatic data (average annual): Air temperature—46 to 51 degrees F Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Frost-free period—95 to 140 days Air temperature—46 to 51 degrees F Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Frost-free period—95 to 135 days and bluebunch wheatgrass Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Typical profile: and bluebunch wheatgrass 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Typical profile: 3 to 7 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly clay 0 to 3 inches—brown cobbly loam loam 3 to 17 inches—brown very stony clay 7 to 10 inches—very pale brown very gravelly clay 17 inches—bedrock loam Depth class: Shallow 10 to 15 inches—very pale brown extremely Drainage class: Well drained gravelly loam Runoff: Medium or rapid 15 to 22 inches—white extremely cobbly Permeability: Slow loam Available water capacity: Very low 22 inches—weathered bedrock Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Depth class: Moderately deep Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate Drainage class: Well drained Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Runoff: Slow to rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting Inclusions Available water capacity: Low • Rock outcrop—10 percent or less Shrink-swell potential: Moderate • Owsel soils that are on north-facing side slopes and Hazard of erosion by water: Slight or moderate support Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate wheatgrass—10 percent or less Cottle Soil • Soils that are similar to Nipintuck soils but are warmer, are on south-facing side slopes, and support Position on landscape: North-facing side slopes Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber needlegrass—5 Slope range: 4 to 35 percent percent or less Climatic data (average annual): • Ornea soils that are on flats and support shadscale, Precipitation—10 to 13 inches bud sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F needlegrass—small areas Frost-free period—95 to 135 days • Rubbleland—small areas Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass Land Capability Classification Typical profile: Willhill soil: VIe, nonirrigated 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony loam Cottle soil: VIe, nonirrigated 4 to 8 inches—light yellowish brown very gravelly Longcreek soil: VIIs, nonirrigated clay loam Map unit (complex): VIe, nonirrigated 8 to 12 inches—very pale brown extremely gravelly clay loam 12 to 17 inches—very pale brown extremely 212—Xeric Torriorthents-Typic gravelly loam Torriorthents-Badlands complex, very 17 inches—bedrock steep Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium to very rapid Permeability: Moderately slow Major landform: Butte escarpments Available water capacity: Very low Elevation: 2,250 to 3,300 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major use: Wildlife habitat 212 Soil Survey

Composition Badlands Xeric Torriorthents and similar inclusions—45 percent Position on landscape: South-facing, convex slopes Typic Torriorthents and similar inclusions—20 percent and ridges Badlands—15 percent Slope range: 15 to 90 percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Description of areas: Barren areas of soft lacustrine material dissected by many intermittent Xeric Torriorthents drainageways Position on landscape: Concave side slopes Depth class: Very shallow Slope range: 10 to 45 percent Runoff: Rapid or very rapid Climatic data (average annual): Contrasting Inclusions Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F • Soils that are shallow, are on side slopes, and Frost-free period—125 to 150 days support Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush needlegrass—10 percent or less and Thurber needlegrass • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Sample profile: • Rubbleland—5 percent or less 0 to 4 inches—brown stony loam Land Capability Classification 4 to 15 inches—very pale brown fine sandy loam 15 to 30 inches—very pale brown very fine sandy Xeric Torriorthents: VIIe, nonirrigated loam Typic Torriorthents: VIIe, nonirrigated 30 to 60 inches—extremely cobbly very fine sandy Badlands: VIII loam Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated Depth class: Moderately deep to very deep Drainage class: Well drained Runoff: Medium to very rapid 213—Xerollic Haplargids-Xerollic Permeability: Moderate Paleargids-Rubbleland complex, steep Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Setting Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Major landform: Tableland escarpments Typic Torriorthents Elevation: 3,600 to 5,950 feet Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Position on landscape: Convex side slopes and foot slopes Composition Slope range: 5 to 60 percent Xerollic Haplargids and similar inclusions—40 percent Climatic data (average annual): Xerollic Paleargids and similar inclusions—30 percent Precipitation—8 to 9 inches Rubbleland—15 percent Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Contrasting inclusions—15 percent Frost-free period—125 to 150 days Vegetal climax association: Shadscale, bud Xerollic Haplargids sagebrush, Indian ricegrass, and Thurber needlegrass Position on landscape: Upper side slopes Sample profile: Slope range: 15 to 60 percent 0 to 45 inches—very pale brown silt loam Climatic data (average annual): 45 inches—weathered bedrock Precipitation—9 to 13 inches Depth class: Moderately deep and deep Air temperature—43 to 49 degrees F Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Frost-free period—80 to 125 days Runoff: Slow to very rapid Vegetal climax association: Wyoming big sagebrush Permeability: Moderately slow and bluebunch wheatgrass Available water capacity: High Sample profile: Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate to high 0 to 6 inches—dark brown very stony loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 6 to 12 inches—pale brown very gravelly loam Salinity: Moderate 12 to 17 inches—very pale brown very gravelly Sodicity: Moderate sandy loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 213

17 to 60 inches—very pale brown gravelly sandy 214—Yatahoney-Nicholflat association, loam 1 to 10 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Setting Runoff: Medium and rapid Permeability: Moderate to moderately slow Major landform: Alluvial fans and terraces Available water capacity: Low Elevation: 5,300 to 5,600 feet Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Hazard of erosion by water: Slight to high Composition Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Yatahoney loam and similar inclusions—60 percent Xerollic Paleargids Nicholflat silt loam and similar inclusions—20 percent Position on landscape: Lower side slopes Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Slope range: 8 to 35 percent Yatahoney Soil Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Position on landscape: Summits Air temperature—43 to 49 degrees F Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Frost-free period—80 to 125 days Climatic data (average annual): Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Precipitation—13 to 15 inches bluebunch wheatgrass Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Sample profile: Frost-free period—75 to 90 days 0 to 4 inches—pale brown very stony silt loam Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and 4 to 7 inches—pale brown gravelly clay loam Idaho fescue 7 to 22 inches—very pale brown very gravelly clay Typical profile: 22 inches—bedrock 0 to 6 inches—brown and pale brown loam Depth class: Moderately deep to very deep 6 to 21 inches—pale brown and light brown clay Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 21 to 23 inches—yellow gravelly sandy clay loam a depth of 3 to 10 inches 23 to 32 inches—hardpan Drainage class: Well drained 32 inches—bedrock Runoff: Rapid and very rapid Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan Permeability: Slow Drainage class: Well drained Available water capacity: Medium Runoff: Slow or medium Shrink-swell potential: High Permeability: Slow Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate and high Available water capacity: Medium Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Shrink-swell potential: High Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate Rubbleland Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Position on landscape: Bases of rimrock Nicholflat Soil Description of areas: Barren masses of loose, angular basalt fragments; masses formed mainly as a Position on landscape: Swales and alluvial flats result of falling, rolling, or sliding rock Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Runoff: Rapid Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Contrasting Inclusions Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F • Soils that have a hardpan, are on concave foot Frost-free period—70 to 90 days slopes, and support Wyoming big sagebrush and Vegetal climax association: Low sagebrush and Idaho bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less fescue • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Typical profile: 0 to 7 inches—light brownish gray silt loam Land Capability Classification 7 to 18 inches—yellowish brown clay Xerollic Haplargids: VIIe, nonirrigated 18 to 60 inches—hardpan Xerollic Paleargids: VIs, nonirrigated Depth class: Shallow to a hardpan Rubbleland: VIII Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at Map unit (complex): VIIe, nonirrigated a depth of 5 to 10 inches 214 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained Typical profile: Runoff: Slow or medium 0 to 3 inches—pale brown stony loam Permeability: Slow 3 to 6 inches—brown clay loam Available water capacity: Low 6 to 15 inches—brown clay Shrink-swell potential: High 15 to 35 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate loam Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate 35 to 36 inches—hardpan 36 inches—bedrock Contrasting Inclusions Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan • Bluecreek soils that are on mounds and fan terraces Drainage class: Well drained and support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Runoff: Slow to rapid bluebunch wheatgrass—10 percent or less Permeability: Slow • Paynecreek soils that are on stream terraces and Available water capacity: High support basin big sagebrush, Idaho fescue, and Shrink-swell potential: Moderate bluebunch wheatgrass—5 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Boulder Lake soils that are on lower alluvial flats and Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight support silver sagebrush and bluegrass—5 percent or Zecanyon Soil less • Slickspots—small areas Position on landscape: Concave summits • Soils that are similar to Lostvalley soils but are Slope range: 1 to 5 percent shallow, are on knolls, and support alkali sagebrush Climatic data (average annual): and Idaho fescue—small areas Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Land Capability Classification Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Yatahoney soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Mountain big sagebrush, Nicholflat soil: IVe, nonirrigated bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue Typical profile: 0 to 5 inches—brown stony loam 215—Yatahoney-Zecanyon-Deunah 5 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown clay complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes 14 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown cobbly clay 21 to 24 inches—light yellowish brown very cobbly Setting clay loam 24 inches—bedrock Major landform: Tablelands Depth class: Moderately deep Elevation: 5,200 to 6,000 feet Drainage class: Well drained Major uses: Rangeland and wildlife habitat Runoff: Slow or medium Composition Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: Low Yatahoney stony loam and similar inclusions—40 Shrink-swell potential: High percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Zecanyon stony loam and similar inclusions—20 Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight percent Deunah stony silt loam and similar inclusions—20 Deunah Soil percent Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Position on landscape: Convex summits Slope range: 2 to 4 percent Yatahoney Soil Climatic data (average annual): Position on landscape: Smooth and convex summits Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Climatic data (average annual): Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Vegetal climax association: Alkali sagebrush and Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Idaho fescue Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Typical profile: Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, 0 to 4 inches—pale brown stony silt loam Idaho fescue, and bluebunch wheatgrass 4 to 9 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 215

9 to 27 inches—light yellowish brown and light Vegetal climax association: Basin big sagebrush, brown clay bluegrass, and basin wildrye 27 to 30 inches—hardpan Typical profile: 30 inches—bedrock 2 inches to 0—undecomposed and partially Depth class: Moderately deep to a hardpan decomposed grass and other organic material Restriction to rooting depth: Abrupt textural change at 0 to 4 inches—brown silt loam a depth of 2 to 10 inches 4 to 13 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Drainage class: Well drained 13 to 41 inches—grayish brown and pale brown Runoff: Medium clay loam Permeability: Very slow 41 to 60 inches—pale brown loam Available water capacity: High Depth class: Very deep Shrink-swell potential: High Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Hazard of erosion by water: Moderate at a depth of 36 to 60 inches Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate Drainage class: Moderately well drained Runoff: Very slow Contrasting Inclusions Permeability: Moderately slow • Lostvalley soils that are in swales and support Available water capacity: Very high mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Shrink-swell potential: High Idaho fescue—10 percent or less Hazard of erosion by water: Slight • Merlin soils that are on rims and support low Hazard of erosion by wind: Moderate sagebrush and Idaho fescue—5 percent or less Frequency of flooding: Rare • Rock outcrop—5 percent or less Welch Soil • Soils that are similar to Boulder Lake soils but have less clay, do not have vertical cracks, are on alluvial Position on landscape: Fluvial bottoms flats, and support basin big sagebrush and saltgrass— Slope range: 0 to 1 percent small areas Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Land Capability Classification Air temperature—43 to 44 degrees F Yatahoney soil: IVe, nonirrigated Frost-free period—45 to 90 days Zecanyon soil: IVe, nonirrigated Vegetal climax association: Sedge and bluegrass Deunah soil: IVe, nonirrigated Typical profile: Map unit (complex): IVe, nonirrigated 0 to 9 inches—gray loam 9 to 30 inches—grayish brown clay loam 30 to 42 inches—light gray loam 216—Zola-Welch complex, 0 to 2 percent 42 to 51 inches—light grayish brown sandy slopes loam 51 to 60 inches—grayish brown gravelly coarse Setting sandy loam Depth class: Very deep Major landform: Bottom lands Restriction to rooting depth: Seasonal high water table Elevation: 4,400 to 5,100 feet at a depth of 12 to 18 inches Major use: Hayland Drainage class: Poorly drained Composition Runoff: Slow Permeability: Moderately slow Zola silt loam and similar inclusions—55 percent Available water capacity: Very high Welch loam and similar inclusions—25 percent Shrink-swell potential: Moderate Contrasting inclusions—20 percent Hazard of erosion by water: Slight Zola Soil Hazard of erosion by wind: Slight Frequency of flooding: Frequent Position on landscape: Stream terraces Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Contrasting Inclusions Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 15 inches • Upcreek soils that are on stream terraces and Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F support basin big sagebrush, bluegrass, and basin Frost-free period—75 to 95 days wildrye—10 percent or less 216

• Tucker soils that are on fluvial bottoms and support Land Capability Classification sedge and bluegrass—5 percent or less • Riverwash—5 percent or less Zola soil: IIIw, irrigated and nonirrigated • Arness soils that are on stream terraces and support Welch soil: Vw, irrigated and nonirrigated low sagebrush and Idaho fescue—small areas Map unit (complex): IVw, irrigated and nonirrigated 217

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important The map units in the survey area that are farmland defined by the U.S. Department of considered prime farmland are listed at the end of this Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the section. This list does not constitute a Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and recommendation for a particular land use. On some fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is soils included in the list, measures that overcome a limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes hazard or limitation, such as flooding, wetness, and that responsible levels of government, as well as droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise to determine whether or not the hazard or limitation use of our Nation’s prime farmland. has been overcome by corrective measures. The Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department extent of each listed map unit is shown in table 4. The of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of location is shown on the detailed soil maps at the back physical and chemical characteristics for producing of this publication. The soil qualities that affect use and food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is management are described under the heading available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, “Detailed Soil Map Units.” pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not The map units that meet the requirements for prime urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, farmland are: growing season, and moisture supply are those needed for the soil to economically produce sustained high yields of crops when proper management, 11 Babbington-Beetville loams, 0 to 3 percent including water management, and acceptable farming slopes (where irrigated) methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has 19 Bluecreek sandy loam, 1 to 10 percent slopes an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from 64 Goose Creek loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and (where irrigated) growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an 73 Hardtrigger-Goose Creek loams, 1 to 5 acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no percent slopes (where irrigated) rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not 80 Haw-Renslow association, 0 to 4 percent excessively erodible or saturated with water for long slopes (where irrigated) periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during 125 Paynecreek gravelly sandy loam, 1 to 5 the growing season or is protected from flooding. The percent slopes slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed 126 Paynecreek-Barkley-Chayson loams, 1 to 10 information about the criteria for prime farmland is percent slopes available at the local office of the Natural Resources 127 Paynecreek-Northcastle complex, 1 to 8 Conservation Service. percent slopes About 82,207 acres, or nearly 2 percent of the 128 Paynecreek-Northcastle-Blackwell survey area, would meet the requirements for prime association, 0 to 8 percent slopes (where farmland if an adequate and dependable supply of protected from flooding or not frequently irrigation water were available. flooded during the growing season) A recent trend in land use in some parts of the 183 Tucker-Zola silt loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland (where protected from flooding or not to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime frequently flooded during the growing season) farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal 187 Upcreek-Riverwash complex, 0 to 4 percent lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, slopes (where protected from flooding or not and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. frequently flooded during the growing season) 218

188 Vickery-Snowmore complex, 1 to 5 percent 200 Welch-Upcreek loams, 0 to 3 percent slopes slopes (where irrigated) (where protected from flooding or not 198 Weash-Schnipper complex, 1 to 8 percent frequently flooded during the growing season) slopes (where irrigated) 216 Zola-Welch complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes 199 Welch loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where (where protected from flooding or not protected from flooding or not frequently frequently flooded during the growing flooded during the growing season) season) 219

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of About 11,000 acres of cultivated cropland is on the the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust Snake River Plain, along the northern edge of the land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural survey area. If irrigated, the soils are suitable for resources and the environment. Also, it can help to production of most climatically adapted crops, prevent soil-related failures in land uses. including potatoes, sugar beets, small grain, beans, In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, specialty seed crops, alfalfa hay, and silage corn. conservationists, engineers, and others collect Under a high level of management, the estimated extensive field data about the nature and behavioral average yields per acre of the main irrigated crops are characteristics of the soils. They collect data on 320 to 390 bushels of potatoes, 25 to 30 erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that hundredweight of sugar beets, 75 to 110 bushels of affect various soil uses and management. Field wheat, and 4.5 to 7.0 tons of alfalfa hay. experience and collected data on soil properties and Good management of the areas of cropland is performance are used as a basis in predicting soil needed to reduce wind erosion, control irrigation- behavior. induced erosion, and conserve the supply of irrigation Information in this section can be used to plan the water. Use of conservation tillage, which includes use and management of soils for crops and pasture; practices such as no-till farming, strip tilling, stubble as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, mulching, and chiseling, is increasing in the survey sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation area and is effective in managing the areas of systems, and parks and other recreational facilities; cropland. and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the The Scism, Tindahay, Escalante, and Royal soils potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land are particularly susceptible to wind erosion. High- uses and to help prevent construction failures caused residue crop rotation and conservation tillage are by unfavorable soil properties. needed to keep the surface of these soils covered Planners and others using soil survey information while maintaining tilth and organic matter content. can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on Wind erosion can be controlled by leaving on the productivity and on the environment in all or part of the surface at least the equivalent of 1,000 pounds of survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain small grain per acre. Windbreaks of shrubs and trees or create a land use pattern in harmony with the reduce the risk of wind erosion, protect crops, hold natural soil. snow on the fields, and provide food and cover for Contractors can use this survey to locate sources wildlife. of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use Sprinkler irrigation systems generally are best it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very suited to the soils in this survey area, but furrow and firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. corrugation systems can be used in nearly level areas. Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and Application of irrigation water should be regulated to others may also find this survey useful. The survey control runoff, reduce erosion, and limit the leaching of can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and nutrients below the root zone. locate sites for pavements and sidewalks. Irrigation water should be applied at regular intervals to maintain the soil moisture content. Suitable Crops and Pasture intervals vary according to the needs of the crop grown and the soil. For maximum efficiency, irrigation General management needed for crops and pasture water should be applied when about one-third to one- is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of half of the stored water has been used by the plants. the main crops and pasture plants are given and the For example, the Scism soil holds about 5 inches of system of land capability classification used by the water in the root zone. If alfalfa is grown, irrigation Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained. water should be applied when about 2.5 inches of the 220 Soil Survey

available water has been used. Irrigation systems however, the productivity of a given soil compared with should replace water at a rate that provides a stable that of other soils is not likely to change. water supply for the crop grown that requires the The management needed to obtain the indicated highest amount of water. The system used should yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil minimize water erosion, runoff, and deep percolation and the crop. Management can include erosion control and provide uniform distribution of water. and protection from flooding; the proper planting and Loss of the surface layer through erosion commonly seeding rates; suitable high-yielding crop varieties; is a serious problem in the gently sloping to appropriate and timely tillage; control of weeds, plant moderately steep areas of cropland. Productivity is diseases, and harmful insects; favorable soil reaction reduced as the surface layer is lost and part of the and optimum levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, subsoil is incorporated into the plow layer. Loss of the potassium and secondary and trace elements for each surface layer is especially critical for soils that have crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, alkaline layers in the upper part of the profile, such as and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures those of the Escalante, McKeeth, Ornea, and Scism the smallest possible loss. series. Erosion in areas of cropland results in For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the sedimentation of streams and thus reduces the quality irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the of water for fish and wildlife, municipal use, and crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is recreation. uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to High amounts of nutrients, particularly nitrogen and a minimum. phosphorus, are removed when crops are harvested. Crops other than those mentioned in the preceding Returning all crop residue to the soil and adding paragraphs are grown in the survey area, but feedlot manure and commercial fertilizers increase the estimated yields are not listed because the acreage of amount of nutrients in the soil. Most of the soils in the such crops is very small. The local offices of the survey area that are used for crops have a low content Natural Resources Conservation Service or of the of organic matter in the surface layer and weak Cooperative Extension Service can provide structure. Besides being an important source of information about the management and productivity of nitrogen for crops, organic matter also helps to the soils for those crops. increase the water intake rate, reduce soil losses from Generally, production at elevations above 5,000 feet erosion, and promote good tilth. Regular additions of is limited by a short frost-free period. Areas that have manure and other organic material help to improve soil slopes of more than 3 percent are limited mainly by a structure and prevent the formation of a crust. Leaving hazard of water erosion. Corrugation irrigation crop residue on the surface also helps to prevent the systems should be placed on the contour or across formation of a crust. Soil tests are needed to the slope to control erosion, and the application of determine the kinds and amounts of fertilizer to apply irrigation water should be regulated to control runoff. for specific crops. Because of the fluvial nature of the bottom land, the About 45,000 acres of pastureland and hayland are texture of the lower layers of the profile commonly along creeks throughout the survey area. This greatly contrasts the loamy texture of the surface layer. relatively lush bottom land provides winter feed and Some of these contrasting layers are clay, as in the shelter for local livestock operations. The bottom land Tucker soils, but more commonly they are sand and commonly is characterized by native meadow grasses gravel, as in the Upcreek soils. To avoid exposing and sedges grading to basin big sagebrush and basin these hard-to-manage contrasting layers, land wildrye as the depth to the high water table increases. smoothing should include only shallow cuts. Under irrigation and a high level of management, Flooding and poor drainage are major management these areas can be expected to yield about 2.5 to 4.0 factors for the Blackwell and Welch soils. The seasonal tons of hay or 6 to 10 animal-unit-months of forage. high water table provides supplemental moisture, but it The estimated yields mentioned in the preceding limits the choice of plants and the period of cutting and paragraphs were based mainly on the experience and grazing of hay. Only hay and pasture plants that records of farmers, conservationists, and extension tolerate periodic inundation and seasonal wetness agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and should be seeded. Grazing should be delayed until the results of field trials and demonstrations were also soils have drained sufficiently and are firm enough to considered. In any given year, yields may be higher or withstand trampling by livestock. If pesticides are used lower than those indicated because of variations in in areas subject to flooding, care should be taken to rainfall and other climatic factors. Yields are likely to avoid contaminating streams. The rate and time of increase as new production technology is developed; application are important considerations. Similar Owyhee County Area, Idaho 221

management of the Beetville, Tucker, and Upcreek Class VI soils have severe limitations that make soils may be needed, but these soils are flooded less them generally unsuitable for cultivation. frequently and have a lower seasonal high water table. Class VII soils have very severe limitations that Water-control structures can reduce the risk of make them unsuitable for cultivation. flooding, and open ditches or tile drains may be Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have needed to remove excess water. Adjusting the limitations that nearly preclude their use for application of irrigation water to the available water commercial crop production. capacity, the water intake rate, and the needs of the Capability subclasses are soil groups within one plant grown minimizes the leaching of plant nutrients. class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, Planners of management systems for individual w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The fields or farms should consider the detailed letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of information given in the description of each soil in the erosion unless close-growing plant cover is section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific information maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil can be obtained from the local offices of the Natural interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial Extension Service. drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used Land Capability Classification in only some parts of the United States, shows that the Land capability classification shows, in a general chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. In class I there are no subclasses because the soils Crops that require special management are excluded. of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only The soils are grouped according to their limitations for the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They crops, and the way they respond to management. The have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture, criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation. and generally expensive landforming that would The capability classification of each map unit is change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a Rangeland and Grazeable Woodland substitute for interpretations designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for Rangeland and grazeable woodland make up about rangeland, for woodland, and for engineering 3,627,000 acres, or about 98 percent, of the survey purposes. (13) area. This acreage is used for grazing by livestock and In the capability system, soils are generally grouped wildlife and as recreation and watershed. About 88 at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit. percent of this land is publicly owned and is managed Only class and subclass are used in this survey. by the Bureau of Land Management or the State of Capability classes, the broadest groups, are Idaho. designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals Livestock operations contribute significantly to the indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower economy of the area. Cow-calf and yearling operations choices for practical use. The classes are defined as are dominant. A few sheep operations are follows: headquartered in the area. Typically, the livestock feed Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their in winter on cut meadow hay and on hay aftermath left use. standing in fields. As spring growth begins, livestock Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce are allowed to graze the areas of rangeland at the the choice of plants or that require moderate lower elevations. They are moved to the higher conservation practices. elevations as the production of forage increases. Early Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce in October to mid-October the livestock are rounded the choice of plants or that require special up, calves are weaned, and the brood cow herd is conservation practices, or both. moved back to the home range and wintering areas. Class IV soils have very severe limitations that Calving normally occurs during the winter feed period reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful of January through March. management, or both. In areas of spring and winter range at the lower Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other elevations, much of the native vegetation has been limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. depleted as a result of heavy grazing in the late 1800’s 222 Soil Survey

and early 1900’s. Much of the original bunchgrass has can be expected to grow annually on well managed been replaced by annual bromes and undesirable rangeland that is supporting the potential natural plant weeds. Large areas have been seeded to crested community. It includes all vegetation, whether or not it wheatgrass as a result of fire rehabilitation projects. is palatable to grazing animals. It includes the current Except in areas that have been invaded by juniper, the year’s growth of leaves, twigs, and fruits of woody areas of rangeland and open woodland at the higher plants. It does not include the increase in stem elevations commonly have a good stand of native diameter of trees and shrubs. It is expressed in vegetation. pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for favorable, The production of forage in areas of woodland normal, and unfavorable years. In a favorable year, the depends mainly on the amount of light that reaches amount and distribution of precipitation and the the understory vegetation. After harvesting or fire, temperatures make growing conditions substantially there is a large increase in the production of better than average. In a normal year, growing understory plants for a number of years. As the conditions are about average. In an unfavorable year, canopy closes, the production of understory growing conditions are well below average, generally decreases. In many kinds of woodland, the density of because of low available soil moisture. the tree canopy that provides for maximum wood Dry weight is the total annual yield per acre of air- production allows for only sparse understory growth. dry vegetation. Yields are adjusted to a common In areas that have similar climate and topography, percent of air-dry moisture content. The relationship of differences in the kind and amount of vegetation green weight to air-dry weight varies according to such produced on rangeland are closely related to the kind factors as exposure, amount of shade, recent rains, of soil. Effective management is based on the and unseasonable dry periods. relationship between the soils and vegetation and Characteristic vegetation—the grasses, forbs, and water. shrubs that make up most of the potential natural plant Table 5 shows, for each soil that supports community on each soil—is listed by common name. rangeland vegetation and woodland suitable for Under composition, the expected percentage of the grazing, the range site; the total annual production of total annual production is given for each species vegetation in favorable, normal, and unfavorable years; making up the characteristic vegetation. The amount the characteristic vegetation; and the average that can be used as forage depends on the kinds of percentage of each species. An explanation of the grazing animals and on the grazing season. column headings in the table follows. Range management requires a knowledge of the A range site is a distinctive kind of rangeland that kinds of soil and of the potential natural plant produces a characteristic natural plant community that community. It also requires an evaluation of the differs from natural plant communities on other range present range condition. Range condition is sites in kind, amount, and proportion of range plants. determined by comparing the present plant community The relationship between soils and vegetation was with the potential natural plant community on a ascertained during this survey; thus, range sites particular range site. The more closely the existing generally can be determined directly from the soil community resembles the potential community, the map. Soil properties that affect moisture supply and better the range condition. Range condition is an plant nutrients have the greatest influence on the ecological rating only. productivity of range plants. Soil reaction, salt content, The objective in range management is to control and a seasonal high water table are also important. grazing so that the plants growing on a site are about Range site numbers, given in table 5, are used to the same in kind and amount as the potential natural identify the range sites in the area. Range site plant community for that site. Such management numbers are used mainly to coordinate range sites generally results in the optimum production of within and between states. 025XY019I is an example. vegetation, control of undesirable brush species, This identifies the range site as located in major land conservation of water, and control of erosion. resource area 025. Some areas have further Sometimes, however, a range condition somewhat subdivisions of the resource areas; however, if not, XY below the potential meets grazing needs, provides appears in the next position. The 019 indicates the wildlife habitat, and protects soil and water resources. coordinated range site number. The letter I represents The goal of management applied to the areas of the state of Idaho. Land resource area subdivision rangeland and grazeable woodland should result in the maps are available at the local offices of the Natural optimum production of vegetation in order to meet the Resources Conservation Service. various demands for conservation of water and control Total production is the amount of vegetation that of erosion. A range management program should Owyhee County Area, Idaho 223

include a variety of practices to achieve or maintain indexes and yields for these species have not been the desired plant community. The primary estimated. management practice is the use of planned grazing Erosion control is needed during logging and road systems that allow plants to achieve adequate growth construction in the steeper areas. Excessive erosion in spring to withstand grazing pressure, allow the soils can be avoided by carefully planning the construction to dry out in spring to minimize damage from and maintenance of logging roads, skid trails, and trampling, allow for periodic rest or deferment to landings. Cuts and fills should be seeded, and water maintain or improve the vigor of forage species, and bars and culverts should be installed. High-lead or allow for removal of the grazing animals when the other cable logging systems help to minimize desired amount of herbage has been removed. disturbance of the soils. Practices such as constructing water developments, The steepness of slope limits the kinds of fencing, salting, managing brush, range seeding, and equipment that can be used for harvesting timber. properly distributing livestock can be used to facilitate Large stones and boulders on the surface of the the grazing system and allow for changes in the plant Graylock soils cause breakage of timber and hinder community. The suitability of a given area for specific yarding. The upper part of the Graylock soils is loose practices depends on the characteristics of the soil when dry, which limits the use of wheeled and tracked and site. equipment. Seedling mortality is a concern on the droughty Woodland Graylock and Wareagle soils. Available water capacity is limited by the sandy texture of the Graylock soils The woodland is in the more mountainous parts of and by the rock fragments in the Wareagle soils. If the survey area. It comprises about 20,000 acres, openings are made in the canopy, undesirable plants most of which is Federal and State land. The location, invade and can delay reforestation on the Bonneville, extent, and plant communities are directly related to Graylock, Nazaton, and Wareagle soils. Unless the precipitation. Aspect and elevation are the main factors Dranyon, Naz, and Southmount soils are irrigated, that influence precipitation and effective moisture. plant competition prevents natural or planted At the lower elevations, quaking aspen and Douglas regeneration. Regeneration should be managed to fir are restricted to concave, protected areas. As reduce the competition of less desirable plants and to elevation increases and the related precipitation provide shade for seedlings. increases, these trees cover the north- and east-facing side slopes. Moderately extensive stands of Douglas Disturbed Land Reclamation fir are in the slightly drier and warmer, convex areas at elevations above 7,000 feet. Subalpine fir occupies the Reclamation of disturbed land is the rehabilitation of cooler and more moist, concave areas at the higher a damaged area to the appearance, use, and stability elevations. similar to that of the natural ecosystem and landscape. The more extensive areas of woodland are on the Disturbed land is reclaimed to control erosion and Silver City Range, in the northwestern part of the restore productivity and aesthetic value. Common survey area; on South Mountain, near the west-central activities that cause soil-landscape disturbances boundary; and on Elk Mountain, in the extreme include roadbuilding, mineral exploration and mining, southeastern corner. The Silver City Range supports installation of pipelines, construction of stock ponds the most extensive areas of timber. and reservoirs, and excavation or filling of waste In the early development of the area, the areas of disposal sites. Accelerated soil erosion can also result woodland provided lumber for local construction, from other activities such as overgrazing or firewood, and a considerable quantity of mine shores. recreational use or from natural events such as fire or There is still some logging in the area, but it is flooding. severely limited by the distance to sawmills or pole Soil is the basic resource that sustains the plants. At present, most of the timber is used locally for productivity of the land. Thorough knowledge of firewood and fencing. the properties and productive capacity of soils is The Dranyon soils are suited to the production of fundamental to developing a plan to reclaim quaking aspen. The Bonneville, Graylock, Naz, disturbed areas. Slope and climatic conditions Nazaton, Southmount, and Wareagle soils are suited also influence the types of reclamation practices that to the production of Douglas fir. Generally, only these can be used successfully. Typically, reclamation species are suitable for planting on these soils. Site involves the replacement or reconstruction of soils and 224 Soil Survey

the reestablishment of plant cover and biological revegetation can be achieved quicker, can have a activity. greater chance of success, and can be more cost Inherent soil properties commonly determine the effective. Typically, the solum must be replaced, success or failure of disturbed land reclamation. Each primarily to provide a suitable medium for plant growth. soil has unique characteristics that are the products of Vegetation and biological activity can then be parent material interacting with climate, biological reestablished successfully at the site. Topsoil should activity, and topography over time. Layers, or horizons, be selectively removed and stockpiled before the of organic matter, clay, and carbonates accumulate as disturbance. Once the subsoil or fill material has been the soils form. Soils can have many horizons, such as replaced, the area should be graded and contoured to those of the Succor series, or only a couple, such as the surrounding landscape. Next, topsoil should be those of the Bregar series. Each horizon can range spread and smoothed and the seedbed prepared. from less than 1 inch thick, such as the duripan, or Table 8 gives information on the suitability of the soils Bkqm horizon, in the Bedstead soils, to several feet as a source of topsoil. thick, such as the argillic, or Bt, horizon in the The first step in seedbed preparation is Booneville soils. conditioning, which can include loosening compacted Topsoil is defined as the surface layer, or A horizon. layers by chiseling, disking, or plowing. The Humified organic matter accumulation and microbial configuration of the soil surface can be modified by activity are highest in this layer. The A horizon has the furrowing or gouging to reduce the risks of wind and best tilth and provides the most oxygen and nutrients water erosion and to increase water storage in for plants. The subsoil, or B horizon, commonly is a depressional areas and catchments, creating a more layer of accumulated clay and sometimes iron, favorable microsite for seedling establishment. The aluminum, carbonates, and silica. Carbonates and type of conditioning required to rehabilitate an area silica cement the matrix in some soils and thereby limit depends on the soil texture, soil compaction, salinity, the rooting depth. The A and B horizons make up the drainage, surface stoniness, slope, climate, and solum, or the part of the soil profile that largely seeding method. sustains plant growth and in which the processes of Revegetation is a vital part of the rehabilitation soil formation are most active. The solum of the process. Protection of the soil is the primary Dehana soils is more than 60 inches thick and consideration in species selection. Selected species supports quaking aspen, but that of the Plush soils is should be adapted to the specific site and suited to the only 20 inches thick and supports sagebrush. present soil, climatic, and topographic conditions. When reclaiming disturbed land, texture, structure, Increased production, consistent viability, higher consistency, bulk density, porosity, and depth are quality, and improved cover are secondary physical properties of soils that should be considered. considerations that benefit livestock and wildlife. These properties influence aeration, root penetration, Native or introduced species can be used, although permeability, water infiltration, runoff, available water native plants generally adapt best to environmental capacity, and tilth. For example, sandy soils, such as extremes. Table 5 gives the characteristic vegetation those of the Tindahay series, have large, continuous for each soil in the survey area. Introduced species pore spaces and are characterized by rapid rates of are suitable for revegetation only if they can provide water infiltration and permeability and by low available stabilizing cover quickly, are compatible with the native water capacity. In contrast, clayey soils, such as those species in the region, and are not overly aggressive or of the Tucker series, can hold much more water, but undesirable competitors. the small pores transmit air and water more slowly. Soil limitations such as alkalinity, salinity, very The best balance of water retention and air and water gravelly textures, shallow rooting depth, and high clay movement is in medium-textured soils, such as those content should be considered, as well as the ability of that are loam, clay loam, and silt loam. Chemical a plant to tolerate droughtiness and other adverse properties of soils that should be considered include environmental conditions. Topographic characteristics mineralogy, organic matter content, alkalinity, salinity, including aspect, slope gradient, and position on the and reaction (pH). These properties affect water slope affect the runoff, drainage, moisture content, infiltration, hydrology, fertility, and biological activity. temperature, erosion hazard, and stability. For Table 11 gives various physical and chemical example, plants seeded in areas of strongly sloping properties of the soils in this survey area, and table 13 soils, such as those of the Nazaton and Foxmount gives various soil features. series, must be able to hold the soil securely in place Rehabilitation should be considered before and as well as survive on a limited amount of moisture if during the time of disturbance so that reclamation and the soils are on south-facing slopes. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 225

Timing is an important factor in determining the of the Owyhee Mountains, but now they are quite rare. method of seeding or planting. Seeding or planting Mammal predators include mountain lion, bobcat, should be done just prior to the longest period of coyote, river otter, mink, and weasel. favorable growing conditions, when the soil Common birds of prey that nest in the area include temperature is warm enough to allow germination but golden eagle, prairie falcon, red-tailed hawk, not high enough to inhibit growth and when the ferruginous hawk, Swainson’s hawk, northern harrier, content of moisture in the soil is adequate. The soil kestrel, great horned owl, short-eared owl, long-eared should be seeded or planted as soon after seedbed owl, and burrowing owl. Rough-legged hawk and bald preparation as possible to prevent weedy species from eagle winter at the lower elevations. Parts of the invading. Seeding by drilling or broadcasting generally survey area along the Snake River are within the is less costly than planting, which requires putting boundaries of the Snake River Birds of Prey Area, an whole live plants or parts of live plants into the soil. internationally significant raptor concentration area Mulching can be done before, during, or after managed by the Bureau of Land Management. seeding. Covering the soil surface with a layer of Red band trout, a desert-adapted species related to mulch reduces evaporation, controls erosion, and rainbow trout, are in many of the streams in the survey insulates the soil. Mulch protects the soil from water area. Rainbow trout are in some of the larger streams erosion by intercepting raindrops and thereby reducing and rivers and in most reservoirs. Warmwater game splashing and puddling and allows for greater water fish, including largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, infiltration and decreased runoff by slowing the bluegill, crappie, and catfish, are in the Snake River movement of water droplets. Mulch also reduces the and a few other locations. Sturgeon also are in the wind velocity at the soil surface. Insulating the top Snake River. Before dams blocked their route, salmon layer of the soil protects against excessive heat or and steelhead trout annually migrated to the area to cold, which is critical for successful germination of spawn. seeds and establishment of plants. Mulch can consist Recreation related to fish and wildlife has become a of small grain straw, grass hay, wood fibers, or major part of the economy in the Great Basin and manufactured blankets. Manure, an organic mulch, Rocky Mountain states. Hunting and fishing in the commonly is used because it also adds nutrients to survey area contributes more than $1 million annually the soil. If an organic mulch is used, additional to the economy of Idaho. This amount is expected to nitrogen may be needed to compensate for the increase in the future because of the ever-increasing nitrogen that is tied up in the decomposition of the urban populations that create a greater demand for mulch. these resources from extensive areas of public land Practices such as the application of supplemental that are largely undeveloped. water (irrigation), nutrients (fertilization), herbicides for The wide array of wildlife in the survey area is weed control, or inoculates and mycorrhizas supported by the variety of habitats present. Upland commonly are needed for the establishment, growth, habitat ranges from fourwing saltbush and shadscale and survival of plants. types along the Snake River to juniper woodland and Rehabilitation is considered successful when the areas of aspen, mountain brush, and Douglas fir at the soils are stabilized and the vegetation can sustain higher elevations. Expanses of sagebrush and itself and reproduce within the ecosystem. bunchgrass are at the intermediate elevations. Springs and wet meadows are scattered throughout the area Wildlife Habitat and riparian, or streamside, vegetation occurs as linear ribbons, frequently extending through two or By Alan Sands, biologist, Bureau of Land Management. more major types of upland habitat. Aquatic habitat is provided by the Snake, Owyhee, Bruneau, and The survey area supports 158 resident species of Jarbidge Rivers, many perennial streams, and several wildlife and 183 migratory species. These include 71 reservoirs, such as Sinker, Succor, and Juniper Basin species of mammals, 243 species of birds, 19 species Reservoirs. Agricultural habitats are primarily along of reptiles, and 8 species of amphibians. The area also the Snake River, but smaller areas are along supports 26 species of fish. Reynolds, Jordan, Cherry, Blue, and Three Creeks. Big game animals include mule deer, pronghorn Each type of habitat varies in its ability to support antelope, California bighorn sheep, and an occasional different kinds and populations of wildlife, depending elk. Native sage grouse and introduced chukars, on the supply of food, cover, and water. Some types of pheasants, gray partridge, and California quail are habitat, such as riparian areas, have a much greater common. Mountain quail were abundant in the foothills capacity to meet these essential needs for a variety of 226 Soil Survey

species. The location of habitat types in relation to created habitat for abundant populations of chukar each other also influences the diversity of wildlife partridge. occupying an area, since a single type of habitat rarely Bighorn sheep, considered by many hunters to be can meet all of the life requirements for a species. For the premier North American big game animal, initially example, the proximity of native perennial grasses, were eliminated from Owyhee County in the 1920’s. which provide food, to cliffs and rocks, which provide Overharvesting, competition from domestic livestock cover, determines the distribution of bighorn sheep. for forage, and transmission of disease from domestic Many types of wildlife respond to plant community sheep contributed to their demise. Transplant efforts composition and especially to the physical structure of that began in the early 1960’s have resulted in a the vegetation. Plant communities, in turn, are population of more than 1,100 animals. Bighorn sheep controlled by site factors such as soil type, available occupy canyonlands and breaks included in many of soil moisture, and disturbances caused by nature or the general soil map units. They have a bright future man. Depending upon prior disturbance, a variety of through natural expansion and additional transplants; seral vegetation types can occur on the same soil. A however, like so many species of wildlife, this species plant community may be suitable for a certain kind of exists solely because of man’s desire to maintain it. wildlife at one stage of plant succession, but at Springs, wet meadows, and riparian areas provide another stage it would not be suitable for the same key habitat for wildlife. Although these areas make up species. For example, the big sagebrush vegetation less than 1 percent of the survey area, they occur in type is suitable as habitat for sage grouse when the all of the general soil map units. These areas support sagebrush is present, but it is not suitable if the a greater abundance of wildlife and more diverse sagebrush has been removed by fire or other means. species than any other habitat type. They are highly Habitat management is the key to wildlife attractive to mule deer and upland game animals. management. Direct measures to control wildlife Furbearers, such as muskrat, mink, and river otter, are populations have limited ability to make long-lasting associated with riparian habitat. Waterfowl and many changes in wildlife populations (unless the control songbirds also are attracted to these areas. method results in extinction). Habitat modifications, Similar to upland habitat, the condition of riparian however, change the ability of an area to support habitat can vary. Degraded sites have limited ability to different kinds and populations of wildlife. These support wildlife, but those that are in good condition changes usually are long lasting, especially in drier support large populations of wildlife. Riparian areas areas. also are highly attractive to livestock, and Modern man has been responsible for major concentrated use has seriously degraded much of the modifications of the habitat in this survey area. habitat. Beaver actively modify riparian areas, which Agricultural conversion, range seeding, fire, livestock generally is considered beneficial to the riparian grazing, and the invasion of exotic plants have had a community. The activity of beaver in combination with dramatic effect on the natural vegetation and wildlife. overuse by livestock, however, can seriously damage Historically, the most common game species were riparian habitat. bighorn sheep, pronghorn antelope, sage grouse, and Damaged riparian habitat directly impacts sharp-tailed grouse. Sharp-tailed grouse are no longer associated aquatic habitat. The loss of stabilizing in the area, and the populations of the other species streamside vegetation as a result of trampling and are much lower. Habitat modification, with the possible consumption exposes streambanks to serious erosion exception of overhunting of bighorn sheep, has been during periods of high water. Erosion contributes to the responsible for these changes. deepening and widening of creeks and the Conversely, the population of mule deer was corresponding decrease in water depth. Gravel relatively small before the arrival of modern man deposited by moving water reduces spawning habitat. but they are now the most abundant big game Higher stream temperatures in summer because of animal in the area. Because livestock prefer the limited shade and decreased water depth can grasses and fewer fires have occurred, the density make streams uninhabitable by trout. of plants such as sagebrush, bitterbrush, and Riparian habitat, unlike upland habitat, has the juniper has increased, thereby improving the ability to recover relatively rapidly if the disturbing habitat for mule deer. The development of influences are removed. Elimination of grazing results agricultural cropland has created areas suitable for in the most rapid recovery, but special grazing exotic wildlife species such as pheasant, gray management practices also can be used to improve partridge, and California quail. The accidental riparian areas. Grazing of these areas by wildlife in introduction of exotic annuals such as cheatgrass spring or when the vegetation is dormant has much Owyhee County Area, Idaho 227

less impact than grazing in the hot summer when information in this section. Local ordinances and livestock also concentrate in these areas. If riparian regulations should be considered in planning, in site areas are in good condition, they have a great selection, and in design. capacity to support both livestock and wildlife. Soil properties, site features, and observed The soils in this survey area have been grouped performance were considered in determining the into general soil map units, and wildlife populations ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil can be correlated to these units. Following are some of survey, determinations were made about grain-size the major wildlife species in the area and the general distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, soil map units that provide favorable habitat. For mule depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 deer, general soil map unit 10 provides critical winter feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal habitat, units 11 and 13 provide prime winter habitat, high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural units 4 and 12 provide fair winter habitat, unit 16 soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were provides prime summer habitat, canyons and breaks collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of in unit 7 provide good summer habitat, juniper the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed woodland in unit 8 and big sagebrush in unit 14 cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, provide good summer habitat, and unit 15 provides permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, good transitional habitat. For pronghorn antelope, unit available water capacity, and other behavioral 5 provides crucial winter habitat, units 4 and 11 characteristics affecting engineering uses. provide good year-round habitat, low sagebrush in This information can be used to evaluate the units 6 and 7 provides good year-round habitat, and potential of areas for residential, commercial, units 12 and 13 provide fair year-round habitat. For industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary sage grouse, units 10 and 11 provide crucial winter estimates of construction conditions; evaluate habitat, units 6 and 7 provide prime year-round alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, habitat, units 4, 12, and 13 provide fair year-round pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate habitat, and meadows in unit 1 provide important alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank brood-rearing habitat. absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate Engineering potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, This section provides information for planning land terraces, and other structures for soil and water uses related to urban development and to water conservation; and predict performance of proposed management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the small structures and pavements by comparing the most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given performance of existing similar structures on the same for building site development, sanitary facilities, or similar soils. construction materials, and water management. The The information in the tables, along with the soil ratings are based on observed performance of the maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in soils and on the estimated data and test data in the this survey, can be used to make additional “Soil Properties” section. interpretations. Information in this section is intended for land use Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for special meaning in soil science and are defined in the planning site investigations prior to design and Glossary. construction. The information, however, has limitations. Building Site Development For example, estimates and other data generally apply only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. Table 6 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations Because of the map scale, small areas of different that affect shallow excavations, dwellings with and soils may be included within the mapped areas of a without basements, small commercial buildings, and specific soil. local roads and streets. The limitations are considered The information is not site specific and does not slight if soil properties and site features are generally eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils favorable for the indicated use and limitations are or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties the design and construction of engineering works. or site features are not favorable for the indicated use Government ordinances and regulations that and special planning, design, or maintenance is restrict certain land uses or impose specific design needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and criteria were not considered in preparing the severe if soil properties or site features are so 228 Soil Survey

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special generally favorable for the indicated use and design, significant increases in construction costs, and limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if possibly increased maintenance are required. Special soil properties or site features are not favorable for the feasibility studies may be required where the soil indicated use and special planning, design, or limitations are severe. maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The special design, significant increases in construction ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and costs, and possibly increased maintenance are observed performance of the soils. The ease of required. digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth The table also shows the suitability of the soils for to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time indicates that soil properties and site features are of the year that excavations can be made is affected favorable for the use and good performance and low by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of properties and site features are moderately favorable the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is for the use and one or more soil properties or site affected by soil texture and depth to the water table. features make the soil less desirable than the soils Dwellings and small commercial buildings are rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed properties or site features are unfavorable for the use soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. made for small commercial buildings without Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which basements, for dwellings with basements, and for effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil dwellings without basements. The ratings are based through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that on soil properties, site features, and observed part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause site features, and observed performance of the soils. the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the and flooding affect the ease of excavation and effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan construction. Landscaping and grading that require interfere with installation. cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank considered. absorption fields, including excessively slow Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on water table is near the surface. There must be soil properties, site features, and observed unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large require that this material be of a certain thickness. stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly action potential, and depth to a high water table affect level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments the traffic-supporting capacity. of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly Sanitary Facilities impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides Table 7 shows the degree and kind of soil limitations is required to minimize seepage and contamination of that affect septic tank absorption fields, sewage ground water. lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations are The table gives ratings for the natural soil that considered slight if soil properties and site features are makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, Owyhee County Area, Idaho 229

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface After soil material has been removed, the soil layer are excavated to provide material for the material remaining in the borrow area must be thick embankments. The ratings are based on soil enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water properties, site features, and observed performance of table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to plants. The surface layer generally has the best a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of workability, more organic matter, and the best potential organic matter. for plants. Material from the surface layer should be Excessive seepage resulting from rapid stockpiled for use as the final cover. permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 8 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on cemented pans can cause construction problems, and soil properties and site features that affect the removal large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal floor. compaction, minor processing, and other standard Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is construction practices are assumed. Each soil is disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and place and used in road embankments in another covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste feet high and less exacting in design than higher is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin embankments. layer of soil from a source away from the site. The ratings are for the soil material below the Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting should be considered. suitability within their profile. The table showing The ratings in the table are based on soil engineering index properties provides detailed properties, site features, and observed performance of information about each soil layer. This information can the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a help to determine the suitability of each layer for use cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings. boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and The ratings are based on soil properties, site content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills. features, and observed performance of the soils. The Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed. in place after it has been compacted and drained is Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is determined by its strength (as inferred from the used to cover compacted solid waste in an area engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, potential. transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. Soils rated good contain significant amounts of Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of affect the ease of removing and spreading the material suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. wind erosion. They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of 230 Soil Survey

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential, difficult. many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes the material is less than 3 feet thick. of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for water table at or near the surface. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In the table, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific plant growth. purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect Water Management excavation of the material. The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source Table 9 gives information on the soil properties and of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as site features that affect water management. The indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond the thickness of suitable material, and the content of reservoir areas and embankments, dikes, and levees. rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification The limitations are considered slight if soil properties are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of and site features are generally favorable for the grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index indicated use and limitations are minor and are easily properties. overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of are not favorable for the indicated use and special clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is planning, design, or maintenance is needed to up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, properties or site features are so unfavorable or so large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable difficult to overcome that special design, significant source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as increase in construction costs, and possibly increased shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and maintenance are required. gravel. This table also gives for each soil the restrictive Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation features that affect drainage, irrigation, and terraces can be established and maintained. The upper 40 and diversions. inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low area. seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by seepage potential is determined by the permeability of such properties as soil reaction, available water the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading, permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a storage capacity of the reservoir area. water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and high, constructed to impound water or to protect land toxic material. against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a source of material for embankment fill. The ratings depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of be uniformly mixed and compacted during soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to construction. fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. The ratings do not indicate the ability of the Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that natural soil to support an embankment. Soil have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have properties to a depth even greater than the height only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that of the embankment can affect performance and have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or safety of the embankment. Generally, deeper Owyhee County Area, Idaho 231

onsite investigation is needed to determine these salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage properties. outlets is not considered in the ratings. Soil material in embankments must be resistant to Irrigation is the controlled application of water to seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features design and management of an irrigation system are include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high affected by depth to the water table, the need for content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The usable material. It also affects trafficability. construction of a system is affected by large stones Drainage is the removal of excess surface and and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The subsurface water from the soil. How easily and performance of a system is affected by the depth of effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that reaction. affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth Terraces and diversions are embankments or a to a high water table or depth of standing water if the combination of channels and ridges constructed soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to across a slope to control erosion and conserve flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope, restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as maintenance.

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233

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during and less than 52 percent sand. If the content of the course of the soil survey. The data and the particles coarser than sand is as much as about 15 estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, percent, an appropriate modifier is added, for are explained on the following pages. example, “gravelly.” Textural terms are defined in the Soil properties are determined by field examination Glossary. of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some Classification of the soils is determined according to benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are the Unified soil classification system (3, 9) and the followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are system adopted by the American Association of State made and examined to identify and classify the soils Highway and Transportation Officials (2). and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are The Unified system classifies soils according to taken from some typical profiles and tested in the properties that affect their use as construction laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, material. Soils are classified according to grain-size plasticity, and compaction characteristics. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Estimates of soil properties are based on field diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and observations, verify properties that cannot be OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting estimated accurately by field observation, and help to engineering properties of two groups can have a dual characterize key soils. classification, for example, CL-ML. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables The AASHTO system classifies soils according to include the range of grain-size distribution and those properties that affect roadway construction and Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral physical and chemical properties of the major layers of soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the given. basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained Engineering Index Properties and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly Table 10 gives estimates of the engineering organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of classification and of the range of index properties for visual inspection. the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are soils have layers of contrasting properties within the indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- upper 5 or 6 feet. weight basis. The percentages are estimates Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each determined mainly by converting volume percentage layer is indicated. The range in depth and information in the field to weight percentage. on other properties of each layer are given for each Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated soil series under the heading “Taxonomic Units and sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 Their Morphology.” inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The Texture is given in the standard terms used by sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 are defined according to percentages of sand, silt, millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on and clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, field. 234 Soil Survey

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) saturated. They are based on soil characteristics indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, estimates are based on test data from the survey area and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of or from nearby areas and on field examination. soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, fields. and plasticity index are generally rounded to the Available water capacity refers to the quantity of nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and water that the soil is capable of storing for use by Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 plants. The capacity for water storage is given in percentage points) across classification boundaries, inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil table. properties that affect the retention of water and the depth of the root zone. The most important properties Physical and Chemical Properties are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is Table 11 shows estimates of some characteristics an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to and features that affect soil behavior. These be grown and in the design and management of estimates are given for the major layers of each soil irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an in the survey area. The estimates are based on field estimate of the quantity of water actually available to observations and on test data for these and similar plants at any given time. soils. Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of many soils, values have been verified by laboratory each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for millimeters in diameter. fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the corrosion. fertility and physical condition of the soil. They Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and laboratory measurements at representative sites of kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is operations. affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by the Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the is at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture value given in the table. Salinity affects the suitability of 1 content at /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used as determined after drying the soil at 105 degrees C. construction material, and the potential of the soil to In this table, the estimated moist bulk density of each corrode metal and concrete. major soil horizon is expressed in grams per cubic Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume centimeter of soil material that is less than 2 change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to change occurs mainly because of the interaction of compute shrink-swell potential, available water clay minerals with water and varies with the amount capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties. and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in space available for water and roots. A bulk density of soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by texture, of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For kind of clay, content of organic matter, and soil others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind structure. and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit measurements of similar soils. water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to downward movement of water when the soil is very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage Owyhee County Area, Idaho 235

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in design is often needed. the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the table, the estimated content of organic matter is change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; The content of organic matter in a soil can be moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent; maintained or increased by returning crop residue to and very high, greater than 9 percent. the soil. Organic matter affects the available water Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss Soil and Water Features by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, Table 12 gives estimates of various water features. sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil The estimates are used in land use planning that structure and permeability. Values of K range from involves engineering considerations. 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four erosion by water. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum the soils are not protected by vegetation, are average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- that can occur without affecting crop productivity over duration storms. a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per The four hydrologic soil groups are: year. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist have similar properties affecting their resistance to mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. The soils of water transmission. assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of susceptible. The groups are as follows: moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to sands. moderately coarse texture. These soils have a 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine moderate rate of water transmission. sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate soil material. when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy having a layer that impedes the downward movement loams, and very fine sandy loams. of water or soils of moderately fine texture or fine 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and texture. These soils have a slow rate of water silty clay loams. transmission. 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These clay. consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, clays, and hemic soil material. and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are material. These soils have a very slow rate of water more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay transmission. loams that are less than 35 percent clay. Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered because of coarse fragments on the surface or flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes because of surface wetness. is considered ponding rather than flooding. 236

The table gives the frequency and duration of zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic flooding and the time of year when flooding is most head, generally below an impermeable layer. When likely. this layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an Frequency, duration, and probable dates of uncased borehole. occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as Two numbers in the column showing depth to the none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that water table indicate the normal range in depth to a flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. possible under unusual weather conditions (the The first numeral in the range indicates the highest chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, indicates that the water table is above the surface of once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of 6 feet for less than a month. flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Table 13 gives estimates of various soil features. Common is used when the occasional and frequent The estimates are used in land use planning that classes are grouped for certain purposes. Duration is involves engineering considerations. expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in borings and on observations during soil mapping. The months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or occurs during the stated period. fractured, excavations can be made with trenching The information is based on evidence in the soil machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay hard or massive, blasting or special equipment deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic generally is needed for excavation. matter content with increasing depth; and little or no A cemented pan is a cemented or indurated horizon development. subsurface layer within a depth of 5 feet. Such a pan Also considered are local information about the causes difficulty in excavation. Pans are classified as extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each thin or thick. A thin pan is less than 3 inches thick if soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on continuously indurated or less than 18 inches thick if the extent of flooding based on soil data is less discontinuous or fractured. Excavations can be made specific than that provided by detailed engineering by trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers. A surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific thick pan is more than 3 inches thick if continuously flood frequency levels. indurated or more than 18 inches thick if discontinuous High water table (seasonal) is the highest level or fractured. Such a pan is so thick or massive that of a saturated zone in the soil in most years. The blasting or special equipment is needed in excavation. estimates are based mainly on observations of the Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or water table at selected sites and on the evidence lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of of a saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the (redoximorphic features) in the soil. Indicated in the subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on table are the depth to the seasonal high water table; thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves the kind of water table—that is, perched, apparent, or into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, artesian; and the months of the year that the water density, permeability, content of organic matter, and table commonly is high. A water table that is depth to the water table are the most important factors seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It in the table. is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least perched water table is water standing above an susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other water table is separated from a lower one by a dry rigid structures. 237

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the typifies the great group. An example is Typic National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories Durargids. (14). Beginning with the broadest, these categories FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup are the order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, on the basis of physical and chemical properties and and series. Classification is based on soil properties other characteristics that affect management. observed in the field or inferred from those Generally, the properties are those of horizons below observations or from laboratory measurements. Table plow depth where there is much biological activity. 14 shows the classification of the soils in the survey Among the properties and characteristics considered area. The categories are defined in the following are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature paragraphs. regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- that indicate soil properties. An example is loamy, forming processes and the degree of soil formation. mixed, mesic, shallow Typic Durargids. Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family example is Aridisol. that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure, SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil composition, and arrangement in the profile. genesis and are important to plant growth or properties that reflect the most important variables Taxonomic Units and Their within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is Argid Morphology (Arg, meaning clay, plus id, from Aridisol). In this section, each taxonomic unit recognized in GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great the survey area is described. Characteristics of the groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, soil and the material in which it formed are identified arrangement, and degree of development of for each unit. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature of soil, that is typical of the unit in the survey area is regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each described. The detailed description of each soil great group is identified by the name of a suborder horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An (12). Many of the technical terms used in the example is Durargids (Dur, meaning duripan, plus descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (14). argid, the suborder of the Aridisols that have an argillic Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions horizon). are for dry soil. Following the pedon description is the SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic range of important characteristics of the soils in the subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or unit. extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept The map units of each taxonomic unit are described of the great group; it is not necessarily the most in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.” extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some Acrelane Series properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other Classification taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives preceding the name of the great Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that shallow Aridic Argixerolls 238 Soil Survey

Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Shallow Profile: Drainage class: Well drained Depth to weathered bedrock—10 to 20 inches Permeability: Moderate A horizon: Landforms: Foothills Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; source—intermediate intrusive rock Bt horizon: Slope range: 10 to 45 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Elevation: 3,000 to 5,200 feet Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Clay content—20 to 30 percent Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent Frost-free period—90 to 135 days Typical Pedon Description Alibi Series A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Classification gravelly sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic soft, very friable; common very fine and fine roots Palexerolls and few medium roots; common fine interstitial Setting pores; 35 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep BA—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy Drainage class: Well drained loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine Permeability: Slow subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, Landforms: Foothills slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and residuum; fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common source—rhyolite and welded rhyolitic tuff very fine and fine interstitial pores; few thin clay Slope range: 3 to 35 percent films on faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; slightly Elevation: 3,700 to 5,250 feet acid; clear smooth boundary. Climatic data (average annual): Bt1—6 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Precipitation—12 to 15 inches sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Frost-free period—90 to 125 days hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine Typical Pedon Description and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very stony loam, moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 35 dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky Bt2—9 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very and plastic; common very fine and fine roots; gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 35 (10YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 5 percent blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and stones; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few AB—4 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam, medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and 60 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. medium subangular blocky structure parting to Cr—12 inches; decomposing granite. strong fine and medium granular; slightly hard, friable, very sticky and plastic; common very fine Typical Pedon Location and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; 1 Location in survey area: About 7 /2 miles southwest of common thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 1 1 Murphy; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 31, T. 3 S., percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; slightly acid; R. 2 W. abrupt smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Acrelane-Rock outcrop Bt1—7 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) complex, 10 to 45 percent slopes gravelly clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Owyhee County Area, Idaho 239

medium prismatic structure parting to strong Texture—very gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly fine and medium angular blocky; very hard, very sandy clay loam, or very cobbly sandy clay loam firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent and fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline common pressure faces; many thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel Alzola Series and 2 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Classification Bt2—12 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) gravelly clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong fine and Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky Durixerollic Haplargids and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; Setting common very fine tubular pores; many thick clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent gravel and 5 Depth class: Very deep percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow Bq—17 to 23 inches; pink (7.5YR 7/4) very gravelly Landforms: Outwash terraces and calderas sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; massive; Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— slightly hard, very friable; few very fine and fine extrusive rock and volcanic ash roots; common very fine and fine interstitial and Slope range: 1 to 20 percent tubular pores; 45 percent gravel and 10 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 5,800 feet cobbles; most rock fragments coated with Climatic data (average annual): secondary silica; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth Precipitation—10 to 13 inches boundary. Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F R—23 inches; fractured, moderately weathered Frost-free period—75 to 90 days rhyolite. Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location A1—0 to 2 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Location in survey area: About 12 miles southeast of 1 1 brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium and Silver City; in the SW /4NE /4 of sec. 1, T. 6 S., thick platy structure parting to moderate thin platy; R. 2 W. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Map unit in which located: Chinabutte-Alibi very stony slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and loams, 3 to 45 percent slopes few medium roots; common very fine, fine, and Range in Characteristics medium vesicular and interstitial pores and few coarse vesicular and interstitial pores; 15 percent Profile: gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth Depth to abrupt textural change—7 to 10 inches boundary. Depth to bedrock—20 to 30 inches A2—2 to 4 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt A and AB horizons: loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Reaction—slightly acid or neutral and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine Bt horizon: and fine vesicular pores and few medium vesicular Hue—7.5YR or 10YR pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly alkaline; abrupt Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bt—4 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly Texture—gravelly clay, clay, or gravelly clay loam silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Clay content—35 to 50 percent moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Rock fragment content—10 to 35 percent structure; hard, friable, very sticky and plastic; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline common very fine and fine roots and few Bq horizon: medium roots; common fine and medium Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist tubular pores; many thin clay films on faces of Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel and 10 240 Soil Survey

percent cobbles; strongly alkaline; clear wavy Effervescence (lower part)—none to strong boundary. Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Btkq—9 to 14 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Bkq horizon: extremely cobbly clay loam, yellowish brown Value—7 or 8 dry, 6 or 7 moist (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Texture—extremely cobbly sandy loam, extremely few very fine, fine, and medium roots; few fine and cobbly loamy sand, or very cobbly sandy loam medium tubular pores; common thin clay films on Clay content—5 to 15 percent faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent gravel and Rock fragment content—50 to 90 percent 40 percent cobbles; common thick pendants of Reaction—strongly alkaline or very strongly alkaline silica and calcium carbonates on rock fragments; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Arbidge Series Bkq1—14 to 22 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) weakly cemented extremely cobbly sandy loam, Classification pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive; very hard, Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic firm; few fine roots; common fine interstitial pores; Durargids 25 percent gravel and 45 percent cobbles; secondary silica and calcium carbonates Setting commonly completely engulf rock fragments to Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan form medium and coarse discontinuous indurated Drainage class: Well drained plates; violently effervescent; very strongly Permeability: Moderately slow alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Landforms: Calderas, fan terraces, plug domes, and Bkq2—22 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) tablelands extremely cobbly loamy sand, very pale brown Parent material: Kind—loess and silty alluvium; (10YR 7/4) moist; single grain; loose; few fine source—basalt and volcanic ash roots; 30 percent gravel and 50 percent cobbles; Slope range: 2 to 15 percent violently effervescent; very strongly alkaline. Elevation: 3,250 to 5,500 feet Typical Pedon Location Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—9 to 13 inches Location in survey area: About 18 miles southeast of 1 1 Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Grasmere; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 2, T. 15 S., Frost-free period—85 to 130 days R. 6 E. Map unit in which located: Alzola silt loam, 1 to 10 Typical Pedon Description percent slopes A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak thin platy Range in Characteristics structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Profile: and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots Depth to calcium carbonates—6 to 15 inches and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine Depth to weak cementation—14 to 24 inches and fine tubular and vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Bt1—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and fine Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline sticky and plastic; many fine roots and common Bt horizon: very fine and medium roots; few fine and very fine Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; common Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; Texture—cobbly silty clay loam or cobbly clay loam in neutral; gradual smooth boundary. the upper part and very cobbly clay loam or Bt2—10 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay extremely cobbly clay loam in the lower part loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Clay content—27 to 34 percent moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Rock fragment content—35 to 85 percent structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many Owyhee County Area, Idaho 241

fine roots and common very fine and medium Effervescence—strong or violent roots; common fine tubular pores; 10 percent Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline gravel; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Arness Series Bkq—20 to 30 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Classification medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable; common very fine and fine Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, frigid, shallow Aridic roots; common fine tubular pores; 15 percent Durixerolls gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Setting abrupt wavy boundary. 2Bkqm—30 to 38 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Depth class: Shallow to a duripan continuous strongly cemented duripan; platy Drainage class: Well drained structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, brittle; Permeability: Moderately slow violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy Landforms: Fan terraces boundary. Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— 3Ck—38 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) volcanic ash and extrusive rock very gravelly loamy sand; massive; loose; 40 Slope range: 1 to 8 percent percent fine gravel; violently effervescent; strongly Elevation: 5,250 to 5,450 feet alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Typical Pedon Location Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Location in survey area: About 26 miles west of Frost-free period—70 to 95 days 1 1 Riddle; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 7, T. 15 S., R. 2 W. Typical Pedon Description Map unit in which located: Bedstead-Arbidge association, 2 to 15 percent slopes A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium platy Range in Characteristics structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; soft, very friable, slightly plastic; many very Profile: fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent A horizon: gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Bt1—4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky Bt horizon: and plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Texture—loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; Clay content—20 to 34 percent clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent Bt2—10 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Bkq horizon: moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, firm, Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many Texture—sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or gravelly moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in sandy loam pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth Clay content—15 to 25 percent boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent Bkq—16 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 242 Soil Survey

6/4) gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Climatic data (average annual): massive; hard, firm; common very fine and fine Precipitation—13 to 16 inches roots; few fine interstitial pores; common Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F moderately thick clay films on rock fragments; 25 Frost-free period—70 to 95 days percent gravel; violently effervescent; mildly Typical Pedon Description alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bkqm—19 to 33 inches; pink (7.5YR 7/4), continuous, A—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) stony strongly cemented duripan that has an indurated loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; laminar cap; massive; extremely hard, very firm, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; brittle; violently effervescent; gradual wavy slightly hard, very friable; many very fine, common boundary. fine, and few medium and coarse roots; many very R—33 inches; slightly weathered welded tuff. fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 20 percent fine gravel and 3 percent stones; neutral; Typical Pedon Location clear smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 5 miles northwest of Bt1—4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) 1 1 Three Creek; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 13, T. 15 S., gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate R. 10 E. fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Map unit in which located: Arness-Humdun complex, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 1 to 8 percent slopes common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular and interstitial pores; Range in Characteristics few thin clay films bridging sand grains and on Profile: faces of peds; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Bt2—10 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline extremely stony clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong fine subangular blocky Particle-size control section (weighted average): structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Clay content—22 to 34 percent plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular A horizon: pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist percent gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and 35 Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist percent stones; slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. Bt horizon: R—19 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Typical Pedon Location Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Location in survey area: About 21 miles east of Cliffs; Texture—loam, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam 1 1 in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 33, T. 9 S., R. 2 W. Map unit in which located: Hurryback-Hat-Avtable Avtable Series association, 1 to 40 percent slopes

Classification Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Profile: Mollic Haploxeralfs Depth to bedrock—14 to 20 inches Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Setting A horizon: Depth class: Shallow Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Drainage class: Well drained Value—5 or 6 dry Permeability: Moderately slow Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Landforms: Structural benches and foothills Parent material: Kind—residuum and alluvium; Bt horizon: source—welded rhyolitic tuff Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Elevation: 5,000 to 6,400 feet Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Owyhee County Area, Idaho 243

Texture—gravelly loam, very gravelly loam, or cobbly masses of lime; moderately alkaline; clear wavy clay loam in the upper part and extremely gravelly boundary. loam, very cobbly loam, or extremely stony clay Btk—29 to 42 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loam in the lower part loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Clay content—20 to 30 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Rock fragment content—35 to 85 percent hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very fine pores; Babbington Series many thin clay films in pores; common lime veins that are moderately effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Classification 2C—42 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic stratified loamy sand and very gravelly sand, Calcic Argixerolls grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; common medium faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) mottles; massive, Setting single grain; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; Depth class: Very deep 5 to 60 percent gravel; moderately alkaline. Drainage class: Moderately well drained Typical Pedon Location Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Bottomlands and alluvial flats Location in survey area: About 13 miles west of 1 1 Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Reynolds; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 13, T. 2 S., extrusive rock and volcanic ash R. 6 W. Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Map unit in which located: Babbington-Beetville loams, Elevation: 3,400 to 5,300 feet 0 to 3 percent slopes Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Range in Characteristics Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Profile: Frost-free period—90 to 130 days Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 36 inches Typical Pedon Description Depth to sand and gravel—40 inches or more A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Bt horizon: dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Hue—10YR or 2.5Y medium platy structure parting to weak fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Texture—clay loam or silty clay loam and slightly plastic; common fine and medium Clay content—27 to 35 percent roots; common very fine vesicular and interstitial Reaction (upper part)—neutral or mildly alkaline pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth Btk horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Bt1—4 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong medium prismatic Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; Texture—clay loam, loam, or silt loam very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, Clay content—24 to 32 percent fine, and medium roots; common very fine and Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; Effervescence—slight or moderate continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline peds and in pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. 2C horizon: Bt2—13 to 29 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay Hue—10YR to 5Y loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine Mottles—few or common and faint to prominent roots; many very fine and few fine tubular pores; Texture—stratified loamy sand to very gravelly sand, many thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; commonly with thin layers of medium-textured few medium-sized slightly effervescent soft material 244 Soil Survey

Effervescence—none to slight weak medium subangular blocky structure parting Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine and fine roots; common very fine and Barkley Series fine interstitial pores; 20 percent durinodes; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Classification 2Bq2—38 to 48 inches; pink (7.5YR 8/4) Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Duric discontinuous weakly cemented very gravelly Argixerolls sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure; extremely hard, firm, brittle; few very fine and fine Setting roots in pockets; 30 percent gravel and 5 percent Depth class: Very deep cobbles; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained 2Bkq—48 to 60 inches; pink (7.5YR 8/4) consolidated Permeability: Very slow gravelly sandy loam; massive; 20 percent gravel; Landforms: Fan terraces, outwash terraces, and slightly effervescent. terrace escarpments Typical Pedon Location Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; 1 source—volcaniclastic sediment Location in survey area: About 4 /2 miles east of Three 1 1 Slope range: 2 to 30 percent Creek; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 29, T. 15 S., Elevation: 4,900 to 6,200 feet R. 12 E. Climatic data (average annual): Map unit in which located: Booford-Barkley complex, Precipitation—13 to 17 inches 8 to 45 percent slopes Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period—60 to 95 days Profile: Typical Pedon Description Depth to weak cementation—20 to 40 inches A—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) stony loam, very A horizon: dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Bt horizon: roots and common medium roots; common very Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist fine and fine vesicular and tubular pores; l0 Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist percent gravel and 5 percent stones; neutral; clear Texture—sandy clay loam or clay loam smooth boundary. Clay content—27 to 35 percent Bt—7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Rock fragment content—5 to 15 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots Barnard Series and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on Classification faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Btq—l4 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Durixerolls gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown Setting (10YR 3/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable; common very fine and fine Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan roots and few medium roots; common very fine Drainage class: Well drained and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on Permeability: Slow faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent durinodes; Landforms: Fan terraces l5 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— alkaline; clear smooth boundary. extrusive rock and volcanic ash Bq1—26 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Slope range: 2 to 12 percent gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Elevation: 4,400 to 5,050 feet Owyhee County Area, Idaho 245

Climatic data (average annual): Map unit in which located: Salisbury-Gacey-Barnard Precipitation—11 to 13 inches complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Profile: Typical Pedon Description Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, very A horizon: dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist thin platy structure parting to moderate fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Reaction—slightly acid or neutral and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular Bt horizon: and interstitial pores and few medium vesicular Hue—7.5YR or 10YR and interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist clear smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Bt1—6 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, Texture—silty clay loam or clay very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Clay content—35 to 50 percent moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many Effervescence (lower part)—none or slight very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline fine and fine tubular pores; common moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent Bauscher Series gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt2—11 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Classification dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Pachic Ultic medium angular blocky; hard, firm, very sticky and Argixerolls very plastic; common very fine and fine roots and Setting few medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces of peds; Depth class: Deep 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained 2Bkq—23 to 27 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Permeability: Moderately slow 6/4) fractured duripan; strong thin platy structure; Landforms: Mountains and foothills extremely hard, very firm; fractures 1 to 3 Parent material: Kind—residuum and alluvium; centimeters apart; few very fine and fine roots; 35 source—intermediate intrusive rock percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly Slope range: 5 to 35 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Elevation: 4,700 to 7,100 feet 2Bkqm—27 to 40 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Climatic data (average annual): 6/4), continuous, strongly cemented duripan that Precipitation—14 to 18 inches has a thin indurated laminar cap; platy structure; Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F extremely hard, extremely firm, brittle; violently Frost-free period—60 to 95 days effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Description 3C—40 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly loam; massive; slightly sticky and slightly sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; plastic; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; moderate thick platy structure; soft, friable, mildly alkaline. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very Typical Pedon Location fine and fine roots; common very fine and few fine interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Location in survey area: About 18 miles southwest of boundary. 1 1 Silver City; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 35, T. 6 S., A2—3 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) R. 6 W. sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; 246 Soil Survey

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Texture—coarse sandy loam or gravelly coarse sandy hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly loam plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common Clay content—10 to 15 percent very fine and fine interstitial pores; few thin clay Rock fragment content—10 to 25 percent films on faces of peds; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Bedstead Series Bt1—8 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist, Classification moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, common very fine and fine roots; common mesic Abruptic Xerollic Durargids moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in Setting pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bt2—20 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Drainage class: Well drained weak medium and coarse subangular blocky Permeability: Slow structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Landforms: Tablelands and foothills slightly plastic; few medium roots and common Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium; source— fine roots; many thin clay films on faces of peds; 5 extrusive rock and volcanic ash percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy Slope range: 2 to 15 percent boundary. Elevation: 3,600 to 5,500 feet BC—30 to 42 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Climatic data (average annual): gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Precipitation—11 to 13 inches moist; massive; few fine and medium roots; 25 Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F percent fine gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Frost-free period—85 to 130 days Cr—42 inches; fractured, weathered granite; loamy Typical Pedon Description coarse sand in cracks. A1—0 to 1 inch; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely Typical Pedon Location stony silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Location in survey area: About 11 miles northeast of strong thick platy structure; slightly hard, very 1 1 Cliffs; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 26, T. 7 S., friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common fine R. 5 W. and medium roots; many very fine and fine Map unit in which located: Vipont-Bauscher tubular and vesicular pores and few medium association, 8 to 60 percent slopes tubular and vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel and 10 percent stones; neutral; abrupt smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. A2—1 inch to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) stony silt Profile: loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Depth to soft bedrock—40 to 60 inches and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly Reaction—moderately acid to neutral hard, very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; Base saturation (upper 30 inches)—50 to 75 percent common very fine and fine roots and few medium A horizon: roots; many very fine interstitial and tubular pores; Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist 10 percent cobbles and 10 percent stones; neutral; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist clear smooth boundary. AB—6 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly silt Bt horizon: loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist hard, very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; Texture—loam or sandy clay loam common very fine and fine roots and few medium Clay content—18 to 30 percent roots; common very fine interstitial and vesicular Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 20 BC horizon: percent cobbles and 10 percent stones; neutral; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist abrupt smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bt—11 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/4) extremely Owyhee County Area, Idaho 247

stony clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong fine Beetville Series and medium angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common fine roots and few Classification medium roots; continuous thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 percent cobbles and 50 Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic percent stones; mildly alkaline; gradual wavy Fluventic Haploxerolls boundary. Setting Btk—18 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely stony clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong Depth class: Very deep fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Drainage class: Moderately well drained sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots; Permeability: Moderate common moderately thick clay films on faces of Landforms: Bottomlands peds; 20 percent cobbles and 50 percent stones; Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy volcaniclastic material boundary. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Bkqm—21 to 22 inches; white (10YR 8/2) continuous Elevation: 3,400 to 4,650 feet indurated duripan; platy structure; extremely hard, Climatic data (average annual): very firm, brittle; moderately effervescent; mildly Precipitation—10 to 12 inches alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F 2R—22 inches; basalt. Frost-free period—100 to 130 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 26 miles southwest of A—0 to 13 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, 1 1 Riddle; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 8, T. 15 S., very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; R. 2 W. moderate thin platy structure; soft, very friable; Map unit in which located: Bedstead-Arbidge many very fine and fine roots and common association, 2 to 15 percent slopes medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular and vesicular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. 2C1—13 to 29 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Profile: silt loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; common Depth to abrupt textural change—6 to 12 inches medium faint mottles that are dark grayish brown Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 24 inches (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate medium platy structure; Depth to duripan—21 to 36 inches very hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Depth to bedrock—22 to 40 inches common very fine, fine, and medium roots; Particle-size control section (weighted average): common fine tubular and vesicular pores; iron Clay content—35 to 50 percent stains; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. 3C2—29 to 44 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) gravelly A horizon: loamy sand, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist massive; loose; common medium and fine roots; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist common very fine and fine tubular and interstitial Reaction—slightly acid or neutral pores; 20 percent fine gravel; neutral; abrupt Bt and Btk horizons: smooth boundary. Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist 4C3—44 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silt Chroma—4 to 6 dry or moist loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; few fine and Texture—very cobbly clay, extremely stony clay loam, medium distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) or extremely stony clay mottles; massive; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Rock fragment content—35 to 70 percent few very fine and fine roots; common very fine Effervescence (lower part)—slight to strong tubular pores and few medium interstitial pores; Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline neutral. 248 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Location sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy Location in survey area: About 13 miles west of 1 1 boundary. Reynolds; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 24, T. 3 S., Bt1—4 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark R. 6 W. brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate very fine and Map unit in which located: Babbington-Beetville loams, fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, 0 to 3 percent slopes friable, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine Range in Characteristics and fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; Profile: 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy Mottles—distinct or prominent below a depth of 40 boundary. inches Bt2—11 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, Texture—stratified loam, silt loam, sandy loam, and brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong fine and medium loamy sand prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few fine Particle-size control section (weighted average): continuous interstitial pores; continuous thick clay Clay content—8 to 18 percent films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bkqm1—17 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) A horizon: continuous indurated duripan, dark yellowish Hue—10YR or 2.5Y brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong thick platy Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist structure; very hard, extremely firm, brittle; few fine Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist filaments of lime that are slightly effervescent; C horizon: mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y 2Bkqm2—20 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR Value—5 to 7 dry 8/4), continuous, strongly cemented to weakly Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist cemented duripan; massive; slightly effervescent. Typical Pedon Location Bieber Series Location in survey area: About 14 miles northwest of 1 1 Silver City; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 6, T. 4 S., Classification R. 5 W. Taxonomic class: Clayey, montmorillonitic, mesic, Map unit in which located: Bieber-Hurryback shallow Aridic Durixerolls association, 2 to 40 percent slopes Range in Characteristics Setting Profile: Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Depth to duripan—8 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Very slow Particle-size control section (weighted average): Landforms: Fan piedmonts Clay content—35 to 45 percent Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Rock fragment content—5 to 30 percent volcaniclastic material A horizon: Slope range: 2 to l5 percent Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Elevation: 4,600 to 5,200 feet Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Bt horizon: Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Frost-free period—85 to 105 days Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Typical Pedon Description Texture—clay loam, clay, or gravelly clay A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam, Clay content—30 to 45 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent and thick platy structure; slightly hard, friable, Reaction—slightly acid to moderately alkaline Owyhee County Area, Idaho 249

Bigflat Series concretions; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bk1—19 to 40 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Classification loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Aridic slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Palexerolls plastic; few fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; Setting clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Deep and very deep to a hardpan Bk2—40 to 48 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Drainage class: Well drained fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Permeability: Very slow moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; few Landforms: Calderas and foothills very fine and fine roots; common very fine Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly source—basalt and volcanic ash effervescent; strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy Slope range: 1 to 35 percent boundary. Elevation: 5,000 to 6,100 feet Bkq—48 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely Climatic data (average annual): gravelly loamy sand, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Precipitation—10 to 13 inches moist; strong thick platy structure; extremely hard, Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F extremely firm; few very fine and fine matted roots; Frost-free period—75 to 95 days many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 15 percent cobbles and 50 percent gravel (cemented Typical Pedon Description and indurated duripan fragments); strongly A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark effervescent; strongly alkaline. brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Typical Pedon Location subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; many Location in survey area: About 7 miles east of Three 1 1 very fine and fine roots; many very fine Creek; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 9, T. 16 S., interstitial and tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth R. 10 E. boundary. Map unit in which located: Heckison-Bigflat silt loams, E—6 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, 1 to 10 percent slopes dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and Range in Characteristics medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Profile: common very fine and fine roots and few medium Depth to calcium carbonates—15 to 30 inches roots; many very fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline; Depth to abrupt textural change—5 to 10 inches abrupt smooth boundary. Particle-size control section (weighted average): Bt1—9 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Clay content—40 to 55 percent clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong fine prismatic structure parting to strong A horizon: fine angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Value—2 or 3 moist common very fine and fine roots; many very fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces Reaction—slightly acid or neutral of peds and in pores; moderately alkaline; clear Bt horizon: smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist Bt2—14 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist silty clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Texture—clay, silty clay, or cobbly clay moist; weak fine prismatic structure parting to Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent strong fine angular blocky; hard, firm, sticky Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline and plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; continuous Bk horizon: thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Value—7 or 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist common fine rounded black iron-manganese Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist 250 Soil Survey

Texture—fine sandy loam, gravelly fine sandy loam, or percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; gravelly loam clear wavy boundary. Clay content—14 to 24 percent Bt1—13 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly clay Rock fragment content—0 to 35 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Effervescence—strong or violent fine and medium subangular blocky structure Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline parting to strong fine granular; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, Bkq horizon: medium, and coarse roots; common fine tubular Value—6 to 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Chroma—2 to 6 dry or moist of peds; 10 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; Texture—very gravelly sandy loam or extremely slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. gravelly loamy sand Bt2—23 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Clay content—4 to 14 percent cobbly clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to Effervescence—strong or violent strong medium angular blocky; very hard, very Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline firm, very sticky and very plastic; common fine and medium roots; common fine tubular pores; Blackleg Series continuous thick clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; neutral; Classification clear wavy boundary. Btq—29 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, cobbly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong frigid Typic Durixerolls fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Setting hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common fine Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan tubular pores; common moderately thick clay films Drainage class: Well drained on faces of peds; 20 percent gravel and 30 Permeability: Slow percent cobbles; thin pendants of silica on Landforms: Outwash terraces and fan terraces undersides of rock fragments; neutral; clear wavy Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— boundary. extrusive rock and volcanic ash Bqm—36 to 50 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Slope range: 2 to 30 percent 6/4) continuous indurated duripan, strong brown Elevation: 5,000 to 7,100 feet (7.5YR 4/6) moist; massive; extremely hard, brittle; Climatic data (average annual): neutral. Precipitation—12 to 17 inches Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—50 to 95 days Location in survey area: About 9 miles southeast of 1 1 Typical Pedon Description Riddle; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 11, T. 15 S., R. 4 E. A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) stony loam, Map unit in which located: Wickahoney-Blackleg- very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak thin Thacker association, 2 to 30 percent slopes platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; Range in Characteristics slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots and common medium and coarse Profile: roots; many very fine and fine interstitial Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches pores; 5 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, Particle-size control section (weighted average): and 1 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth Clay content—35 to 50 percent boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent BA—6 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium A horizon: subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Hue—7.5YR or 10YR friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Owyhee County Area, Idaho 251

Bt and Btq horizons: percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist 2C—25 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) stratified Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist gravelly coarse sand and clay loam, dark grayish Texture—cobbly clay loam, cobbly clay, or gravelly clay brown (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; few very fine loam in the upper and very cobbly clay, very and fine roots; 5 to 20 percent gravel; neutral. gravelly clay loam, extremely cobbly clay, very Typical Pedon Location cobbly clay loam, or very gravelly clay in the lower 1 part Location in survey area: About 9 /2 miles southeast of 1 1 Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline Cliffs; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 20, T. 10 S., R. 4 W. Bqm horizon: Map unit in which located: Paynecreek-Northcastle- Effervescence—none to strong Blackwell association, 0 to 8 percent slopes Blackwell Series Range in Characteristics Profile: Classification Texture—loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or gravelly sandy clay loam Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed Typic Cryaquolls Depth to mottles—15 to 25 inches Setting Reaction—neutral or slightly acid Base saturation—50 to 65 percent Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Particle-size control section (weighted average): Permeability: Moderately slow Clay content—18 to 30 percent Landforms: Bottomlands A horizon: Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Value—3 or 4 dry, 1 to 3 moist volcaniclastic material Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist Slope range: 0 to 3 percent Elevation: 5,100 to 5,900 feet Cg horizon: Climatic data (average annual): Hue—5Y to 10YR Precipitation—15 to 18 inches Value—5 to 8 dry, 3 to 6 moist Air temperature—40 to 42 degrees F Chroma—1 to 2 dry or moist Frost-free period—50 to 70 days Typical Pedon Description Bluecreek Series A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Classification black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; many Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Haplic very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; 5 Durixeralfs percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Setting A2—5 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine and medium Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, Drainage class: Well drained slightly sticky and plastic; few very fine and Permeability: Slow fine roots; few very fine and fine interstitial Landforms: Fan terraces pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— boundary. extrusive rock and volcanic ash Cg—15 to 25 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Slope range: 1 to 10 percent gravelly sandy clay loam, very dark gray (10YR Elevation: 5,300 to 5,500 feet 3/1) moist; few fine distinct mottles that are light Climatic data (average annual): yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; massive; hard, Precipitation—13 to 15 inches very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; 15 Frost-free period—75 to 90 days 252 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location

1 E—0 to 2 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam, Location in survey area: About 5 /2 miles northwest of 1 1 dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Riddle; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 10, T. 14 S., platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; common R. 2 E. very fine roots and few fine and medium roots; Map unit in which located: Northcastle-Bluecreek- many very fine tubular pores; slightly acid; clear Yatahoney loams, smooth boundary. 1 to 10 percent slopes Bw—2 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Range in Characteristics yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Profile: friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; E horizon: common very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist acid; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Bt1—8 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction—slightly acid or neutral clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate fine prismatic structure parting to Bt horizon: strong fine and medium subangular blocky; very Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many Texture—clay, sandy clay, or clay loam very fine and common fine tubular pores; Clay content—35 to 50 percent continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent peds and in pores; slightly acid; gradual smooth Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline boundary. Bkqm horizon: Bt2—16 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Effervescence—none to strong dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; Bq’ horizon: hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine roots and common medium roots; common Value—5 to 8 dry, 4 or 5 moist very fine tubular pores; many thick clay films on Chroma—2 to 6 dry or moist faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear Mottles—none to common wavy boundary. Texture—gravelly loamy sand, very gravelly sand, or 2Bq—20 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR sand 6/4) sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Rock fragment content—10 to 45 percent moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline structure; hard, friable; few very fine roots; common fine interstitial and tubular pores; 20 Booford Series percent fine and medium durinodes; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Classification 2Bkqm—31 to 41 inches; white (10YR 8/2) nearly continuous weakly cemented sandy loam, grayish Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Typic brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; very hard, very Argixerolls firm, brittle; few very fine and fine roots; few very Setting fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; seams and soft masses of lime; Depth class: Moderately deep moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained 2Bq’—41 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y Permeability: Slow 6/4) weakly cemented gravelly loamy sand, olive Landforms: Foothills, fan terraces, and terrace brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist, common medium faint escarpments pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) mottles; massive; very hard, Parent material: Kind—alluvium and residuum; firm; common very fine interstitial pores; 15 source—volcanic ash sediment percent fine gravel; mildly alkaline. Slope range: 2 to 45 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 253

Elevation: 5,200 to 6,200 feet A horizon: Climatic data (average annual): Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Bt1 horizon: Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Value—4 or 5 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—2 to 3 dry or moist Texture—clay loam or gravelly clay loam A1—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Clay content—35 to 40 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Rock fragment content—10 to 25 percent thin platy structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Bt2 horizon: slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR common medium roots; many very fine and fine Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist vesicular and interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—clay or gravelly clay A2—4 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Clay content—40 to 55 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Booneville Series and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and common medium roots; common very fine Classification and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 10 percent gravel, slightly acid; clear Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Argic Pachic smooth boundary. Cryoborolls Bt1—10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay Setting loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and Depth class: Very deep plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Drainage class: Well drained medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Permeability: Moderately slow pores and few medium tubular pores; many Landforms: Mountains moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; gradual smooth source—basalt boundary. Slope range: 8 to 40 percent Bt2—14 to 25 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Elevation: 5,200 to 7,400 feet dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate Climatic data (average annual): fine prismatic structure parting to strong fine and Precipitation—22 to 32 inches medium angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, Air temperature—35 to 39 degrees F sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine Frost-free period—30 to 60 days roots; many thick clay films on faces of peds and Typical Pedon Description in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Cr—25 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) weathered tuffite; Oe—2 inches to 0; partially decomposed needles and few very fine roots; thin stone line at a depth of 33 twigs. inches; violently effervescent. A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine granular Typical Pedon Location structure; soft, very friable; few fine and common Location in survey area: About 2 miles northeast of medium roots; few very fine and fine vesicular and 1 1 Three Creek; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 26, T. 15 S., interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; R. 11 E. clear smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Booford-Barkley complex, A2—5 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly 8 to 45 percent slopes loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky Range in Characteristics structure parting to weak fine and medium Profile: granular; soft, very friable; common fine, medium, Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 40 inches and coarse roots; few very fine and fine vesicular Reaction—slightly acid or neutral pores; 15 percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 254 Soil Survey

3 percent stones; slightly acid; clear wavy Boulder Lake Series boundary. Bt1—14 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Classification cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Aquic structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and Chromoxererts plastic; few medium and common coarse roots; Setting few very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds and rock Depth class: Very deep fragments; 15 percent gravel, 25 percent cobbles, Drainage class: Very poorly drained and 15 percent stones; slightly acid; gradual wavy Permeability: Very slow boundary. Landforms: Alluvial flats Bt2—30 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt cobbly clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; Slope range: 0 to 2 percent moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard, Elevation: 5,300 to 6,150 feet very friable, sticky and plastic; few medium roots; Climatic data (average annual): few fine and medium tubular pores; common thin Precipitation—13 to 16 inches clay films on faces of peds and rock fragments; 20 Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F percent gravel, 35 percent cobbles, and 20 Frost-free period—60 to 90 days percent stones; slightly acid. Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay, dark Location in survey area: About 3 miles southwest of grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong fine and 1 1 Silver City; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 11, T. 5 S., medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, R. 4 W. sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Map unit in which located: Southmount-Booneville and few medium roots; common very fine complex, 5 to 40 percent slopes vesicular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bwss1—2 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Range in Characteristics clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong coarse prismatic structure parting to strong medium Particle-size control section (weighted average): angular blocky; very hard, very friable, very sticky Clay content—22 to 33 percent and very plastic; common very fine and fine roots Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent and few medium roots; common slickensides on A horizon: peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bwss2—10 to 22 inches; light brownish gray (10YR Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist 6/2) clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist, few fine distinct Reaction—slightly acid or neutral mottles that are very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Bt1 horizon: strong fine and medium angular blocky; very hard, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist fine roots and few very fine and medium roots; Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist common slickensides on peds; mildly alkaline; Texture—very cobbly loam, very gravelly loam, or very gradual wavy boundary. cobbly clay loam Bwss3—22 to 33 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent brown (10YR 4/3) moist, few fine distinct mottles Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid that are very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Bt2 horizon: moderate medium angular blocky structure; very Hue—7.5YR or 10YR hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist common fine and few very fine roots; common Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist slickensides on peds; moderately alkaline; gradual Texture—extremely cobbly clay loam, very cobbly clay smooth boundary. loam, or very cobbly loam Bwss4—33 to 45 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Rock fragment content—40 to 80 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid medium angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Owyhee County Area, Idaho 255

very sticky and plastic; few fine roots; few very fine Climatic data (average annual): tubular pores; few slickensides on peds; Precipitation—11 to 13 inches moderately alkaline; diffuse smooth boundary. Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Bk—45 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silty Frost-free period—70 to 90 days clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Typical Pedon Description weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine A—0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam, tubular pores; slightly effervescent, few fine soft very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; masses of lime; moderately alkaline. moderate medium platy structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Typical Pedon Location sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Location in survey area: About 14 miles northwest of roots and few medium and coarse roots; many fine 1 1 Riddle; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 29, T. 13 S., vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear R. 1 E. smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Boulder Lake-Yatahoney BA—6 to 10 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly association, 0 to 10 percent slopes clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Range in Characteristics very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common Profile: very fine and fine roots and few medium and Depth to calcium carbonates—30 inches or more coarse roots; common fine tubular pores; 15 Cracks at surface—3 to 6 inches apart and as much percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth as 2 inches wide boundary. Bt—10 to 19 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly A horizon: clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist, moderate fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist and medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist sticky and plastic; few fine, medium, and coarse Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline roots; few fine tubular pores; many thin clay films Bw horizon: on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel Value—5 or 6 dry and 5 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear wavy Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist boundary. Mottles—few or common and fine or medium Bkq—19 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly Texture—clay or silty clay clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Clay content—40 to 60 percent fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few thin clay films in Brace Series pores; 15 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; common coatings of lime and silica; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt Classification wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Xerollic Bkqm—23 to 26 inches; white (10YR 8/2) indurated Durargids duripan; platy structure; extremely hard, brittle; 65 percent rock fragments; strongly effervescent; Setting strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. 2R—26 inches; fractured, welded rhyolitic tuff. Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Drainage class: Well drained Typical Pedon Location Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Foothills and structural benches Location in survey area: About 22 miles southeast of 1 1 Parent material: Kind—residuum and alluvium; Riddle; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 36, T. 15 S., source—welded rhyolitic tuff R. 6 E. Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Map unit in which located: Brace-Freshwater complex, Elevation: 5,400 to 6,000 feet 1 to 15 percent slopes 256 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics cobbles, and 1 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Profile: Bt—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Depth to calcium carbonates—16 to 25 inches extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown Depth to duripan—20 to 37 inches (10YR 3/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Depth to bedrock—22 to 40 inches structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky; A horizon: few very fine and fine roots; common thin clay Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; 45 Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; neutral; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline abrupt irregular boundary. R—8 inches; fractured basalt. Bt horizon: Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Typical Pedon Location Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Location in survey area: About 16 miles northwest of Texture—clay loam or gravelly clay loam 1 1 Silver City; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 16, T. 4 S., Clay content—27 to 35 percent R. 4 W. Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent Map unit in which located: Parkay-Bregar complex, Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline 5 to 25 percent slopes Bkq horizon: Range in Characteristics Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 7 moist Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Profile: Texture—gravelly loam, gravelly clay loam, or cobbly Depth to bedrock—5 to 12 inches clay loam Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline Rock fragment content—10 to 35 percent Bt horizon: Effervescence—slight to violent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bregar Series Texture—very gravelly clay loam, extremely gravelly loam, or extremely cobbly loam Classification Clay content—25 to 35 percent Rock fragment content—50 to 75 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Xerollic Haplargids Briabbit Series Setting Depth class: Very shallow or shallow Classification Drainage class: Well drained Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic Permeability: Moderately slow Camborthids Landforms: Mountains and foothills Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—basalt Setting Slope range: 5 to 25 percent Elevation: 5,000 to 7,350 feet Depth class: Moderately deep Climatic data (average annual): Drainage class: Well drained Precipitation—12 to 14 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Landforms: Foothills and structural benches Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Parent material: Kind—mixed eolian sand and alluvium; source—vitric tuff and lacustrine Typical Pedon Description deposits A—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) stony Slope range: 3 to 15 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine Elevation: 2,300 to 4,500 feet granular structure; soft, very friable; common very Climatic data (average annual): fine and fine roots; 50 percent gravel, 15 percent Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 257

Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F Bk horizon: Frost-free period—105 to 150 days Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—5 to 8 dry, 3 to 6 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist A—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy loam, Texture—sandy loam, cobbly sandy loam, or gravelly very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak sandy loam thick platy structure parting to weak fine Clay content—4 to 15 percent subangular blocky; soft, very friable; common very Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; Effervescence—strong or violent common very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bw—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy Bruncan Series loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate fine and Classification medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine, medium, and coarse roots; Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow common fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; Xerollic Durargids mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Setting Bk—10 to 22 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Depth class: Shallow to a duripan fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained slightly hard, friable; few very fine and fine roots; Permeability: Moderately slow 10 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; Landforms: Calderas, structural benches, tablelands, coatings of lime on rock fragments; strongly and buttes effervescent; strongly alkaline; abrupt irregular Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; boundary. source—basalt and volcanic ash Cr—22 inches; soft, highly fractured vitric tuff; Slope range: 0 to 15 percent fractures partly filled with lime. Elevation: 2,700 to 5,450 feet Climatic data (average annual): Typical Pedon Location Precipitation—8 to 13 inches Location in survey area: About 5 miles northeast of Air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F 1 1 Murphy; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 12, T. 2 S., Frost-free period—85 to 145 days R. 3 W. Typical Pedon Description Map unit in which located: Hardtrigger-Briabbit- Tindahay complex, A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, 1 to 15 percent slopes brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak thin platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very friable; Range in Characteristics common very fine and fine roots; common very Profile: fine interstitial and vesicular pores; 10 percent Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 20 inches gravel and 5 percent stones; moderately alkaline; Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 40 inches clear smooth boundary. Bt—3 to 5 inches; pale brown (10Y 6/3) loam, dark A horizon: yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate Hue—10YR or 2.5Y medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Value—4 to 7 dry, 2 to 5 moist friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common Bw horizon: very fine interstitial pores; common thin clay films Hue—10YR or 2.5Y on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; moderately Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Btk1—5 to 8 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) clay Texture—fine sandy loam or sandy loam loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Clay content—7 to 18 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; 258 Soil Survey

common very fine interstitial and tubular pores; Clay content—22 to 33 percent common thin clay films on faces of peds; 10 Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately Reaction—neutral to strongly alkaline alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bkq horizon: Btk2—8 to 11 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) clay Value—6 or 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Texture—very gravelly loam, very cobbly loam, or very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common cobbly silt loam very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent very fine interstitial pores; few thin clay films on Effervescence—strong or violent faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; violently Reaction—moderately alkaline to very strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth alkaline boundary. Bkq—11 to 14 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very cobbly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Brunzell Series moist; massive; hard, friable; common very fine roots and few fine and medium roots; 20 percent Classification gravel and 40 percent cobbles; violently Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic effervescent; strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy Haploxerolls boundary. Bkqm—14 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) to Setting white (10YR 8/2) continuous indurated siliceous Depth class: Very deep laminae 1 millimeter thick over white (10YR 8/1) Drainage class: Well drained continuous strongly cemented extremely cobbly Permeability: Moderately slow loamy sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Landforms: Outwash terraces moist; massive; 50 percent cobbles and 25 Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— percent gravel; violently effervescent; abrupt volcaniclastic material smooth boundary. Slope range: 3 to 30 percent 2R—20 inches; basalt. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,800 feet Typical Pedon Location Climatic data (average annual):

1 Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Location in survey area: About 9 /2 miles northwest of 1 1 Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Grasmere; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 3, T. 11 S., Frost-free period—75 to 95 days R. 4 E. Map unit in which located: Bruncan-Hardtrigger- Typical Pedon Description Buncelvoir complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes A1—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam, Range in Characteristics very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium granular structure; soft, Profile: very friable; many very fine and fine roots and few Depth to duripan—11 to 20 inches medium and coarse roots; common very fine and Depth to bedrock—13 to 32 inches fine vesicular and interstitial pores and few Particle-size control section (weighted average): medium vesicular and interstitial pores; 15 percent Clay content—18 to 30 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear Rock fragment content—10 to 35 percent smooth boundary. AB—3 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly A horizon: loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline common very fine and fine roots and few medium Bt horizon: and coarse roots; few very fine, fine, and medium Value—5 to 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or Bw1—9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) gravelly clay loam very gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Owyhee County Area, Idaho 259

moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; C horizon: slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few Chroma—2 to 6 dry or moist very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; 25 Texture—very cobbly sandy loam, extremely cobbly percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly sandy loam, or extremely cobbly sandy clay loam acid; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—10 to 22 percent Bw2—15 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Rock fragment content—40 to 80 percent very gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist, strong fine subangular Budlewis Series blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common Classification very fine, fine, and medium tubular and interstitial pores; few thin clay films in pores; 30 percent Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Typic gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy Durixerolls boundary. Setting 2C1—25 to 40 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan moist; massive; few medium roots; common very Drainage class: Well drained fine, fine, medium, and coarse tubular and Permeability: Slow irregular pores; few thin pressure faces; 30 Landforms: Calderas, tablelands, and foothills percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; slightly Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; acid; clear smooth boundary. source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash 3C2—40 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Slope range: 1 to 10 percent extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brownish Elevation: 5,000 to 6,300 feet yellow (10YR 6/6) moist; massive; common very Climatic data (average annual): fine, fine, and medium irregular pores and few Precipitation—13 to 16 inches coarse irregular pores; common thin pressure Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F faces; 45 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; Frost-free period—70 to 95 days moderately acid. Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location A—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt 1 Location in survey area: About 8 /2 miles west of Silver loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; 1 1 City; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 2, T. 5 S., R. 5 W. weak fine and medium subangular blocky Map unit in which located: Brunzell-Doodlelink-Threek structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and complex, 2 to 45 percent slopes slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine Range in Characteristics vesicular and interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Profile: Bt1—9 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam, Reaction—moderately acid to neutral dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and Particle-size control section (weighted average): medium angular blocky structure; hard, friable, Clay content—18 to 30 percent sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Rock fragment content—5 to 70 percent and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; common moderately A and AB horizons: thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 Value—4 or 5 dry percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Bt2—14 to 24 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Bw horizon: clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist strong fine and medium angular blocky; very hard, Texture—very gravelly clay loam, very gravelly sandy firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very clay loam, or very cobbly clay loam fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few very Clay content—24 to 32 percent fine and fine tubular pores; many thick clay films Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel 260 Soil Survey

and 5 percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear Buncelvoir Series smooth boundary. Bkq—24 to 29 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Classification gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; platy structure; extremely hard, very firm, Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Xerollic slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and Haplargids fine roots; 20 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; Setting strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bkqm—29 to 30 inches; slightly fractured indurated Depth class: Very deep duripan; platy structure; extremely hard, extremely Drainage class: Well drained firm, brittle; strongly effervescent; clear wavy Permeability: Slow boundary. Landforms: Calderas and tablelands 2R—30 inches; welded tuff. Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; source—basalt and volcanic ash Typical Pedon Location Slope range: 1 to 6 percent Location in survey area: About 2 miles southeast of Elevation: 4,800 to 5,400 feet 1 1 Three Creek; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 11, T. 16 S., Climatic data (average annual): R. 11 E. Precipitation—8 to 13 inches Map unit in which located: Sharesnout-Budlewis Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes Frost-free period—90 to 105 days Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Description Profile: A—0 to 4 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, brown Depth to abrupt textural change—4 to 9 inches (10YR 4/3) moist; weak thin platy structure parting Depth to duripan—20 to 39 inches to moderate fine granular; soft, very friable; Depth to bedrock—21 to 40 inches common very fine and fine roots and few medium Depth to calcium carbonates—16 to 29 inches roots; common very fine and fine vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Particle-size control section (weighted average): boundary. Clay content—35 to 50 percent AB—4 to 7 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam, dark Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine A horizon: subangular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on Bt horizon: faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clear smooth boundary. Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Bt—7 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay moderate medium subangular blocky structure Clay content—37 to 55 percent parting to strong fine angular blocky; hard, firm, Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline roots and few medium roots; common very fine Bkq horizon: tubular pores; continuous moderately thick clay Value—7 or 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; mildly Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Texture—gravelly loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam Btk—15 to 19 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) clay Clay content—24 to 35 percent loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) moist; moderate Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent fine and medium angular blocky structure; hard, Effervescence—strong or violent friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline roots; few very fine tubular pores; common Owyhee County Area, Idaho 261

moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 10 Catchell Series percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Classification Bkq1—19 to 26 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic 6/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky Abruptic Xerollic Durargids structure; slightly hard, friable; few very fine and Setting fine roots; few very fine tubular pores and few fine vesicular pores; 15 percent gravel; 10 percent Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan durinodes; violently effervescent; moderately Drainage class: Well drained alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Permeability: Very slow Bkq2—26 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Landforms: Foothills and structural benches gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR Parent material: Kind—colluvium and alluvium; 6/4) moist; massive; few very fine roots; 30 source—welded rhyolitic tuff percent gravel; 10 percent durinodes; violently Slope range: 3 to 25 percent effervescent; strongly alkaline. Elevation: 3,800 to 4,900 feet Climatic data (average annual): Typical Pedon Location Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Location in survey area: About 11 miles northwest of Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F 1 1 Grasmere; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 33, T. 10 S., Frost-free period—95 to 120 days R. 4 E. Typical Pedon Description Map unit in which located: Bruncan-Hardtrigger- Buncelvoir complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes E—0 to 4 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Range in Characteristics very fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Profile: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 18 inches fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; A horizon: 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist BE—4 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Bt horizon: fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Value—4 or 5 moist friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine Texture—silty clay loam, clay, or clay loam and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; common Clay content—35 to 45 percent thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—8 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay, brown Btk horizon: (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium prismatic Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; Chroma—4 to 6 dry or moist very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; Texture—silty clay loam or clay loam common very fine and fine roots and few medium Clay content—30 to 40 percent roots; few very fine tubular pores; continuous thick Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; Effervescence—slight or strong neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bkq horizon: Bt2—15 to 18 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) clay Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 7 moist loam, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist; moderate Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Texture—fine sandy loam, gravelly fine sandy loam, or sticky and very plastic; few very fine, fine, and gravelly sandy loam medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; Clay content—8 to 18 percent continuous thick clay films on faces of peds; 10 Rock fragment content—5 to 30 percent percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Durinode content—0 to 20 percent Bkq—18 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) 262 Soil Survey

moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; few Landforms: Structural benches, tablelands, plug very fine and fine interstitial pores; 35 percent domes, and fan terraces gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— gradual smooth boundary. extrusive rock and volcanic ash Bkqm—25 to 26 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3), Slope range: 2 to 10 percent strongly cemented duripan that has a Elevation: 5,450 to 6,050 feet discontinuous laminar cap; massive; very hard, Climatic data (average annual): very firm, brittle; violently effervescent; clear wavy Precipitation—12 to 16 inches boundary. Air temperature—42 to 44 degrees F 2R—26 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Frost-free period—70 to 85 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 12 miles southeast of 1 1 A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Silver City; in the SW /4NE /4 of sec. 36, T. 5 S., loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; R. 2 W. moderate thin platy structure parting to weak Map unit in which located: Catchell-Longcreek fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly complex, 3 to 25 percent slopes sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and Range in Characteristics fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 5 Profile: percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Depth to calcium carbonates—17 to 21 inches boundary. Depth to duripan—20 to 38 inches Bt1—4 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, Depth to bedrock—25 to 40 inches very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak E horizon: fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist angular blocky; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist common very fine, fine, and medium roots and few Reaction—slightly acid or neutral coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; common Bt horizon: moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in Hue—7.5YR or 10YR pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist smooth boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Bt2—17 to 27 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, Texture—clay, silty clay, or clay loam dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Clay content—35 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure parting to Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent weak fine angular blocky; hard, friable, sticky and Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Bkq horizon: medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly Texture—loam or gravelly loam alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—10 to 25 percent Bk—27 to 37 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Rock fragment content—0 to 35 percent loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate medium Effervescence—strong or violent and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Chayson Series very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Classification wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Bkqm—37 to 45 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Durixerolls continuous indurated duripan with laminar cap; massive; extremely hard, very firm, brittle; 5 Setting percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and 20 Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan percent gravel; violently effervescent; gradual Drainage class: Well drained wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow 2R—45 inches; moderately weathered basalt. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 263

Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 9 miles northeast of A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; dark 1 1 Three Creek; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 19, T. 14 S., brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thick platy R. 12 E. structure parting to moderate medium subangular Map unit in which located: Chayson-Merlin complex, blocky; hard, very friable, slightly sticky and 2 to 12 percent slopes slightly plastic; many very fine roots and common fine and medium roots; many very fine tubular Range in Characteristics pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Profile: E—4 to 7 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) very fine sandy Depth to calcium carbonates—8 to 27 inches loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very Depth to bedrock—45 to 60 inches friable, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many fine and A horizon: medium vesicular pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist smooth boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Bt—7 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, Bt horizon: dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate Value—4 to 6 dry, 2 to 4 moist fine columnar structure; very hard, firm, sticky and Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist very plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium Texture—clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or gravelly roots; few very fine tubular pores; continuous thick loam clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and bridging Clay content—24 to 34 percent mineral grains; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent boundary. Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline Btk1—11 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Bk horizon: weak fine prismatic structure parting to strong fine Value—5 to 8 dry, 4 to 7 moist angular blocky; very hard, friable, sticky and Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; Texture—gravelly loam or very gravelly loam common very fine tubular pores; continuous thick Clay content—20 to 27 percent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly Rock fragment content—20 to 40 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Effervescence—strong or violent boundary. Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline 2Btk2—17 to 21 inches; white (10YR 8/2) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak medium Chilcott Series subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; Classification common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine vesicular and Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic tubular pores; common moderately thick clay films Abruptic Xerollic Durargids on faces of peds; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Setting 2Bk—21 to 31 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Drainage class: Well drained medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Permeability: Slow very friable; common very fine vesicular and Landforms: Calderas, pediments, and fan terraces tubular pores; strongly effervescent; strongly Parent material: Kind—loess overlying mixed alluvium; alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash 2Bkqm—31 to 40 inches; white (10YR 8/2), Slope range: 1 to 12 percent continuous, indurated duripan that has a very thin Elevation: 3,100 to 5,350 feet laminar cap; massive; extremely hard, very firm, Climatic data (average annual): brittle; 20 percent gravel; violently effervescent; Precipitation—8 to 12 inches clear wavy boundary. Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F 2Ck—40 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Frost-free period—90 to 130 days loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; 10 264 Soil Survey

percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately Elevation: 3,700 to 5,350 feet alkaline. Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Typical Pedon Location Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Location in survey area: About 16 miles northwest of Frost-free period—90 to 125 days 1 1 Reynolds; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 13, T. 1 S., Typical Pedon Description R. 6 W. Map unit in which located: Chilcott-Lamonta complex, A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very stony loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky Range in Characteristics and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Profile: roots and few medium roots; many very fine and Depth to abrupt textural change—3 to 10 inches fine interstitial pores; 35 percent gravel, 10 percent Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 30 inches cobbles, and 15 percent stones; neutral; clear Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches smooth boundary. Bt1—5 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly E horizon: clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline fine roots and few medium roots; common very Bt horizon: fine tubular pores; few moderately thick clay films Hue—7.5YR or 10YR on faces of peds; 40 percent gravel and 15 Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, or clay Bt2—8 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Clay content—35 to 60 percent cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Effervescence (lower part)—slight or strong very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; Reaction (lower part)—mildly alkaline to strongly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and alkaline fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 30 2Bk horizon: percent gravel and 50 percent cobbles; slightly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist R—15 inches; slightly fractured rhyolite. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam Typical Pedon Location Clay content—12 to 27 percent Location in survey area: About 18 miles south of Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent 1 1 Murphy; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 26, T. 5 S., Effervescence—strong or violent R. 2 W. Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Map unit in which located: Chinabutte-Alibi very stony loams, 3 to 45 percent slopes Chinabutte Series Range in Characteristics Classification Profile: Depth to bedrock—14 to 20 inches Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Reaction—neutral or slightly acid Argixerolls Particle-size control section (weighted average): Setting Clay content—27 to 34 percent Depth class: Shallow Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent Drainage class: Well drained A horizon: Permeability: Slow Value—4 or 5 dry Landforms: Foothills Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; source—andesite or rhyolite Bt horizon: Slope range: 3 to 45 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Owyhee County Area, Idaho 265

Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist peds; 45 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—very gravelly clay loam, very cobbly clay Bt2—13 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very loam, extremely cobbly clay loam, or extremely gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR gravelly clay loam 4/4) moist; moderate fine and medium angular Clay content—27 to 38 percent blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Rock fragment content—35 to 80 percent plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick Cleavage Series clay films on faces of peds; 55 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. R—18 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Argixerolls Location in survey area: About 21 miles southeast of 1 1 Silver City; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 2, T. 8 S., Setting R. 2 W. Depth class: Shallow Map unit in which located: Cleavage-Avtable- Drainage class: Well drained Monasterio complex, Permeability: Moderately slow 1 to 35 percent slopes Landforms: Foothills and mountains Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; source—welded rhyolitic tuff Profile: Slope range: 2 to 50 percent Depth to bedrock—14 to 20 inches Elevation: 4,800 to 6,800 feet Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Climatic data (average annual): A horizon: Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Bt horizon: Typical Pedon Description Hue—7.5YR or 10YR A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stony Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable; Texture—very gravelly clay loam, very cobbly clay many very fine and fine roots; common very fine loam, or extremely cobbly clay loam and fine interstitial and vesicular pores; 30 percent Clay content—27 to 35 percent gravel and 1 percent stones; slightly acid; clear Rock fragment content—50 to 80 percent smooth boundary. BA—3 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Coonskin Series loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Classification hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular and Xerollic Durorthids vesicular pores; few thin clay films on faces of Setting peds; 35 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Bt1—8 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Drainage class: Well drained gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Permeability: Moderately slow 3/4) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Landforms: Calderas and tablelands blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and source—basalt and volcanic ash fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; Slope range: 1 to 20 percent common moderately thick clay films on faces of Elevation: 2,800 to 4,900 feet 266 Soil Survey

Climatic data (average annual): Depth to duripan—20 to 30 inches Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Depth to bedrock—40 inches or more Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F Particle-size control section (weighted average): Frost-free period—95 to 145 days Clay content—8 to 18 percent Typical Pedon Description Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent A—0 to 2 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, A horizon: dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium platy Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist structure; soft, very friable; many very fine and fine Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist roots and few medium and coarse roots; many Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent Bw horizon: gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Bw—2 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Clay content—14 to 22 percent medium platy structure parting to weak fine Rock fragment content—5 to 15 percent subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many Bkq horizon: very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; Value—6 to 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bk—7 to 16 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Texture—very cobbly loam, very cobbly fine sandy cobbly silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam, or very gravelly fine sandy loam moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Durinode content—0 to 40 percent plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Reaction—moderately alkaline to very strongly medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular alkaline pores; 10 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Coser Series wavy boundary. Bkq—16 to 30 inches; white (10YR 8/2) discontinuous Classification weakly cemented very cobbly fine sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) moist; massive; hard, Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Typic firm; few very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular Palexerolls pores; 20 percent gravel, mainly indurated duripan Setting fragments, and 25 percent cobbles; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth Depth class: Moderately deep boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bkqm—30 to 40 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) to Permeability: Very slow yellow (10YR 7/6) continuous indurated prominent Landforms: Mountains and foothills siliceous laminae 1 to 2 centimeters thick over Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) to light yellowish source—latite brown (10YR 6/4) continuous indurated very thick Slope range: 5 to 25 percent plates; violently effervescent; lime is segregated in Elevation: 4,800 to 6,400 feet common fine seams and pendants. Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Typical Pedon Location Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Location in survey area: About 27 miles northeast of Frost-free period—70 to 95 days 1 1 Grasmere; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 10, T. 11 S., Typical Pedon Description R. 9 E. Map unit in which located: Owsel-Coonskin-Orovada A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak medium and fine subangular blocky Range in Characteristics structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Profile: many very fine and fine roots and common Depth to calcium carbonates—7 to 15 inches medium roots; common very fine and fine Owyhee County Area, Idaho 267

vesicular, interstitial, and tubular pores; 10 percent 2Bt horizon: gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt Hue—10YR or 2.5Y smooth boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Bt1—4 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong fine prismatic Texture—clay or gravelly clay loam structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; Clay content—28 to 45 percent very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; Rock fragment content—10 to 25 percent few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; many thick clay films on faces of Cottle Series peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Classification Bt2—13 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; strong Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic medium and fine angular blocky structure; very Xerollic Haplargids hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few Setting very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent Depth class: Shallow cobbles; many thick clay films on faces of peds Drainage class: Well drained and in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow 2Bt3—19 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Landforms: Foothills 6/4) gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky source—welded rhyolitic tuff or andesite structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Slope range: 4 to 40 percent plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Elevation: 2,800 to 5,100 feet common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent Climatic data (average annual): gravel; common thin clay films on faces of peds Precipitation—9 to 13 inches and in pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F boundary. Frost-free period—95 to 140 days 2Cr—31 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) decomposing Typical Pedon Description latite, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; strongly alkaline; strongly effervescent. A—0 to 5 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) stony loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Typical Pedon Location moist; moderate thin platy structure parting to Location in survey area: About 16 miles southwest of weak very fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky 1 1 Silver City; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 5, T. 7 S., and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine R. 5 W. roots; common very fine vesicular and tubular Map unit in which located: Sharesnout-Coser-Threek pores; 35 percent gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and complex, 5 to 35 percent slopes 5 percent stones; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics AB—5 to 8 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very Profile: gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to abrupt textural change—3 to 8 inches moist; weak medium platy structure parting to Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 40 inches weak very fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Particle-size control section (weighted average): fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common Clay content—40 to 60 percent very fine and few fine tubular pores; 35 percent Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; Bt horizon: neutral; clear wavy boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist Bt—8 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Texture—clay or gravelly clay very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; Clay content—40 to 55 percent hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent common fine roots and few medium roots; 268 Soil Survey

common very fine tubular pores; few thin brown Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 35 source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 Slope range: 2 to 35 percent percent stones; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Elevation: 5,200 to 7,600 feet Btkq—11 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely Climatic data (average annual): gravelly clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; Precipitation—18 to 25 inches moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Frost-free period—30 to 60 days common fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; Typical Pedon Description many thin and moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 65 percent gravel, 10 A1—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; thin loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; coatings of carbonates and silica on rock weak medium subangular blocky structure parting fragments; mildly alkaline; abrupt broken to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very boundary. friable; many very fine and fine roots, common R—16 inches; rhyolite. medium roots, and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium Typical Pedon Location tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; moderately acid; Location in survey area: About 1 mile northwest of clear smooth boundary. 1 1 Reynolds; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 30, T. 2 S., A2—7 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly R. 3 W. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Map unit in which located: Mackey-Cottle association, and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly 10 to 45 percent slopes hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium Range in Characteristics roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores Profile: and few medium tubular pores; 25 percent gravel; Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Bt1—20 to 42 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam, A horizon: dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 or 5 moist medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Bt and Btkq horizons: very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR common very fine and fine tubular pores; common Value—4 to 8 dry, 3 to 6 moist thin clay films on faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. Texture—very gravelly loam, very gravelly clay loam, Bt2—42 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly loam, or extremely gravelly clay gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR loam 4/4) moist; weak medium platy structure parting to Clay content—22 to 35 percent moderate fine and medium angular blocky; hard, Rock fragment content—35 to 85 percent firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine Reaction (upper part)—neutral or mildly alkaline roots; common fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 20 Dehana Series percent gravel; moderately acid. Typical Pedon Location

Classification 1 Location in survey area: About 9 /2 miles northeast of 1 1 Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed Argic Pachic Cliffs; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 28, T. 8 S., R. 4 W. Cryoborolls Map unit in which located: Dehana-Nagitsy association, 2 to 50 percent slopes Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Profile: Permeability: Moderately slow Base saturation—60 to 75 percent Landforms: Mountains Reaction—slightly acid or moderately acid Owyhee County Area, Idaho 269

Particle-size control section (weighted average): fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; few Clay content—20 to 26 percent thin clay films on faces of peds; neutral; abrupt Rock fragment content—20 to 35 percent wavy boundary. Bt—18 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, A horizon: very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; strong Value—3 or 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist medium prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; Bt horizon: common fine interstitial pores; many thick clay Value—3 to 6 dry, 2 to 4 moist films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist gradual wavy boundary. Texture—gravelly loam or gravelly clay loam BC—30 to 39 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay Clay content—18 to 30 percent loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine Deshler Series roots; common fine interstitial pores; common thin clay films in pores; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Classification Cr—39 inches; semiconsolidated tuffaceous lacustrine Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic material. Argixerolls Typical Pedon Location Setting Location in survey area: About 11 miles northwest of 1 1 Depth class: Moderately deep Silver City; in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 9, T. 4 S., Drainage class: Well drained R. 5 W. Permeability: Slow Map unit in which located: Succor-Gooding-Deshler Landforms: Pediments complex, 2 to 35 percent slopes Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—lacustrine Range in Characteristics deposits Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Profile: Elevation: 4,250 to 5,200 feet Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 40 inches Climatic data (average annual): A horizon: Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Typical Pedon Description Bt horizon: A1—0 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, Hue—10YR or 2.5Y very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; strong Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist thick platy structure; slightly hard, very friable, Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine and Texture—clay loam, silty clay loam, or clay fine roots and few medium roots; common very Clay content—35 to 60 percent fine and fine interstitial and vesicular pores; 5 Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. A2—7 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Deunah Series loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure parting to Classification moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium Taxonomic class: Very-fine, montmorillonitic, frigid roots; common very fine interstitial pores; neutral; Abruptic Durixeralfs clear wavy boundary. Setting BA—15 to 18 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Drainage class: Well drained hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and Permeability: Very slow 270 Soil Survey

Landforms: Tablelands Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; Profile: source—basalt and volcanic ash Depth to abrupt textural change—2 to 10 inches Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Depth to duripan—20 to 34 inches Elevation: 5,200 to 6,150 feet Depth to bedrock—22 to 40 inches Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 15 inches E horizon: Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Value—3 or 4 moist Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Reaction—moderately acid to neutral Typical Pedon Description EB horizon: E—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very stony Value—3 or 4 moist loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist medium subangular blocky structure parting to Texture—silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam weak thin platy; slightly hard, very friable; many Clay content—18 to 30 percent very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent pores; 5 percent cobbles and 10 percent stones; Reaction—slightly acid or neutral moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. EB—3 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam, 2Bt horizon: dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate Hue—7.5YR or 10YR medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist and few medium roots; common very fine Clay content—60 to 70 percent interstitial and tubular pores; 5 percent cobbles Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent and 5 percent stones; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline boundary. 2Bt—7 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark Diawell Series yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to strong Classification medium subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very fine and Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow fine roots and few medium roots; few very fine Haploxerollic Durargids tubular pores; many thick clay films on faces of Setting peds and in pores; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Shallow to a duripan 2Bkq—22 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 6/4) clay, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; weak Permeability: Moderately slow medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Landforms: Fan piedmonts and fan terraces friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— fine roots; 5 percent cobbles and 5 percent stones; intermediate intrusive rock and vitric tuff slightly effervescent; neutral; abrupt smooth Slope range: 2 to 20 percent boundary. Elevation: 3,200 to 4,300 feet 2Bkqm—25 to 28 inches; white (10YR 8/2) continuous Climatic data (average annual): indurated duripan; platy structure; extremely hard, Precipitation—8 to 11 inches very firm, brittle; slightly effervescent; abrupt wavy Air temperature—48 to 51 degrees F boundary. Frost-free period—110 to 135 days 3R—28 inches; slightly fractured basalt. Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Location in survey area: About 19 miles northwest of sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 14, T. 10 S., moderate fine granular structure; slightly R. 2 E. hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; common Map unit in which located: Deunah-Yatahoney- very fine and fine roots and few medium Lostvalley complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes roots; common very fine and fine vesicular Owyhee County Area, Idaho 271

pores; 25 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. Profile: BA—3 to 6 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 14 inches sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches moderate medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Particle-size control section (weighted average): fine roots and few medium roots; common very Clay content—18 to 30 percent fine and fine vesicular pores; 30 percent gravel; Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Bt—6 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist gravelly sandy clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist 5/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common Bt horizon: very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Value—5 or 6 dry common very fine and fine tubular pores; many Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 30 Texture—gravelly sandy clay loam, gravelly clay loam, percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. or clay loam Bkq—11 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Clay content—27 to 35 percent gravelly fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline soft, very friable; few very fine, fine, and medium Bkq horizon: roots; few very fine tubular pores; 20 percent Value—6 or 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist durinodes; 20 percent gravel; violently Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist effervescent; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth Texture—gravelly fine sandy loam or gravelly sandy boundary. loam Bkqm—20 to 22 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Clay content—10 to 18 percent strongly cemented continuous duripan, yellowish Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; very hard, very Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline firm; 35 percent gravel; violently effervescent; clear smooth boundary. Bk horizon: 2Bk1—22 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist 6/4) gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist 5/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; 15 percent Texture—stratified very gravelly loamy sand and gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gravelly sandy loam gradual smooth boundary. Clay content—4 to 10 percent 2Bk2—30 to 50 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Rock fragment content—15 to 50 percent 6/4) gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; 15 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately Dishpan Series alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. 3Ck—50 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Classification 6/4) very gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; soft, very Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Aridic friable; 50 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; Calcic Argixerolls mildly alkaline. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Moderately deep Location in survey area: About 5 miles south of Drainage class: Well drained 1 1 Murphy; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 21, T. 3 S., Permeability: Moderately slow R. 2 W. Landforms: Calderas and foothills Map unit in which located: Diawell-McKeeth Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— association, 2 to 20 percent slopes basalt and volcanic ash 272 Soil Survey

Slope range: 1 to 8 percent A horizon: Elevation: 5,300 to 5,950 feet Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Reaction—neutral to mildly alkaline Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Bt horizon: Typical Pedon Description Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very dark Texture—clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or silty clay grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate loam medium granular structure; soft, very friable, Clay content—27 to 35 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent and fine roots and few medium roots; many very Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline fine and fine interstitial and vesicular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bkq horizon: Bt—4 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Value—6 to 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Texture—very cobbly fine sandy loam, very cobbly sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots sandy loam, or very gravelly sandy loam and few medium roots; many very fine and fine Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent tubular and interstitial pores; many thin clay films Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline on faces of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Btk—13 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Dollarhide Series clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Classification hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common fine roots and few very fine and medium roots; common very Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Lithic fine interstitial and tubular pores; common thin Cryoborolls clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; Setting violently effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Shallow Bkq—16 to 28 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Drainage class: Well drained very cobbly fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR Permeability: Moderately rapid 6/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable; few very Landforms: Mountains fine, fine, and medium roots; 35 percent gravel Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; and 20 percent cobbles; coatings of lime and silica source—intermediate intrusive and quartzitic as much as 1 centimeter thick on rock fragments; metamorphic rock violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt Slope range: 15 to 75 percent wavy boundary. Elevation: 6,000 to 7,800 feet 2R—28 inches; fractured basalt; coatings of lime and Climatic data (average annual): silica. Precipitation—16 to 18 inches Air temperature—37 to 39 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—40 to 60 days Location in survey area: About 22 miles west of Three 1 1 Typical Pedon Description Creek; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 23, T. 15 S., R. 7 E. A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very Map unit in which located: Larioscamp-Dishpan-Brace stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; loams, 1 to 12 percent slopes moderate fine and medium granular structure; soft, very friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Range in Characteristics many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 25 Profile: percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 20 inches percent stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Bw1—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) Owyhee County Area, Idaho 273

extremely cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, Slope range: 5 to 45 percent very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Elevation: 5,000 to 7,200 feet many very fine and fine interstitial pores and Climatic data (average annual): common fine tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and Precipitation—16 to 20 inches 25 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Bw2—10 to 13 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 4/4) extremely cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR Typical Pedon Description 3/3) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) common very fine and fine interstitial pores and gravelly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak thin few fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel and 30 platy structure parting to weak fine granular; percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt irregular slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine boundary. roots and common medium and coarse roots; R—13 inches; fractured quartzitic metamorphic rock. many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 30 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Location Bw1—6 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very Location in survey area: About 8 miles northeast of gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; 1 1 Cliffs; in the SE /4SW /4 of sec. 3, T. 8 S., R. 5 W. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Map unit in which located: Dollarhide-Rock outcrop slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and complex, 15 to 75 percent slopes common medium and coarse roots; few very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; 35 percent Range in Characteristics gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy Profile: boundary. Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches Bw2—14 to 25 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Particle-size control section (weighted average): slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and Clay content—8 to 18 percent medium roots; common fine interstitial pores; 40 Rock fragment content—50 to 75 percent percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; A horizon: clear wavy boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bw3—25 to 40 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky B horizon: structure; common very fine, fine, and medium Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist roots; common very fine and fine tubular and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist interstitial pores; 40 percent gravel and 10 percent Texture—extremely cobbly loam or extremely cobbly cobbles; few thin clay films on faces of peds; fine sandy loam neutral; clear irregular boundary. 2C—40 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Doodlelink Series extremely gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; sticky and plastic; few Classification very fine and fine roots and common medium roots; common fine tubular pores; 50 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Pachic gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; Ultic Haploxerolls neutral. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Location in survey area: About 16 miles southeast of 1 1 Permeability: Moderately slow Riddle; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 19, T. 16 S., Landforms: Mountains R. 5 E. 274 Soil Survey

Map unit in which located: Doodlelink-Sharesnout- subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Parkay association, 3 to 50 percent slopes friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots and common fine and medium Range in Characteristics roots; common very fine and fine interstitial and Profile: tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds; Base saturation in upper 30 inches—55 to 75 percent 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Particle-size control section (weighted average): Bt—8 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Clay content—20 to 30 percent sandy clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Rock fragment content—40 to 80 percent moist; strong medium subangular blocky structure; A and Bw1 horizons: hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist common very fine and fine roots and few medium Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist roots; many very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; common thin and moderately Bw2, Bw3, and C horizons: thick clay films on faces of peds and bridging sand Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist grains; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist wavy boundary. Texture—very gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly loam, R—16 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. extremely gravelly loam, or extremely gravelly clay loam Typical Pedon Location Clay content—18 to 35 percent Location in survey area: About 29 miles west of Rock fragment content—40 to 80 percent 1 1 Grasmere; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 22, T. 12 S., R. 1 W. Dougal Series Map unit in which located: Dougal-Bruncan stony sandy loams, 2 to 20 percent slopes Classification Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic Lithic Xerollic Profile: Haplargids Depth to bedrock—7 to 16 inches Setting A horizon: Depth class: Shallow Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—2 or 3 dry Permeability: Moderate Bt horizon: Landforms: Structural benches and foothills Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—welded Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist rhyolitic tuff and andesite Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Texture—sandy clay loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, Elevation: 4,000 to 5,450 feet or gravelly clay loam Climatic data (average annual): Clay content—20 to 30 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Rock fragment content—10 to 35 percent Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—85 to 115 days Dranyon Series Typical Pedon Description A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony sandy Classification loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed Argic Pachic subangular blocky structure parting to weak thin Cryoborolls platy; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky; many very fine and fine roots and few medium Setting roots; common very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel and 1 percent Depth class: Very deep stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained AB—4 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam, Permeability: Moderately slow brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Landforms: Mountains Owyhee County Area, Idaho 275

Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; Typical Pedon Location

source—welded rhyolitic tuff 1 Location in survey area: About 6 /2 miles southeast of Slope range: 4 to 40 percent 1 1 Three Creek; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 29, T. 16 S., Elevation: 5,850 to 7,600 feet R. 12 E. Climatic data (average annual): Map unit in which located: Dranyon-Dehana gravelly Precipitation—20 inches or more loams, 2 to 40 percent slopes Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Description Profile: Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaves and twigs. A horizon: A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Value—3 to 5 dry strong medium granular structure; soft, very Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist friable; many very fine and fine roots and few Bt horizon: medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial Hue—7.5YR or 10YR pores; 15 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear Value—4 or 5 dry smooth boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Bt1—8 to 18 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture—gravelly loam or gravelly clay loam gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Clay content—22 to 32 percent moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots C horizon: and few medium roots; many very fine, fine, and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR medium interstitial and tubular pores; 15 percent Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist gravel; common thin clay films on faces of peds; Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Texture—gravelly loam, cobbly loam, or very gravelly Bt2—18 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Clay content—18 to 26 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Rock fragment content—15 to 50 percent slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Duco Series common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; 25 percent gravel; many thin clay films on Classification faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Bt3—28 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay Argixerolls loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Setting medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Depth class: Shallow fine roots and few medium roots; common very Drainage class: Well drained fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; 25 Permeability: Moderately slow percent gravel; many thin to moderately thick clay Landforms: Foothills films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid; Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; clear smooth boundary. source—basalt and andesite C—35 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Slope range: 10 to 45 percent loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Elevation: 4,000 to 5,350 feet subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Climatic data (average annual): friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine, Precipitation—11 to 13 inches fine, and medium roots; 25 percent gravel; slightly Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F acid. Frost-free period—90 to 115 days 276 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Description Duric Natrargids A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Setting granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, Depth class: Deep or very deep to a duripan slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Drainage class: Moderately well drained and fine roots; many very fine and fine interstitial Permeability: Very slow pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; Landforms: Closed basins in calderas and tablelands neutral; clear smooth boundary. Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—basalt and Bt1—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay volcanic ash loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Slope range: 0 to 2 percent and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Elevation: 4,000 to 5,300 feet friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Climatic data (average annual): fine roots and few medium roots; common very Precipitation—8 to 12 inches fine and fine tubular pores; many thin clay films on Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F faces of peds; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent Frost-free period—90 to 120 days cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt2—8 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly Example Pedon Description clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; A—0 to 4 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, dark moderate fine angular blocky structure; very hard, grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots; medium and thick platy structure; slightly hard, common very fine and fine tubular pores; very friable, slightly sticky; many very fine and fine continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of roots; abrupt smooth boundary. peds and in pores; 40 percent gravel and 10 Btn—4 to 15 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silty clay, percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong R—16 inches; fractured, moderately weathered medium and coarse columnar structure parting to andesite; few fine roots in fractures. strong medium angular blocky; very hard, firm, Typical Pedon Location very sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many moderately thick clay films on Location in survey area: About 6 miles north of 1 1 faces of peds; moderately saline; slightly Reynolds; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 35, T. 1 S., effervescent; abrupt smooth boundary. R. 4 W. Btkn—15 to 22 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay Map unit in which located: Duco-Chinabutte-Dougal loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; complex, 5 to 45 percent slopes moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Range in Characteristics hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few thin clay films on faces of peds; strongly effervescent; moderately Profile: saline; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches Bkq—22 to 43 inches; white (2.5Y 8/2) silty clay loam, Reaction—slightly acid or neutral grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; sticky A horizon: and plastic; 25 percent small durinodes; slightly Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist effervescent; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist C—43 to 60 inches; white (2.5Y 8/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; sticky Bt horizon: and plastic. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist Example Pedon Location Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Texture—gravelly clay loam or very gravelly clay loam Location in survey area: About 9 miles southeast of 1 1 in the upper part and very gravelly clay loam or Grasmere; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 22, T. 13 S., very cobbly clay loam in the lower part R. 6 E. Clay content—27 to 35 percent Map unit in which located: Playas-Duric Natrargids Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent association, nearly level Owyhee County Area, Idaho 277

Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Description Profile: A1—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to duripan—40 inches or more gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark brown Depth to abrupt textural change—1 to 5 inches (10YR 2/2) moist; weak medium granular structure; soft, very friable; 20 percent gravel; A horizon: moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. Hue—2.5Y or 10YR A2—8 to 23 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Value—7 or 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium subangular Effervescence—none or slight blocky structure parting to moderate medium Reaction—slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline granular; slightly hard, very friable; 15 percent Btn horizon: gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam A3—23 to 34 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Clay content—30 to 45 percent gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish Salinity—slight to strong brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium Sodium absorption ratio—more than 13 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Effervescence—slight or strong friable; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual Reaction—moderately alkaline to very strongly smooth boundary. alkaline C—34 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) gravelly loamy coarse sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) C and Bq horizons: moist; massive; 20 percent gravel; neutral. Texture—stratified silty clay loam to fine sandy loam Cementation—weak or strong Typical Pedon Location Clay content—8 to 34 percent Location in survey area: About 9 miles north of Cliffs; Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent 1 1 in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 33, T. 7 S., R. 5 W. Durinode content—0 to 80 percent Map unit in which located: Povey-Earcree complex, Salinity—slight to strong 10 to 50 percent slopes Effervescence—none to violent Reaction—moderately alkaline to very strongly Range in Characteristics alkaline Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—10 to 18 percent Earcree Series Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent A horizon: Classification Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed Pachic Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist Cryoborolls Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid C horizon: Setting Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Depth class: Very deep Value—5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Permeability: Moderately rapid Texture—gravelly loamy coarse sand, gravelly coarse Landforms: Mountains sandy loam, or gravelly sandy loam Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; Rock fragment content—15 to 45 percent source—intermediate intrusive and quartzitic Reaction—slightly acid or neutral metamorphic rock Slope range: 10 to 40 percent Enko Series Elevation: 5,500 to 7,800 feet Climatic data (average annual): Classification Precipitation—16 to 22 inches Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Frost-free period—30 to 65 days Durixerollic Camborthids 278 Soil Survey

Setting percent gravel; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline. Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Typical Pedon Location Permeability: Slow Location in survey area: About 23 miles southeast of Landforms: Alluvial fans and fan terraces 1 1 Silver City; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 8, T. 7 S., Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—intermediate R. 1 E. intrusive rock Map unit in which located: Hardtrigger-Enko complex, Slope range: 2 to 10 percent 2 to 15 percent slopes Elevation: 2,700 to 5,000 feet Climatic data (average annual): Range in Characteristics Precipitation—9 to 11 inches Profile: Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F Depth to weak cementation—14 to 32 inches Frost-free period—100 to 140 days Clay content—10 to 18 percent Typical Pedon Description A horizon: A1—0 to 2 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam, Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine granular Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline structure; soft, very friable; many very fine and fine Bw horizon: roots; many fine interstitial pores; 10 percent Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist A2—2 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable; Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; Bkq horizon: 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Hue—10YR or 2.5Y boundary. Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist Bw1—5 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and Texture—sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent very friable, slightly sticky; common very fine and Effervescence—strong or violent fine roots and few medium roots; common very Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline fine interstitial pores and few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; gradual Escalante Series smooth boundary. Bw2—14 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Classification 6/4) sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky; common Calciorthids fine roots and few medium roots; common very Setting fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep Bkq1—18 to 32 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Drainage class: Well drained sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Permeability: Moderately rapid moist; massive; few fine and medium roots; few Landforms: Fan terraces very fine and fine interstitial pores; 20 percent Parent material: Kind—alluvium and eolian sand; durinodes; 10 percent gravel; violently source—mixed sediment effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual smooth Slope range: 1 to 12 percent boundary. Elevation: 2,300 to 3,400 feet Bkq2—32 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Climatic data (average annual): 6/4) continuous weakly cemented gravelly sandy Precipitation—8 to 10 inches loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F very hard, very firm, brittle; few fine roots; 15 Frost-free period—125 to 150 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 279

Typical Pedon Description Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Texture—sandy loam or fine sandy loam A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam, Clay content—5 to 15 percent brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine granular Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common fine interstitial C horizon: pores and few fine vesicular pores; 5 percent Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist gravel; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist smooth boundary. Texture—coarse sandy loam or loamy sand BA—4 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam, Clay content—3 to 8 percent brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very Fairylawn Series fine and fine interstitial pores; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Classification boundary. Bk1—8 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Abruptic Durixeralfs medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Setting very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; Drainage class: Well drained violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Permeability: Very slow smooth boundary. Landforms: Tablelands and structural benches Bk2—13 to 36 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash common very fine roots and few fine and medium Slope range: 1 to 25 percent roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; Elevation: 4,300 to 5,400 feet 5 percent gravel; violently effervescent; Climatic data (average annual): moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Precipitation—12 to 15 inches C—36 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Frost-free period—85 to 110 days massive; loose; few very fine, fine, and medium Typical Pedon Description roots; few very fine and fine interstitial pores; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. A—0 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Typical Pedon Location subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Location in survey area: About 3 miles northeast of fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly 1 1 Murphy; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 12, T. 2 S., sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine R. 2 W. roots and common medium roots; common very Map unit in which located: Escalante sandy loam, fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; mildly 1 to 12 percent slopes alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—8 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay, dark Range in Characteristics brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong fine prismatic Particle-size control section (weighted average): structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; Clay content—8 to 18 percent very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous thick A horizon: clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Effervescence—none or slight Bt2—20 to 25 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) loam, Bk horizon: dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, 280 Soil Survey

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine, Foxmount Series fine, and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on Classification faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic Bkqm—25 to 40 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Cryoborolls and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) continuous Setting indurated siliceous laminae 2 to 4 millimeters thick over very pale brown (10YR 7/3) to Depth class: Moderately deep reddish yellow (7.5YR 8/6) continuous Drainage class: Well drained strongly cemented duripan; strong thick Permeability: Moderate platy structure; extremely hard, very firm, Landforms: Mountains brittle; strongly effervescent; abrupt wavy Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; boundary. source—rhyolite 2R—40 inches; basalt. Slope range: 10 to 50 percent Elevation: 6,200 to 8,300 feet Typical Pedon Location Climatic data (average annual): Location in survey area: About 6 miles south of Cliffs; Precipitation—16 to 22 inches 1 1 in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 14, T. 10 S., R. 6 W. Air temperature—36 to 40 degrees F Map unit in which located: Fairylawn-Schnipper silt Frost-free period—30 to 50 days loams, 1 to 8 percent slopes Typical Pedon Description Range in Characteristics Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaves and twigs. Profile: A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very Depth to calcium carbonates—20 to 35 inches gravelly loam, very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) moist; Depth to duripan—20 to 35 inches moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Depth to bedrock—21 to 40 inches structure; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots, common medium roots, and few Particle-size control section (weighted average): coarse roots; many very fine and fine vesicular Clay content—35 to 55 percent and interstitial pores; 45 percent gravel and 5 A horizon: percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist A2—5 to 11 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very gravelly Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Bt1 horizon: hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR plastic; many very fine and fine roots, common Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist medium roots, and few coarse roots; common Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist very fine and fine tubular pores; 45 percent gravel Texture—clay, clay loam, or cobbly clay and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth Clay content—35 to 60 percent boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent Bw—11 to 20 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate Bt2 horizon: fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Hue—7.5YR or 10YR very friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist common very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial Texture—loam, clay loam, or cobbly clay loam pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds and Clay content—20 to 38 percent on rock fragments; 50 percent gravel and 5 Rock fragment content—5 to 30 percent percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline boundary. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 281

C—20 to 36 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) extremely Landforms: Structural benches cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; massive; Parent material: Kind—alluvium and residuum; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; source—rhyolite common very fine and fine roots and few medium Slope range: 3 to 25 percent roots; few fine and medium vesicular and tubular Elevation: 4,250 to 4,700 feet pores; 20 percent gravel, 40 percent cobbles, and Climatic data (average annual): 5 percent stones; slightly acid; abrupt wavy Precipitation—12 to 15 inches boundary. Air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Cr—36 inches; weathered rhyolite. Frost-free period—95 to 115 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 3 miles south of Silver A1—0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly 1 1 City; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 20, T. 5 S., R. 3 W. silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Map unit in which located: Foxmount-Povey- moist; moderate medium platy structure parting to Rubbleland complex, 10 to 50 percent slopes moderate fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Range in Characteristics many very fine and fine roots, common medium Profile: roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine and Depth to bedrock—24 to 40 inches fine vesicular and interstitial pores and common Reaction—slightly acid or neutral medium vesicular and interstitial pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Particle-size control section (weighted average): A2—8 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly silt Clay content—10 to 20 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Rock fragment content—50 to 70 percent and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly A horizon: hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common Hue—7.5YR or 10YR very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist many very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores and common medium vesicular and Bw horizon: interstitial pores; few thin clay films on faces of Hue—7.5YR or 10YR peds; 15 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; abrupt Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Bt—11 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent gravelly clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak C horizon: medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine Hue—7.5YR or 10YR angular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist very plastic; few very fine roots and common fine Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist roots; few fine tubular pores; many thick clay films Texture—very cobbly loam, extremely cobbly loam, or on faces of peds and in pores; 40 percent gravel; very cobbly sandy loam mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—45 to 85 percent Btq—22 to 29 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) Frenchjohn Series moist; moderate fine angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots and common fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few Classification moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 45 Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, percent gravel; coatings of silica on rock mesic Typic Palexerolls fragments; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. Setting Bkq—29 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Depth class: Moderately deep extremely gravelly sandy loam, very pale brown Drainage class: Well drained (10YR 7/4) moist; discontinuous distinct siliceous Permeability: Slow laminar cap l millimeter thick; massive; very hard, 282 Soil Survey

very firm; 80 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; Setting strongly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. Depth class: Shallow to a duripan R—36 inches; fractured rhyolitic tuff. Drainage class: Well drained Typical Pedon Location Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Structural benches and plug domes Location in survey area: About 11 miles southwest of 1 1 Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—extrusive Marsing; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 21, T. 1 N., rock R. 5 W. Slope range: 2 to 20 percent Map unit in which located: Jumpcreek-Frenchjohn Elevation: 5,200 to 6,000 feet complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes Climatic data (average annual): Range in Characteristics Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Profile: Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Depth to abrupt textural change—8 to 12 inches Depth to calcium carbonates—20 to 30 inches Typical Pedon Description Depth to bedrock—24 to 40 inches A—0 to 5 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, Particle-size control section (weighted average): dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak thin and Clay content—35 to 55 percent medium platy structure parting to moderate fine Rock fragment content—35 to 65 percent granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky A horizon: and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots, Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline common medium roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 5 percent Bt horizon: gravel and 1 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bt1—5 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay Texture—gravelly clay or very gravelly clay in upper loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium part; very gravelly clay loam or extremely gravelly subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, clay loam in lower part friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common Clay content—40 to 55 percent in upper part; 29 to 40 very fine, fine, and medium roots; common percent in lower part very fine and fine tubular pores; few thin clay Rock fragment content—20 to 45 percent in upper films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and 5 part; 45 to 75 percent in lower part percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline boundary. Bkq horizon: Bt2—13 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value—5 to 8 dry moist; moderate fine angular blocky structure; Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very Texture—extremely gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly fine, fine, and medium roots; common very sandy clay loam, or very gravelly sandy loam fine and fine tubular pores; common moderately Clay content—12 to 25 percent thick clay films on faces of peds; 5 Rock fragment content—50 to 90 percent percent gravel; neutral; abrupt wavy Effervescence—strong or violent boundary. Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Bkqm—18 to 22 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) continuous indurated siliceous laminae 1 Freshwater Series millimeter thick over very pale brown (10YR 7/3 to 10YR 8/3) slightly fractured strongly cemented duripan; strong thick platy structure; extremely Classification hard, very firm, brittle when wet; strongly Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, frigid, shallow Xerollic effervescent; abrupt irregular boundary. Durargids 2R—22 inches; weathered flow breccia. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 283

Typical Pedon Location Fryingpan Series Location in survey area: About 15 miles southeast of 1 1 Riddle; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 35, T. 15 S., Classification R. 5 E. Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, frigid Lithic Map unit in which located: Roca-Freshwater stony Haploxeralfs loams, 2 to 20 percent slopes (fig. 14) Setting Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Structural benches Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—welded rhyolitic tuff Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Elevation: 5,100 to 5,700 feet Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Typical Pedon Description A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak thin and medium platy structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular Figure 14.—Profile of Freshwater stony loam in an area of pores and few medium vesicular pores; 10 percent Roca-Freshwater stony loams, 2 to 20 percent slopes. A gravel and 1 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth duripan is at a depth of about 18 inches and is underlain boundary. by bedrock. Bt1—3 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Range in Characteristics moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Profile: plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Depth to duripan—12 to 20 inches medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular Depth to bedrock—16 to 40 inches pores and few medium tubular pores; many thin Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent Particle-size control section (weighted average): gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Clay content—27 to 34 percent Bt2—9 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; A horizon: very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 2 to 4 moist roots and few very fine and medium roots; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist common very fine tubular pores and few fine and Bt horizon: medium tubular pores; many moderately thick clay Value—5 to 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or gravelly silty Btq—16 to 18 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) loam, clay loam brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine and 284 Soil Survey

medium angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel, 5 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and cobbles, and 1 percent stones; slightly acid; clear fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular smooth boundary. pores; common moderately thick clay films on A2—3 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; few sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; fine masses of silica; slightly acid; abrupt wavy weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to boundary. weak fine granular; soft, very friable; many very 2R—18 inches; welded rhyolitic tuff that has thin fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few very discontinuous silica laminae. fine and fine tubular and vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; Typical Pedon Location clear smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 27 miles west of Bw—11 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly 1 1 Grasmere; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 12, T. 12 S., sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) R. 1 W. moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Map unit in which located: Fryingpan-Hat-Nipintuck slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and complex, 1 to 30 percent slopes fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular and vesicular pores; common Range in Characteristics thin clay films in pores; 35 percent gravel and 5 Profile: percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches boundary. Reaction—neutral or slightly acid C—21 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) extremely cobbly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) Particle-size control section (weighted average): moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; 35 Clay content—20 to 34 percent percent gravel, 35 percent cobbles, and 15 Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent percent stones; neutral; clear irregular boundary. Bt horizon: R—28 inches; moderately weathered vitric tuff. Texture—clay loam or cobbly clay loam Typical Pedon Location Fulcrum Series Location in survey area: About 28 miles southeast of 1 1 Silver City; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 36, T. 8 S., R. 1 W. Classification Map unit in which located: Fulcrum-Monasterio stony Taxonomic class: Ashy-skeletal, frigid Vitrandic sandy loams, Haploxerolls 1 to 20 percent slopes Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Moderately deep Profile: Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Permeability: Moderately rapid Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Landforms: Extrusive domes Parent material: Kind—residuum and alluvium; Particle-size control section (weighted average): source—vitric tuff and breccia Clay content—10 to 18 percent Slope range: 3 to 15 percent Rock fragment content—35 to 70 percent Elevation: 5,700 to 6,200 feet A horizon: Climatic data (average annual): Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Precipitation—14 to 16 inches Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Air temperature—40 to 43 degrees F Chroma—2 or 3 dry, 1 to 3 moist Frost-free period—65 to 80 days Bw horizon: Typical Pedon Description Hue—7.5YR or 10YR A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) stony sandy Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Chroma—3 or 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist structure; soft, very friable; many very fine and fine Clay content—12 to 20 percent roots and few medium roots; many very fine and Rock fragment content—35 to 50 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 285

C horizon: many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 30 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; slightly Value—4 to 7 dry, 3 to 6 moist acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist 2Bqm1—16 to 21 inches; strongly cemented Clay content—6 to 18 percent continuous duripan; massive; very hard, very firm; Rock fragment content—50 to 90 percent clear wavy boundary. 2Bqm2—21 to 27 inches; weakly cemented Gacey Series continuous duripan; massive, very hard, very firm; clear wavy boundary. 2C—27 to 60 inches; extremely gravelly loamy sand; Classification single grain; loose; 55 percent gravel and 10 Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, percent cobbles. mesic, shallow Aridic Durixerolls Typical Pedon Location Setting Location in survey area: About 13 miles northwest of 1 1 Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Silver City; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 7, T. 4 S., Drainage class: Well drained R. 5 W. Permeability: Slow Map unit in which located: Salisbury-Gacey-Barnard Landforms: Fan terraces complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Range in Characteristics volcaniclastic material Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Profile: Elevation: 4,400 to 5,050 feet Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches Climatic data (average annual): Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Particle-size control section (weighted average): Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Clay content—35 to 45 percent Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Rock fragment content—35 to 50 percent Typical Pedon Description Bt and Btq horizons: A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) stony Hue—7.5YR or 10YR loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist moist; moderate thick platy structure; slightly Chroma—2 or 4 dry or moist hard, very friable; common very fine and fine Clay content—27 to 50 percent roots; common very fine and fine vesicular Rock fragment content—15 to 60 percent and interstitial pores and few medium vesicular and interstitial pores; 15 percent gravel Gaib Series and 2 percent stones; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Classification Bt—4 to 9 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) cobbly clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Ultic Argixerolls structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Setting plastic; many very fine roots and few fine roots; few very fine, fine, and medium tubular Depth class: Shallow pores; common thin clay films on faces of Drainage class: Well drained peds; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent Permeability: Moderately slow cobbles; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Landforms: Mountains Btq—9 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—welded very cobbly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) rhyolitic tuff moist; moderate medium and coarse prismatic Slope range: 2 to 30 percent structure parting to moderate fine subangular Elevation: 5,050 to 6,600 feet blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine Climatic data (average annual): and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; Precipitation—15 to 18 inches 286 Soil Survey

Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Gariper Series Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Typical Pedon Description Classification A1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Xerollic stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Paleargids moderate medium granular structure; soft, very Setting friable; 15 percent gravel and 3 percent stones; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Deep to a duripan A2—3 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, Drainage class: Well drained very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Permeability: Slow medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Landforms: Fan terraces friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 10 Parent material: Kind—alluvium; source—extrusive percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth rock and volcanic ash boundary. Slope range: 2 to 15 percent Bt1—7 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Elevation: 3,500 to 5,300 feet loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Climatic data (average annual): and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Precipitation—10 to 13 inches hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 25 Frost-free period—90 to 125 days percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; Typical Pedon Description clear smooth boundary. Bt2—11 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very gravelly A1—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) moist; loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium moderate fine and medium subangular blocky platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many 35 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; very fine and fine vesicular pores; 10 percent fine abrupt wavy boundary. gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. R—18 inches; slightly weathered welded rhyolitic tuff. A2—3 to 9 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular Typical Pedon Location blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Location in survey area: About 18 miles southeast of sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and 1 1 Cliffs; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 8, T. 12 S., R. 4 W. fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; Map unit in which located: Mulshoe-Squawcreek-Gaib common very fine and fine tubular pores; few thin association, films lining pores; 10 percent fine gravel; neutral; 2 to 30 percent slopes abrupt smooth boundary. Bt—9 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/3) clay, Range in Characteristics dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine prismatic structure parting to strong fine Profile: angular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and Base saturation—50 to 75 percent very plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches roots and few coarse roots; few fine tubular pores; Bt horizon: many thick clay films on faces of peds and lining Hue—7.5YR or 10YR pores; common pressure faces; 5 percent fine Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Btq—18 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—very cobbly clay loam or very gravelly clay clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; loam moderate medium subangular blocky structure Clay content—24 to 35 percent parting to strong fine angular blocky; hard, friable; Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few Reaction—moderately acid to neutral very fine tubular pores; common moderately thick Owyhee County Area, Idaho 287

clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 Gooding Series percent gravel; few pendants of silica on undersides of gravel and peds; mildly alkaline; Classification abrupt smooth boundary. 2Bkq—22 to 47 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Xerollic gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Paleargids moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; 25 Setting percent gravel; many pendants of silica and calcium carbonates on rock fragments; violently Depth class: Deep to a duripan effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Very slow 2Bkqm—47 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Landforms: Fan terraces and pediments continuous strongly cemented duripan, yellowish Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; extremely hard, lacustrine deposits extremely firm, brittle; 15 percent gravel; strongly Slope range: 2 to 20 percent effervescent; common medium soft masses and Elevation: 3,500 to 5,200 feet seams of lime. Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Typical Pedon Location Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Location in survey area: About 20 miles southwest of Frost-free period—90 to 120 days 1 1 Riddle; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 3, T. 16 S., Typical Pedon Description R. 1 W. Map unit in which located: Arbidge-Owsel-Gariper A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate medium subangular Range in Characteristics blocky; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine roots and few fine and medium roots; many fine Profile: and medium vesicular pores and many very fine Depth to abrupt textural change—4 to 10 inches tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt Depth to duripan—40 to 60 inches wavy boundary. Duripan cementation—weak to strong E—4 to 7 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) loam; grayish A horizon: brown (10YR 5/2) moist; strong coarse subangular Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist blocky structure; hard, very friable; common fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist roots and few very fine and medium roots; many Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline very fine and fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt horizon: Bt1—7 to 17 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine columnar Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; Texture—clay or clay loam very hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; common Clay content—35 to 50 percent fine roots and few very fine and medium roots; few Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous thick Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline clay films on faces of peds and in pores; mildly 2Bkq horizon: alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist Btk—17 to 30 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; strong Texture—gravelly loam, gravelly sandy loam, or very fine angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky gravelly sandy loam and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Clay content—10 to 25 percent common very fine and fine tubular pores; Rock fragment content—20 to 60 percent continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of Effervescence—strong or violent peds and in pores; strongly effervescent; Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 288 Soil Survey

Bkq—30 to 57 inches; white (10YR 8/2) clay loam, Goose Creek Series light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Classification hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few thin clay films on Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Cumulic faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; violently Haploxerolls effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth Setting boundary. Bkqm—57 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) Depth class: Very deep continuous weakly cemented duripan; massive; Drainage class: Moderately well drained very hard, firm. Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Bottomlands Typical Pedon Location Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Location in survey area: About 16 miles northwest of volcaniclastic material 1 1 Reynolds; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 12, T. 1 S., Slope range: 1 to 3 percent R. 6 W. Elevation: 2,350 to 5,350 feet Map unit in which located: Gooding-Gariper loams, Climatic data (average annual): 2 to 20 percent slopes Precipitation—8 to 13 inches Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Range in Characteristics Frost-free period—95 to 140 days Profile: Typical Pedon Description Depth to abrupt textural change—3 to 8 inches Depth to calcium carbonates—17 to 30 inches Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Depth to duripan—40 to 60 inches (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium and coarse granular structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and A horizon: slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist few coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores and Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist common fine and medium tubular pores; neutral; E horizon: clear wavy boundary. Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist A2—9 to 17 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium and fine granular; hard, Bt horizon: friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist very fine and fine roots and few coarse roots; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist many very fine tubular pores and common fine Texture—clay or clay loam and medium tubular pores; mildly alkaline; clear Clay content—35 to 50 percent smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent A3—17 to 24 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, Effervescence (lower part)—none or slight black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse prismatic Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline structure parting to weak medium and fine Btk and Bqk horizons: subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist few medium roots; many very fine tubular pores Texture—clay loam or gravelly clay loam and common fine and medium tubular pores; thin Clay content—27 to 35 percent patchy clay films in pores; few veins of lime; mildly Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Effervescence—strong or violent Bk1—24 to 33 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay loam, very Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium Owyhee County Area, Idaho 289

and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, Bk and C horizons: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine and Hue—10YR or 2.5Y medium roots; many very fine tubular pores and Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist common fine and medium tubular pores; slightly Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist effervescent; many splotches of lime and few Effervescence—none to slight veins of lime; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline boundary. 2Bk2—33 to 40 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 5/1) loam, Graveya Series very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Classification slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores and Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic common fine and medium tubular pores; slightly Xerollic Camborthids effervescent; common splotches and veins of lime; Setting moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 3C1—40 to 51 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, Depth class: Very deep dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist; few fine prominent Drainage class: Well drained mottles that are dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Permeability: Moderately slow weak medium and fine subangular blocky Landforms: Foothills structure parting to weak fine and medium Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium; source— granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly welded rhyolitic tuff overlying mixed sediment plastic; few fine and medium roots; many very fine Slope range: 8 to 35 percent tubular pores and common fine and medium Elevation: 2,400 to 3,600 feet tubular pores; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Climatic data (average annual): boundary. Precipitation—10 to 12 inches 3C2—51 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist, few fine Frost-free period—125 to 145 days prominent mottles that are dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) Typical Pedon Description moist; massive; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few medium and coarse roots; many very fine and A1—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony common fine tubular pores; moderately alkaline. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thin platy structure parting to moderate fine Typical Pedon Location granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Location in survey area: About 1 mile west of and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine 1 1 Reynolds; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 35, T. 2 S., roots and common medium roots; many very R. 4 W. fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores Map unit in which located: Hardtrigger-Goose Creek and few medium vesicular and interstitial loams, 1 to 5 percent slopes pores; 20 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 3 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. Profile: A2—3 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Depth to mottles—24 inches or more loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Particle-size control section: friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Texture—dominantly clay loam with thin strata of very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, loam, silt loam, and fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; or clay commonly in the lower part clear smooth boundary. Clay content (weighted average)—20 to 30 percent Bw1—8 to 14 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) A horizon: gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Hue—10YR or 2.5Y 4/4) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few very Reaction—neutral to mildly alkaline fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; common thin 290 Soil Survey

clay films in pores; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid; Clay content—8 to 20 percent clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 70 percent Bw2—14 to 22 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Effervescence—strong or violent very gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common Graylock Series very fine and fine roots; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Classification 2Bkq1—22 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) very gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR Taxonomic class: Sandy-skeletal, mixed Typic 5/4) moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; Cryorthents 50 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles, coatings Setting of lime and silica on rock fragments; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy Depth class: Deep boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained 2Bkq2—42 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Permeability: Very rapid extremely gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown Landforms: Mountains (10YR 5/4) moist; single grain; loose; 60 percent Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; gravel and 10 percent cobbles, lime and silica source—intermediate intrusive rock pendants 1 millimeter to 5 millimeters thick around Slope range: 20 to 60 percent rock fragments; violently effervescent; strongly Elevation: 5,000 to 7,600 feet alkaline. Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—25 to 40 inches Typical Pedon Location Air temperature—34 to 42 degrees F Location in survey area: About 7 miles southwest of Frost-free period—30 to 70 days 1 1 Marsing; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 35, T. 2 N., Typical Pedon Description R. 5 W. Map unit in which located: Graveya-Ratsnest-Rock Oi—1 inch to 0; undecomposed needles and twigs. outcrop association, 3 to 35 percent slopes A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) bouldery loamy sand, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Range in Characteristics moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very Profile: friable; common very fine and fine roots; few very Depth to lithologic discontinuity—10 to 25 inches fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel and Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 25 inches 10 percent boulders; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Particle-size control section (weighted average): AB—4 to 7 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) bouldery Clay content—15 to 25 percent sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent moist; weak medium and coarse subangular A horizon: blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 Bw horizon: percent gravel and 10 percent boulders; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bw—7 to 26 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Texture—gravelly clay loam, very gravelly clay loam, or gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; gravelly loam weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Clay content—24 to 30 percent hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots Rock fragment content—25 to 50 percent and common medium and coarse roots; 30 Reaction—slightly acid or neutral percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 5 percent 2Bkq horizon: stones; moderately acid; gradual irregular Hue—10YR or 2.5Y boundary. Value—7 or 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist BC—26 to 41 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—very gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly loam, very gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown or extremely gravelly sandy loam (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; few fine roots, Owyhee County Area, Idaho 291

common medium roots, and many coarse roots; Climatic data (average annual): 25 percent gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and 10 Precipitation—16 to 20 inches percent stones; moderately acid; abrupt broken Air temperature—38 to 41 degrees F boundary. Frost-free period—50 to 80 days C—41 to 56 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Typical Pedon Description extremely stony loamy coarse sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; single grain; few very fine A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, black and fine roots; 20 percent gravel, 25 percent (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium subangular cobbles, and 35 percent stones; strongly acid; blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; many abrupt wavy boundary. very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; R—56 inches; fractured granite. many very fine tubular and interstitial pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Location A2—5 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR Location in survey area: About 1 mile east of Silver 3/2) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate 1 1 City; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 5, T. 5 S., R. 3 W. medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Map unit in which located: Graylock-Takeuchi very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; association, 3 to 60 percent slopes common very fine and fine roots and few coarse roots; many very fine and fine tubular and Range in Characteristics interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; Profile: gradual smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—40 to 60 inches Bt1—20 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Particle-size control section (weighted average): moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Clay content—2 to 10 percent slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and A horizon: medium roots; many very fine interstitial pores and Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist few fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; many thin Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist clay films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly Reaction—strongly acid or moderately acid acid; gradual irregular boundary. Bt2—40 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Bw and C horizons: loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 7 moist moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common Texture (Bw horizon)—very gravelly loamy coarse very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine sand or very gravelly loamy sand tubular and interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel and Texture (C horizon)—extremely stony loamy coarse 5 percent cobbles; many moderately thick clay sand or extremely stony coarse sand films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid. Reaction—very strongly acid to moderately acid Typical Pedon Location

Hades Series 1 Location in survey area: About 6 /2 miles southwest of 1 1 Reynolds; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 12, T. 3 S., Classification R. 5 W. Map unit in which located: Hades-Sharesnout Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Pachic complex, 5 to 35 percent slopes Argixerolls Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Very deep Profile: Drainage class: Well drained Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Permeability: Moderately slow A horizon: Landforms: Mountains Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist source—extrusive rock Slope range: 5 to 30 percent Bt horizon: Elevation: 5,000 to 6,600 feet Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 292 Soil Survey

Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Btk—15 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR Clay content—27 to 35 percent 6/4) moist; weak medium and fine subangular Rock fragment content—5 to 15 percent blocky structure; hard, friable; common fine roots and few medium roots; few very fine tubular Hardtrigger Series and interstitial pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual smooth Classification boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic Bk—20 to 28 inches; white (10YR 8/2) gravelly sandy Haplargids loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; massive; hard, firm; few fine and medium roots; Setting few very fine tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; Depth class: Very deep violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual Drainage class: Well drained smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow Bkq—28 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very gravelly Landforms: Calderas, fan terraces, and structural loamy sand, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) moist; benches massive; loose; few fine and medium roots; 40 Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— percent gravel; 10 percent durinodes; violently volcaniclastic material effervescent; strongly alkaline. Slope range: 1 to 35 percent Typical Pedon Location Elevation: 2,350 to 5,400 feet Climatic data (average annual): Location in survey area: About 11 miles northwest of 1 1 Precipitation—8 to 13 inches Grasmere; in the SE /4SW /4 of sec. 28, T. 10 S., Air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F R. 4 E. Frost-free period—90 to 150 days Map unit in which located: Bruncan-Hardtrigger- Buncelvoir complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes Typical Pedon Description A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Range in Characteristics loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine and Profile: medium granular structure; soft, very friable; many Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 27 inches very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; 15 A horizon: percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist BA—4 to 8 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Bt horizon: moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Value—4 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Texture—gravelly sandy clay loam, clay loam, or medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular and gravelly clay loam interstitial pores; many thin clay films on faces of Clay content—22 to 34 percent peds; 20 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent smooth boundary. Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline Bt—8 to 15 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Bk horizon: medium subangular blocky structure parting to Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 7 moist moderate fine angular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots and Texture—gravelly sandy loam, gravelly coarse sandy few very fine and medium roots; few very fine loam, or sandy loam interstitial and tubular pores; common moderately Clay content—10 to 20 percent thick clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent Rock fragment content—10 to 35 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Effervescence—strong or violent boundary. Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Owyhee County Area, Idaho 293

Bkq horizon (where present): common very fine and fine roots; common very Value—7 or 8 dry, 3 or 4 moist fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist films on faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in Texture—very gravelly loamy sand, gravelly sandy pores; 35 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; loam, or very gravelly sandy loam slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Clay content—4 to 12 percent Bq—19 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Rock fragment content—15 to 50 percent extremely cobbly clay loam, dark yellowish brown Reaction—strongly alkaline or very strongly alkaline (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly Cementation—weak and discontinuous or 5 to 20 sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; common percent durinodes thin clay films and moderately thick silica coatings on rock fragments; 30 percent gravel and 50 Hat Series percent cobbles; slightly acid; gradual irregular boundary. R—24 inches; welded rhyolitic tuff; moderately thick Classification coatings and pendants of silica in fractures. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Mollic Typical Pedon Location Haploxeralfs Location in survey area: About 21 miles northwest of Setting 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 36, T. 9 S., Depth class: Moderately deep R. 2 E. Drainage class: Well drained Map unit in which located: Hat-Zecanyon complex, Permeability: Moderately slow 1 to 20 percent slopes Landforms: Structural benches and foothills Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; source—welded rhyolitic tuff Profile: Slope range: 1 to 35 percent Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Elevation: 4,800 to 6,800 feet Reaction—neutral to moderately acid Climatic data (average annual): A horizon: Precipitation—13 to 18 inches Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Reaction—moderately acid to neutral Typical Pedon Description Bt horizon: A—0 to 5 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Hue—7.5YR or 10YR loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist subangular blocky structure parting to weak Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist medium granular; slightly hard, very friable; many Texture—gravelly clay loam, very gravelly clay loam, very fine and fine roots and common medium extremely gravelly clay loam, very cobbly loam, roots; many very fine and fine vesicular and very gravelly loam, or extremely cobbly clay loam interstitial pores; 30 percent gravel; moderately Clay content—24 to 35 percent acid; clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 65 percent Bt1—5 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Hatpeak Series medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak medium granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky Classification and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine and Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Typic fine tubular and interstitial pores; common thin Durixerolls clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 Setting percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—12 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Drainage class: Well drained strong fine and medium subangular blocky Permeability: Slow structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Landforms: Tablelands and fan piedmonts 294 Soil Survey

Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Typical Pedon Location extrusive rock and volcanic ash Location in survey area: About 2 miles northeast of Slope range: 2 to 8 percent 1 1 Three Creek; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 26, T. 15 S., Elevation: 5,300 to 6,150 feet R. 11 E. Climatic data (average annual): Map unit in which located: Threek-Blackleg-Hatpeak Precipitation—12 to 15 inches complex, 2 to 20 percent slopes Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Description Profile: Depth to duripan—20 to 30 inches A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate Particle-size control section (weighted average): thin platy structure parting to weak fine Clay content—35 to 50 percent subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine A horizon: and fine roots and few medium roots; many very Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 10 Reaction—slightly acid or neutral percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—6 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, Bt horizon: dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Value—3 or 4 moist angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 Haw Series percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt2—15 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Classification clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine prismatic structure parting to moderate Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic fine angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, Calcic Argixerolls very sticky and very plastic; common very fine Setting and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces of Depth class: Very deep peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 Drainage class: Well drained percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Permeability: Moderately slow boundary. Landforms: Stream terraces and fan terraces Btq—22 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) moist; volcaniclastic material moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Slope range: 1 to 20 percent friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and Elevation: 4,000 to 5,300 feet fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular Climatic data (average annual): pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Precipitation—10 to 13 inches of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F percent cobbles; 15 percent durinodes; mildly Frost-free period—90 to 115 days alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Description Bkqm—26 to 35 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) continuous indurated duripan; platy structure; A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark brown extremely hard, brittle; strongly effervescent lime (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate thin platy structure pendants on rock fragments; gradual wavy parting to moderate fine granular; soft, very friable, boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Bqm—35 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) and fine roots and common medium roots; strongly cemented duripan; massive; very hard, common very fine and fine vesicular and tubular very firm, brittle. pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 295

AB—6 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam, Texture—clay loam, sandy clay loam, or loam dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and Clay content—22 to 34 percent medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline and medium roots; many very fine and fine Bk horizon: interstitial and tubular pores; common thin clay Hue—10YR or 2.5Y films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear Value—5 to 8 dry, 4 to 7 moist smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Bt1—9 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Texture—coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine Clay content—10 to 25 percent and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and Effervescence—slight to strong medium roots; common very fine, fine, and Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline medium tubular pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Heckison Series Bt2—15 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine Classification and medium subangular blocky structure; very Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Aridic hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; few very fine Durixerolls and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on Setting faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan neutral; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk1—21 to 42 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Permeability: Slow sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Landforms: Calderas and plug domes moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 source—basalt and volcanic ash percent gravel; violently effervescent; mildly Slope range: 1 to 15 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Elevation: 5,000 to 5,800 feet Bk2—42 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Climatic data (average annual): sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Precipitation—10 to 13 inches moist; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F roots; 5 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 30 Frost-free period—80 to 95 days percent soft tuffaceous fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline. Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Location in survey area: About 12 miles northwest of brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium 1 1 Three Creek; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 16, subangular blocky structure parting to moderate T. 14 S., R. 10 E. fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Map unit in which located: Haw-Renslow association, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine 0 to 4 percent slopes roots and few medium roots; many very fine tubular and interstitial pores; neutral; clear smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. Profile: Bt1—4 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Depth to calcium carbonates—22 to 38 inches clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, A horizon: friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline and fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces Bt horizon: of peds; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt2—7 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist fine and medium subangular blocky structure; 296 Soil Survey

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; Duripan fragment content—0 to 80 percent many very fine, common fine, and few medium Effervescence—strong or violent tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Hotcreek Series Bk—19 to 29 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; Classification hard, firm; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 10 percent lime-coated gravel; Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt shallow Xerollic Durargids wavy boundary. Setting Bkqm—29 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) to white (10YR 8/2), continuous, indurated, Depth class: Very shallow or shallow to a duripan prominent, siliceous laminae 2 millimeters Drainage class: Well drained thick over very pale brown (10YR 7/3) to Permeability: Moderately slow white (10YR 8/2), continuous, indurated, Landforms: Foothills faint, siliceous laminae; 15 percent Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—vitric tuff cobbles; violently effervescent; abrupt wavy and breccia boundary. Slope range: 1 to 15 percent 2R—35 inches; basalt. Elevation: 3,900 to 4,550 feet Climatic data (average annual): Typical Pedon Location Precipitation—9 to 12 inches Location in survey area: About 12 miles north of Air temperature—48 to 50 degrees F 1 1 Murphy Hot Springs; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 15, Frost-free period—105 to 120 days T. 14 S., R. 9 E. Typical Pedon Description Map unit in which located: Heckison-Bigflat silt loams, 1 to 10 percent slopes A—0 to 2 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very stony sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Range in Characteristics strong thin platy structure; hard, friable, slightly Profile: sticky; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 20 inches fine and medium vesicular pores; 35 percent Depth to duripan—21 to 36 inches gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; Depth to bedrock—22 to 40 inches mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Btk—2 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Particle-size control section (weighted average): very gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR Clay content—24 to 35 percent 5/4) moist; strong fine subangular blocky structure; A horizon: hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; common very Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine and Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline medium interstitial pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; Bt horizon: 50 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam Bkqm—7 to 11 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent indurated duripan, light yellowish brown (10YR Effervescence—none to strong 6/4) moist; thick platy structure; extremely hard, Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline extremely firm, brittle; roots matted between plates Bk horizon: in upper part; 40 percent gravel and 5 percent Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 7 moist cobbles; violently effervescent; abrupt wavy Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or gravelly R—11 inches; slightly weathered black vitric flow silt loam breccia. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 297

Typical Pedon Location subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Location in survey area: About 15 miles northeast of 1 1 many very fine and fine interstitial and vesicular Grasmere; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 1, T. 10 S., pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. R. 5 E. Bw1—4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Map unit in which located: Hotcreek-Troughs loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine association, 1 to 15 percent slopes subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Range in Characteristics friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few Profile: very fine and fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline; Depth to duripan—6 to 12 inches clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—8 to 14 inches Bw2—12 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Particle-size control section (weighted average): 6/4) very fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown Clay content—20 to 34 percent (10YR 4/4) moist; weak medium subangular Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent blocky structure; hard, friable; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular A horizon: pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist Bkq1—25 to 30 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist very fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline moist; massive; few very fine, fine, and medium Bt horizon: roots; 50 percent durinodes; violently effervescent; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Bkq2—30 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (7.5YR Texture—very gravelly clay loam, very cobbly clay 6/4) very fine sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, or very gravelly loam moist; massive; 80 percent is weakly cemented; Clay content—24 to 34 percent common fine violently effervescent seams of lime; Effervescence—none to strong moderately alkaline. Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Typical Pedon Location Humdun Series Location in survey area: About 3 miles northwest of 1 1 Three Creek; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 19, T. 15 S., R. 11 E. Classification Map unit in which located: Arness-Humdun complex, Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid 1 to 8 percent slopes Durixerollic Camborthids Range in Characteristics Setting Particle-size control section (weighted average): Depth class: Very deep Clay content—10 to 15 percent Drainage class: Well drained A horizon: Permeability: Moderate Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Landforms: Fan terraces Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline volcanic ash and extrusive rock Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Bw horizon: Elevation: 5,250 to 5,450 feet Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Texture—loam or very fine sandy loam Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Bkq horizon: Typical Pedon Description Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very fine sandy Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Texture—loam or very fine sandy loam medium platy structure parting to moderate fine Clay content—8 to 15 percent 298 Soil Survey

Durinode content—20 to 80 percent common very fine roots and few fine roots; few Effervescence—strong or violent very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous thick Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline clay films on faces of peds; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Hunnton Series 2Bqm—27 to 30 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) weakly cemented very gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong thin Classification platy structure; very hard, firm; few very fine roots; Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Xerollic mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Durargids 2Bkqm—30 to 50 inches; white (10YR 8/2), continuous, indurated duripan; massive; extremely Setting hard, extremely firm, brittle; violently effervescent. Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Typical Pedon Location Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Location in survey area: About 21 miles west of 1 1 Landforms: Tablelands Riddle; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 36, T. 14 S., Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; R. 2 W. source—basalt and volcanic ash Map unit in which located: Arbidge-Hunnton silt loams, Slope range: 1 to 5 percent 1 to 8 percent slopes Elevation: 4,900 to 5,450 feet Range in Characteristics Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Profile: Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F Depth to calcium carbonates—19 to 32 inches Frost-free period—90 to 100 days Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline Typical Pedon Description A horizon: A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist subangular blocky structure parting to weak thin platy; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Bt horizon: slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR few medium roots; many very fine and common Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist AB—3 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Clay content—40 to 55 percent silty clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Hurryback Series plastic; many very fine roots, common fine roots, and few medium roots; many very fine and few Classification fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Pachic Bt1—11 to 17 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Argixerolls clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak Setting fine prismatic structure parting to strong very fine angular blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Depth class: Very deep common very fine and fine roots and few medium Drainage class: Well drained roots; common very fine and few fine tubular Permeability: Moderately slow pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on Landforms: Foothills and terrace and tableland faces of peds and in pores; mildly alkaline; clear escarpments wavy boundary. Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and loess; Bt2—17 to 27 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) source—volcaniclastic material clay, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine Slope range: 8 to 40 percent prismatic structure parting to strong fine angular Elevation: 4,600 to 6,300 feet blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; Climatic data (average annual): Owyhee County Area, Idaho 299

Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Texture—loam, gravelly loam, or clay loam Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent Frost-free period—65 to 95 days Bt horizon: Typical Pedon Description Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—3 to 6 dry, 2 to 5 moist A—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very dark Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine Texture—gravelly loam, clay loam, or gravelly clay and medium granular structure; slightly hard, loam friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Clay content—24 to 35 percent very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. BA—6 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, dark Igert Series brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Classification plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic common very fine tubular pores; common thin clay Durixerollic Haplargids films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Setting Bt1—24 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Depth class: Moderately deep gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Drainage class: Well drained moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Permeability: Moderately slow hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and Landforms: Structural benches and foothills fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces source—welded rhyolitic tuff and breccia of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; Slope range: 2 to 20 percent clear wavy boundary. Elevation: 3,100 to 5,400 feet Bt2—35 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Climatic data (average annual): loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; Precipitation—10 to 13 inches moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; Frost-free period—90 to 130 days common very fine and few fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds Typical Pedon Description and in pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral. A1—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Typical Pedon Location loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak thin platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; Location in survey area: About 13 miles northwest of 1 1 slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine Silver City; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 7, T. 4 S., roots and few medium roots; many very fine and R. 5 W. fine interstitial and vesicular pores; 20 percent Map unit in which located: Bieber-Hurryback gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. association, 2 to 40 percent slopes A2—4 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Range in Characteristics subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Profile: friable; many very fine and fine roots, common Reaction—slightly acid or neutral medium roots, and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; 15 A horizon: percent gravel; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR BA—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Chroma—2 or 3 dry, 1 or 2 moist medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, BA horizon: very friable; slightly sticky; many very fine and fine Hue—7.5YR or 10YR roots and common medium and coarse roots; Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist many very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 300 Soil Survey

Bt—18 to 23 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—extremely gravelly loam, very gravelly loam, gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) or gravelly loam moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Clay content—12 to 20 percent blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Rock fragment content—30 to 90 percent slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and Effervescence—strong or violent medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular and Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline interstitial pores and few medium tubular and Cementation—weak or strong interstitial pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 percent gravel and 5 Insidert Series percent cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Classification Bkq—23 to 39 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) discontinuous weakly cemented very gravelly Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Abruptic loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; Aridic Durixerolls hard, firm; few very fine and fine roots; common Setting very fine and fine interstitial pores; 50 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Slow R—39 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff ; common Landforms: Calderas moderately thick coatings of silica and calcium Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; carbonates in fractures. source—basalt and volcanic ash Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Typical Pedon Location Elevation: 5,300 to 5,900 feet Location in survey area: About 16 miles northwest of Climatic data (average annual): 1 1 Grasmere; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 3, T. 10 S., Precipitation—11 to 13 inches R. 3 E. Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Map unit in which located: Igert-Willhill-Hardtrigger Frost-free period—75 to 90 days gravelly loams, Typical Pedon Description 1 to 25 percent slopes A—0 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam, Range in Characteristics dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak thin platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, Profile: very friable, slightly sticky; many very fine and fine Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 23 inches roots and common medium roots; many very fine Depth to bedrock—25 to 40 inches and fine tubular and interstitial pores; 5 percent A horizon: gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist Bt1—6 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark brown Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine angular blocky Reaction—neutral to mildly alkaline structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Bt horizon: common very fine and fine tubular pores; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist peds and lining pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—clay loam, gravelly loam, or gravelly clay Bt2—9 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, loam brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine prismatic Clay content—25 to 35 percent structure parting to strong fine and medium Rock fragment content—10 to 25 percent angular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline very plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Bkq horizon: common very fine and fine tubular pores; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR continuous thick clay films on faces of peds and Value—5 to 7 dry, 5 or 6 moist lining pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist smooth boundary. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 301

Bt3—13 to 17 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Effervescence—strong or violent clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline strong medium angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very Itca Series fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; continuous thick clay films Classification on faces of peds and lining pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, Bkq—17 to 24 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very gravelly frigid Lithic Argixerolls sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Setting moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular Depth class: Shallow pores; 10 percent gravel and 35 percent indurated Drainage class: Well drained duripan fragments; violently effervescent; Permeability: Slow moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Landforms: Foothills and mountains Bkqm—24 to 27 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; continuous very thin siliceous lamination over source—welded rhyolitic tuff white (10YR 8/2) continuous indurated duripan; Slope range: 2 to 40 percent massive; 50 percent rock fragments; violently Elevation: 4,600 to 6,900 feet effervescent; abrupt wavy boundary. Climatic data (average annual): 2R—27 inches; basalt. Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—60 to 90 days 1 Location in survey area: About 9 /2 miles northwest of 1 1 Three Creek; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 27, T. 14 S., Typical Pedon Description R. 10 E. A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very stony Map unit in which located: Heckison-Insidert-Bigflat silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; loams, 1 to 10 percent slopes weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly Range in Characteristics sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and Profile: fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel, 15 percent Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 20 inches cobbles, and 15 percent stones; neutral; clear Depth to duripan—20 to 37 inches smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—21 to 40 inches Bt—4 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly clay A horizon: loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine Chroma—3 or 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, sticky and plastic, many very fine roots, common fine Bt horizon: roots, and few medium roots; common very fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent Texture—clay, clay loam, or silty clay loam gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; Clay content—35 to 50 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent Btq—13 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline cobbly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Bkq horizon: moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, firm, Value—7 or 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist roots and few medium roots; few very fine tubular Texture—gravelly loam, gravelly sandy loam, or very pores; continuous thick clay films on faces of peds gravelly sandy loam and in pores; 25 percent gravel, 40 percent Clay content—12 to 25 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; neutral; abrupt Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent irregular boundary. Duripan fragments—0 to 50 percent R—16 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. 302 Soil Survey

Typical Pedon Location fine roots and few medium roots; many fine and medium vesicular and interstitial pores; Location in survey area: About 2 miles southeast of 1 1 moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Three Creek; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 11, T. 16 S., Bw—5 to 15 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine R. 11 E. sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Map unit in which located: Vitale-Mulshoe-Itca weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly complex, 2 to 40 percent slopes hard, friable, slightly sticky; few very fine, fine, and Range in Characteristics medium roots; few fine tubular pores; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Profile: Bkq—15 to 21 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline massive; slightly hard, very friable; few fine and A horizon: medium roots; strongly alkaline; abrupt wavy Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bkqm—21 to 60 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist continuous indurated duripan, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; platy structure; extremely hard, very Bt horizon: firm, brittle; violently effervescent. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Typical Pedon Location Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Location in survey area: About 17 miles northeast of Texture—very cobbly clay loam or very stony clay 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 2, T. 10 S., loam R. 6 E. Clay content—35 to 40 percent Map unit in which located: Troughs-Jenor-Laped Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent association, 1 to 10 percent slopes Jenor Series Range in Characteristics Profile: Classification Depth to duripan—20 to 30 inches Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Durorthids Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—8 to 18 percent Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent Setting A horizon: Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Bw horizon: Landforms: Calderas Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source—basalt Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist and volcanic ash Texture—fine sandy loam or loam Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Bkq horizon: Elevation: 3,850 to 5,200 feet Value—7 or 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Texture—fine sandy loam or loam Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Effervescence—strong or violent Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Typical Pedon Description Jumpcreek Series

A—0 to 5 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very fine Classification sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak thin platy structure parting to weak fine granular; Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and mesic Durargidic Argixerolls Owyhee County Area, Idaho 303

Setting percent cobbles; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep R—36 inches; fractured rhyolite. Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately slow Typical Pedon Location Landforms: Structural benches Location in survey area: About 11 miles southwest of Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and residuum; 1 1 Marsing; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 27, T. 1 N., source—rhyolite R. 5 W. Slope range: 3 to 30 percent Map unit in which located: Jumpcreek-Frenchjohn Elevation: 4,250 to 4,700 feet complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Range in Characteristics Air temperature—47 to 49 degrees F Profile: Frost-free period—95 to 115 days Depth to bedrock—22 to 40 inches Typical Pedon Description A horizon: A—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Value—2 or 3 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma—2 or 3 dry and moist weak fine and medium subangular blocky Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline structure parting to moderate fine and medium Bt horizon: granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular Texture—very gravelly clay loam, extremely gravelly pores and few medium vesicular pores; 20 percent clay loam, or extremely gravelly clay gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—35 to 45 percent BA—6 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Rock fragment content—35 to 70 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and Bkq horizon: few medium roots; common fine tubular pores; Value—5 or 6 moist common faint clay films on faces of peds; 35 Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture—extremely gravelly sandy loam or very Bt—12 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loam gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Rock fragment content—50 to 90 percent moderate fine angular blocky structure; very hard, Effervescence—strong or violent firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline fine roots; common fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in Kanlee Series pores; 50 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Classification Btq—21 to 30 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely gravelly clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic fine angular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Argixerolls very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; few fine Setting tubular pores; many thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 65 percent gravel; thin coatings Depth class: Moderately deep of silica on underside of rock fragments; mildly Drainage class: Well drained alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow Bkq—30 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Landforms: Mountains weakly cemented extremely gravelly sandy loam, Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; discontinuous source—intermediate intrusive rock distinct siliceous laminar cap 1 millimeter thick; Slope range: 4 to 40 percent massive; very hard, firm; 75 percent gravel and 10 Elevation: 4,600 to 7,000 feet 304 Soil Survey

Climatic data (average annual): (lamella); 30 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular Precipitation—13 to 16 inches boundary. Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Cr—32 to 45 inches; weathered granite with many Frost-free period—65 to 90 days brown stains; few pockets or streaks of fine gravelly sandy clay loam similar to that of the Typical Pedon Description B3t horizon; at least one very thin horizontal A—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clayey band (lamella); neutral; gradual broken fine gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark brown boundary. (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate very fine and fine R—45 inches; fractured partially weathered granite. granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky Typical Pedon Location and slightly plastic; many fine roots and few 1 medium and coarse roots; many very fine Location in survey area: About 3 /2 miles southwest of 1 1 interstitial pores; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; Reynolds; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 9, T. 3 S., clear wavy boundary. R. 4 W. AB—10 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine gravelly Map unit in which located: Poisoncreek-Kanlee- coarse sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/3) Bauscher association, 4 to 45 percent slopes moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky Range in Characteristics structure parting to weak very fine and fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Profile: and slightly plastic; many fine roots and few Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 40 inches medium and coarse roots; many very fine Depth to hard bedrock—35 to 60 inches interstitial and tubular pores; moderately Reaction—moderately acid to neutral micaceous; few thin clay films on faces of peds, in A horizon: pores, and bridging particles; 15 percent gravel; Value—3 to 5 dry, 1 to 3 moist neutral; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Bt1—14 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/3) fine gravelly sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Bt horizon: weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to Hue—7.5YR or 10YR weak fine and medium granular; slightly hard, very Value—4 to 6 dry, 2 to 5 moist friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Chroma—2 to 5 dry or moist fine and medium roots and few coarse roots; many Texture—sandy clay loam, coarse sandy clay loam, or fine tubular pores; moderately micaceous; few thin fine gravelly sandy clay loam slightly darker clay films in pores and common thin Clay content—20 to 35 percent clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent neutral; clear broken boundary. Bt2—17 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) fine gravelly Kiyi Series sandy clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Classification friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Pachic common fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on Ultic Argixerolls faces of peds, in pores, and bridging particles; 15 percent gravel; moderately micaceous to strongly Setting micaceous; neutral; clear irregular boundary. Bt3—24 to 32 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) and light Depth class: Very deep brown (7.5YR 6/5) fine gravelly sandy clay loam, Drainage class: Well drained dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) and brown (7.5YR 5/4) Permeability: Very slow moist; moderate fine and very fine subangular Landforms: Mountains and foothills blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium source—rhyolite roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; Slope range: 3 to 40 percent common moderately thick and thin clay films on Elevation: 5,100 to 6,600 feet faces of peds, in pores, and bridging particles; at Climatic data (average annual): least one very thin horizontal clayey band Precipitation—16 to 20 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 305

Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Location in survey area: About 8 miles northwest of 1 1 Typical Pedon Description Silver City; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 24, T. 4 S., R. 5 W. A—0 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Map unit in which located: Snell-Kiyi association, gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; 3 to 40 percent slopes weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Range in Characteristics plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few Particle-size control section (weighted average): medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Clay content—35 to 50 percent pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth Rock fragment content—20 to 35 percent boundary. AB—2 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly A and AB horizons: loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Reaction—neutral or slightly acid and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Bt horizon (upper part): roots and few medium roots; common very fine Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist and fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist gradual smooth boundary. Texture—gravelly clay loam or very gravelly clay loam Bt1—8 to 16 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Clay content—28 to 38 percent clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Rock fragment content—20 to 45 percent moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Reaction—slightly acid or moderately acid structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium Bt horizon (lower part): roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist percent gravel; common moderately thick clay Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist films on faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy Texture—gravelly clay or cobbly clay boundary. Clay content—40 to 55 percent Bt2—16 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Rock fragment content—20 to 35 percent clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Reaction—slightly acid or moderately acid medium and fine subangular blocky structure; very C horizon (where present): hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, Hue—10YR or 2.5Y and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist pores; 30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist common moderately thick clay films on faces of Texture—very cobbly clay, very cobbly sandy clay, or peds and in pores; slightly acid; gradual smooth very stony clay boundary. Clay content—35 to 55 percent Bt3—25 to 40 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong fine and Reaction—slightly acid or moderately acid medium angular blocky structure; extremely hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; Lamonta Series continuous clay pressure faces on peds; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Classification C—40 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic cobbly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Abruptic Aridic Durixerolls angular blocky structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine Setting pores; 30 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles; continuous clay pressure faces on peds; slightly Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan acid. Drainage class: Well drained 306 Soil Survey

Permeability: Very slow cap 2 millimeters thick; moderate thick platy Landforms: Pediments structure; hard, friable; common very fine tubular Parent material: Kind—alluvium and residuum; pores; 25 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; source—lacustrine deposits strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Typical Pedon Location Elevation: 3,900 to 4,900 feet Climatic data (average annual): Location in survey area: About 14 miles northwest of 1 1 Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Reynolds; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 17, T. 1 S., Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F R. 5 W. Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Map unit in which located: Chilcott-Lamonta complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes Typical Pedon Description Range in Characteristics A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Profile: 3/2) moist; weak thin and medium platy structure Depth to abrupt textural change—6 to 10 inches parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, Depth to duripan—20 to 30 inches sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and A horizon: medium roots and few coarse roots; common very Value—4 or 5 dry fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 15 Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt—7 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark brown Bt horizon: (10YR 3/3) moist; strong medium angular blocky Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist structure; hard, friable, very sticky and very Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots Clay content—40 to 55 percent and few coarse roots; common very fine interstitial Rock fragment content—5 to 15 percent pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on Effervescence (lower part)—none to strong faces of peds and in pores; mildly alkaline; clear Reaction (lower part)—mildly alkaline or moderately smooth boundary. alkaline Btkq—18 to 23 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine and medium Laped Series subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Classification fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt Durargids smooth boundary. Setting 2Bkqm—23 to 24 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) continuous indurated duripan that has a laminar Depth class: Shallow to a duripan cap, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; moderate Drainage class: Well drained thin and medium platy structure; extremely hard, Permeability: Moderately slow extremely firm, brittle; violently effervescent; Landforms: Tablelands and calderas abrupt smooth boundary. Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; 2Bkq1—24 to 28 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) source—basalt and volcanic ash fractured strongly cemented duripan and weakly Slope range: 1 to 5 percent cemented very cobbly loamy sand, brown (10YR Elevation: 3,850 to 5,350 feet 5/3) moist; fractures 5 to 25 centimeters apart; Climatic data (average annual): massive; very hard, very firm, brittle; common very Precipitation—7 to 9 inches fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and 15 Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F percent cobbles; strongly effervescent; strongly Frost-free period—90 to 120 days alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Description 3Bkq2—28 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) weakly cemented very cobbly loamy sand, A1—0 to 3 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) stony silt brown (10YR 4/3) moist; white (10YR 8/2) laminar loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Owyhee County Area, Idaho 307

thin and medium platy structure parting to weak Range in Characteristics fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, Profile: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches and fine roots; common very fine and fine Depth to bedrock—20 to 30 inches interstitial and vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel, 25 percent cobbles, and 5 percent stones; Particle-size control section (weighted average): moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—27 to 35 percent A2—3 to 8 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent gravelly silt loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; A horizon: moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist slightly hard, very friable, sticky and slightly Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores and few fine tubular Bt horizon: pores; 15 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist clear smooth boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 dry or moist Bt—8 to 12 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—gravelly clay loam or gravelly silty clay loam gravelly silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR Effervescence (lower part)—slight or strong 5/4) moist; strong fine subangular blocky structure; Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular Larioscamp Series pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds Classification and in pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Xerollic Btk—12 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Durargids gravelly silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR Setting 5/4) moist; strong fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular Drainage class: Well drained pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; Permeability: Slow many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds Landforms: Calderas, foothills, and structural benches and in pores; slightly effervescent; strongly Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— alkaline; clear wavy boundary. basalt and welded rhyolitic tuff Bkq—16 to 19 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Slope range: 1 to 10 percent gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Elevation: 5,300 to 5,950 feet moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Climatic data (average annual): structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and slightly Precipitation—11 to 13 inches plastic; 15 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles, Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F dominantly duripan fragments; violently Frost-free period—70 to 90 days effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy Typical Pedon Description boundary. Bkqm—19 to 22 inches; white (10YR 8/2) continuous A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark indurated duripan; massive; extremely hard, very brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium firm, brittle; violently effervescent; abrupt irregular granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky boundary. and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots R—22 inches; fractured basalt. and few medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; Typical Pedon Location clear smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 8 miles southeast of Bt1—3 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 9, T. 13 S., loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and R. 6 E. medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Map unit in which located: Troughs-Jenor-Laped sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots association, 1 to 10 percent slopes and few medium roots; common very fine and fine 308 Soil Survey

tubular and interstitial pores; many thin clay films Texture—very cobbly sandy loam or very cobbly loam on faces of peds and lining pores; 5 percent Clay content—10 to 20 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent Bt2—9 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, Longcreek Series sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine Classification tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel; Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. mesic Lithic Argixerolls 2Bkq—15 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) Setting very cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable; Depth class: Shallow few very fine, fine, and medium roots; 25 percent Drainage class: Well drained gravel and 30 percent cobbles; coatings of lime Permeability: Slow and silica as much as 2 centimeters thick on rock Landforms: Structural benches, foothills, and landslide fragments; violently effervescent; moderately deposits alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; 2Bkqm—25 to 29 inches; white (10YR 8/2) indurated source—extrusive rock duripan; massive; extremely hard, brittle; violently Slope range: 3 to 35 percent effervescent; abrupt wavy boundary. Elevation: 2,800 to 5,500 feet 3R—29 inches; slightly fractured welded rhyolitic tuff; Climatic data (average annual): fractures filled with silica and lime. Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—90 to 135 days Location in survey area: About 16 miles northwest of 1 1 Murphy Hot Springs; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 34, Typical Pedon Description T. 14 S., R. 7 E. A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly loam, Map unit in which located: Larioscamp-Dishpan-Brace very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; loams, 1 to 12 percent slopes moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Range in Characteristics structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots and common medium Profile: roots; few fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 25 Depth to calcium carbonates—8 to 18 inches percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; neutral; Depth to duripan—20 to 36 inches clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—21 to 40 inches BAt—5 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very A horizon: cobbly clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline many very fine and fine roots and common medium roots; common fine tubular pores; many Bt horizon: moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist pores; 20 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture—clay loam, clay, or cobbly clay Bt—11 to 19 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) very Clay content—35 to 45 percent cobbly clay, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong fine Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent prismatic structure parting to strong fine and Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline medium angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very Bkq horizon: sticky and very plastic; common very fine, fine, Value—6 to 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist pores; continuous thick clay films on faces of peds Owyhee County Area, Idaho 309

and in pores; 25 percent gravel and 30 percent moist; moderate medium and thick platy structure; cobbles; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. slightly hard, very friable, slightly plastic; common R—19 inches; fractured basalt. very fine and fine roots; many very fine, fine, and medium vesicular and interstitial pores; 15 percent Typical Pedon Location gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; Location in survey area: About 12 miles northwest of neutral; clear smooth boundary. 1 1 Reynolds; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 22, T. 1 S., Bt1—3 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly clay R. 5 W. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Map unit in which located: Longcreek-Hurryback- and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Succor complex, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common very 3 to 40 percent slopes fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of Range in Characteristics peds; 20 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; Profile: neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—14 to 20 inches Bt2—7 to 10 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) extremely cobbly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) A horizon: moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist structure; very hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; Bt horizon: common very fine and fine roots; common very Hue—7.5YR or 10YR fine and fine tubular pores; continuous moderately Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 35 Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist percent gravel and 40 percent cobbles; neutral; Texture—very cobbly clay loam, very cobbly clay, or clear smooth boundary. very stony clay Bt3—10 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) Clay content—35 to 50 percent extremely cobbly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR Rock fragment content—35 to 55 percent 4/4) moist; moderate fine and medium angular Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very Loomis Series fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 35 percent gravel and 40 percent cobbles; neutral; gradual Classification smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, 2R—14 inches; fractured basalt. mesic Lithic Xerollic Haplargids Typical Pedon Location

Setting 1 Location in survey area: About 2 /2 miles southwest of 1 1 Depth class: Shallow Cliffs; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 26, T. 9 S., R. 6 W. Drainage class: Well drained Map unit in which located: Loomis-Fairylawn complex, Permeability: Slow 1 to 15 percent slopes Landforms: Tablelands, fan terraces, and structural Range in Characteristics benches Parent material: Kind—residuum; source— Profile: volcaniclastic material Depth to bedrock—8 to 14 inches Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Elevation: 4,000 to 5,100 feet Particle-size control section (weighted average): Climatic data (average annual): Clay content—35 to 55 percent Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 115 days A horizon: Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist A—0 to 3 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Bt horizon: very stony loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist 310 Soil Survey

Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist continuous thick clay films on faces of peds and in Texture—very cobbly clay loam, very gravelly clay pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. loam, very cobbly clay, or extremely cobbly clay Bt2—14 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Clay content—27 to 40 percent in upper part and 40 to clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; 55 percent in lower part moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Lostvalley Series fine roots and few medium roots; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Classification moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Typic Btkq—27 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Palexeralfs gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Setting blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Depth class: Moderately deep few very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine Drainage class: Well drained interstitial and tubular pores; many moderately Permeability: Very slow thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 Landforms: Calderas and tablelands percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; effervescent; common fine and medium source—basalt and volcanic ash concretions and filaments of calcium carbonates Slope range: 1 to 10 percent and silica; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy Elevation: 5,300 to 6,200 feet boundary. Climatic data (average annual): R—32 inches; fractured basalt; strongly effervescent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches coatings of calcium carbonates in fractures. Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Location in survey area: About 19 miles northwest of Typical Pedon Description 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 14, T. 10 S., A—0 to 2 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very stony silt R. 2 E. loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Map unit in which located: Deunah-Yatahoney- platy structure parting to weak fine subangular Lostvalley complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes blocky; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky; Range in Characteristics common very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine vesicular pores; 10 percent stones; Profile: slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth to abrupt textural change—4 to 10 inches AB—2 to 6 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, Depth to bedrock—25 to 40 inches dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine and A horizon: medium subangular blocky structure parting to Value—5 or 6 dry moderate fine granular; slightly hard, friable, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Reaction—slightly acid or neutral fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; Bt horizon: slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Bt1—6 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist prismatic structure parting to strong medium Texture—clay, silty clay, or cobbly clay angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky Clay content—40 to 55 percent and very plastic; common very fine and fine roots Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent and few medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline Owyhee County Area, Idaho 311

Mackey Series Range in Characteristics Profile: Classification Depth to calcium carbonates—8 to 20 inches Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Xerollic Camborthids Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—12 to 24 percent Setting Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent Depth class: Moderately deep A horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist Permeability: Moderately rapid Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Landforms: Foothills Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; Bw horizon: source—andesite and basalt Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Slope range: 15 to 45 percent Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Elevation: 3,000 to 4,800 feet Texture—very gravelly loam or very gravelly clay loam Climatic data (average annual): Clay content—24 to 32 percent Precipitation—10 to 12 inches Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent Air temperature—47 to 51 degrees F Bk horizon: Frost-free period—100 to 130 days Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Texture—very gravelly sandy loam or extremely A—0 to 6 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, gravelly sandy loam dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine Clay content—7 to 15 percent subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Rock fragment content—35 to 80 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline very fine and fine roots; 40 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 1 percent stones; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. McKeeth Series Bw—6 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Classification 3/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Duric structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Haplargids sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 35 percent gravel and 10 percent Setting cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Depth class: Very deep boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk—12 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Permeability: Moderately slow extremely gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish Landforms: Fan piedmonts brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly volcaniclastic material sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine Slope range: 2 to 8 percent roots; 55 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Climatic data (average annual): smooth boundary. Precipitation—7 to 9 inches R—26 inches; moderately weathered andesite. Air temperature—50 to 52 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—120 to 150 days Location in survey area: About 12 miles south of Typical Pedon Description 1 1 Marsing; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 4, T. 1 S., R. 4 W. E—0 to 5 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly loam, Map unit in which located: Mackey-Cottle association, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak 10 to 45 percent slopes medium and thick platy structure; soft, very friable, 312 Soil Survey

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine, Texture—gravelly loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, or fine, and medium roots; common very fine and few gravelly clay loam medium vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 Clay content—25 to 35 percent percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately Rock fragment content—20 to 35 percent alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Effervescence—none or slight Bt—5 to 12 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; 2Bk and 2C horizons: moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist to moderate fine angular blocky; slightly hard, Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist friable, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine, Texture—very gravelly loamy sand, very gravelly fine, and medium roots; common very fine tubular sandy loam, extremely gravelly loamy sand, or pores; 20 percent gravel; many moderately thick extremely gravelly coarse sand clay films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly Clay content—2 to 8 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Rock fragment content—40 to 80 percent boundary. Effervescence—strong or violent Btk—12 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; Merlin Series common very fine roots and few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and 20 Classification percent cobbles; common moderately thick clay Taxonomic class: Clayey, montmorillonitic, frigid Lithic films on faces of peds; strongly effervescent; Argixerolls moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. 2Bkq—16 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Setting very gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR Depth class: Shallow 5/4) moist; weak medium platy structure; Drainage class: Well drained discontinuous strongly cemented laminar cap; Permeability: Very slow soft, very friable; few very fine roots; 30 percent Landforms: Calderas, tablelands, and plug domes gravel and 20 percent cobbles; violently Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy source—basalt and volcanic ash boundary. Slope range: 2 to 12 percent 2C—20 to 60 inches; extremely gravelly loamy sand Elevation: 5,450 to 6,050 feet that is dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) moist; Climatic data (average annual): single grain; loose; few very fine roots; 50 percent Precipitation—13 to 16 inches gravel and 20 percent cobbles; violently Air temperature—41 to 44 degrees F effervescent; strongly alkaline. Frost-free period—50 to 85 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 4 miles west of Murphy; 1 1 A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very stony in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 3 W. loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Map unit in which located: McKeeth-Veta gravelly moderate thin platy structure parting to moderate loams, 2 to 15 percent slopes fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Range in Characteristics and fine roots and few medium roots; common Profile: very fine and fine tubular and vesicular pores; 10 Depth to cementation—10 to 19 inches percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 20 percent stones; slightly acid; clear smooth E horizon: boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry Bt1—4 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, dark Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium prismatic Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; Bt horizon: few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately Owyhee County Area, Idaho 313

thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 Climatic data (average annual): percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Precipitation—8 to 12 inches Bt2—9 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, Air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F brown (10YR 5/3) moist; strong fine and medium Frost-free period—95 to 125 days prismatic structure; extremely hard, very firm, very Typical Pedon Description sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; continuous thick clay A—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) stony films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt wavy moderate thin and medium platy structure parting boundary. to moderate fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, R—19 inches; slightly fractured basalt. very friable, slightly sticky; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine Typical Pedon Location and fine vesicular and tubular pores and few 1 Location in survey area: About 6 /2 miles northeast of medium vesicular and tubular pores; 40 percent 1 1 Three Creek; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 36, T. 14 S., gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 1 percent stones; R. 11 E. neutral; clear smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Merlin-Lostvalley-Chayson Bt1—3 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly complex, 1 to 12 percent slopes clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Range in Characteristics sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Profile: and few medium roots; few very fine and fine Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches tubular pores; common moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent gravel A horizon: and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bt2—8 to 15 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist gravelly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Reaction—slightly acid or neutral moderate fine angular blocky structure; very hard, Bt horizon: firm, sticky and very plastic; common fine roots Hue—7.5YR or 10YR and few very fine roots; few very fine and fine Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist tubular pores; many thick clay films in pores; 20 Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; mildly Texture—clay loam or clay alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—35 to 70 percent Bkq—15 to 18 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; common Midraw Series thin clay films in pores; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Classification Bkqm—18 to 21 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Taxonomic class: Clayey, montmorillonitic, mesic, continuous indurated duripan, brown (10YR 5/3) shallow Xerollic Durargids moist; platy structure; extremely hard, very firm, brittle; 50 percent rock fragments; violently Setting effervescent; abrupt wavy boundary. Depth class: Shallow to a duripan R—21 inches; slightly weathered rhyolite. Drainage class: Well drained Typical Pedon Location Permeability: Slow Landforms: Structural benches Location in survey area: About 17 miles southwest of 1 1 Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; Reynolds; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 36, T. 1 N., source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash R. 6 W. Slope range: 0 to 20 percent Map unit in which located: Hardtrigger-Cottle-Midraw Elevation: 3,200 to 4,800 feet complex, 3 to 35 percent slopes 314 Soil Survey

Range in Characteristics fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; common very fine and few medium tubular Profile: pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds; mildly Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Depth to bedrock—20 to 35 inches Bw2—12 to 16 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt Particle-size control section (weighted average): loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Clay content—35 to 45 percent moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few A horizon: very fine and fine tubular pores; mildly alkaline; Value—3 or 4 moist abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Bkq—16 to 19 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Bt horizon: loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist subangular blocky structure; hard, firm; Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist common very fine and fine roots and few Texture—gravelly clay loam, gravelly silty clay loam, medium roots; few fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravelly clay, or cobbly clay gravel; 30 percent durinodes; strongly Clay content—30 to 40 percent in upper part and 35 to effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth 50 percent in lower part boundary. Effervescence (lower part)—none to slight Bkqm—19 to 39 inches; indurated duripan that is very Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline pale brown (10YR 8/3) moist; massive; extremely hard, very firm, brittle; few fine roots; 10 percent Minveno Series gravel; violently effervescent; gradual wavy boundary. 2R—39 inches; highly fractured black vitric tuff. Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Xerollic Durorthids Location in survey area: About 27 miles north of 1 1 Murphy Hot Springs; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 31, Setting T. 11 S., R. 9 E. Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Map unit in which located: Minveno-Roseworth silt Drainage class: Well drained loams, 1 to 5 percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Range in Characteristics Landforms: Calderas and structural benches Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— Profile: extrusive rock and volcanic ash Depth to duripan—10 to 20 inches Slope range: 1 to 15 percent Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Elevation: 4,200 to 5,000 feet Particle-size control section (weighted average): Climatic data (average annual): Clay content—10 to 18 percent Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent Air temperature—46 to 49 degrees F Frost-free period—95 to 120 days A horizon: Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate thin platy Bw horizon: structure parting to weak fine granular; soft, very Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist friable; many very fine and fine roots and few Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular Texture—silt loam or loam pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Effervescence—none or slight Bw1—4 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Bkq horizon: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist Owyhee County Area, Idaho 315

Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Example Pedon Location

Effervescence—strong or violent 1 Location in survey area: About 1 /2 miles southeast of 1 1 Pleasant Valley School; in the SE /4SE /4 of Mollic Haploxeralfs sec. 24, T. 6 S., R. 6 W. Map unit in which located: Mollic Haploxeralfs-Pachic Setting Argixerolls complex, steep Depth class: Moderately deep or deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Profile: Permeability: Moderately slow or slow Depth to bedrock—20 to 60 inches Landforms: Tableland escarpments Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; A horizon: source—basalt and volcanic ash Value—3 or 4 moist Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Elevation: 4,400 to 6,800 feet Bt horizon (upper part): Climatic data (average annual): Texture—clay, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam Precipitation—12 to 17 inches Clay content—30 to 45 percent Air temperature—40 to 48 degrees F Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent Frost-free period—60 to 110 days Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Example Pedon Description Bt horizon (lower part): A—0 to 5 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Texture—stratified cobbly clay to extremely stony loam cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Clay content—18 to 45 percent moist; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable; Rock fragment content—15 to 90 percent many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and Effervescence—none or slight fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 10 percent Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline gravel and 10 percent cobbles; clear smooth boundary. Monasterio Series Bt1—5 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Classification subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots; Taxonomic class: Ashy-skeletal, frigid Vitrandic common very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial Argixerolls pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 Setting percent gravel; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt2—9 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, Depth class: Moderately deep dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; strong Drainage class: Well drained medium and coarse prismatic structure; very hard, Permeability: Moderate very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots and Landforms: Structural benches and foothills common very fine roots; common very fine and Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; fine tubular pores; many thick clay films on faces source—vitric tuff and breccia of peds, in pores, and bridging sand grains; 10 Slope range: 1 to 20 percent percent gravel; abrupt wavy boundary. Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet Bt3—21 to 38 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Climatic data (average annual): gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Precipitation—13 to 18 inches 4/4) moist; strong medium and fine angular blocky Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; Frost-free period—60 to 95 days few very fine roots; common thin clay films on Typical Pedon Description faces of peds; 55 percent gravel; clear wavy boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) R—38 inches; highly fractured basalt. stony sandy loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; 316 Soil Survey

moderate fine and medium granular structure; Typical Pedon Location slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine Location in survey area: About 14 miles west of roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 15 1 1 Grasmere; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 18, T. 12 S., percent gravel and 1 percent stones; moderately R. 3 E. acid; clear smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Monasterio-Wickahoney A2—4 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) complex, 1 to 20 percent slopes (fig. 15) sandy loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots and common medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. BA—8 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine roots and common medium and coarse roots; many fine tubular and interstitial pores; neutral; 15 percent gravel; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—11 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very gravelly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; common fine and medium tubular and interstitial pores; very few thin clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—17 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 5/4) very cobbly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and rock fragments; 30 percent gravel and Figure 15.—Profile of Monasterio stony sandy loam in an area 15 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. of Monasterio-Wickahoney complex, 1 to 20 percent Btq—25 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 5/4) extremely slopes. cobbly sandy clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine angular blocky structure; very hard, Range in Characteristics firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; few fine Profile: tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches peds, in pores, and on rock fragments; 35 percent Volcanic glass content (very fine sand fraction)—45 to gravel, 25 percent cobbles, and 20 percent stones; 70 percent interstices filled with secondary silica and Base saturation—50 to 75 percent common opalized silica pendants on underside of rock fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. A horizon: R—28 inches; weathered flow breccia. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Owyhee County Area, Idaho 317

Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist BA—4 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist stony loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Reaction—moderately acid to neutral moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Bt horizon: slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR few medium roots; common very fine and fine Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist interstitial and tubular pores; few thin clay films on Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist faces of peds; 20 percent gravel, 15 percent Texture—very cobbly sandy clay loam, very gravelly cobbles, and 15 percent stones; slightly acid; clear sandy clay loam, or very gravelly sandy loam wavy boundary. Clay content—18 to 30 percent Bt—9 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent cobbly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Reaction—slightly acid or neutral moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Btq horizon: blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR common very fine and fine roots and few medium Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist roots; common very fine and fine interstitial and Chroma—2 to 6 dry or moist tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds; Texture—extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, extremely 20 percent gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 10 cobbly sandy loam, or extremely stony sandy clay percent stones; slightly acid; gradual wavy loam boundary. Clay content—18 to 32 percent Cr—21 to 24 inches; weathered welded rhyolitic tuff; Rock fragment content—60 to 90 percent pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay loam that is brown Reaction—slightly acid or neutral (10YR 4/3) when moist in about 10 percent of fractures; moderate and strong very fine and fine Mulshoe Series subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many moderately thick clay films on faces of Classification peds and in pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Ultic R—24 inches; slightly fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Argixerolls Typical Pedon Location Setting Location in survey area: About 4 miles southeast of 1 1 Depth class: Moderately deep Three Creek; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 7, T. 16 S., Drainage class: Well drained R. 12 E. Permeability: Moderately slow Map unit in which located: Vitale-Mulshoe-Itca Landforms: Mountains complex, 2 to 40 percent slopes Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; Range in Characteristics source—welded rhyolitic tuff Slope range: 4 to 25 percent Profile: Elevation: 5,200 to 6,900 feet Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Climatic data (average annual): Base saturation—50 to 75 percent Precipitation—14 to 17 inches A horizon: Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Typical Pedon Description Reaction—slightly acid or neutral A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very Bt horizon: stony sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium granular structure; Value—3 to 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist soft, very friable; many very fine and fine roots and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist few medium roots; many very fine and fine Texture—very stony clay loam, very cobbly clay loam, interstitial pores; 20 percent gravel, 15 percent or very gravelly clay loam cobbles, and 15 percent stones; slightly acid; clear Clay content—28 to 35 percent smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent 318 Soil Survey

Murphill Series Map unit in which located: Briabbit-Murphill complex, 2 to 35 percent slopes Classification Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Profile: Calciorthids Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Setting Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Depth class: Shallow Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Well drained A horizon: Permeability: Moderately rapid Effervescence—none to strong Landforms: Foothills and structural benches Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—vitric tuff and basalt Bk horizon: Slope range: 2 to 35 percent Texture—very gravelly fine sandy loam, extremely Elevation: 2,300 to 4,500 feet gravelly loamy sand, or very gravelly sandy loam Climatic data (average annual): Clay content—7 to 18 percent Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Rock fragment content—40 to 80 percent Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline Frost-free period—105 to 150 days Typical Pedon Description Nagitsy Series A—0 to 3 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) very Classification gravelly fine sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; moderate thin platy structure parting to Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Pachic moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, Cryoborolls slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and Setting fine roots; many very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 30 percent gravel and 5 percent Depth class: Moderately deep cobbles; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline; Drainage class: Well drained clear smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate Bk1—3 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Landforms: Mountains and foothills gravelly fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; (10YR 3/4) moist; weak fine and medium source—igneous and quartzitic metamorphic rock subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Slope range: 3 to 60 percent fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; few very Elevation: 5,200 to 8,400 feet fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine Climatic data (average annual): vesicular and interstitial pores; 40 percent gravel; Precipitation—15 to 25 inches violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Air temperature—34 to 39 degrees F wavy boundary. Frost-free period—25 to 60 days Bk2—9 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Typical Pedon Description extremely gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; massive; few very fine A1—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very and fine roots; 70 percent gravel and 10 percent gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; cobbles; violently effervescent, lime segregated in moderate fine and medium subangular blocky common fine seams; moderately alkaline; clear structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky wavy boundary. and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots, R—14 inches; moderately fractured vitric tuff; most common medium roots, and few coarse roots; fractures filled with lime and silica. common very fine and fine tubular and vesicular pores; 45 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth Typical Pedon Location boundary. Location in survey area: About 3 miles south of A2—7 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly 1 1 Walter’s Ferry; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 31, T. 1 S., loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; R. 2 W. moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Owyhee County Area, Idaho 319

hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Setting plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few Depth class: Deep medium and coarse roots; common very fine and Drainage class: Well drained fine tubular pores; 45 percent gravel and 10 Permeability: Moderately rapid percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Landforms: Mountains AB—20 to 27 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown source—intermediate intrusive and quartzitic (10YR 3/4) moist; weak fine and medium metamorphic rock subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Slope range: 10 to 60 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Elevation: 6,000 to 7,400 feet very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few Climatic data (average annual): very fine and fine tubular pores; 35 percent gravel Precipitation—25 to 35 inches and 30 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth Air temperature—34 to 39 degrees F boundary. Frost-free period—30 to 60 days Bw—27 to 37 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown Typical Pedon Description (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine subangular Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; undecomposed needles and blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and slightly twigs. plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed needles and and fine tubular pores; 35 percent gravel and 30 twigs. percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) R—37 inches; fractured rhyolite. loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; strong fine and Typical Pedon Location medium granular structure; soft, very friable; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual smooth Location in survey area: About 2 miles southeast of 1 1 boundary. Silver City; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 16, T. 5 S., A2—5 to 24 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR R. 3 W. 3/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Map unit in which located: Nagitsy-Rock outcrop- weak medium subangular blocky structure parting Parkay complex, to strong medium granular; soft, very friable; 5 3 to 30 percent slopes percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. C1—24 to 45 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Profile: coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine and medium Particle-size control section (weighted average): subangular blocky structure parting to strong Clay content—18 to 27 percent fine and medium granular; soft, very friable; 10 Rock fragment content—35 to 80 percent percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: C2—45 to 50 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Value—3 or 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist massive; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt Reaction—slightly acid or neutral smooth boundary. Bw horizon: Cr—50 inches; weathered granite. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Typical Pedon Location Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist 1 Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Location in survey area: About 9 /2 miles northeast of 1 1 Texture—very gravelly loam or extremely gravelly loam Cliffs; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 35, T. 7 S., R. 5 W. Map unit in which located: Nazaton-Naz complex, Naz Series 10 to 60 percent slopes Range in Characteristics Classification Profile: Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed Pachic Base saturation (upper 40 inches)—50 to 65 percent Cryoborolls Depth to soft bedrock—40 to 60 inches 320 Soil Survey

Particle-size control section (weighted average): to strong medium granular; soft, very friable, Clay content—5 to 13 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 10 percent Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. A horizon: AB—15 to 27 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very Hue—7.5YR or 10YR cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist parting to moderate medium granular; slightly Reaction—neutral to moderately acid hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly C horizon: plastic; 15 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Value—4 to 8 dry, 3 to 6 moist Bw—27 to 34 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak to Texture—coarse sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; cobbly coarse sandy loam, or gravelly coarse slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and sandy loam slightly plastic; 20 percent gravel and 35 percent Reaction—neutral to strongly acid cobbles; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary. C—34 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Nazaton Series cobbly loam, light brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 20 Classification percent gravel and 35 percent cobbles; neutral. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Pachic Typical Pedon Location Cryoborolls Location in survey area: About 9 miles northeast of Setting 1 1 Cliffs; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 3, T. 8 S., R. 5 W. Depth class: Very deep Map unit in which located: Nazaton-Naz complex, Drainage class: Well drained 10 to 60 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Range in Characteristics Landforms: Mountains Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source— Particle-size control section (weighted average): intermediate intrusive and quartzitic metamorphic Clay content—15 to 25 percent rock Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent Slope range: 20 to 60 percent A horizon: Elevation: 6,000 to 7,400 feet Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Climatic data (average annual): Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Precipitation—24 to 30 inches Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Air temperature—38 to 40 degrees F Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid Frost-free period—45 to 60 days Bw horizon: Typical Pedon Description Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed leaves and Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist twigs. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist A1—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Texture—extremely gravelly loam, extremely gravelly stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; sandy loam, or very cobbly loam moderate to strong medium granular structure; Reaction—slightly acid or neutral soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 15 percent gravel, 5 percent cobbles, and 1 Nicholflat Series percent stones; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Classification A2—5 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Taxonomic class: Clayey, montmorillonitic, frigid, weak medium subangular blocky structure parting shallow Abruptic Durixeralfs Owyhee County Area, Idaho 321

Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Location in survey area: About 13 miles northwest of 1 1 Drainage class: Well drained Riddle; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 28, T. 12 S., Permeability: Slow R. 2 E. Landforms: Alluvial flats Map unit in which located: Yatahoney-Nicholflat Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— association, 1 to 10 percent slopes extrusive rock and volcanic ash Range in Characteristics Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Elevation: 5,300 to 5,600 feet Profile: Climatic data (average annual): Depth to abrupt textural change—5 to 12 inches Precipitation—13 to 15 inches Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches Air temperature—43 to 45 degrees F Particle-size control section (weighted average): Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent Typical Pedon Description A horizon: E—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Reaction—moderately acid to neutral hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Bt horizon: plastic; many very fine roots, common fine roots, Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist and few medium roots; common very fine and fine Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; Clay content—40 to 50 percent clear smooth boundary. Reaction—slightly acid or neutral BE—3 to 7 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; light gray Bkqm horizon: (10YR 7/2) skeletans on faces of peds; moderate Effervescence—none or slight in upper part very fine angular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Nipintuck Series many very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores; 5 Classification percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, Bt—7 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay, frigid Lithic Xeric Torriorthents dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong Setting fine columnar structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, Depth class: Very shallow sticky and plastic; common very fine roots and few Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; continuous Permeability: Moderate thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 Landforms: Foothills and mountains percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—welded boundary. rhyolitic tuff Bkqm—18 to 40 inches; thin white (10YR 8/1) Slope range: 2 to 30 percent continuous indurated laminar cap over very pale Elevation: 4,800 to 6,750 feet brown (10YR 8/3) strongly cemented duripan, Climatic data (average annual): yellow (10YR 7/6) moist; massive; very hard, very Precipitation—10 to 14 inches firm, brittle; 15 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F clear smooth boundary. Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Bqm—40 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) Typical Pedon Description strongly cemented duripan, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; massive; brittle; 10 percent A—0 to 2 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) stony gravel. coarse sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 322 Soil Survey

3/4) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Typical Pedon Description blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable; A1—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) common very fine and fine roots; many very fine loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate and fine vesicular pores; 30 percent gravel, 5 medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, percent cobbles, and 2 percent stones; slightly very friable, slightly plastic; many very fine and acid; clear wavy boundary. fine roots; common very fine and fine vesicular C—2 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very and interstitial pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth cobbly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) boundary. moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; few A2—7 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very fine and fine interstitial pores; 30 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; gravel and 20 percent cobbles; slightly acid; abrupt strong medium subangular blocky structure; irregular boundary. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and R—6 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; Typical Pedon Location common very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear Location in survey area: About 8 miles northeast of 1 1 smooth boundary. Riddle; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 32, T. 8 S., R. 4 W. Bt—16 to 34 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Map unit in which located: Nipintuck-Rock outcrop gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR complex, 2 to 30 percent slopes 3/4) moist; strong fine prismatic structure parting Range in Characteristics to moderate very fine subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Profile: very fine roots and few fine roots; common very Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist films on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel; slightly Depth to bedrock—4 to 10 inches acid; clear wavy boundary. Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Bqm—34 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) to very pale C horizon: brown (10YR 7/4) continuous indurated duripan; Texture—gravelly loam, very gravelly loam, or very massive; extremely hard, very firm, brittle; 50 cobbly loam percent gravel; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—15 to 25 percent C—60 to 72 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Rock fragment content—20 to 60 percent gravelly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; common medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Northcastle Series mottles; massive; many very fine interstitial pores; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid. Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Location in survey area: About 12 miles southeast of 1 1 Durixerolls Silver City; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 32, T. 6 S., R. 2 W. Setting Map unit in which located: Paynecreek-Northcastle- Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Blackwell association, 0 to 8 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Fan terraces and stream terraces Profile: Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Depth to duripan—21 to 40 inches volcaniclastic material A horizon: Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Elevation: 5,000 to 5,900 feet Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist Climatic data (average annual): Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Bt horizon: Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Value—5 to 7 dry, 2 to 4 moist Owyhee County Area, Idaho 323

Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist A3—12 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, Texture—sandy clay loam, clay loam, or gravelly clay dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium loam subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Clay content—24 to 35 percent friable; many very fine and fine roots and common Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent medium roots; common very fine and fine Reaction—slightly acid or neutral interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. C horizon: AC—18 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) coarse sandy Value—5 to 8 dry, 3 to 6 moist loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Texture—gravelly loamy sand, gravelly sandy loam, very friable; common very fine, fine, and medium loamy sand, or sandy loam roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; Rock fragment content—0 to 30 percent 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual smooth Reaction—slightly acid to moderately alkaline boundary. C—28 to 35 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Ola Series coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; common very Classification fine roots and few fine and medium roots; few very fine and fine interstitial pores; 15 percent gravel; Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Pachic neutral; clear wavy boundary. Haploxerolls Cr—35 to 38 inches; partially decomposed granite; Setting gradual wavy boundary. R—38 inches; unweathered granite. Depth class: Moderately deep Drainage class: Well drained Typical Pedon Location Permeability: Moderate Location in survey area: About 10 miles northeast of Landforms: Mountains 1 1 Cliffs; in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 35, T. 7 S., R. 5 W. Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; Map unit in which located: Ola-Earcree association, source—intermediate intrusive and quartzitic 10 to 50 percent slopes metamorphic rock Slope range: 8 to 50 percent Range in Characteristics Elevation: 4,800 to 6,500 feet Profile: Climatic data (average annual): Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Precipitation—14 to 20 inches Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—65 to 90 days Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—7 to 15 percent Typical Pedon Description Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent A1—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) coarse sandy A horizon: loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist weak medium subangular blocky structure parting Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist to moderate medium granular; soft, very friable; many very fine and fine roots, common medium C horizon: roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine and Value—5 to 8 dry, 2 to 6 moist fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—coarse sandy loam or gravelly coarse sandy A2—5 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, loam dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Ornea Series medium granular; soft, very friable; many very fine and fine roots, common medium roots, and few Classification coarse roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- smooth boundary. skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Haplargids 324 Soil Survey

Setting brittle; few very fine and fine roots; 65 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles, common thick Depth class: Very deep silica and lime pendants on fragments and few Drainage class: Well drained very hard, very firm, brittle lenses of sand; Permeability: Moderately slow over very rapid violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Landforms: Fan terraces and pediments wavy boundary. Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— 2C—24 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) lacustrine deposits and volcaniclastic material extremely gravelly loamy sand, light yellowish Slope range: 1 to 5 percent brown (10YR 6/4) moist; massive; few very fine Elevation: 2,300 to 3,400 feet and fine roots; 60 percent gravel and 10 percent Climatic data (average annual): cobbles; strongly effervescent; moderately Precipitation—7 to 9 inches alkaline. Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Frost-free period—125 to 150 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 9 miles west of 1 1 Marsing; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 6, T. 2 N., A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, brown R. 5 W. (10YR 4/3) moist; strong medium platy structure; Map unit in which located: Ratsnest-Ornea complex, slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and 1 to 12 percent slopes slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and common medium roots; many very fine and fine Range in Characteristics vesicular and interstitial pores and few medium Profile: vesicular and interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; Depth to lithologic discontinuity—10 to 20 inches mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. AB—3 to 7 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) A horizon: gravelly silt loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist moist; strong thick platy structure parting to Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist moderate medium angular blocky; hard, firm, Bt and Btk horizons: sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Value—6 to 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist and few medium roots; common very fine and fine Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 15 Texture—gravelly loam, gravelly sandy clay loam, or percent gravel; many thin clay films on faces of gravelly clay loam peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—24 to 32 percent Bt—7 to 12 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; hard, friable, 2Bkq and 2C horizons: sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine Texture—stratified extremely gravelly coarse sand to roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores very gravelly loamy sand and few medium tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; Clay content (average)—2 to 8 percent many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds Rock fragment content (average)—35 to 80 percent and in pores; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Effervescence—strong or violent boundary. Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Bq—12 to 16 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Orovada Series weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; few Classification very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic cobbles; common thin silica pendants on rock Durixerollic Camborthids fragments; few thin clay films bridging sand grains; Setting mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2Bkq—16 to 24 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely Depth class: Very deep gravelly loamy sand, light yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 6/4) moist; single grain; loose; very hard, very firm, Permeability: Moderate Owyhee County Area, Idaho 325

Landforms: Calderas and draws Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— Particle-size control section (weighted average): basalt and volcanic ash Clay content—5 to 18 percent Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet Climatic data (average annual): A horizon: Precipitation—9 to 10 inches Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Frost-free period—100 to 125 days Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Typical Pedon Description Bw horizon: Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist A—0 to 5 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Texture—fine sandy loam or loam moist; weak thick platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky Bkq horizon: and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist and few medium and coarse roots; common very Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; Texture—stratified fine sandy loam to silt loam neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Effervescence—strong or violent Bw—5 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, Owsel Series friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few medium and Classification coarse roots; common fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Bk—10 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Haplargids loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Setting subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine Depth class: Very deep roots and few medium and coarse roots; common Drainage class: Well drained fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; Permeability: Moderately slow moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Landforms: Calderas and fan terraces Bkq1—18 to 24 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak source—basalt and volcanic ash medium platy structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky Slope range: 1 to 10 percent and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots Elevation: 3,850 to 5,300 feet and few medium roots; few fine tubular pores; 30 Climatic data (average annual): percent durinodes; violently effervescent; strongly Precipitation—8 to 13 inches alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Bkq2—24 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Frost-free period—90 to 120 days gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Typical Pedon Description massive; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, tubular pores; 10 percent gravel, dominantly dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and duripan fragments; violently effervescent; strongly fine subangular blocky structure parting to alkaline. moderate fine granular; soft, very friable; many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Typical Pedon Location many very fine, fine, and medium vesicular pores; Location in survey area: About 28 miles north of 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 1 1 Murphy Hot Springs; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 27, BA—4 to 10 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, T. 11 S., R. 9 E. dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium Map unit in which located: Owsel-Coonskin-Orovada subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common 326 Soil Survey

very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; few thin Texture—silty clay loam or clay loam clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; mildly Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Bkq horizon: Bt1—10 to 19 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Value—6 or 7 dry silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or very structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common fine sandy loam very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Clay content—10 to 20 percent many very fine and fine interstitial and tubular Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Pachic Argixerolls Bt2—19 to 23 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Setting moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Depth class: Deep or very deep structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Drainage class: Well drained plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very Permeability: Moderate fine and fine tubular pores; many thin clay films on Landforms: Canyons and fan piedmont escarpments faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; mildly Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; alkaline; clear wavy boundary. source—welded rhyolitic tuff Bkq1—23 to 45 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Slope range: 20 to 50 percent fine sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Elevation: 3,500 to 6,800 feet moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Climatic data (average annual): hard, friable; few very fine and fine roots; few fine Precipitation—13 to 18 inches tubular pores; 20 percent durinodes; 5 percent Air temperature—38 to 49 degrees F gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; Frost-free period—60 to 120 days broken irregular boundary. Bkq2—45 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Example Pedon Description fine sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) A1—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine stony loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; soft, very roots; 50 percent thick platy duripan fragments; 5 friable; many very fine and fine roots; many very percent gravel; violently effervescent; strongly fine tubular and interstitial pores; 15 percent alkaline. gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 1 percent stones; Typical Pedon Location gradual smooth boundary. A2—10 to 20 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Location in survey area: About 22 miles southwest of 1 1 very cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Riddle; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 5, T. 16 S., moist; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very R. 1 W. friable; many very fine and fine roots; many very Map unit in which located: Arbidge-Owsel-Gariper fine tubular pores; 20 percent gravel and 25 complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes percent cobbles; clear smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics Bt—20 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Profile: fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Depth to calcium carbonates—14 to 30 inches friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine roots and Particle-size control section (weighted average): common fine roots; many very fine and medium Clay content—28 to 35 percent tubular pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent gravel and 25 A horizon: percent cobbles. Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Example Pedon Location Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Location in survey area: About 4 miles northwest of 1 1 Bt horizon: Murphy Hot Springs; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 32, Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist T. 15 S., R. 9 E. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 327

Map unit in which located: Rubbleland-Rock outcrop- very fine and fine roots and common medium and Pachic Argixerolls complex, very steep coarse roots; many very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; 10 percent gravel, 10 percent Range in Characteristics cobbles, and 5 percent stones; neutral; clear wavy Profile: boundary. Depth to soft bedrock—40 inches or more Bt1—9 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Particle-size control section (weighted average): moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Clay content—20 to 40 percent slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Rock fragment content—0 to 50 percent plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots A horizon: and common coarse roots; many very fine and Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist peds; 10 percent gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and Reaction—slightly acid or neutral 10 percent stones; neutral; clear irregular boundary. Parkay Series Bt2—21 to 31 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very cobbly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Classification slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Argic Pachic fine and fine roots and common medium roots; Cryoborolls many very fine and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 Setting percent gravel, 35 percent cobbles, and 10 Depth class: Deep percent stones; neutral; clear irregular boundary. Drainage class: Well drained C—31 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Permeability: Moderately slow extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, brown (10YR Landforms: Mountains and tableland escarpments 4/3) moist; moderate medium and fine subangular Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and residuum; blocky structure; hard, very friable; common very source—extrusive rock fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine Slope range: 5 to 50 percent and fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel, 25 Elevation: 5,200 to 8,400 feet percent cobbles, and 20 percent stones; neutral; Climatic data (average annual): clear wavy boundary. Precipitation—16 to 22 inches R—60 inches; weathered welded tuff. Air temperature—36 to 42 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—30 to 70 days Location in survey area: About 16 miles southwest of 1 1 Typical Pedon Description Riddle; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 16, T. 16 S., R. 5 E. A1—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Map unit in which located: Doodlelink-Sharesnout- cobbly loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate Parkay association, 3 to 50 percent slopes medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; 10 Range in Characteristics percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; Profile: clear smooth boundary. Depth to soft bedrock—40 to 60 inches A2—1 inch to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate Particle-size control section (weighted average): medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; Clay content—27 to 35 percent many very fine and fine roots and common Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent medium and coarse roots; common very fine and A horizon: fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist BA—3 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly loam, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Bt horizon: slightly hard, very friable, slightly plastic; many Hue—7.5YR or 10YR 328 Soil Survey

Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist fine, and medium roots; many very fine and fine Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist tubular and interstitial pores and common medium Texture—cobbly loam, very cobbly loam, very cobbly tubular and interstitial pores; common thin clay clay loam, or very gravelly clay loam films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; neutral; Clay content—24 to 35 percent gradual wavy boundary. Rock fragment content—25 to 70 percent Bt2—14 to 29 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish C horizon: brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong medium Hue—7.5YR or 10YR subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm, Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Texture—extremely cobbly sandy clay loam or very many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds gravelly loam and in pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral; gradual Clay content—20 to 27 percent wavy boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent C—29 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very gravelly sandy loam, dark yellowish brown Paynecreek Series (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; loose; few very fine and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 50 Classification percent gravel; neutral. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Typical Pedon Location

Argixerolls 1 Location in survey area: About 5 /2 miles northwest of 1 1 Setting Riddle; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 30, T. 13 S., R. 3 E. Depth class: Deep or very deep Map unit in which located: Paynecreek-Northcastle Drainage class: Well drained complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Stream terraces Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— extrusive rock and volcanic ash Bt horizon: Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Elevation: 5,100 to 5,900 feet Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Climatic data (average annual): Texture—sandy clay loam, gravelly clay loam, gravelly Precipitation—13 to 16 inches sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Clay content—24 to 34 percent Frost-free period—60 to 90 days Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Typical Pedon Description C horizon: A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy Texture—sandy loam, gravelly sandy loam, very loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; gravelly sandy loam, or very gravelly loamy coarse weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable; sand many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and Rock fragment content—0 to 50 percent fine tubular and interstitial pores; 20 percent Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. BA—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Perla Series fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Classification plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; 30 Argixerolls percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—8 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Setting sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Depth class: Moderately deep hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine, Drainage class: Well drained Owyhee County Area, Idaho 329

Permeability: Slow Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Landforms: Tablelands and structural benches Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Parent material: Kind—alluvium and loess; source— Bt horizon: extrusive rock and volcanic ash Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Elevation: 4,000 to 5,150 feet Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Climatic data (average annual): Texture—clay, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Clay content—35 to 55 percent Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Reaction—moderately acid to neutral Typical Pedon Description A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very Piline Series dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate thin platy structure parting to moderate fine Classification granular; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic and fine roots; common very fine and fine Chromoxererts vesicular and interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Setting BA—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam, Depth class: Very deep very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Drainage class: Poorly drained moderate medium subangular blocky structure; Permeability: Very slow slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very Landforms: Alluvial flats fine and fine roots and common coarse roots; Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source—basalt common very fine and fine tubular pores; many and volcanic ash thin clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; Slope range: 0 to 2 percent neutral; clear smooth boundary. Elevation: 4,800 to 5,300 feet Bt1—8 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark Climatic data (average annual): brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium and Precipitation—10 to 12 inches fine angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine Frost-free period—90 to 110 days roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; Typical Pedon Description 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A1—0 to 4 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silty clay Bt2—16 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine medium and thick platy structure; slightly hard, angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky very friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and plastic; few very fine roots; many thick clay and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; films on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel and 5 many very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. pores and common medium vesicular and R—23 inches; slightly weathered basalt. 1 interstitial pores; vertical cracks /2 to 1 inch wide Typical Pedon Location and 5 to 6 inches apart extend to depth of 48 inches; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 21 miles southeast of 1 1 A2—4 to 10 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silty clay Cliffs; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 3 W. loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; few fine faint Map unit in which located: Perla-Ruclick complex, mottles that are dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 2 to 12 percent slopes moist; moderate medium and thin platy structure; Range in Characteristics hard, friable, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very Profile: fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; neutral; Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Cssg1—10 to 16 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) silty Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; common medium Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist distinct mottles that are yellowish brown (10YR 330 Soil Survey

5/4) moist; weak fine prismatic structure parting to Pixley Series moderate medium and fine angular blocky; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very Classification plastic; few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, frigid, shallow Argic few slickensides; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Durixerolls Cssg2—16 to 30 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Setting brown (10YR 4/3) moist; common medium distinct mottles that are yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) moist; Depth class: Shallow to a duripan strong medium and fine prismatic structure; Drainage class: Well drained extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very Permeability: Slow plastic; common fine roots and few very fine and Landforms: Fan terraces medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular and Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium and loess; vesicular pores; few slickensides; neutral; clear source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash smooth boundary. Slope range: 2 to 10 percent Cssg3—30 to 48 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Elevation: 4,800 to 5,450 feet clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; common large Climatic data (average annual): prominent mottles that are dark yellowish brown Precipitation—12 to 15 inches (10YR 3/4) moist; weak thin platy structure parting Air temperature—44 to 45 degrees F to moderate medium and fine angular blocky; very Frost-free period—80 to 95 days hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine Typical Pedon Description and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; common slickensides; mildly A1—0 to 2 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt alkaline; clear smooth boundary. loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate C4—48 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) medium platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine moderate medium platy structure; very hard, firm; roots and common medium roots; many very fine few very fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular and fine vesicular pores and few medium vesicular and interstitial pores; mildly alkaline. pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Location A2—2 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Location in survey area: About 12 miles northwest of brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and 1 1 Three Creek; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 9, T. 14 S., medium subangular blocky structure parting to R. 10 E. weak thin platy; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Map unit in which located: Babbington-Piline sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine association, 0 to 3 percent slopes roots and common medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. Profile: Bt—6 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, Vertical cracks—1 centimeter to 3 centimeters wide brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine subangular Hue—10YR or 2.5Y blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist common very fine and fine roots and few medium Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds Particle-size control section (weighted average): and in pores; 5 percent fine durinodes; neutral; Clay content—35 to 50 percent abrupt wavy boundary. Cssg horizon: Btq—9 to 18 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly clay Texture—clay or silty clay in upper part and loam or loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; clay loam in lower part moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Iron mottles—few to many, fine to medium structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline common very fine and fine roots and few medium Owyhee County Area, Idaho 331

roots; common thick clay films on faces of peds; Climatic data (average annual): 30 percent gravel-sized durinodes and duripan Precipitation—10 to 13 inches fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F Bqm—18 to 34 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) Frost-free period—90 to 135 days continuous strongly cemented duripan, yellowish Typical Pedon Description brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate thick platy structure; extremely hard, very firm; clear smooth A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very stony boundary. sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Bq—34 to 60 inches; white (10YR 8/2) weakly granular structure; soft, very friable; many very cemented fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR fine roots and common fine roots; many very fine 5/4) moist; massive; extremely hard, very firm; 70 interstitial pores; 25 percent gravel, 15 percent percent durinodes; mildly alkaline. cobbles, and 10 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Location BA—4 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Location in survey area: About 14 miles southeast of gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) 1 1 Silver City; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 7, T. 7 S., moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky R. 2 W. structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Map unit in which located: Pixley-Barkley complex, and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine 2 to 10 percent slopes roots; many very fine tubular and interstitial pores; 20 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; Range in Characteristics clear smooth boundary. Profile: Bt—11 to 20 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Depth to duripan—14 to 20 inches very gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine and medium A horizon: subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline and few fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; Bt horizon: many thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist 35 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; mildly Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam, gravelly silty clay loam, or C—20 to 48 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) gravelly clay loam extremely gravelly loam, dark yellowish brown Clay content—27 to 35 percent (10YR 4/4) moist; slightly hard, very friable, Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline fine roots and few fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel and 25 percent Bqm horizon: cobbles; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Effervescence—none to strong R—48 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Plush Series Typical Pedon Location Location in survey area: About 30 miles northwest of 1 1 Classification Grasmere; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 3, T. 8 S., R. 2 E. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Map unit in which located: Plush-Rubbleland-Rock Xerollic Haplargids outcrop association, 25 to 50 percent slopes Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Deep Profile: Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock—40 to 60 inches Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Foothills Bt horizon: Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; Value—5 or 6 dry source—welded rhyolitic tuff Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Slope range: 25 to 50 percent Texture—very gravelly clay loam or very cobbly clay Elevation: 3,000 to 5,250 feet loam 332 Soil Survey

Clay content—27 to 35 percent brown (10YR 4/4) moist; massive; hard, friable, Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline and few medium roots; many moderately thick and thick clay films in fractures; 45 percent gravel and C horizon: 40 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Cr—12 to 16 inches; white (10YR 8/2) weathered Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist granite, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) moist; Texture—very gravelly loam, extremely gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron stains; rock or extremely cobbly loam structure; fractures more than 4 inches apart; Clay content—18 to 27 percent some illuviated soil material and few very fine and Rock fragment content—50 to 85 percent fine roots in fractures; gradual wavy boundary. Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline R—16 inches; slightly fractured granite. Poisoncreek Series Typical Pedon Location Location in survey area: About 23 miles southeast of 1 1 Classification Silver City; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 9, T. 8 S., R. 1 W. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Lithic Map unit in which located: Kanlee-Poisoncreek-Ola Argixerolls association, 1 to 45 percent slopes Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Shallow Profile: Drainage class: Well drained or somewhat excessively Depth to soft bedrock—10 to 14 inches drained Depth to hard bedrock—14 to 20 inches Permeability: Moderate Landforms: Mountains and foothills Particle-size control section (weighted average): Parent material: Kind—residuum; source— Clay content—20 to 30 percent intermediate intrusive rock Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent Slope range: 1 to 45 percent A horizon: Elevation: 4,600 to 7,000 feet Value—4 or 5 dry Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—2 or 3 dry, 1 to 3 moist Precipitation—13 to 18 inches Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Bt horizon: Frost-free period—60 to 95 days Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist A—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Texture—very gravelly sandy clay loam, very cobbly coarse sandy loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, or very gravelly loam moist; weak medium and fine subangular blocky Clay content—24 to 34 percent structure; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent and fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 15 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear smooth Povey Series boundary. Bt—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Classification sandy clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Pachic structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly Cryoborolls plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very Setting fine interstitial and tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 30 Depth class: Deep or very deep percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles; neutral; Drainage class: Well drained clear smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate C/Bt—6 to 12 inches; 60 percent C material and 40 Landforms: Mountains percent Bt material; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Parent material: Kind—colluvium; source—igneous extremely gravelly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish and quartzitic metamorphic rock Owyhee County Area, Idaho 333

Slope range: 4 to 50 percent Bw horizon: Elevation: 5,600 to 8,300 feet Value—3 to 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—3 or 4 dry, 1 to 4 moist Precipitation—18 to 24 inches Texture—very gravelly loam, extremely gravelly loam, Air temperature—35 to 40 degrees F very cobbly loam, or extremely cobbly loam Frost-free period—30 to 70 days Clay content—10 to 20 percent Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent Typical Pedon Description Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline A1—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very C horizon: gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Value—3 or 4 moist moderate fine and medium granular structure; soft, Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist very friable; 35 percent gravel; neutral; clear Texture—extremely cobbly loam, extremely cobbly smooth boundary. sandy loam, or very cobbly loam A2—6 to 17 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Clay content—8 to 18 percent very gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Rock fragment content—50 to 75 percent moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline parting to moderate medium granular; soft, very friable; 30 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Quicksilver Series Bw1—17 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Classification weak and moderate, fine and medium subangular Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, frigid Lithic blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Haploxerolls sticky; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly Setting acid; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Shallow Bw2—25 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 4/4) extremely cobbly loam, dark brown (10YR Permeability: Moderately rapid 3/3) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Landforms: Mountains blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; sticky; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 20 source—intermediate intrusive rock percent gravel and 40 percent cobbles; slightly Slope range: 3 to 50 percent acid; clear wavy boundary. Elevation: 4,600 to 6,800 feet C—32 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Climatic data (average annual): extremely cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) Precipitation—16 to 22 inches moist; massive; 25 percent gravel and 50 percent Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F cobbles; neutral. Frost-free period—65 to 95 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description 1 Location in survey area: About 6 /2 miles north of 1 1 A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) bouldery coarse Cliffs; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 14, T. 8 S., R. 5 W. sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak Map unit in which located: Povey-Earcree complex, fine granular structure; loose; few fine and medium 10 to 50 percent slopes roots; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent stones and boulders; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics Bw—4 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly coarse Profile: sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Depth to bedrock—40 inches or more fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky; few fine Particle-size control section (weighted average): and medium roots; 20 percent gravel and 5 Clay content—10 to 18 percent percent stones and boulders; neutral; clear A horizon: smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist BC—9 to 15 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak 334 Soil Survey

fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Elevation: 2,350 to 3,600 feet slightly hard, very friable; few fine and medium Climatic data (average annual): roots; 25 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Precipitation—8 to 10 inches boundary. Air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F C—15 to 18 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Frost-free period—125 to 150 days gravelly coarse sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; few fine and medium roots; 35 Typical Pedon Description percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth A—0 to 2 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) gravelly silt boundary. loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium R—18 inches; weathered granodiorite. platy structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Typical Pedon Location slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots

1 and few medium roots; common very fine and fine Location in survey area: About 7 /2 miles south of 1 1 vesicular and tubular pores and few medium Silver City; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 12, T. 6 S., vesicular and tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; R. 3 W. mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Quicksilver-Takeuchi-Rock Bt1—2 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay outcrop association, 3 to 50 percent slopes loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Range in Characteristics medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Profile: and few medium roots; common very fine and fine Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches vesicular and tubular pores and few medium Reaction—slightly acid or neutral vesicular and tubular pores; common moderately Particle-size control section (weighted average): thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 Clay content—6 to 15 percent percent gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth Rock fragment content—10 to 35 percent boundary. Bt2—4 to 10 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Bw horizon: clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky Texture—coarse sandy loam or gravelly coarse sandy and very plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium loam roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; Rock fragment content—10 to 30 percent continuous thick clay films on faces of peds and in C horizon: pores; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Btk—10 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—gravelly coarse sandy loam, gravelly loamy silty clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) moist; coarse sand, or very gravelly coarse sandy loam moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Rock fragment content—20 to 40 percent structure; hard, friable, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine Ratsnest Series and fine tubular pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Classification wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Bk—25 to 33 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silty clay Haplargids loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Setting hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine Depth class: Moderately deep and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; Drainage class: Well drained few thin clay films in pores; slightly effervescent; Permeability: Slow mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Landforms: Pediments and foothills C—33 to 39 inches; 90 percent highly fractured tuff, Parent material: Kind—residuum and alluvium; and 10 percent light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, source—lacustrine deposits very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist, between soft Slope range: 3 to 12 percent rock fragments; massive; soft, friable, slightly Owyhee County Area, Idaho 335

sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium; source—basalt neutral; gradual smooth boundary. and volcanic ash Cr—39 inches; slightly weathered tuff. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Elevation: 4,850 to 5,300 feet Typical Pedon Location Climatic data (average annual): Location in survey area: About 6 miles southwest of Precipitation—10 to 13 inches 1 1 Marsing; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 26, T. 2 N., Air temperature—45 to 47 degrees F R. 5 W. Frost-free period—90 to 105 days Map unit in which located: Ratsnest-Ornea complex, Typical Pedon Description 1 to 12 percent slopes A1—0 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Range in Characteristics brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium platy Profile: structure parting to moderate fine granular; soft, Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 21 inches very friable; many very fine and fine roots; Depth to soft rock—30 to 40 inches common very fine and fine vesicular and tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: A2—6 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Value—6 or 7 dry loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline very friable, slightly sticky; common very fine, fine, Bt horizon: medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and Value—4 or 5 moist fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual smooth Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay BA—18 to 28 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Clay content—27 to 35 percent in upper part and 35 to silt loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; 45 percent in lower part moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films Bk horizon: on faces of peds and in pores; mildly alkaline; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y gradual smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 moist Bt—28 to 38 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist silt loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or gravelly silt loam moderate coarse subangular blocky structure Clay content—15 to 30 percent parting to moderate fine and medium subangular Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; many thin clay films on faces of Renslow Series peds and in pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Classification Bkq—38 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Taxonomic class: Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Aridic moist; massive; few very fine and fine tubular Calcic Argixerolls pores; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Location in survey area: About 13 miles north of Three 1 1 Permeability: Moderate Creek; in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 30, T. 13 S., Landforms: Stream terraces R. 11 E. 336 Soil Survey

Map unit in which located: Haw-Renslow association, loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine 0 to 4 percent slopes subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; slightly hard, friable, Range in Characteristics slightly sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine Profile: roots and common medium roots; many very fine Depth to calcium carbonates—20 to 44 inches tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Bt1—6 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Chroma—2 to 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline 4/4) moist; strong very fine and fine subangular Bt horizon: blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist many very fine tubular pores; continuous Clay content—12 to 18 percent moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 50 Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt2—13 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very Bkq horizon: cobbly clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist moist; strong fine and medium angular blocky Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; Effervescence—slight or strong common very fine and fine roots; common very Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline fine tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel and Roca Series 40 percent cobbles; neutral; clear irregular boundary. Classification R—22 inches; welded rhyolitic tuff; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, moist, and white (10YR 8/1) silica coatings in frigid Xerollic Haplargids fractures. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Moderately deep Location in survey area: About 14 miles south of Drainage class: Well drained 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 27, T. 14 S., Permeability: Very slow R. 5 E. Landforms: Structural benches Map unit in which located: Roca-Freshwater stony Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; loams, 2 to 20 percent slopes (see fig. 16, next source—welded rhyolitic tuff page) Slope range: 4 to 20 percent Elevation: 5,200 to 5,850 feet Range in Characteristics Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Profile: Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Typical Pedon Description A horizon: Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard, very Bt horizon: friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist vesicular pores; 15 percent gravel and 1 percent Texture—very gravelly clay loam or very cobbly clay stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—35 to 50 percent BA—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay Rock fragment content—35 to 50 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 337

many very fine and fine vesicular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt—4 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate fine angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common thin and moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bq—9 to 13 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few fine slightly effervescent soft masses of lime; mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 2Bkqm—13 to 16 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3), continuous, indurated duripan that has a laminar cap, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; platy structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, brittle; roots matted on surface of plates; violently Figure 16.—Profile of Roca stony loam in an area of Roca- effervescent; clear smooth boundary. Freshwater stony loams, 2 to 20 percent slopes. Fractured bedrock is at a depth of about 22 inches. 2Bkq—16 to 31 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) weakly cemented sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; very hard, firm, brittle; Roseworth Series violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 3Bkqmb—31 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR Classification 7/3), continuous, strongly cemented duripan, Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; Xerollic Durargids extremely hard, extremely firm, brittle; violently effervescent. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Drainage class: Well drained Location in survey area: About 29 miles north of Three 1 1 Permeability: Moderately slow Creek; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 7, T. 11 S., Landforms: Draws and structural benches R. 12 E. Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; Map unit in which located: Minveno-Roseworth silt source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash loams, 1 to 5 percent slopes Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet Range in Characteristics Climatic data (average annual): Profile: Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Depth to calcium carbonates—6 to 13 inches Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F Depth to duripan—10 to 20 inches Frost-free period—95 to 120 days Depth to bedrock—50 inches or more Typical Pedon Description Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—18 to 27 percent A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium A horizon: platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; many Value—3 or 4 moist very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist 338 Soil Survey

Bt horizon: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine, Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist fine, and medium roots; few very fine tubular Clay content—24 to 27 percent pores; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline gradual smooth boundary. Bk2—29 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Bq horizon: very fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist moist; massive; few very fine, fine, and medium Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist roots; few very fine tubular pores; violently Clay content—13 to 22 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline boundary. C—36 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) loamy Royal Series very fine sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline. Classification Typical Pedon Location

Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic 1 Location in survey area: About 8 /2 miles southeast of Camborthids 1 1 Murphy; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 23, T. 3 S., Setting R. 1 W. Map unit in which located: Tindahay-Royal-Badlands Depth class: Very deep complex, 1 to 90 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderately rapid Range in Characteristics Landforms: Fan terraces Profile: Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium and eolian Depth to calcium carbonates—10 to 44 inches sand; source—mixed sediment Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Slope range: 1 to 15 percent Elevation: 2,300 to 3,350 feet A horizon: Climatic data (average annual): Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F Bw horizon: Frost-free period—125 to 150 days Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 6 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Texture—sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or very fine A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine sandy loam sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine Clay content—8 to 15 percent granular structure; soft, very friable; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common Bk and C horizons: very fine and fine interstitial pores; mildly alkaline; Value—5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist clear smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bw1—4 to 11 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine Texture—stratified very fine sandy loam to loamy sand sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Clay content—5 to 15 percent medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent very friable; common very fine and fine roots and Effervescence—slight to violent few medium roots; common very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; mildly alkaline; clear Ruclick Series smooth boundary. Bw2—11 to 21 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Classification very fine sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, soft, very friable, slightly sticky; common very fine mesic Aridic Argixerolls and fine roots and few medium roots; common Setting very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores; mildly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep Bk1—21 to 29 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine Drainage class: Well drained sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; Permeability: Slow Owyhee County Area, Idaho 339

Landforms: Foothills and tablelands A horizon: Parent material: Kind—alluvium and residuum; Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist source—basalt and volcanic ash Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Slope range: 2 to 25 percent Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline Elevation: 4,000 to 5,050 feet Bt horizon: Climatic data (average annual): Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Precipitation—11 to 13 inches Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Frost-free period—90 to 120 days Texture—very gravelly clay, very gravelly clay loam, or Typical Pedon Description extremely gravelly clay Clay content—35 to 50 percent A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly loam, very Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak thin Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline platy structure parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Salisbury Series common medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel and 10 percent Classification cobbles; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic BA—5 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) cobbly clay Abruptic Durixerolls loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Setting structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan very fine and fine roots and common medium Drainage class: Well drained roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 Permeability: Slow percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; moderately Landforms: Fan terraces alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Bt1—10 to 21 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very volcaniclastic material gravelly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong Slope range: 2 to 8 percent medium angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Elevation: 4,400 to 5,050 feet very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine Climatic data (average annual): roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Precipitation—12 to 16 inches continuous thick clay films on faces of peds; 30 Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; moderately Frost-free period—90 to 110 days alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Bt2—21 to 29 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) Typical Pedon Description extremely gravelly clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and medium angular blocky A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, very structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few fine medium and thick platy structure; hard, friable, tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine of peds; 45 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles; and fine roots and few medium roots; many very moderately alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; R—29 inches; fractured weathered basalt; clay in slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. fractures. AB—5 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine and Typical Pedon Location medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Location in survey area: About 24 miles southeast of friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and 1 1 Cliffs; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 21, T. 12 S., R. 3 W. fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine Map unit in which located: Perla-Ruclick complex, and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; neutral; 2 to 12 percent slopes clear smooth boundary. Bt1—10 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark Range in Characteristics yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong medium Profile: and coarse prismatic structure; very hard, very Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very 340 Soil Survey

fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine Setting tubular and interstitial pores; many moderately Depth class: Deep thick clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear Drainage class: Well drained smooth boundary. Permeability: Moderate Bt2—16 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Landforms: Mountains and foothills loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; strong medium and coarse angular blocky source—vitric tuff and welded rhyolitic tuff structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Slope range: 5 to 25 percent common very fine and fine roots; common very Elevation: 5,700 to 6,800 feet fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; many Climatic data (average annual): thick clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; Precipitation—16 to 20 inches mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Air temperature—39 to 43 degrees F Bq—24 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Frost-free period—60 to 80 days loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate medium platy structure; very hard, friable; few very Typical Pedon Description fine and fine roots; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear Oi—1 inch to 0; undecomposed leaves and twigs; wavy boundary. discontinuous. 2Bkqm—30 to 46 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) stony continuous indurated duripan; massive; extremely loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine hard, extremely firm, brittle; 70 percent rock granular structure; soft, very friable; many very fragments; strongly effervescent; clear wavy fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine boundary. vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel, 5 percent 3Bqm—46 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR cobbles, and 5 percent stones; slightly acid; clear 6/4) continuous strongly cemented duripan; smooth boundary. massive; extremely hard, extremely firm, brittle. A2—2 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Typical Pedon Location gravelly loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Location in survey area: About 15 miles north of Cliffs; 1 1 structure; slightly hard, friable; many very fine and in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 33, T. 6 S., R. 5 W. fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; few Map unit in which located: Salisbury-Gacey-Barnard very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; 15 complex, 2 to 12 percent slopes percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; Range in Characteristics abrupt smooth boundary. Bt—9 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Profile: gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, A horizon: friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common very Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular Reaction—slightly acid or neutral pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and on rock fragments; 35 percent gravel Bt horizon: and 15 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist C—24 to 56 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist extremely cobbly sandy loam, reddish brown (5YR Texture—clay or clay loam 4/3) moist; single grain; loose; common very fine Clay content—35 to 50 percent and fine roots and few medium roots; 50 percent Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent gravel, 20 percent cobbles, and 15 percent stones; slightly acid; gradual irregular boundary. Saturday Series R—56 inches; highly weathered welded rhyolitic tuff.

Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Location in survey area: About 27 miles east of Cliffs; 1 1 Vitrandic Argixerolls in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 33, T. 8 S., R. 1 W. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 341

Map unit in which located: Monasterio-Cleavage- to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very Saturday association, 1 to 25 percent slopes friable; many very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; neutral; Range in Characteristics clear smooth boundary. Profile: A2—5 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark Depth to bedrock—40 to 60 inches brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine subangular Base saturation—50 to 75 percent blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few very fine and A horizon: fine vesicular and interstitial pores; neutral; clear Hue—10YR or 7.5YR smooth boundary. Value—2 to 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bt1—12 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine Bt horizon: and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Hue—10YR or 7.5YR hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Texture—very gravelly loam or very gravelly clay loam pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds; mildly Clay content—22 to 35 percent alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent Bt2—20 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) C horizon: moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Hue—10YR to 5YR blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Chroma—2 to 6 dry or moist medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Texture—extremely cobbly loam, extremely cobbly pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces sandy loam, or very cobbly loam of peds; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—12 to 25 percent Bkq—26 to 36 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Rock fragment content—50 to 90 percent 6/4) discontinuous weakly cemented loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine and medium Schnipper Series subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm; very few very fine and fine roots in cracks; common Classification very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; 30 percent durinodes; Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aridic many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; Durixerolls many fine strongly effervescent segregated seams Setting of lime; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Bkqm—36 to 60 inches; continuous weakly cemented Drainage class: Well drained duripan that is strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) moist; Permeability: Moderately slow thin indurated laminar cap; massive; very hard, Landforms: Tablelands and fan terraces very firm, brittle; strongly effervescent. Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; source—basalt and volcanic ash Typical Pedon Location Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Location in survey area: About 6 miles southwest of Elevation: 4,450 to 5,400 feet 1 1 Cliffs; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 11, T. 10 S., Climatic data (average annual): R. 6 W. Precipitation—12 to 13 inches Map unit in which located: Fairylawn-Schnipper silt Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F loams, 1 to 8 percent slopes Frost-free period—90 to 110 days Typical Pedon Description Range in Characteristics A1—0 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Profile: loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Depth to calcium carbonates—9 to 26 inches moderate thin and medium platy structure parting Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches 342 Soil Survey

Particle-size control section (weighted average): very friable; common very fine and fine roots and Clay content—18 to 34 percent few medium roots; common very fine and fine Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; 15 percent hard, firm cicada A horizon: krotovinas; violently effervescent; moderately Chroma—2 to 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Bt horizon: Bk2—7 to 24 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) very fine Value—5 or 6 dry sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist massive; few very fine and fine roots; few fine Texture—silty clay loam or clay loam tubular pores; 15 percent hard, firm cicada Clay content—27 to 35 percent krotovinas; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Bkq horizon: Bkqm—24 to 40 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist 6/4) continuous weakly cemented duripan, olive Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive; very hard, very Texture—loam or very fine sandy loam firm, brittle; few very fine and fine roots; 50 percent Clay content—18 to 27 percent very hard, very firm durinodes; violently Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent effervescent; abrupt smooth boundary. Durinode content—0 to 25 percent 2C—40 to 60 inches; white (2.5Y 8/2) loam, light Effervescence—strong or violent yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; massive; 10 Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline percent gravel; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline. Scism Series Typical Pedon Location Classification Location in survey area: About 3 miles east of Murphy; 1 1 in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 29, T. 2 S., R. 1. W. Taxonomic class: Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Map unit in which located: Scism very fine sandy Haploxerollic Durorthids loam, 1 to 12 percent slopes Setting Range in Characteristics Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Drainage class: Well drained Profile: Permeability: Moderate Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches Landforms: Calderas, tablelands, and draws Particle-size control section: Parent material: Kind—loess and mixed alluvium; Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam source—basalt, volcanic ash, and lacustrine Clay content (weighted average)—12 to 18 percent deposits Slope range: 1 to 20 percent A horizon: Elevation: 2,800 to 5,000 feet Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Climatic data (average annual): Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Precipitation—8 to 11 inches Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline Frost-free period—100 to 145 days Bk horizon: Typical Pedon Description Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist A—0 to 2 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) very fine sandy Chroma—3 to 5 dry or moist loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; moderate thick Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline platy structure; slightly hard, friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine and 2C horizon: few medium vesicular pores; mildly alkaline; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y abrupt smooth boundary. Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist Bk1—2 to 7 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silt loam, Chroma—3 to 5 dry or moist olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; moderate medium Texture—loam or sandy loam and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Clay content—12 to 18 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 343

Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25 Salinity—low or moderate percent gravel, 30 percent cobbles, and 5 percent Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. R—22 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff; silica and Sharesnout Series clay fill most voids in fractures. Typical Pedon Location Classification Location in survey area: About 18 miles southeast of 1 1 Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, Riddle; in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 13, T. 16 S., frigid Typic Argixerolls R. 5 E. Map unit in which located: Thacker-Cleavage- Setting Sharesnout complex, 2 to 40 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Slow Profile: Landforms: Foothills and mountains Depth to bedrock—20 to 30 inches Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and residuum; Particle-size control section (weighted average): source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash Clay content—35 to 50 percent Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Rock fragment content—40 to 75 percent Elevation: 4,800 to 7,200 feet Climatic data (average annual): A horizon: Precipitation—13 to 17 inches Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Air temperature—38 to 45 degrees F Chroma—2 to 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist Frost-free period—55 to 95 days Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Typical Pedon Description Bt1 horizon: Hue—7.5YR to 10YR A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma—3 or 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist weak thin platy structure parting to weak fine Texture—very gravelly clay loam, extremely gravelly granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky clay loam, or very cobbly clay loam and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline roots and few medium roots; common fine and few medium vesicular pores; 20 percent gravel; Bt2 horizon: neutral; clear smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR or 10YR BA—4 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly clay Value—4 to 6 dry, 2 to 4 moist loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Texture—extremely gravelly clay, extremely cobbly structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; clay, or extremely gravelly clay loam common very fine and fine roots and few medium Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline roots; common fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear Shoofly Series smooth boundary. Bt1—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Classification clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Taxonomic class: Loamy, mixed, mesic, shallow Typic sticky and plastic; many moderately thick clay Durargids films on faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent Setting gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Bt2—15 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Drainage class: Well drained extremely cobbly clay, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Permeability: Slow moderate medium prismatic structure; very hard, Landforms: Fan piedmonts very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores; many extrusive rock 344 Soil Survey

Slope range: 0 to 4 percent Range in Characteristics Elevation: 3,400 to 4,000 feet Profile: Climatic data (average annual): Depth to duripan—9 to 14 inches Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Air temperature—49 to 51 degrees F Frost-free period—115 to 130 days Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—25 to 35 percent Typical Pedon Description Rock fragment content—10 to 25 percent A—0 to 2 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly A horizon: loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak thin platy Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist structure parting to moderate fine and medium Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist granular; slightly hard, very friable; few very fine roots; many very fine, fine, and medium vesicular Bt horizon: pores; 30 percent gravel; moderately alkaline; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clear smooth boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist AB—2 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine and Texture—clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or silty clay medium subangular blocky structure; common loam very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine Clay content—30 to 35 percent tubular pores; few thin clay films in pores; 15 Rock fragment content—5 to 20 percent percent gravel; moderately alkaline; clear smooth 2Bkq horizon: boundary. Texture—very gravelly coarse sand or extremely Bt—7 to 12 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) gravelly coarse sand gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Rock fragment content—40 to 75 percent moist; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots; common Snell Series very fine and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 percent Classification gravel; 15 percent strongly effervescent gravel- Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, sized duripan fragments; strongly alkaline; clear frigid Pachic Argixerolls smooth boundary. Bkqm—12 to 14 inches; white (10YR 8/2), mostly Setting continuous, indurated duripan, light brownish gray Depth class: Moderately deep (10YR 6/2) moist; platy structure; extremely hard, Drainage class: Well drained extremely firm, brittle; few very fine matted roots; Permeability: Moderately slow 35 percent gravel; violently effervescent; clear Landforms: Mountains wavy boundary. Parent material: Kind—colluvium and residuum; 2Bkq1—14 to 39 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) source—basalt extremely gravelly coarse sand, pale brown (10YR Slope range: 5 to 40 percent 6/3) moist; several stacked weakly cemented Elevation: 4,800 to 6,750 feet pans; 75 percent gravel; violently effervescent; Climatic data (average annual): strongly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Precipitation—14 to 17 inches 2Bkq2—39 to 60 inches; variegated sand and gravel; Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F single grain; loose; violently effervescent; strongly Frost-free period—60 to 90 days alkaline. Typical Pedon Description Typical Pedon Location A—0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Location in survey area: About 26 miles northwest of stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; 1 1 Grasmere; in the SW /4NE /4 of sec. 16, T. 8 S., weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to R. 3 E. weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, Map unit in which located: Shoofly gravelly loam, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine 0 to 4 percent slopes and fine roots and common medium roots; few Owyhee County Area, Idaho 345

very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; Snowmore Series 35 percent gravel and 1 percent stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Classification Bt1—10 to 22 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very gravelly clay loam, very dark grayish brown Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium Durargids subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky Setting and plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan many moderately thick clay films on faces of peds Drainage class: Well drained and on rock fragments; 35 percent gravel and 10 Permeability: Moderately slow percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Landforms: Calderas, structural benches, and foothills Bt2—22 to 39 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very cobbly Parent material: Kind—loess and mixed alluvium; clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Slope range: 1 to 10 percent hard, friable, sticky and very plastic; few very fine, Elevation: 4,700 to 5,500 feet fine, and medium roots; common very fine and Climatic data (average annual): fine tubular pores; common moderately thick clay Precipitation—8 to 12 inches films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; 30 Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; neutral; Frost-free period—90 to 110 days abrupt wavy boundary. Typical Pedon Description R—39 inches; fractured basalt. A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony silt Typical Pedon Location loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak thin 1 Location in survey area: About 6 /2 miles west of platy structure parting to moderate fine and 1 1 Reynolds; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 25, T. 2 S., medium granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky R. 5 W. and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Map unit in which located: Snell-Sharesnout complex, roots and few medium roots; common very fine 5 to 40 percent slopes and fine interstitial pores and few very fine and fine vesicular pores; 10 percent gravel and 1 Range in Characteristics percent stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt1—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, dark Profile: brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Reaction—slightly acid or neutral slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Particle-size control section (weighted average): fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many Clay content—35 to 45 percent very fine interstitial pores; few thin clay films on Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Bt2—6 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay Hue—7.5YR or 10YR loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist structure; slightly hard, friable, very sticky and Bt horizon: plastic; common fine roots and few very fine and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist of peds; 5 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear Texture—very gravelly clay loam, very cobbly clay smooth boundary. loam, very cobbly clay, or extremely cobbly clay Bkq1—11 to 25 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Clay content—27 to 50 percent 6/4) gravelly fine sandy loam, dark yellowish Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak medium 346 Soil Survey

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly Southmount Series sticky; common fine roots and few very fine and medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; 10 Classification percent durinodes; 15 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual wavy Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed Argic Pachic boundary. Cryoborolls Bkq2—25 to 31 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Setting gravelly fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; few very fine, fine, and Depth class: Very deep medium roots; 10 percent durinodes; 15 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained gravel; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline; Permeability: Moderately slow abrupt wavy boundary. Landforms: Mountains Bkqm—31 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; continuous indurated duripan, white (10YR 8/2) source—basalt moist; massive; extremely hard, extremely firm, Slope range: 5 to 40 percent brittle; violently effervescent; clear wavy boundary. Elevation: 5,800 to 7,400 feet R—36 inches; black welded vitric tuff. Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—22 to 36 inches Typical Pedon Location Air temperature—35 to 38 degrees F Location in survey area: About 18 miles southeast of Frost-free period—30 to 60 days 1 1 Grasmere; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 11, T. 14 S., Typical Pedon Description R. 7 E. Map unit in which located: Snowmore-Troughs Oi—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed needles and complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes twigs. A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, Range in Characteristics very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine and Profile: medium subangular blocky structure parting to Depth to duripan—20 to 34 inches moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, Depth to bedrock—21 to 40 inches slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; common very Particle-size control section (weighted average): fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 10 Clay content—20 to 35 percent percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent Bt1—5 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly silt A horizon: loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine Bt horizon: tubular pores; many thin clay films on faces of Value—5 or 6 dry peds and lining pores; 10 percent gravel and 10 Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth Texture—loam or clay loam boundary. Clay content—24 to 35 percent Bt2—13 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly clay Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline and medium subangular blocky structure; hard, Bkq horizon: friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist and medium roots and few coarse roots; common Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist very fine and fine tubular pores; many moderately Texture—gravelly fine sandy loam, cobbly fine sandy thick clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; loam, or gravelly loam 10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly Clay content—10 to 20 percent acid; clear wavy boundary. Rock fragment content—15 to 25 percent 2Bt3—18 to 42 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) Effervescence—slight or strong gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline 4/6) moist; few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR Owyhee County Area, Idaho 347

5/6) mottles; moderate medium angular blocky Landforms: Foothills, structural benches, and structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly mountains plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very Parent material: Kind—residuum; source—welded fine and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films rhyolitic tuff on faces of peds; trace manganese concretions; Slope range: 1 to 20 percent 20 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual irregular Elevation: 4,900 to 6,650 feet boundary. Climatic data (average annual): 2C—42 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Precipitation—13 to 16 inches sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; few Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F medium prominent yellow (2.5Y 7/6) mottles; Frost-free period—65 to 95 days massive; very hard, friable; few very fine and fine Typical Pedon Description tubular pores; trace manganese concretions; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid. A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very stony silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak Typical Pedon Location medium platy structure parting to weak fine Location in survey area: About 10 miles northeast of granular; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine 1 1 Cliffs; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 6, T. 8 S., R. 4 W. and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; Map unit in which located: Southmount-Booneville many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 10 complex, 5 to 40 percent slopes percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; slightly acid; clear smooth Range in Characteristics boundary. Profile: Bt1—4 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Depth to mottles—18 to 40 inches gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Particle-size control section (weighted average): slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine and Clay content—24 to 32 percent fine roots and few medium roots; common very Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent fine and fine tubular and vesicular pores; common A horizon: thin clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 Value—3 or 4 dry percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist clear wavy boundary. Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Bt2—8 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; Bt1 horizon: strong fine and medium subangular blocky Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist common very fine and fine roots and few medium Texture—cobbly silt loam, loam, or silt loam roots; many very fine and fine tubular and Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid interstitial pores; common moderately thick clay Bt2 horizon: films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; abrupt wavy Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—cobbly clay loam or clay loam Bt3—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Reaction—strongly acid to slightly acid gravelly clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; strong fine and medium prismatic structure parting to fine Squawcreek Series angular blocky; extremely hard, extremely firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; continuous thick Classification clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 Taxonomic class: Clayey, montmorillonitic, frigid Lithic percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; Mollic Haploxeralfs abrupt wavy boundary. R—18 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Shallow Drainage class: Well drained Location in survey area: About 14 miles east of Cliffs; 1 1 Permeability: Slow in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 6, T. 10 S., R. 2 W. 348 Soil Survey

Map unit in which located: Squawcreek-Avtable- AB—4 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, very Wagonbox complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very Range in Characteristics friable; many very fine and fine roots and common Profile: medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular Depth to bedrock—11 to 20 inches and interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 Reaction—slightly acid or neutral percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. Particle-size control section (weighted average): Bt1—14 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, Clay content—35 to 50 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent and medium subangular blocky structure; A horizon: slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Value—5 or 6 dry, 2 or 3 moist plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist roots; common fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent gravel and 5 Bt horizon: percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Bt2—20 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate Texture—clay loam or gravelly clay loam in upper part medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; and clay, gravelly clay, or cobbly clay in lower part slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Clay content—30 to 40 percent in upper part and 40 to plastic; common fine roots and few very fine and 55 percent in lower part medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on faces of peds; 5 Strickland Series percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. Classification 2R—29 inches; weathered basalt. Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed Pachic Typical Pedon Location Cryoborolls Location in survey area: About 13 miles southeast of 1 1 Setting Riddle; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 27, T. 16 S., R. 4 E. Depth class: Moderately deep Map unit in which located: Strickland-Dehana-Parkay Drainage class: Well drained association, 5 to 35 percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Landforms: Mountains Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—colluvium and alluvium; source—basalt Profile: Slope range: 5 to 30 percent Base saturation—50 to 75 percent Elevation: 6,300 to 7,600 feet Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Climatic data (average annual): Reaction—slightly acid to strongly acid Precipitation—18 to 22 inches A horizon: Air temperature—35 to 40 degrees F Hue—7.5YR or 10YR Frost-free period—30 to 50 days Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—2 to 4 dry, 1 or 2 moist A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Bt horizon: loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak thin platy Hue—7.5YR or 10YR structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist and common medium roots; many very fine and Texture—loam or cobbly loam fine interstitial pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly Clay content—18 to 27 percent acid; clear smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—5 to 30 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 349

Succor Series structure parting to fine and very fine angular blocky; few very fine roots; common moderately thick coatings of silica on faces of peds; 5 percent Classification gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Bq2—33 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) loam, olive Palexerolls (5Y 5/3) moist; massive; hard, firm; few very fine roots; common fine seams of silica; neutral. Setting Typical Pedon Location Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Well drained Location in survey area: About 14 miles west of 1 1 Permeability: Slow Reynolds; in the NE /4NW /4 of sec. 26, T. 2 S., Landforms: Pediments R. 6 W. Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Map unit in which located: Succor-Gooding-Deshler volcaniclastic material and lacustrine deposits complex, 2 to 35 percent slopes Slope range: 3 to 35 percent Range in Characteristics Elevation: 4,250 to 5,500 feet Climatic data (average annual): Profile: Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Depth to abrupt textural change—5 to 14 inches Air temperature—45 to 49 degrees F Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Frost-free period—90 to 115 days A horizon: Typical Pedon Description Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist A1—0 to 2 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Bt horizon: moderate medium platy structure parting to weak Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist fine subangular blocky; soft, very friable, slightly Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, Texture—clay or clay loam and medium roots; common very fine and fine Clay content—35 to 50 percent discontinuous vesicular pores; 20 percent gravel; Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Bq horizon: A2—2 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly Hue—10YR to 5Y loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Value—4 to 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist moderate medium platy structure parting to weak Chroma—2 to 6 dry or moist very fine subangular blocky; soft, very friable, Texture—sandy loam, loam, or gravelly loam sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, and Rock fragment content—5 to 35 percent medium roots; common very fine and fine Effervescence—none or slight discontinuous vesicular pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Bt1—5 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay, dark Sugarcreek Series brown (10YR 3/3) moist; strong medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine and medium Classification angular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic very plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium Durixerollic Camborthids roots; many thick clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Setting Bt2—18 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate very Depth class: Moderately deep fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly Drainage class: Well drained hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine tubular Permeability: Moderate pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Landforms: Structural benches of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel and 5 Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. source—vitric tuff and breccia Bq1—22 to 33 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) sandy Slope range: 3 to 30 percent loam, olive (5Y 5/4) moist; moderate medium platy Elevation: 3,500 to 5,000 feet 350 Soil Survey

Climatic data (average annual): Typical Pedon Location Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Location in survey area: About 29 miles north of Three Air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F 1 1 Creek; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 12, T. 11 S., Frost-free period—90 to 125 days R. 11 E. Typical Pedon Description Map unit in which located: Sugarcreek gravelly loam, 3 to 30 percent slopes A—0 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium Range in Characteristics platy structure parting to weak fine granular; soft, Profile: very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very Depth to calcium carbonates—7 to 14 inches fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 15 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth Particle-size control section (weighted average): boundary. Clay content—12 to 22 percent clay Bw—4 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Rock fragment content—35 to 70 percent gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate A horizon: fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; Bw horizon: mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry Bk—13 to 21 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate Texture—gravelly loam or very gravelly loam medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Clay content—18 to 25 percent slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very fine Rock fragment content—20 to 45 percent and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline common very fine and fine tubular pores and few Bkq horizon: medium tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; strongly Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist boundary. Texture—very gravelly sandy loam or extremely Bkq1—21 to 28 inches; white (10YR 8/2) very gravelly gravelly loamy sand sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Clay content—5 to 18 percent moist; massive; brittle thin discontinuous indurated Rock fragment content—35 to 85 percent laminae throughout; common very fine and fine Effervescence—strong or violent roots concentrated in fractures and on laminae; Reaction—moderately alkaline to very strongly few very fine and fine vesicular pores; 45 percent alkaline gravel and 5 percent cobbles; thin discontinuous coatings of lime and silica on rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Takeuchi Series wavy boundary. Bkq2—28 to 39 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely Classification gravelly loamy sand, light yellowish brown (10YR Taxonomic class: Coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic 6/4) moist; single grain; loose; common very fine Haploxerolls and fine roots; 65 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; thin discontinuous coatings of secondary Setting lime and silica on rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy Depth class: Moderately deep boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained R—39 inches; moderately fractured black vitrophyric Permeability: Moderately rapid breccia. Landforms: Mountains Owyhee County Area, Idaho 351

Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and residuum; Typical Pedon Location source—intermediate intrusive rock Location in survey area: About 4 miles southwest of Slope range: 3 to 60 percent 1 1 Reynolds; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 23, T. 3 S., Elevation: 4,600 to 7,600 feet R. 4 W. Climatic data (average annual): Map unit in which located: Takeuchi-Quicksilver Precipitation—14 to 22 inches association, 3 to 50 percent slopes Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F Frost-free period—55 to 95 days Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Description Profile: Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches A1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine Reaction—moderately acid to neutral gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak thin platy structure parting Particle-size control section (weighted average): to moderate very fine granular; slightly hard, very Clay content—5 to 18 percent friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many fine Rock fragment content—15 to 30 percent roots; many very fine pores; 15 percent gravel; A horizon: slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist A2—4 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist fine gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine and medium Bt and BC horizons: subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist very fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist and nonplastic; many fine roots and common Texture—fine gravelly coarse sandy loam, gravelly medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular coarse sandy loam, or fine gravelly sandy loam pores; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy Clay content—6 to 18 percent boundary. Rock fragment content—15 to 35 percent Bt—12 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine gravelly coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Tanner Series moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Classification plastic; common fine and medium roots; many very fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Aridic of peds, in pores, and bridging sand grains; 20 Durixerolls percent fine gravel; few krotovinas; slightly acid; Setting clear wavy boundary. BC—18 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine gravelly Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan coarse sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Drainage class: Well drained moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Permeability: Slow structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Landforms: Calderas and plug domes slightly plastic; few fine roots; many very fine Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; tubular pores; 20 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; source—basalt and volcanic ash clear irregular boundary. Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Cr—26 to 36 inches; moderately weathered granite or Elevation: 5,250 to 5,900 feet quartz-monzonite; many dark mineral grains and Climatic data (average annual): mica particles; common brown (7.5YR 5/4) and Precipitation—11 to 13 inches light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) stains and few Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F reddish brown (5YR 5/4) and yellowish red (5YR Frost-free period—75 to 95 days 5/6) stains; hard or very hard; breaks in hand to Typical Pedon Description very fine gravel, very coarse sand, and coarse sand; few dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films A—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, dark and few fine roots in some cracks; slightly acid; brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium platy gradual broken boundary. structure parting to moderate fine subangular R—36 inches; somewhat fractured and slightly blocky; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky weathered granite or quartz-monzonite. and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots 352 Soil Survey

and few medium roots; many very fine and fine Clay content—30 to 38 percent vesicular pores and few medium vesicular pores; Reaction—slightly acid or neutral neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bt2 horizon: Bt1—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist angular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and Texture—silty clay or cobbly silty clay plastic; many very fine and fine roots and common Clay content—40 to 48 percent medium roots; few fine tubular pores; common thin Rock fragment content—0 to 20 percent clay films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Bkq horizon: Bt2—10 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay, Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium prismatic Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist structure parting to strong fine angular blocky; Texture—loam, gravelly loam, or silt loam extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; Clay content—16 to 26 percent common very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Effervescence—strong or violent of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline gradual smooth boundary. Bkq—20 to 36 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Thacker Series loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak medium and fine subangular blocky structure; very Classification hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Abruptic 10 percent durinodes; violently effervescent; mildly Durixeralfs alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Setting Bkqm—36 to 51 inches; white (10YR 8/2) continuous indurated duripan; platy structure; extremely hard, Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan extremely firm, brittle; few roots matted on surface Drainage class: Well drained of plates; 10 percent gravel and 10 percent Permeability: Very slow cobbles; violently effervescent; gradual wavy Landforms: Foothills, piedmonts, and fan terraces boundary. Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— R—51 inches; fractured basalt. extrusive rock and volcanic ash Slope range: 2 to 12 percent Typical Pedon Location Elevation: 4,800 to 7,100 feet Location in survey area: About 12 miles northeast of Climatic data (average annual): 1 1 Three Creek; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 4, T. 14 S., Precipitation—12 to 16 inches R. 12 E. Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Map unit in which located: Tanner silt loam, 2 to 8 Frost-free period—60 to 90 days percent slopes Typical Pedon Description Range in Characteristics E1—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) stony silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Profile: 3/2) moist; weak thin platy structure parting to Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 25 inches weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches many very fine and fine roots and common Depth to bedrock—40 to 60 inches medium roots; common very fine vesicular pores Particle-size control section (weighted average): and many very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 Clay content—35 to 45 percent percent gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and 1 percent stones; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: E2—3 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Bt1 horizon: very friable; many very fine and fine roots and Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist common medium roots; many very fine and fine Owyhee County Area, Idaho 353

vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear E horizon: smooth boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist EB—8 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist brown (10YR 4/3) moist; strong fine subangular Reaction—slightly acid or neutral blocky structure; hard, very friable, slightly plastic; Bt horizon: common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist very fine and fine vesicular pores; few thin clay Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent Clay content—40 to 55 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent Bt1—12 to 20 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay, Reaction—slightly acid to moderately alkaline dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; strong medium and coarse prismatic structure; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few Threek Series very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common fine tubular pores; many thick clay films Classification on faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, smooth boundary. frigid Typic Argixerolls Bt2—20 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Setting moderate medium and fine angular blocky Depth class: Very deep structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few Drainage class: Well drained very fine and fine roots; common fine tubular Permeability: Slow pores; many moderately thick clay films on faces Landforms: Outwash terraces of peds and in pores; neutral; abrupt smooth Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— boundary. volcaniclastic material 2Bt3—26 to 39 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Slope range: 2 to 40 percent 6/4) loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Elevation: 4,800 to 6,000 feet moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Climatic data (average annual): structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Precipitation—12 to 17 inches plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F fine and fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on Frost-free period—60 to 95 days faces of peds; 5 percent fine gravel; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Typical Pedon Description 2Bkqm—39 to 56 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) A1—0 to 3 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) gravelly continuous strongly cemented duripan, yellowish loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; very hard, very moderate thin platy structure parting to weak fine firm, brittle; 5 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky lime segregated in veins; gradual smooth and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots boundary. and few medium roots; many very fine and fine 2Cq—56 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR vesicular pores; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent 6/4) sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. moist; massive; 50 percent durinodes. A2—3 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Typical Pedon Location gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; Location in survey area: About 9 miles southeast of 1 1 slightly hard, very friable, sticky and slightly Riddle; in the NE /4SE /4 of sec. 11, T. 15 S., plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few R. 4 E. medium and coarse roots; common very fine and Map unit in which located: Wickahoney-Blackleg- fine tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral; clear Thacker association, 2 to 30 percent slopes smooth boundary. Bt1—7 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Range in Characteristics clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Profile: fine angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky Depth to abrupt textural change—7 to 15 inches and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches few medium and coarse roots; common very fine 354 Soil Survey

and fine tubular pores; many moderately thick clay Rock fragment content—10 to 70 percent films on faces of peds and in pores; 35 percent Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Tindahay Series Bt2—13 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) very gravelly clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Classification moist; strong fine angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; common Taxonomic class: Sandy, mixed, mesic Xeric very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine Torriorthents tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces Setting of peds and in pores; 50 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Depth class: Very deep 2Bq—31 to 60 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained discontinuous weakly cemented extremely gravelly Permeability: Moderately rapid sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; massive; Landforms: Fan terraces hard, friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium and eolian 60 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral. sand; source—mixed sediment Slope range: 1 to 12 percent Typical Pedon Location Elevation: 2,300 to 4,500 feet 1 Location in survey area: About 3 /2 miles east of Three Climatic data (average annual): 1 1 Creek; in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 31, T. 15 S., Precipitation—8 to 10 inches R. 12 E. Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F Map unit in which located: Threek-Blackleg-Hatpeak Frost-free period—105 to 150 days complex, 2 to 20 percent slopes Typical Pedon Description Range in Characteristics A1—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Profile: loamy fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to lithologic discontinuity—24 to 40 inches moist; weak very thick platy structure; soft, very friable; common very fine, fine, medium, and Particle-size control section (weighted average): coarse roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—35 to 50 percent A2—3 to 14 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent loamy fine sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak A horizon: medium and thick platy structure; soft, very friable; Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist few very fine and fine roots and common medium Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist and coarse roots; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Reaction—slightly acid or neutral A3—14 to 24 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Bt horizon: medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very Hue—7.5YR or 10YR friable; few very fine and fine roots and common Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist medium roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist AC—24 to 30 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) loamy sand, Texture—very gravelly clay loam or very cobbly clay olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; weak medium loam in upper part and very gravelly clay or subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very extremely gravelly clay in lower part friable; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; Clay content—28 to 40 percent in upper part and 40 to neutral; clear smooth boundary. 55 percent in lower part C—30 to 42 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) sand, light Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; single grain; loose; Bq horizon: few very fine, fine, and medium roots; 5 percent Hue—7.5YR or 10YR gravel; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Value—4 to 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist Ck—42 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) fine gravelly Chroma—4 to 6 dry or moist coarse sand, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Texture (fine-earth fraction)—sandy loam, fine sandy single grain; loose; few very fine roots; 25 percent loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand gravel; slightly effervescent; mildly alkaline. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 355

Typical Pedon Location fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly

1 sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Location in survey area: About 7 /2 miles northwest of 1 1 fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine Murphy; in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 35, T. 1 S., and fine vesicular pores; 5 percent gravel, 10 R. 3 W. percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; mildly Map unit in which located: Hardtrigger-Briabbit- alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Tindahay complex, 1 to 15 percent slopes Bt—2 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly clay Range in Characteristics loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Profile: friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine Depth to calcium carbonates—20 inches or more and fine roots and few medium roots; common Particle-size control section (weighted average): very fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on Clay content—4 to 10 percent faces of peds; 10 percent gravel and 20 percent Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent cobbles; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. A horizon: Bkq—8 to 15 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Hue—10YR or 2.5Y extremely cobbly loam, yellowish brown (10YR Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular blocky Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline plastic; common very fine and few fine roots; few C horizon: very fine tubular pores; 65 percent indurated, Hue—10YR or 2.5Y dominantly cobble-sized duripan fragments; Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 6 moist strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist smooth boundary. Texture—sand, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or Bkqm—15 to 30 inches; white (10YR 8/2) indurated fine gravelly coarse sand duripan, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) moist; Clay content—0 to 8 percent massive or strong medium and thick platy Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, brittle; 1 opalized laminations /8 inch to 2 inches thick; 20 Troughs Series percent angular cobbles and stones; violently effervescent; abrupt wavy boundary. 2R—30 inches; basalt. Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic, 1 shallow Xerollic Durargids Location in survey area: About 1 /2 miles north of 1 1 Grasmere; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 9, T. 12 S., Setting R. 5 E. Depth class: Shallow to a duripan Map unit in which located: Troughs-Owsel complex, Drainage class: Well drained 1 to 10 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately slow Range in Characteristics Landforms: Calderas and structural benches Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; Profile: source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash Depth to calcium carbonates—6 to 14 inches Slope range: 0 to 25 percent Depth to duripan—12 to 20 inches Elevation: 3,500 to 5,500 feet Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches Climatic data (average annual): Particle-size control section (weighted average): Precipitation—8 to 12 inches Clay content—27 to 35 percent Air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F Frost-free period—90 to 125 days A horizon: Value—4 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Typical Pedon Description Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline A—0 to 2 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very stony loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Bt horizon: moderate medium platy structure parting to weak Value—6 or 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist 356 Soil Survey

Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bwss2—26 to 32 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR Texture—cobbly clay loam, very cobbly clay loam, or 4/2) silty clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) very gravelly clay loam moist; common medium distinct mottles; weak Rock fragment content—25 to 50 percent medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, Effervescence—none to strong very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline moderately thick slickensides; mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bkq horizon: C—32 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Hue—7.5YR or 10YR clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Value—7 or 8 dry, 4 or 5 moist few medium faint mottles; massive; sticky and Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist plastic; mildly alkaline. Rock fragment content—50 to 90 percent Effervescence—slight to violent Typical Pedon Location Reaction—moderately alkaline to very strongly alkaline Location in survey area: About 11 miles northeast of 1 1 Cliffs; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 31, T. 7 S., R. 4 W. Tucker Series Map unit in which located: Tucker-Zola silt loams, 0 to 4 percent slopes Classification Range in Characteristics Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Cumulic Profile: Haploxerolls Depth to mottles—10 to 20 inches Setting Particle-size control section (weighted average): Clay content—35 to 50 percent Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained A and AB horizons: Permeability: Slow Value—4 or 5 dry Landforms: Bottomlands Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline extrusive rock and volcanic ash Bw horizon: Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Elevation: 4,600 to 5,850 feet Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay Air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F Clay content—30 to 50 percent Frost-free period—75 to 90 days Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Typical Pedon Description C horizon: Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Hue—10YR or 2.5Y loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate Value—5 or 6 dry, 2 to 4 moist fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist and plastic; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Clay content—27 to 40 percent ABss—5 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate Typic Haploxerolls medium subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common thick slickensides; Setting mildly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Bwss1—16 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Depth class: Moderately deep or deep silty clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Drainage class: Well drained moist; common medium prominent mottles; Permeability: Moderately rapid moderate fine and medium angular blocky Landforms: Fan piedmont escarpments structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and loess; very plastic; many thick slickensides; neutral; clear source—volcaniclastic material smooth boundary. Slope range: 25 to 60 percent Owyhee County Area, Idaho 357

Elevation: 3,500 to 5,300 feet Permeability: Moderately rapid to very rapid Climatic data (average annual): Landforms: Bottomlands Precipitation—12 to 15 inches Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source—mixed Air temperature—44 to 50 degrees F sediment Frost-free period—85 to 120 days Slope range: 1 to 4 percent Elevation: 2,200 to 4,100 feet Example Pedon Description Climatic data (average annual): A—0 to 3 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly Precipitation—8 to 10 inches loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single Air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F grain; loose; 40 percent gravel and 15 percent Frost-free period—115 to 150 days cobbles; clear wavy boundary. Example Pedon Description Bw1—3 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sandy clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak fine A1—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, dark subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium platy slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few thin clay structure parting to weak medium subangular films bridging sand grains; 25 percent gravel; clear blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very wavy boundary. fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; Bw2—10 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) few fine and medium vesicular pores; 5 percent very cobbly sandy clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y gravel; clear smooth boundary. 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure; A2—4 to 8 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sandy loam, soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate medium and common thin clay films bridging sand grains; 20 thin platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; percent gravel and 35 percent cobbles; clear wavy common very fine and fine roots and few medium boundary. roots; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; 5 Cr—22 inches; soft tuff; 50 percent hard rock percent gravel; clear smooth boundary. fragments. A3—8 to 13 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak thick platy Example Pedon Location structure parting to weak medium subangular Location in survey area: About 12 miles west of blocky; slightly hard, very friable; common very 1 1 Reynolds; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 1, T. 3 S., fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few fine R. 6 W. vesicular and tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; Map unit in which located: Typic Haploxerolls-Pachic abrupt smooth boundary. Argixerolls-Badlands complex, very steep 2C1—13 to 23 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Range in Characteristics single grain; loose; common very fine and fine Profile: roots; 45 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 60 inches thin coatings of lime on underside of rock Reaction—slightly acid or neutral fragments; clear smooth boundary. 2C2—23 to 36 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very A horizon: cobbly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist very fine and fine roots; 25 percent gravel and 30 Bw horizon: percent cobbles; clear broken boundary. Texture—stratified gravelly sandy loam to very gravelly 2C3—36 to 45 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very sandy clay loam gravelly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) Clay content—7 to 27 percent moist; single grain; loose; few very fine and fine Rock fragment content—15 to 60 percent roots; 45 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; thin coatings of lime on underside of rock Typic Torrifluvents fragments; clear wavy boundary. 2C4—45 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single Setting grain; loose; few very fine and fine roots; 40 Depth class: Very deep percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; thin Drainage class: Well drained coatings of lime on underside of rock fragments. 358 Soil Survey

Example Pedon Location sticky and plastic; violently effervescent; gradual smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 12 miles northwest of 1 1 C2—21 to 45 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Murphy; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 3 W. loam; massive; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Map unit in which located: Typic Torripsamments-Typic violently effervescent; gradual smooth boundary. Torrifluvents complex, gently sloping Cr—45 inches; highly weathered mudstone. Range in Characteristics Example Pedon Location A horizon: Location in survey area: About 12 miles southeast of Hue—10YR or 2.5Y 1 1 Murphy; in the NW /4NW /4 of sec. 33, T. 3 S., Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist R. 1 E. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Map unit in which located: Badlands-Typic Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Torriorthents-Xeric Torriorthents complex, very C horizon: steep Texture—stratified fine sandy loam to very gravelly Range in Characteristics sand Clay content—2 to 18 percent Profile: Rock fragment content—10 to 60 percent Depth to soft bedrock—20 to 60 inches Effervescence—none or slight Particle-size control section (weighted average): Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Clay content—7 to 30 percent Rock fragment content—0 to 50 percent Typic Torriorthents A horizon: Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Setting Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Depth class: Moderately deep or deep Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Drainage class: Well drained or somewhat excessively Effervescence—slight to violent drained Permeability: Moderately slow or moderately rapid Typic Torripsamments Landforms: Tableland and terrace escarpments and structural benches Setting Parent material: Kind—eolian sand and residuum; source—basalt and lacustrine deposits Depth class: Moderately deep to very deep Slope range: 1 to 60 percent Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Elevation: 2,250 to 4,000 feet Permeability: Very rapid Climatic data (average annual): Landforms: Bottomlands and structural benches Precipitation—7 to 9 inches Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium and eolian Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F sand; source—mixed sediment Frost-free period—110 to 150 days Slope range: 1 to 8 percent Elevation: 2,200 to 4,100 feet Example Pedon Description Climatic data (average annual): A—0 to 3 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Precipitation—8 to 10 inches loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moderate thick Air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F platy structure parting to weak thin platy; soft, very Frost-free period—115 to 150 days friable, slightly sticky and plastic; violently Example Pedon Description effervescent; clear smooth boundary. AC—3 to 10 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) silt A—0 to 4 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; moderate loamy fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak thick platy structure; soft, very friable; strong fine angular blocky; slightly hard, very common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse friable, sticky and plastic; violently effervescent; roots; slightly effervescent; abrupt wavy boundary. clear smooth boundary. AC—4 to 8 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) C1—10 to 21 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/3) silt loamy fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive; moderate thick platy structure parting to moderate Owyhee County Area, Idaho 359

medium and fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, Setting very friable; few very fine and fine roots and Depth class: Very deep common medium and coarse roots; common very Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained fine tubular pores; abrupt wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately slow C—8 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Landforms: Bottomlands loamy fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— massive; few very fine and fine roots and common volcaniclastic material medium roots; common very fine tubular pores; Slope range: 1 to 3 percent slightly effervescent; abrupt wavy boundary. Elevation: 4,400 to 6,400 feet Ck1—18 to 48 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Climatic data (average annual): loamy fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; Precipitation—12 to 16 inches massive; few very fine and fine roots and common Air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; Frost-free period—60 to 95 days strongly effervescent matrix and few fine irregular soft masses of lime; clear wavy boundary. Typical Pedon Description Ck2—48 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) A—0 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, loamy fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; massive; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; 5 moderate fine subangular blocky structure; percent gravel; strongly effervescent matrix and slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and few fine irregular soft masses of lime. slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and Example Pedon Location few medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Location in survey area: About 6 miles north of 1 1 boundary. Murphy; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 28, T. 1 S., Bw1—5 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) R. 2 W. clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; Map unit in which located: Typic Torripsamments-Typic weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Torrifluvents complex, gently sloping moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common Range in Characteristics very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Profile: common very fine and fine tubular pores and few Depth to soft bedrock—20 inches or more medium tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline acid; clear smooth boundary. Bw2—16 to 29 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) A horizon: loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y common fine and medium faint mottles that are Value—4 or 5 moist dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly Effervescence—none or slight sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and C horizon: fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular Texture—stratified loamy fine sand to very gravelly pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth sand boundary. Clay content—2 to 8 percent 2C1—29 to 33 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Rock fragment content—0 to 45 percent gravelly sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Effervescence—slight to violent moist; single grain; loose; common very fine roots; 15 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear smooth Upcreek Series boundary. 2C2—33 to 41 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very gravelly loamy sand, dark grayish brown Classification (10YR 4/2) moist; common fine prominent mottles Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy- that are strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist; single skeletal, mixed, frigid Cumulic Haploxerolls grain; loose; few very fine roots; 35 percent gravel 360 Soil Survey

and 25 percent cobbles; neutral; clear smooth Climatic data (average annual): boundary. Precipitation—8 to 10 inches 2C3—41 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) very Air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F gravelly loamy sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Frost-free period—120 to 150 days moist; single grain; loose; few very fine roots; 25 Typical Pedon Description percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; neutral. A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly Typical Pedon Location loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate thin platy Location in survey area: About 11 miles west of Silver structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly 1 1 City; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 28, T. 4 S., R. 5 W. hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots Map unit in which located: Upcreek-Riverwash and few medium and coarse roots; common very complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 25 percent gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics Bw1—4 to 10 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Profile: gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Depth to lithologic discontinuity—20 to 36 inches moderate fine and medium subangular blocky Reaction—slightly acid or neutral structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots A horizon: and few medium and coarse roots; few very fine Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist and fine tubular pores; common thin clay films on Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; Bw horizon: clear smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bw2—10 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist very gravelly fine sandy loam, yellowish brown Mottles—few or common and fine or medium (10YR 5/4) moist; moderate fine subangular Texture—clay loam or loam blocky structure; slightly hard, friable; common Clay content—20 to 30 percent very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; few Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent very fine and fine tubular pores; few thin clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent gravel; neutral; clear 2C horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y C—20 to 31 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Value—5 to 7 dry, 2 to 5 moist very gravelly fine sandy loam, dark yellowish Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist brown (10YR 4/4) moist; single grain; loose; few Texture—stratified sand to very gravelly loamy sand very fine and fine roots; 55 percent gravel; neutral; Rock fragment content—5 to 60 percent clear wavy boundary. Ck—31 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Veta Series stratified very gravelly loamy sand to sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; single grain; Classification loose; strongly effervescent; mildly alkaline. Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typical Pedon Location

Xerollic Camborthids 1 Location in survey area: About 6 /2 miles southwest of 1 1 Setting Marsing; in the SE /4NE /4 of sec. 35, T. 2 N., R. 5 W. Depth class: Very deep Map unit in which located: McKeeth-Veta gravelly Drainage class: Well drained loams, 2 to 15 percent slopes Permeability: Moderately rapid Landforms: Fan terraces Range in Characteristics Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Profile: volcaniclastic material Depth to calcium carbonates—28 to 40 inches Slope range: 4 to 15 percent Elevation: 2,400 to 3,800 feet Particle-size control section (weighted average): Owyhee County Area, Idaho 361

Clay content—5 to 15 percent brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, very sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine A horizon: roots and few medium roots; common very fine Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist and fine interstitial pores; neutral; clear smooth Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline boundary. Bw horizon: Bkq1—12 to 19 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Texture—gravelly loam, very gravelly loam, or very common fine roots and few very fine and medium gravelly fine sandy loam roots; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; 5 Clay content—5 to 18 percent percent gravel; pockets of weak silica cementation; Rock fragment content—20 to 60 percent strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline smooth boundary. Bkq2—19 to 25 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) C and Ck horizons: silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) moist; massive; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist hard, friable; slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist common fine roots and few very fine and medium Texture—stratified extremely gravelly loamy sand to roots; 10 percent gravel; thin coatings of silica on very gravelly loam underside of rock fragments; violently Clay content—2 to 15 percent effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy Rock fragment content—35 to 75 percent boundary. Effervescence (lower part)—slight or strong Bkqm—25 to 40 inches; white (10YR 8/2), continuous, Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline indurated duripan; massive; extremely hard, very firm, brittle; violently effervescent. Vickery Series Typical Pedon Location Classification Location in survey area: About 21 miles east of 1 1 Grasmere; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 13, T. 12 S., Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Xerollic R. 8 E. Durorthids Map unit in which located: Hardtrigger-Snowmore- Setting Vickery complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan Range in Characteristics Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Profile: Landforms: Calderas Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 32 inches Parent material: Kind—silty alluvium and loess; Depth to duripan—20 to 40 inches source—basalt and volcanic ash Particle-size control section (weighted average): Slope range: 1 to 5 percent Clay content—18 to 25 percent Elevation: 4,700 to 5,100 feet Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—9 to 10 inches A horizon: Air temperature—46 to 48 degrees F Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Frost-free period—100 to 110 days Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline Typical Pedon Description Bw horizon: A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium Texture—silt loam or loam and fine granular structure; soft, very friable, Clay content—18 to 27 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline fine and fine roots and few medium roots; common very fine and fine interstitial pores; neutral; clear Bkq horizon: smooth boundary. Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist Bw—4 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist 362 Soil Survey

Texture—loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam extremely cobbly sandy clay loam, dark yellowish Clay content—18 to 22 percent brown (10YR 3/4) moist; moderate fine subangular Durinode content—0 to 20 percent blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Rock fragment content—0 to 10 percent slightly plastic; common very fine roots; few very Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline fine interstitial pores; common moderately thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 20 Vipont Series percent gravel and 60 percent cobbles; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. R—36 inches; fractured quartzite. Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Pachic Argixerolls Location in survey area: About 11 miles north of Cliffs; 1 1 in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 21, T. 7 S., R. 5 W. Setting Map unit in which located: Vipont-Bauscher Depth class: Moderately deep association, 8 to 60 percent slopes Drainage class: Well drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderately slow Landforms: Mountains and foothills Profile: Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches source—intermediate intrusive and quartzitic A horizon: metamorphic rock Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist Elevation: 5,000 to 6,150 feet Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—14 to 18 inches Bt horizon: Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Hue—2.5Y or 10YR Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Typical Pedon Description Texture—very cobbly clay loam, extremely cobbly A—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) stony sandy clay loam, or very gravelly clay loam loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak thin Clay content—28 to 35 percent platy structure parting to weak very fine granular; Rock fragment content—35 to 70 percent soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline many very fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; 25 percent gravel and 1 percent stones; Vitale Series slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. AB—4 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 6/2) gravelly Classification loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium and fine subangular blocky Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky Argixerolls and slightly plastic; many very fine roots and few Setting fine roots; many very fine tubular pores and common very fine and fine interstitial pores; 20 Depth class: Moderately deep percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bt1—10 to 21 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) very Permeability: Moderately slow cobbly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Landforms: Foothills and mountains moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard, Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common source—rhyolite and welded rhyolitic tuff very fine roots and few fine roots; common very Slope range: 5 to 60 percent fine and fine interstitial and vesicular pores; Elevation: 4,800 to 6,900 feet common moderately thick clay films on faces of Climatic data (average annual): peds; 20 percent gravel and 35 percent cobbles; Precipitation—13 to 18 inches neutral; clear wavy boundary. Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F Bt2—21 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Frost-free period—55 to 90 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 363

Typical Pedon Description Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—2 to 4 moist or dry A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very Texture—very gravelly clay loam or very cobbly clay stony loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; loam moderate and strong medium granular structure; Clay content—28 to 35 percent soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent many very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 30 percent gravel and 3 percent stones; slightly acid; Wagonbox Series gradual smooth boundary. Bt1—5 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Classification very gravelly clay loam, very dark grayish brown Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium frigid, shallow Typic Durixeralfs subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Setting fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many Depth class: Shallow to a duripan very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; Drainage class: Well drained common thin clay films on faces of peds; 35 Permeability: Slow percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Landforms: Structural benches and tablelands boundary. Parent material: Kind—residuum and alluvium; Bt2—16 to 28 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) source—basalt, vitric tuff, and breccia very cobbly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Slope range: 1 to 8 percent moist; moderate medium and fine subangular Elevation: 5,100 to 6,300 feet blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Climatic data (average annual): plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Precipitation—12 to 15 inches medium roots; common very fine and fine Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F interstitial and tubular pores; many thin clay films Frost-free period—75 to 90 days on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly acid; gradual wavy Typical Pedon Description boundary. A—0 to 3 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) C—28 to 34 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) extremely stony loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; moist; weak medium platy structure parting to massive; slightly sticky; few very fine and fine moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, roots; 40 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles; slightly sticky; common very fine and fine roots slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. and few medium roots; common very fine and fine R—34 inches; slightly fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. vesicular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 15 Typical Pedon Location percent stones; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 6 miles southeast of 1 1 Bt1—3 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very Three Creek; in the NE /4SW /4 of sec. 21, T. 16 S., stony clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) R. 12 E. moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Map unit in which located: Vitale very stony loam, 5 to structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly 40 percent slopes plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular Range in Characteristics pores and common very fine interstitial pores; Profile: many thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches cobbles and 20 percent stones; slightly acid; Reaction—slightly acid or neutral abrupt smooth boundary. Bt2—8 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very stony A horizon: clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist coarse prismatic structure parting to strong Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist medium subangular blocky; extremely hard, very Bt horizon: firm, sticky and plastic; continuous thick clay films Hue—7.5YR or 10YR on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent cobbles 364 Soil Survey

structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Wareagle Series plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine tubular Classification pores and common very fine interstitial pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed Typic cobbles and 20 percent stones; slightly acid; Cryoborolls abrupt smooth boundary. Setting Bt2—8 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very stony clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate Depth class: Very deep coarse prismatic structure parting to strong Drainage class: Well drained medium subangular blocky; extremely hard, very Permeability: Moderate firm, sticky and plastic; continuous thick clay films Landforms: Mountains on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent cobbles Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and colluvium; and 20 percent stones; neutral; abrupt wavy source—rhyolite and welded rhyolitic tuff boundary. Slope range: 15 to 50 percent Bqm—14 to 20 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) Elevation: 5,050 to 8,200 feet indurated duripan; massive; extremely hard, Climatic data (average annual): extremely firm, brittle; abrupt smooth boundary. Precipitation—22 to 32 inches R—20 inches; fractured basalt. Air temperature—34 to 39 degrees F Frost-free period—less than 60 days Typical Pedon Location Typical Pedon Description Location in survey area: About 25 miles northwest of 1 1 1 Riddle; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 14, T. 11 S., Oi—2 inches to /2 inch; slightly decomposed needles, R. 1 W. twigs, and cones. 1 Map unit in which located: Wickahoney-Wagonbox- Oe— /2 inch to 0; moderately decomposed needles, Rubbleland complex, 1 to 8 percent slopes twigs, and cones. A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly Range in Characteristics loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate Profile: fine and medium subangular blocky structure; Depth to duripan—11 to 20 inches slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine Depth to bedrock—12 to 23 inches roots, common medium roots, and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular and Particle-size control section (weighted average): vesicular pores and few medium tubular and Clay content—35 to 55 percent vesicular pores; 35 percent gravel; slightly acid; Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent clear smooth boundary. A horizon: BA—7 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist moist; moderate fine and medium subangular Reaction—slightly acid or neutral blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Bt horizon: and fine roots, common medium roots, and Hue—7.5YR or 10YR few coarse roots; common very fine and fine Value—4 to 6 dry, 4 or 5 moist tubular pores and few medium tubular pores; Chroma—4 to 6 dry or moist 40 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy Texture—very stony clay, very cobbly clay, or very boundary. cobbly clay loam Bw—10 to 15 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate fine Bqm horizon: subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Effervescence—none or slight slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Owyhee County Area, Idaho 365

fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots; Parent material: Kind—residuum and loess; source— few very fine and fine tubular pores; few thin clay volcanic ash films on faces of peds; 40 percent gravel and 5 Slope range: 1 to 35 percent percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy Elevation: 4,500 to 5,050 feet boundary. Climatic data (average annual): C—15 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Precipitation—11 to 13 inches extremely gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR Air temperature—45 to 48 degrees F 5/4) moist; massive; hard, firm; few very fine, fine, Frost-free period—90 to 110 days and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and Typical Pedon Description medium vesicular pores; 55 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly acid. A—0 to 3 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Typical Pedon Location medium and thick platy structure parting to 1 Location in survey area: About 1 /2 miles west of Silver moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, 1 1 City; in the SW /4SW /4 of sec. 1, T. 5 S., R. 4 W. sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine, Map unit in which located: Wareagle-Povey medium, and coarse roots; many very fine and association, 15 to 50 percent slopes fine vesicular and interstitial pores and few medium vesicular and interstitial pores; 5 percent Range in Characteristics gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Particle-size control section (weighted average): Bw—3 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Clay content—17 to 23 percent loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; Rock fragment content—40 to 70 percent moderate medium and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and A horizon: plastic; few very fine and fine roots and common Value—3 or 4 dry, 2 or 3 moist medium and coarse roots; few very fine and fine Chroma—2 or 3 dry, 1 or 2 moist tubular pores; many thin clay films on faces of Reaction—slightly acid or neutral peds; 15 percent gravel-sized masses of Bw horizon: consolidated ashy material; neutral; clear irregular Value—4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Cr—12 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2), slightly Texture—very gravelly loam or very cobbly loam fractured, consolidated ashy material, olive brown Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent (2.5Y 4/4) moist; strong thick platy structure; very Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots and common medium and coarse C horizon: roots in fractures and matted between plates; Hue—7.5YR or 10YR strongly effervescent. Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Typical Pedon Location Texture—extremely gravelly loam, extremely cobbly Location in survey area: About 15 miles west of Silver loam, or extremely cobbly sandy loam 1 1 City; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 14, T. 5 S., R. 6 W. Rock fragment content—60 to 80 percent Map unit in which located: Weash-Ruclick complex, Reaction—moderately acid or slightly acid 5 to 35 percent slopes Weash Series Range in Characteristics Profile: Classification Depth to soft bedrock—10 to 20 inches Taxonomic class: Ashy, mesic, shallow Vitrixerandic A horizon: Camborthids Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Setting Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Depth class: Shallow Bw horizon: Drainage class: Well drained Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 to 5 moist Permeability: Moderately slow Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Landforms: Foothills and lacustrine terraces Texture—sandy clay loam, clay loam, or loam 366 Soil Survey

Clay content—20 to 30 percent brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive; soft, very friable; Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline 5 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2Cg3—51 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Welch Series gravelly coarse sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; massive; loose; 30 percent gravel; neutral. Classification Typical Pedon Location Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Cumulic Haplaquolls Location in survey area: About 2 miles west of Riddle; 1 1 in the NW /4NE /4 of sec. 30, T. 14 S., R. 3 E. Setting Map unit in which located: Welch loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes Depth class: Very deep Drainage class: Poorly drained Range in Characteristics Permeability: Moderately slow Particle-size control section (weighted average): Landforms: Bottomlands Clay content—27 to 35 percent Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Rock fragment content—0 to 5 percent volcaniclastic material Slope range: 0 to 1 percent A horizon: Elevation: 4,400 to 6,400 feet Value—3 to 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Climatic data (average annual): Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist Precipitation—12 to 16 inches Reaction—slightly acid or neutral Air temperature—40 to 44 degrees F Cg horizon: Frost-free period—45 to 90 days Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Typical Pedon Description Value—5 to 8 dry, 3 to 5 moist Chroma—1 or 2 dry or moist A1—0 to 9 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam, very dark Mottles—common or many, fine or medium, and faint grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate or distinct medium subangular blocky structure parting to Texture—stratified sandy loam to silty clay loam moderate medium granular; slightly hard, friable, Clay content—18 to 35 percent slightly sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine Rock fragment content—0 to 35 percent roots; many very fine tubular pores; 5 percent Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. A2—9 to 20 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Wholan Series subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; Classification many very fine tubular pores; slightly acid; clear Taxonomic class: Coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Typic smooth boundary. Camborthids A3—20 to 30 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Setting prismatic structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very fine Depth class: Very deep and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt wavy Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderate Cg1—30 to 42 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) loam, dark Landforms: Draws grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; common fine faint Parent material: Kind—loess and silty alluvium; mottles that are olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; source—lacustrine deposits massive; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Slope range: 1 to 4 percent plastic; common very fine and fine tubular pores; Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet neutral; clear wavy boundary. Climatic data (average annual): Cg2—42 to 51 inches; light grayish brown (2.5Y 6/2) Precipitation—7 to 9 inches sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) Air temperature—46 to 51 degrees F moist; common fine faint mottles that are olive Frost-free period—100 to 120 days Owyhee County Area, Idaho 367

Typical Pedon Description Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Durinode content—0 to 5 percent A—0 to 4 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Salinity—slight or moderate loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate thin platy Effervescence—slight to violent structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine Wickahoney Series vesicular pores; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Classification Bw—4 to 12 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Taxonomic class: Clayey-skeletal, montmorillonitic, loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate coarse frigid Lithic Mollic Haploxeralfs subangular structure; hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots and few medium roots; Setting many very fine and fine tubular pores; mildly Depth class: Shallow alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained Bk1—12 to 18 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Permeability: Slow very fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Landforms: Foothills, mountains, and tablelands massive; common very fine and fine roots and few Parent material: Kind—residuum and colluvium; medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear wavy Slope range: 1 to 45 percent boundary. Elevation: 4,900 to 7,350 feet Bk2—18 to 43 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Climatic data (average annual): very fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; Precipitation—13 to 18 inches massive; common very fine and fine roots; few Air temperature—39 to 45 degrees F very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent Frost-free period—60 to 95 days durinodes; strongly effervescent; strongly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Typical Pedon Description Bk3—43 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; A—0 to 5 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) stony massive; slightly hard, very friable; common very loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine weak thin platy structure parting to weak medium tubular pores; violently effervescent matrix and granular; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine few fine filaments of lime; strongly alkaline. and fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine and fine vesicular and interstitial pores; 20 Typical Pedon Location percent gravel and 2 percent stones; neutral; clear Location in survey area: About 18 miles northeast of smooth boundary. 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 1, T. 10 S., Bt1—5 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) cobbly R. 6 E. clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak Map unit in which located: Orovada-Roseworth- medium subangular blocky structure parting to Wholan complex, 1 to 5 percent slopes moderate medium granular; hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine tubular Range in Characteristics and interstitial pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles, Profile: and 5 percent stones; neutral; abrupt wavy Depth to calcium carbonates—11 to 24 inches boundary. Texture—silt loam or very fine sandy loam Bt2—12 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline very cobbly clay, dark brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; Particle-size control section (weighted average): strong fine and medium angular blocky Clay content—5 to 15 percent structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine, fine, A and Bw horizons: and medium roots; common fine tubular pores; Value—6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist continuous thick clay films on faces of peds, Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist on rock fragments, and in pores; 25 percent Bk horizon: gravel, 15 percent cobbles, and 10 percent stones; Value—6 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist mildly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary. 368 Soil Survey

R—19 inches; fractured welded rhyolitic tuff; clay and subangular blocky structure parting to moderate thin coatings of silica in fractures. fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky; common very fine and fine roots and few medium Typical Pedon Location roots; common very fine and fine vesicular and Location in survey area: About 7 miles southwest of interstitial pores and few medium vesicular and 1 1 Grasmere; in the SE /4NW /4 of sec. 24, T. 13 S., interstitial pores; 20 percent gravel and 2 percent R. 4 E. stones; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Map unit in which located: Wickahoney-Zecanyon Bt1—3 to 7 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) complex, 3 to 45 percent slopes gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium subangular blocky Range in Characteristics structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few Profile: medium roots; common very fine and few fine Depth to bedrock—10 to 20 inches interstitial pores; common thin clay films on faces A horizon: of peds; 25 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear Hue—7.5YR or 10YR wavy boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry, 2 to 4 moist Bt2—7 to 10 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) very Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Reaction—slightly acid or neutral moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; Bt2 horizon: common fine roots and few very fine and medium Hue—7.5YR or 10YR roots; 40 percent gravel; mildly alkaline; clear wavy Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist boundary. Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Bkq1—10 to 15 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) Texture—very cobbly clay, very gravelly clay, or very extremely gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR gravelly clay loam 5/4) moist; massive; few very fine and fine roots; Clay content—35 to 55 percent 50 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles; Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent moderately thick (1 to 3 millimeters) coatings of Reaction—slightly acid to mildly alkaline silica and carbonates on bottom and sides of rock fragments; violently effervescent; moderately Willhill Series alkaline; clear irregular boundary. Bkq2—15 to 22 inches; white (10YR 8/2) extremely Classification cobbly loam; discontinuous fractured duripan that has a moderately thick (1 to 3 millimeters) laminar Taxonomic class: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic cap; fractures 2 to 14 inches apart; moderately Durixerollic Haplargids thick or thick (2 to 8 millimeters) pendants of silica Setting and carbonates on rock fragments; massive; very firm, brittle; few very fine and fine roots; 30 percent Depth class: Moderately deep gravel and 50 percent cobbles; violently Drainage class: Well drained effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Permeability: Moderately slow boundary. Landforms: Foothills R—22 inches; highly fractured welded rhyolitic tuff. Parent material: Kind—slope alluvium and residuum; source—welded rhyolitic tuff Typical Pedon Location Slope range: 3 to 25 percent Location in survey area: About 13 miles northwest of Elevation: 2,800 to 5,500 feet 1 1 Grasmere; in the NE /4NE /4 of sec. 15, T. 10 S., Climatic data (average annual): R. 4 E. Precipitation—10 to 13 inches Map unit in which located: Willhill-Cottle association, Air temperature—45 to 51 degrees F 3 to 35 percent slopes Frost-free period—85 to 140 days Typical Pedon Description Range in Characteristics A—0 to 3 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, Profile: brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak fine and medium Depth to bedrock—21 to 40 inches Owyhee County Area, Idaho 369

Particle-size control section (weighted average): obbles; violently effervescent; clear smooth Clay content—27 to 35 percent boundary. Rock fragment content—35 to 60 percent 2C2—30 to 60 inches; extremely cobbly very fine sandy loam; violently effervescent. A horizon: Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Example Pedon Location Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist Location in survey area: About 12 miles southeast of Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline 1 1 Murphy; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 27, T. 3 S., Bt horizon: R. 1 E. Value—5 to 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist Map unit in which located: Xeric Torriorthents-Typic Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Torriorthents-Badlands complex, very steep Texture—very gravelly clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or Range in Characteristics very cobbly clay loam Clay content—27 to 35 percent Profile: Rock fragment content—25 to 50 percent Depth to bedrock—30 inches or more Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline Particle-size control section (weighted average): Bkq horizon: Clay content—10 to 25 percent Rock fragment content—60 to 80 percent Rock fragment content—5 to 50 percent Effervescence—slight to violent A horizon: Reaction—moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist Xeric Torriorthents Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Effervescence—slight to strong Setting Depth class: Moderately deep to very deep Xerollic Haplargids Drainage class: Well drained Permeability: Moderate Setting Landforms: Tableland and terrace escarpments Depth class: Very deep Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; Drainage class: Well drained source—basalt and lacustrine deposits Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow Slope range: 10 to 45 percent Landforms: Canyons and tableland escarpments Elevation: 2,250 to 4,000 feet Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; Climatic data (average annual): source—basalt or welded rhyolitic tuff Precipitation—8 to 10 inches Slope range: 15 to 60 percent Air temperature—48 to 53 degrees F Elevation: 2,300 to 6,000 feet Frost-free period—110 to 150 days Climatic data (average annual): Example Pedon Description Precipitation—8 to 13 inches Air temperature—40 to 50 degrees F A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) stony loam, dark Frost-free period—70 to 140 days brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate fine granular Example Pedon Description structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 10 percent gravel and 5 percent A—0 to 6 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) stony loam, stones; strongly effervescent; clear smooth dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium boundary. and fine granular structure; slightly hard, very AC—4 to 15 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) fine friable; many very fine and fine roots; many very sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak fine interstitial and tubular pores; 40 percent gravel medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very and 10 percent cobbles, 1 percent stones; clear friable, slightly sticky; 5 percent gravel; strongly smooth boundary. effervescent; clear smooth boundary. Bt—6 to 12 inches; pale brown (10YR 7/3) very C1—15 to 30 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate very fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, massive; 5 percent gravel and 5 percent c friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common 370 Soil Survey

very fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular Permeability: Slow pores; many thin clay films on faces of peds and in Landforms: Tableland escarpments pores; 35 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; Parent material: Kind—colluvium and slope alluvium; clear smooth boundary. source—basalt BC—12 to 17 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very Slope range: 8 to 35 percent gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Elevation: 3,600 to 5,950 feet moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very Climatic data (average annual): friable; common very fine and fine roots; many Precipitation—10 to 13 inches very fine interstitial pores; 55 percent gravel; clear Air temperature—43 to 49 degrees F smooth boundary. Frost-free period—80 to 125 days Ck—17 to 60 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) Example Pedon Description extremely gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; loose; common very fine and A—0 to 4 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very stony silt fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 60 loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate percent gravel; strongly effervescent. medium granular structure; soft, very friable, sticky and slightly plastic; 20 percent gravel and 10 Example Pedon Location percent stones; abrupt smooth boundary. Location in survey area: About 16 miles northwest of Bt1—4 to 7 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly 1 1 Murphy Hot Springs; in the NW /4SE /4 of sec. 5, clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate T. 14 S., R. 8 E. medium and fine subangular blocky structure; Map unit in which located: Rock outcrop-Xerollic hard, friable, very sticky and very plastic; common Haplargids complex, very steep moderately thick clay films on faces of peds; 25 percent gravel; clear smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics Bt2—7 to 14 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) very Profile: gravelly clay, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak Depth to calcium carbonates—4 to 36 inches medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine and medium subangular blocky; very hard, very A horizon: firm, very sticky and very plastic; many thick clay Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist films on faces of peds and in pores; 35 percent Chroma—3 or 4 dry or moist gravel; clear smooth boundary. Reaction—neutral or slightly alkaline Bt3—14 to 22 inches; very pale brown (10YR 6/3) very Bt horizon: gravelly clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Texture—very gravelly loam, gravelly loam, very strong medium and fine angular blocky structure; gravelly sandy clay loam, or gravelly silty clay very hard, very firm, sticky and very plastic; many loam thick clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 35 Clay content—20 to 32 percent percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; clear wavy Rock fragment content—10 to 45 percent boundary. Effervescence—none to strong R—22 inches; weathered tuff. Reaction—neutral to strongly alkaline Example Pedon Location C horizon: Location in survey area: About 31 miles west of Texture—stratified extremely gravelly sand to very 1 1 Riddle; in the SE /4SE /4 of sec. 29, T. 13 S., gravelly loam R. 3 W. Clay content—2 to 15 percent Map unit in which located: Xerollic Haplargids-Xerollic Rock fragment content—20 to 60 percent Paleargids-Rubbleland complex, steep Effervescence—slight to violent Reaction—mildly alkaline to strongly alkaline Range in Characteristics Profile: Xerollic Paleargids Depth to abrupt textural change—3 to 10 inches Depth to bedrock—20 inches or more Setting A horizon: Depth class: Moderately deep to very deep Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist Drainage class: Well drained Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist Owyhee County Area, Idaho 371

Bt horizon: angular blocky; very hard, very firm, sticky and Texture—clay, gravelly clay loam, or very gravelly clay plastic; common very fine roots; few very fine Clay content—33 to 50 percent tubular pores; continuous thick clay films on faces Rock fragment content—10 to 50 percent of peds and in pores; mildly alkaline; abrupt Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline smooth boundary. Bkqm—26 to 38 inches; very pale brown (10YR 8/4) Yatahoney Series continuous indurated siliceous laminae over pale brown (10YR 6/3) continuous indurated duripan; massive; brittle; slightly effervescent; neutral; Classification abrupt wavy boundary. Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Typic 2R—38 inches; fractured basalt. Durixeralfs Typical Pedon Location Setting Location in survey area: About 13 miles northwest of 1 1 Riddle; in the SW /4NW /4 of sec. 33, T. 13 S., Depth class: Moderately deep to a duripan R. 1 E. Drainage class: Well drained Map unit in which located: Deunah-Yatahoney- Permeability: Slow Lostvalley complex, 1 to 10 percent slopes Landforms: Tablelands and fan terraces Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— Range in Characteristics extrusive rock and volcanic ash Profile: Slope range: 1 to 10 percent Depth to duripan—20 to 38 inches Elevation: 5,200 to 6,150 feet Depth to bedrock—24 to 40 inches Climatic data (average annual): Precipitation—13 to 16 inches Particle-size control section (weighted average): Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Clay content—35 to 50 percent Frost-free period—70 to 90 days Rock fragment content—0 to 15 percent Typical Pedon Description A horizon: Value—5 to 7 dry, 3 or 4 moist A—0 to 3 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silt Chroma—2 to 4 dry or moist loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; moderate thin and Reaction—slightly acid or neutral medium platy structure; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and fine roots; common very Bt horizon: fine and fine vesicular pores; neutral; clear smooth Hue—7.5YR or 10YR boundary. Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist AB—3 to 9 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Texture—clay, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting Clay content—25 to 55 percent to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, Rock fragment content—0 to 25 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline roots and common fine, medium, and coarse Bqm horizon: roots; common very fine and few fine tubular and Effervescence—none to strong vesicular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bt1—9 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; Zecanyon Series strong very fine and fine angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine Classification roots and common fine roots; few very fine tubular Taxonomic class: Fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Mollic pores; continuous moderately thick clay films on Haploxeralfs faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Setting Bt2—22 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) moist; strong fine Depth class: Moderately deep prismatic structure parting to strong very fine Drainage class: Well drained 372 Soil Survey

Permeability: Slow structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly Landforms: Foothills, structural benches, and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few thin clay tablelands films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; 60 Parent material: Kind—residuum and slope alluvium; percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; thin and source—extrusive rock and volcanic ash moderately thick pendants of silica on rock Slope range: 1 to 20 percent fragments; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Elevation: 4,950 to 6,050 feet R—37 inches; fractured, densely welded rhyolitic tuff; Climatic data (average annual): common thin coatings of calcium carbonates and Precipitation—13 to 16 inches silica in fractures. Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F Typical Pedon Location Frost-free period—70 to 95 days Location in survey area: About 13 miles northwest of 1 1 Typical Pedon Description Grasmere; in the NW /4SW /4 of sec. 10, T. 11 S., R. 3 E. A—0 to 3 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) Map unit in which located: Wickahoney-Zecanyon gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; complex, 3 to 45 percent slopes weak thin platy structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse Range in Characteristics roots; many very fine and fine vesicular pores; 20 Profile: percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Depth to bedrock—20 to 40 inches boundary. BA—3 to 10 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) gravelly A horizon: loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; moderate Hue—7.5YR or 10YR medium and fine subangular blocky structure; Value—5 or 6 dry, 2 or 3 moist slightly hard, friable; slightly sticky and slightly Chroma—2 or 3 dry or moist plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and Reaction—slightly acid or neutral coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular Bt horizon: and interstitial pores; very few thin clay films on Hue—7.5YR or 10YR faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid; Value—5 or 6 dry, 3 to 5 moist clear smooth boundary. Chroma—3 to 6 dry or moist Bt1—10 to 18 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—clay, clay loam, gravelly clay, gravelly clay gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR loam, cobbly clay, or cobbly clay loam 4/4) moist; strong medium and fine subangular Clay content—35 to 50 percent blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Rock fragment content—5 to 25 percent common very fine and fine roots and few medium Reaction—neutral or mildly alkaline roots; common very fine and fine tubular and interstitial pores; common moderately thick clay Bq horizon: films on faces of peds and on rock fragments; 15 Hue—5YR to 10YR percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; neutral; Value—5 or 6 dry, 4 to 6 moist gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—4 to 6 dry or moist Bt2—18 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Texture—extremely gravelly clay loam, extremely cobbly clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; gravelly sandy clay loam, very gravelly clay loam, strong medium and fine angular blocky structure; very gravelly loam, or very cobbly clay loam very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common Clay content—24 to 32 percent very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine Rock fragment content—40 to 85 percent tubular and interstitial pores; continuous Reaction—neutral to moderately alkaline moderately thick clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and on rock fragments; 10 percent gravel Zola Series and 15 percent cobbles; neutral; gradual irregular boundary. Classification Bq—24 to 37 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) extremely gravelly clay loam, dark yellowish brown Taxonomic class: Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Cumulic (10YR 4/4) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Haploxerolls Owyhee County Area, Idaho 373

Setting effervescent matrix; diffuse smooth boundary. Depth class: Very deep Bk2—27 to 41 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) clay Drainage class: Moderately well drained loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Permeability: Moderately slow moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky Landforms: Bottomlands structure; hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; Parent material: Kind—mixed alluvium; source— ommon very fine roots and few fine roots; volcaniclastic material common very fine interstitial pores and few very Slope range: 0 to 2 percent fine tubular pores; common fine violently Elevation: 4,400 to 5,850 feet effervescent soft masses of lime, strongly Climatic data (average annual): effervescent matrix; moderately alkaline; diffuse Precipitation—12 to 16 inches wavy boundary. Air temperature—41 to 45 degrees F C—41 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam, dark Frost-free period—70 to 95 days brown (10YR 3/3) moist; common medium faint Typical Pedon Description mottles that are dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) moist; hard, very friable, sticky and plastic; few Oi—2 inches to 0; undecomposed and partially very fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores decomposed grass and other organic material. and few very fine tubular pores; moderately A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, very alkaline. dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; moderate medium and thin platy structure parting to moderate fine Typical Pedon Location subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; Location in survey area: About 17 miles north of Cliffs; many very fine and fine roots and common 1 1 in the SW /4SE /4 of sec. 23, T. 6 S., R. 6 W. medium roots; many fine and medium interstitial Map unit in which located: Zola-Welch complex, 0 to 2 and vesicular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth percent slopes boundary. AB—4 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Range in Characteristics silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Profile: moist; moderate medium and thin platy Depth to calcium carbonates—12 to 28 inches structure parting to moderate medium and fine Depth to mottles—36 to 54 inches subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots, Particle-size control section (weighted average): common fine roots, and few medium roots; Clay content—28 to 33 percent common very fine interstitial pores; neutral; clear A and AB horizons: smooth boundary. Value—4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist Bk1—13 to 27 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Chroma—1 to 3 dry or moist clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium and coarse angular Bk horizon: blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y common very fine roots and few fine roots; Value—4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist common very fine and fine interstitial pores Chroma—1 to 4 dry or moist and few very fine and fine tubular pores; Clay content—27 to 35 percent common fine violently effervescent soft masses Effervescence—slight or strong of lime; moderately alkaline; strongly Reaction—mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline

375

Formation of the Soils

Soil is a variable and dynamic mixture of rocks and steeper and less stable and the cold temperatures minerals, organic matter, water, and air, and it usually slow chemical and biological processes. Soils, such as is characterized by distinct layers, or horizons. This those of the Parkay series (Cryoborolls), that formed natural material that mantles the land surface is a in basaltic and rhyolitic material have a weakly fundamental part of the ecosystem. Even though soil developed argillic horizon. However, soils of similar generally is perceived to be one of the more stable age that formed in resistant granitic material, such as components of our environment, it constitutes a those of the Earcree series (Cryoborolls) and Graylock complex open system that undergoes countless series (Cryorthents), are still immature. reactions to any single change. Generally, the drier climatic conditions at the lower Soil forms as a result of the interaction of time, elevations slow weathering and limit leaching. The climate, living organisms, parent material, and relief. majority of the soils in the area, however, are old Soils differ according to the degree to which they have enough and stable enough to have formed an argillic been influenced by each of these five soil-forming horizon. Examples include soils of the Bruncan series factors. Although one factor can be dominant and (Durargids), Dishpan series (Argixerolls), Gariper influence the properties of a soil more than the other series (Paleargids), Hardtrigger series (Haplargids), four, a unique combination of all of the factors and Heckison series (Durixerolls). At the low determines each particular soil profile. elevations near the Snake River, the soils have less Each of the five soil-forming factors are discussed profile development, partly because of the younger separately in this section, and their effects on the soils parent material. Soils of the Briabbit series in this survey area are illustrated with examples. (Camborthids) and Scism series (Durorthids) are examples of upland soils at low elevations that have Time altered, but not yet well defined, horizons. The youngest soils in the area are on fan terraces, In general, a soil acquires its properties over long on fluvial bottoms, and in basins that have received periods of time measured in hundreds and thousands recent deposits of alluvium or eolian sand. Soils of the of years. Change is continuous from the time a new Beetville series (Haploxerolls), Boulder Lake series surface is exposed by erosion or created by (Chromoxererts), Escalante series (Calciorthids), deposition. The relative age of a soil is expressed in Tindahay series (Torriorthents), and Welch series features or diagnostic characteristics that develop and (Haplaquolls) are examples. change at varying rates (6). The accumulation of organic matter in a mollic epipedon approaches Climate dynamic equilibrium at a relatively rapid rate (less than 10,000 years) compared to that of an argillic horizon Climate is the most active of the soil-forming (more than 10,000 years) (16). factors. The two most frequently considered climatic Typically, mature soils are on the oldest, most factors are precipitation and temperature, but other stable landforms. Soils such as those of the Lostvalley factors such as wind and relative humidity interrelate series (Palexeralfs), Wickahoney series (Haploxeralfs), to affect many soil features. Over time there have been and Yatahoney series (Durixeralfs) are on undulating significant changes in the climate of the survey area. tablelands in the central part of the area and are very The older soils in the area probably have been strongly developed. They have a pronounced argillic influenced by prehistoric climatic conditions, but the horizon that commonly exhibits an abrupt upper impact of those conditions can only be speculated. boundary with an intensely leached horizon The central tablelands show striking evidence of immediately above it. purported periglacial processes, where frost churning The soil profiles tend to be less developed in other created an extensive and regular pattern of mounds. parts of the survey area. In the mountains, slopes are Pluvial periods occurred during the Ice Age, but since 376 Soil Survey

then the climate has become warmer and drier. The Wind directly affects soil formation by transporting present climate in the survey area is continental, and it and distributing suspended material, which commonly is characterized by hot, dry summers; cold, moist consists of silt-sized particles deposited on the upper winters; light winds; and low relative humidity. Typically, back slopes on the leeward side of rims and ridges. the soils in the area almost completely dry out in summer. Living Organisms Water is the main agent of rock weathering and mineral transformation in soils. It also distributes and Besides climate, the other active soil-forming factor removes soil material, such as carbonates, basic is the soil biota, which consists of lower plants (fungi, cations, and clay, in the soil profile. The availability and bacteria, algae, lichens, and mosses), higher plants, flux of water within the soil profile determine the soil- and animals. Organic matter content and distribution, moisture regime. The content of water in a soil has a structure, and bulk density are the soil properties most profound effect on living organisms. Generally, greater noticeably influenced by living organisms. amounts of precipitation result in a higher content of Many biochemical processes that involve the biomass. cycling of different elements are closely related to soil The well drained soils in this survey area have formation. The dynamics of both nitrogen and carbon in either an aridic or xeric moisture regime, and the the biosphere begin with the interaction of organisms average annual precipitation is about 8 to 13 inches or and soil. The nitrogen cycle is interrelated with the more than 13 inches, respectively. Some of the driest carbon cycle, and the rate of nitrogen cycling is closely soils in the area include those of the Jenor series related to the productivity of the ecosystem. (Durorthids), Laped series (Durargids), Murphill series Accumulations of organic matter and products (Calciorthids), Ornea series (Haplargids), and Wholan resulting from decomposition have a profound series (Camborthids). These soils are characterized influence on soil formation (16). Bacteria and fungi not by sparse vegetation and a light-colored surface layer. only release bound nutrients, but they also affect rock Annual precipitation increases as elevation increases. and mineral decomposition. Algae can cause minerals Soils on north- and east-facing side slopes of to become soluble, while lichens and moss contribute mountains, such as those of the Southmount series to the weathering of rock through both physical and (Cryoborolls), typically receive the most precipitation. chemical processes. These soils support conifer woodland. The average Conditions that contribute to the accumulation of annual precipitation is more than 50 inches in areas organic matter are low microbial activity and high that receive considerable amounts of drifting snow. annual production. In this survey area, the greatest Wind, temperature (solar radiation), and relative accumulations are in soils where oxygen is low humidity exert a less evident influence on the water because of a high water table, such as those of the balance in a soil profile by affecting the rate of Welch series (Haplaquolls), or in soils that are subject evapotranspiration. to cold air temperatures, such as those of the Dranyon Soil temperature regime is determined by the series (Cryoborolls). average soil temperature at a depth of 20 inches (50 Higher plants make up the major portion of the total centimeters). The main impact of soil temperature is its biomass. The kind and amount of primary producers in effect on living organisms, which determine the type the survey area are largely dependent on climatic and amount of organic matter in a soil. Accumulation factors. Productivity is quite limited along the Snake of organic matter is aided by cool temperatures, which River, where the average annual precipitation is only slow microbial breakdown. The deep, dark-colored about 8 inches. The average annual production of the surface layer of the soils in the Bauscher series potential natural plant communities on soils such as (Argixerolls), Doodlelink series (Haploxerolls), and those of the Hotcreek series (Durargids), McKeeth Povey series (Cryoborolls) is evidence of this series (Haplargids), Murphill series (Calciorthids), condition. Although it depends partly on aspect, Tindahay series (Torriorthents), and Wholan series generally soils below 5,200 feet in elevation have a (Camborthids) commonly is less than 500 pounds per mesic temperature regime and those above this acre. Extremes in productivity occur in the elevation have a frigid temperature regime. Soils on mountainous areas. Soils that receive extra moisture north aspects of mountains and those above about from drifting snow, such as those of the Nagitsy series 6,200 feet in elevation, such as those of the Graylock (Cryoborolls), or from runoff, such as those of the series (Cryorthents) and Nagitsy series (Cryoborolls), Tucker series (Haploxerolls), commonly produce more stay cool in summer and have a cryic temperature than 2,000 pounds per acre per year. Soils on ridges regime. and other exposed positions, such as those of the Owyhee County Area, Idaho 377

Bregar series (Haplargids) and Nipintuck series or argillic horizons, are common throughout the survey (Torriorthents), commonly produce only 200 pounds per area. acre per year. If the vegetation is altered, horizons can Silica-cemented horizons, called duripans, also are degrade or develop in a relatively short period. common, except on mountains and in areas of recently Over time plant succession also has an effect on deposited sediment. These pans form at the depth to soil development. In the west-central part of the survey which wetting commonly occurs, where soluble silica area, seral juniper has invaded hundreds of thousands and sometimes carbonates are deposited. The silica is of acres. Climax sites are on rocky ridges and knolls in readily released from weathering volcanic ash and areas where trees are rooted in cracks and are pyroclastic rock. The many soils in this survey area protected from wildfires. Over the last century, juniper that have a duripan include those of the Coonskin has readily invaded surrounding soils such as those of series (Durorthids), Freshwater series (Durargids), the Hat series (Haploxeralfs), Kanlee series Nicholflat series (Durixeralfs), and Northcastle series (Argixerolls), and Quicksilver series (Haploxerolls). (Durixerolls). Soils of the Jumpcreek series The most obvious soil change is the accumulation of (Argixerolls) and Willhill series (Haplargids) are an organic layer as much as 6 inches thick. This has examples of those that occur on less stable slopes resulted in a small increase in the organic matter and have discontinuous silica cementation. content of the original surface layer. Cation exchange Appreciable accumulations of calcium carbonates capacity, exchangeable calcium content, and reaction and sodium are less common in the survey area. Soils (pH) increase, particularly in the upper part of the of the Bigflat series (Palexerolls) have both. It is profile, as the content of organic matter increases. The presumed that these accumulations are mainly eolian big sagebrush and bunchgrasses typically supported material derived from lacustrine and fluvial material by these soils have been virtually eliminated over time deposited along the Snake River. as the overstory canopy has closed. The lack of Minerals are more highly weathered in the ground cover has resulted in accelerated erosion of mountainous areas. The minerals released as a result the steeper areas. of weathering are susceptible to leaching because of Cicadas, ants, earthworms, and rodents and other the higher precipitation in these areas. The low base mammals mix, loosen, and compact soils. Krotovinas, saturation of the soils in these areas is evidence of the which are tunnels, passageways, and nests filled with loss of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. soil, are common throughout the survey area. Man’s Soils of the Doodlelink series (Haploxerolls), Naz contribution to reworking the soil surface is evident in series (Cryoborolls), and Saturday series (Argixerolls) plowed fields and in areas of pits and dumps are examples. associated with mining. Nearly all of the soils in the survey area contain at least a few rock fragments. Shallow residual soils, Parent Material such as those of the Cleavage series (Argixerolls) and Cottle series (Haplargids), typically contain large The properties of a soil are largely dependent on amounts of unattached, angular fragments of parent the kind of parent material from which the soil has rock. Alluvial soils, such as those of the Paynecreek formed. In this survey area, the soils are derived from series (Argixerolls) and Upcreek series (Haploxerolls), either residual or transported material. In areas where typically are very deep. These soils contain rounded rock deposits have weathered in place (residuum), rock fragments, the content of which varies from layer other material moved by water (alluvium), wind (eolian to layer. sand and loess), or gravity (colluvium) generally has Igneous rock, including basalt, welded rhyolitic tuff, been incorporated into the soil. flow-breccia, andesite, latite, rhyolite, and intermediate The minerals in a soil are either directly inherited intrusive rock such as granodiorite (5, 10), is the (primary) from the parent material or are formed primary source of parent material in the survey area. during the natural processes of soil development The relatively thin deposits of volcanic ash commonly (secondary). Quartz, a primary mineral, is common in associated with basalt flows are the main source of soils that are derived from granite. These soils tend to parent material for soils such as those of the Arbidge be sandy, and they develop relatively slowly. series (Durargids), Bigflat series (Palexerolls), Montmorillonite, which is inherited from volcaniclastic Buncelvoir series (Haplargids), Fairylawn series material, occurs in clay-sized particles and is (Durixeralfs), Lostvalley series (Palexeralfs), and translocated from the surface to the subsoil during soil Schnipper series (Durixerolls). development. Layers of significant clay accumulation, Soils such as those of the Loomis series 378 Soil Survey

(Haplargids), Merlin series (Argixerolls), and Strickland Poisoncreek series (Argixerolls), and Takeuchi series series (Cryoborolls) formed in material weathered (Haploxerolls). primarily from late Miocene Banbury basalt. This is the The Paleozoic metamorphic rock of South Mountain most extensive source of parent material in the survey is the oldest parent material in the survey area. The area. Many thin flows of this vesicular, fine-grained interbedded schist, quartzite, and marble probably olivine basalt interfinger and overlap to form lava fields originally were typical miogeosynclinal limestone, of various sizes throughout the area. The largest area, sandstone, and shale (15). Soils that formed in this called the Bruneau-Jarbidge eruptive center, covers material have a thick, dark-colored surface layer but nearly all of the eastern part of the survey area (7). only a weakly developed subsoil. Soils of the Ola The underlying caldera is marked by at least 30 plug series (Haploxerolls) and Povey series (Cryoborolls) domes from which the basalt extruded. are examples. The basaltic eruptions were relatively small Sediment of nonwelded vitric tuff interbedded with compared to the previous rhyolitic volcanic activity that arkosic or tuffaceous sandstone, cobble conglomerate, formed the huge caldera in the area and subsequently lacustrine diatomite, or siltstone is in basins and filled it (7). Several of the rhyolite lava flows in the area occurs as outcroppings near escarpments. Although are much larger than in most other areas in the world. this sediment is throughout the survey area, it is The largest flow, Sheep Creek rhyolite, is very likely particularly extensive in the northwestern part (5). The more than 200 cubic kilometers, which is enough to oldest of these beds are remnants of Lake Bruneau, bury all of Ada and Canyon Counties in Idaho under which covered the area early in the Miocene (15). The 150 feet of lava (4). To the west of this rhyolite is a extensive Sucker Creek Formation, which is along the large, slightly older area of ash-flow tuff and ignimbrite, western part of the Silver City Range, is an example. called the Juniper Mountain volcanic center. Soils that formed in this sediment include those of the Spectacular canyons have been carved into these Chilcott series (Durargids), Deshler series flows, exposing considerable amounts of Rock (Argixerolls), Gooding series (Paleargids), Lamonta outcrop. Soils such as those of the Avtable series series (Durixerolls), and Succor series (Palexerolls). (Haploxeralfs), Dougal series (Haplargids), Dranyon During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, similar series (Cryoborolls), Gaib series (Argixerolls), and deposits accumulated in smaller, more confined Nipintuck series (Torriorthents) formed in material basins such as that of Lake Idaho, which formed as a weathered primarily from this silicic flow rock. result of the Snake River downwarp (5, 8). Areas of Brecciated vitrophyre commonly is exposed at the Badlands, which are barren exposures of these margins and upper parts of the areas of flow-layered deposits, commonly are on erosional scarps. Soils of and flow-banded rhyolite and welded tuff throughout the Escalante series (Calciorthids), Ratsnest series the area. Soils of the Fulcrum series (Haploxerolls) (Haplargids), and Royal series (Camborthids) are and Monasterio series (Argixerolls) formed in this type examples of those that formed in these dominantly of material. These soils contain large amounts of lacustrine deposits. At the higher elevations adjacent volcanic glass. Areas of Rubbleland consisting of to mountain fronts, mixed volcaniclastic material loose, tabular fragments of welded rhyolitic tuff formed high outwash terraces and fan piedmonts produced from sheeting joints occur as stripes of rock during the same periods. Soils of the Alzola series debris on hillsides and as talus at the base of cliffs. (Haplargids), Blackleg series (Durixerolls), Brunzell The oldest rhyolite and tuff, about 16 million years series (Haploxerolls), Shoofly series (Durargids), and old, are in the Silver City Range (5). A lower basalt Threek series (Argixerolls) are examples of those that and latite sequence that extends to the South formed in these fluvial deposits. Mountain area is the same age as the Columbia River The youngest parent material in the area is of the basalt group. Andesite (Oligocene) and rhyodacitic tuff Holocene. It includes loess, eolian sand, landslide (Eocene) along the northeastern part of the Silver City deposits, and recent alluvium. The landslide deposits Range are the oldest exposed extrusive volcanics in and alluvium are intrinsically localized and reflect the area (5). older, adjacent parent material, except in areas along The underlying pre-Tertiary granitic basement rock the Snake River. In these areas the catastrophic exposed in the Owyhee Mountains is mainly quartz- flooding from Lake Bonneville markedly reworked the diorite, quartz-monzonite, and granodiorite. This rock lower terraces and in places deposited basalt boulders is considered to be of the Idaho Batholith. The wide that are as much as 10 feet in diameter (8). range of soils that formed in this material include those Periodically, alluvial material is still reworked or of the Enko series (Camborthids), Graylock series deposited on bottomlands and alluvial flats. Landslides (Cryorthents), Nazaton series (Cryoborolls), typically occur at the edges of lava flows, where Owyhee County Area, Idaho 379

exposed underlying sediment erodes. Recent deposits to converge in concave positions, such as foot slopes, of eolian sand or silt (loess) are most common on and diverge in convex positions, such as shoulder nearly level or undulating basalt flows in areas that slopes. Mass movement and surface wash combine to have low precipitation. Soils of the Scism series transport material downward on side slopes, making (Durorthids) formed in these areas. them relatively unstable. In areas of low precipitation, even a slight change in the shape of the slope can Relief have a dramatic effect on soil properties. For example, soils of the McKeeth series (Haplargids) are on slightly Relief is the contour of the land surface that may be convex, stable summits. These soils are characterized a result of erosion, deposition, or tectonic activity. by a shallow argillic horizon, a thin leached surface Aspect, shape of slope, and steepness of slope layer, and strongly expressed layers of calcium directly affect runoff, soil moisture, erosion, and carbonate and silica accumulation. Intermingled with deposition. Relief influences soil formation primarily the McKeeth soils are soils of the Veta series through its effect on temperature and water. (Camborthids), which are in concave swales that are The soils on mountains most dramatically exhibit dominantly constructional and relatively unstable. the influences of relief; however, the relief of These soils have a weakly developed subsoil and a microtopographic landforms, such as the regular cambic horizon. Because these soils receive extra pattern of mounds on gently sloping tablelands, also moisture from runoff, plant production is higher and significantly influences soil development. Soils of the thus the surface layer is darker colored. Budlewis series (Durixerolls) and Wickahoney series Basins and fluvial bottoms are unstable because of (Haploxeralfs) are examples of those in complex their dominantly constructional nature. The soils on mound-intermound areas. Obvious differences in soil these positions are highly variable, reflecting periodic moisture content occur in areas where snow is blown flooding and multiple sources of parent material (16). from south- and west-facing slopes to north- and east- Groundwater commonly is an important factor of soil facing slopes. Similarly, aspect affects soil formation in these areas. If the soil is saturated, many temperature. North-facing slopes, particularly those physical and chemical processes are altered. that are also steep, receive less direct sun than other Anaerobic activity is dominant in these soils because aspects and are therefore colder. Examples of soils the amount of oxygen is insufficient for bacteria to that exhibit these effects of aspect include those of the grow. These soils tend to be cooler than soils subject Gaib series (Argixerolls), Wareagle series to aerobic conditions. Soils of the Blackwell series (Cryoborolls), Wickahoney series (Haploxeralfs), and (Cryaquolls), Boulder Lake series (Chromoxererts), Doodlelink series (Haploxerolls). Piline series (Chromoxererts), and Welch series Throughout the survey area, the distribution and (Haplaquolls) are most affected by groundwater. Other movement of water on and in the soils are governed soils, such as those of the Babbington series largely by relief (16). The hazard of erosion and rate of (Argixerolls) and Tucker series (Haploxerolls), are less runoff increase as slope increases. Broad summits, affected because only the lower horizons are the most stable landscape, are characterized by slow saturated. runoff and a high rate of water retention. Runoff tends

381

References

(1) Adams, Mildretta. 1986. Sagebrush post offices: A history of the Owyhee country. Idaho State Univ. Press, Pocatello, Idaho.

(2) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1982. Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 13, 2 vols.

(3) American Society for Testing and Materials. 1985. Standard test method for classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

(4) Bonnichsen, Bill. 1982. Rhyolite lava flows in the Bruneau-Jarbidge eruptive center, southwestern Idaho. In Cenozoic Geology of Idaho. Idaho Bur. Mines and Geol. Bull. 26, pp. 283-320.

(5) Ekren, E.B., D.H. McIntyre, E.H. Bennett, and H.E. Malde. 1981. Geologic map of Owyhee County, Idaho, west of longitude 116 degrees W. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Map I-1256.

(6) Hawley, J.W., and R. B. Parsons. 1984. Glossary of selected geomorphic terms for western soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric., Soil Conserv. Serv.

(7) Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology. 1981. Southwest Idaho volcanic center identified. Gem State Geol. Rev., vol. 4, pp. 1, 18-20.

(8) Malde, H. E., and H. A. Powers. 1962. Upper Cenozoic stratigraphy of Western Snake River Plain, Idaho. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., vol. 73, pp. 1197-1220.

(9) Portland Cement Association. 1962. PCA soil primer.

(10) Rember, W. C., and E. H. Bennett. 1979. Geologic map of the Twin Falls quadrangle, Idaho. Idaho Bur. Mines and Geol.

(11) Stephenson, Gordon R. (editor). 1977. Soil-geology-vegetation inventories for Reynolds Creek Watershed. Univ. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta., Moscow, Idaho.

(12) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1951. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18. [Supplements replacing pp. 173-188 issued May 1962]

(13) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

(14) United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436. 382

(15) Warner, M. M. 1980. S. Idaho, N. Nevada, southeastern Oregon—prime exploration target. Oil and Gas J., pp. 325-341.

(16) Wilding, L. P., N. E. Smeck, and G. F. Hall (editors). 1983. Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy. Elsevier Sci. Publ. B.V., Amsterdam. 383

Glossary

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from Very low ...... 0 to 2.5 the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is Low ...... 2.5 to 3.7 Medium ...... 3.75 to 5.0 similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a High ...... 5.0 to 7.5 poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Very high ...... more than 7.5 carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as the steepest inclined surface and principal granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods element of many hillsides. Back slopes in profile are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of not include cliff segments. alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony, percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent barren land dissected by many intermittent or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, drainage channels. Badland is most common in that plant growth is restricted. semiarid and arid regions where streams are Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff stream near or at its junction with its main stream. potential is very high, and geologic erosion is Alluvial flat. A nearly level, graded alluvial surface. active. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, Base saturation. The degree to which material having deposited on land by streams. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), required by one mature cow of approximately expressed as a percentage of the total cation- 1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1 exchange capacity. month. Basin. A general term for an intermontane area, a Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim bolson, a semibolson, an area of centripetal after the removal of soil for construction and other drainage, or a structural depressional area. uses. Revegetation and erosion control are Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters extremely difficult. thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous or marine sediment. areas geographically associated in a characteristic Bedding system. A drainage system made by repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface single map unit. of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges Available water capacity (available moisture separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows. capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and available for use by most plants. It is commonly other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at defined as the difference between the amount of the surface. soil water at field moisture capacity and the Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed the configuration and relief of the landforms are as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in determined or strongly influenced by the inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is underlying bedrock. expressed as: Bench (or structural bench). A platform-type, nearly 384 Soil Survey

level to gently sloping erosional surface developed Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See on resistant strata in areas where valleys are cut Crown.) in alternating strong and weak layers with an Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided valley essentially horizontal attitude. Structural benches, with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local in contrast to stream terraces, have no relief. geomorphic implication of former, partial erosion Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil cycles and base-level controls, nor do they particles and in tiny spaces between particles. represent a stage of floodplain development Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds following an episode of valley trenching. capillary water in the soil. Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream, Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity. subject to flooding. The common soil cations are calcium, potassium, Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen. centimeters) in diameter. Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, border of an upland summit that is dissected by expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 ravines. grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some Breccia. A coarse-grained, clastic rock composed of other stated pH value. The term, as applied to angular rock fragments (larger than 2 millimeters) soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity commonly cemented together in a finer-grained but is more precise in meaning. matrix of varying composition and origin. The Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation consolidated equivalent of rubble. through the use of chemicals. Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or biological methods to make conditions favorable more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal from woody vegetation and thus allow understory plow depth. grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less increases forage production and thus reduces the than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, some species of wildlife. less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep or percent silt. precipitous sides and a top variously flat, rounded, Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the or pointed that may be a residual mass isolated by surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root erosion or an exposed volcanic neck. channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that nearby central area for transport to a processing contains much more clay than the horizons above facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement plastic or stiff when wet. similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To Climax plant community. The stabilized plant reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees community on a particular site. The plant cover generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or reproduces itself and does not change so long as the entire log is suspended. the environment remains the same. Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium Coarse fragments. Mineral or rock particles larger carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium than 2 millimeters in diameter. carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly Caldera. A large, basin-shaped, volcanic depression rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 that is more or less circular of cirquelike. The centimeters) in diameter. diameter is many times greater than that of the Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 included volcanic vent or vents regardless of the percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded steepness of the walls or the form of the floor. rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 Three major types of calderas are—explosion, centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material collapse, and erosion. has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and Owyhee County Area, Idaho 385

extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60 crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled percent. crops or summer fallow. Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both, Control section. The part of the soil on which moved by creep, slide, or local wash and classification is based. The thickness varies deposited at the base of steep slopes. among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches or establishing terraces, diversions, and other and 40 or 80 inches. water-control structures on a complex slope is Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical difficult. action that dissolves or weakens concrete or Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil uncoated steel. or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to or so small in area that it is not practical to map improve and protect the soil between periods of them separately at the selected scale of mapping. regular crop production, or a crop grown between The pattern and proportion of the soils or trees and vines in orchards and vineyards. miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all Cropping system. Growing crops according to a areas. planned system of rotation and management Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal practices. symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a Crop residue management. Returning crop residue plane. They typically take the form of concentric to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, organic matter content, and fertility and helps to iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common control erosion. compounds making up concretions. If formed in Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese living branches and their foliage. oxide are generally considered a type of Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations redoximorphic concentration. tend to cave in or slough. Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range combination with needed cultural and plants. Because they are the most palatable, they management practices. In a good conservation are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. cropping system, the soil-improving crops and Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting practices more than offset the effects of the soil- grazing land for a prescribed period. depleting crops and practices. Cropping systems Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per practices in a conservation cropping system cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of include the use of rotations that contain grasses digging and can affect filling and compacting. and legumes and the return of crop residue to the Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over a soil. Other practices include the use of green restrictive layer. Very deep soils are more than 60 manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper inches deep over a restrictive layer; deep soils, 40 tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest to 60 inches; moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; control. shallow, 10 to 20 inches; and very shallow, less Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not than 10 inches. invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. surface for the specified use. Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion Desert pavement. On a desert surface, a layer of and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to gravel or larger fragments that was emplaced by deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes upward movement of the underlying sediments or resistance of soil material to rupture and to that remains after finer particles have been penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of removed by running water or the wind. puddled soil material; and the manner in which the Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, soil material behaves when subject to generally a terrace, built to protect downslope compression. Terms describing consistence are areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that duration of wet periods under conditions similar to follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing those under which the soil formed. Alterations of 386 Soil Survey

the water regime by human activities, either or cliff breaking the general continuity of more through drainage or irrigation, are not a gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from consideration unless they have significantly erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. changed the morphology of the soil. Seven Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— and sandy drift deposited by a stream flowing in a excessively drained, somewhat excessively tunnel beneath a glacier. drained, well drained, moderately well drained, Excess alkali (in tables). Excess exchangeable somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical very poorly drained. These classes are defined in properties restrict the growth of plants. the “Soil Survey Manual.” Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel from an area. or sand for construction purposes. Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil open and has broader bottom land than a ravine that restrict the growth of some plants. or gulch. Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in Duripan. A subsurface horizon cemented with silica to the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. the degree that fragments do not slake during Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable prolonged soaking in water or hydrochloric acid. sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical Effervescence. The quality of a soil measured when properties restrict the growth of plants. drops of diluted (1:10) hydrochloric acid (HCI) are Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deep- added to the soil. The ratings are as follows: seated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the earth’s surface. Very slightly effervescent ...... few bubbles Fan piedmont. The most extensive major landform of Slightly effervescent ...... bubbles readily Strongly effervescent ...... bubbles form low foam most piedmont slopes. It is formed by the lateral Violently effervescent ...... bubbles form thick foam quickly coalescence of mountainfront alluvial fans into one generally smooth slope and by accretion of fan Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution aprons. Fan piedmonts commonly are complexes or colloidal suspension from one place to another of many component landforms. within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of through eluviation are eluvial; those that have active deposition, incised by younger and lower received material are illuvial. alluvial surfaces. Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water accumulated through wind action; commonly into the soil. refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide blankets on the surface. plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream, balance, for the growth of specified plants when that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth receives no long-continued supply from melting factors are favorable. snow or other source, and its channel is above the Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay. water table at all times. Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by stream and is subject to flooding unless protected water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by artificially. such processes as gravitational creep. Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic action, as a fluvial plain. processes acting over long geologic periods and Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as resulting in the wearing away of mountains and much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a the building up of such landscape features as mountain range or high-plateau escarpment. flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill. erosion. Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or use or disturbance. animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature, Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil such as a fire, that exposes the surface. moisture. Frost action can damage roads, Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope buildings and other structures, and plant roots. Owyhee County Area, Idaho 387

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, especially to the processes or soil-forming factors commonly of limited summit area and having a responsible for the formation of the solum, or true well defined outline; hillsides generally have soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. dependent on local usage. Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to and subsequently sorted and deposited by the surface, having distinct characteristics streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits produced by soil-forming processes. In the are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter and outwash plains. represents the major horizons. Numbers or Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine lowercase letters that follow represent clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey deposits are interbedded or laminated. Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage, follows: resulting in the reduction of iron and other O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and elements in the profile and in gray colors. decaying plant residue. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 surface in which an accumulation of humified centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. pebble. Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 originally part of a B horizon. percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. some combination of these. Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of of maturity or soon after maturity. transition from the overlying A to the underlying C Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive the material below the water table. characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; running water and through which water ordinarily (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is a combination of these. an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary by soil-forming processes and does not have the tillage. properties typical of the overlying soil material. Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated The material of a C horizon may be either like or except by blasting or by the use of special unlike that in which the solum formed. If the equipment that is not commonly used in material is known to differ from that in the solum, construction. an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or letter C. layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium the soil. carbonate, or other substance. R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. from these crops can be used to control erosion Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable until the next crop in the rotation is established. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. These crops return large amounts of organic Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped matter to the soil. according to their runoff potential. The soil Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as properties that influence this potential are those 388 Soil Survey

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only when the soil is not frozen. These properties are one direction. depth to a seasonal high water table, the Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged under low pressure to the surface of the soil or wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable into the soil through such applicators as emitters, layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not porous tubing, or perforated pipe. considered but are separate factors in predicting Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made runoff. by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a tree and row crops. molten or partially molten state. Major varieties Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. andesite, basalt, and granite. Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one tile lines until the water table is raised enough to horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally, wet the soil. material is removed from an upper horizon and Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is deposited in a lower horizon. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that distribution. increase in amount as the more desirable plants Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified are reduced by close grazing. Increasers glacial drift. commonly are the shorter plants and the less Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water palatable to livestock. and exposed when the water level is lowered or Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the the elevation of the land is raised. immediate surface of soil or other material, as Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of contrasted with percolation, which is movement of soil and loose rock, generally when wet or water through soil layers or material. saturated. The speed and distance of movement, Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the as well as the amount of soil and rock material, soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial vary greatly. rate; the rate decreases with application time. Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones constant but is a variable depending on the net adversely affect the specified use of the soil. irrigation application. Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a other material by percolating water. stream, that flows for prolonged periods only Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil when it receives ground-water discharge or passes from a plastic to a liquid state. long, continued contributions from melting Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay snow or other surface and shallow subsurface particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less sources. than 52 percent sand particles. Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized and grow after the climax vegetation has been particles, deposited by wind. reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for following disturbance of the surface. silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in these crops is not adequate to control erosion until production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: the next crop in the rotation is established. These Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a crops return little organic matter to the soil. strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to by small earth ridges called border dikes, or support loads. borders. Major landform. A subdivision of the piedmont slope Controlled flooding.—Water is released at or basin floor major physiographic part that intervals from closely spaced field ditches and reflects a major morphogenetic process taking distributed uniformly over the field. place over a long period of time or that is the Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely result of a special erosional or depositional Owyhee County Area, Idaho 389

process. Many major landforms are dissected, Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration of and their original area is made up of component silt and clay in approximately equal amounts. landforms. Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment of three simple variables—hue, value, and for seeding, brush management, and other chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a management practices. color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam, 4. silt loam, or silt. Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly (See Reaction, soil.) isolated upland mass characterized by summit Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant widths that are more than the heights of bounding essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly erosional scarps. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, mineralogical composition, chemical composition, boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon, or structure by heat, pressure, and movement. hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and Nearly all such rocks are crystalline. water. Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in low in organic material. Its bulk density is more various stages of decomposition. The content of than that of organic soil. organic matter in the surface layer is described as Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop follows: production and prevention of soil damage. Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay loam, or silty clay loam. Outcrop. The part of a geologic formation that is Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface exposed at the surface of the earth. horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the movement of water and the growth of roots. For upper part of the subsoil. example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan, Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, and traffic pan. including the texture, structure, porosity, Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, mineral material in which soil forms. and biological properties of the various horizons, Patterned ground. The more or less symmetrical and the thickness and arrangement of those forms, such as circles, polygons, nets, stripes, horizons in the soil profile. garlands, and steps, that are characteristic of, but Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that not confined to, mantles subjected to intense front vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as action, as in periglacial environments. It is follows: abundance—few, common, and many; classified according to the type of pattern and the size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast— presence or absence of sorting. Patterned ground faint, distinct, and prominent. The size occurs principally in polar, subpolar, and arctic measurements are of the diameter along the regions, but it is also in tropical and subtropical greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 areas. Stone polygons generally form on slopes millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 of less than 8 percent, while garlands and stripes millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, occur on slopes of 8 to 15 percent and more than more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). 15 percent, respectively. Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface, Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding organic matter, that has accumulated under lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) (relative to a plateau) and generally having steep Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated granule, a prism, or a block. mass or in a group forming a chain or range. Pediment. A gently sloping erosional surface Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic developed at the foot of a receding hill or mountain soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) slope. Earth material that extends beneath 390 Soil Survey

adjacent uplands may be exposed or a thin mantle Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil of alluvium and colluvium, ultimately in transit from changes from semisolid to plastic. upland front to the basin or valley lowlands, may Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat be on the surface. summit area that is considerably elevated (more Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and mantles an erosion surface and has been separated from them on one or more sides by transported to its present position from higher escarpments. lying areas of the erosion surface. Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” that occupies the lowest parts of closed A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to depressional areas, such as those on permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 occurs primarily in response to precipitation and square meters), depending on the variability of the runoff. soil. Plug dome. A smooth, rounded hill of lava and Percolation. The downward movement of water pyroclastic rock that is built up around and over a through the soil. volcanic vent. Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed through the soil adversely affects the specified depressions. Unless the soils are artificially use. drained, the water can be removed only by Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring percolation or evapotranspiration. in arctic or subarctic regions, in which a Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very temperature below freezing has existed rapid permeability, the soil may not continuously for a long time. adequately filter effluent from a waste disposal Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water system. or air to move downward through the profile. The Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is material consisting mainly of particles of nearly accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil the same size. Because there is little difference in physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated size of the particles, density can be increased only hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil slightly by compaction. Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where the engineering profession and with traditional surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow or expensive to install. continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms Potential native plant community. See Climax plant describing permeability, measured in inches per community. hour, are as follows: Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth). Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch no properties restricting the penetration of roots to Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch this depth. Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches specific management purposes, under the Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches appropriate conditions of weather and soil moisture and at the proper time of day. Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for features that affect its use and management, such producing a specified plant or sequence of plants as slope, stoniness, and flooding. under specific management. pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) through all its horizons and into the parent Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice. material. They form on the soil after plant cover is removed. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Plasticity index. The numerical difference between maintains enough cover to protect the soil and the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the moisture content within which the soil remains desirable vegetation. This practice increases the plastic. vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants Owyhee County Area, Idaho 391

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch This term is used in areas of both hills and necessary to conserve soil and water. mountains. Range condition. The present composition of the Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated plant community on a range site in relation to the erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and potential natural plant community for that site. not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, machinery. fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical plant community has departed from the potential. means during road construction. It is commonly on Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural the uphill side of the road. vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, browsing. It includes natural grasslands, pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders. savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil and areas that support certain forb and shrub is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots. communities. Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, by plant roots. and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream distinct natural plant community. A range site is the channels from an area. The water that flows off the product of all the environmental factors surface of the land without sinking into the soil is responsible for its development. It is typified by an called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil association of species that differ from those on before reaching surface streams is called ground- other range sites in kind or proportion of species water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. or total production. Ponded.—Little of the precipitation and runon Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a escapes as runoff, and free water stands on the soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH surface for significant periods. The amount of 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction water that must be removed from ponded areas by because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The movement through the soil, by plants, or by degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH evaporation is usually greater than the total values, are: rainfall. Ponding normally occurs in level to nearly Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 level depressional areas, and the water depth may Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 fluctuate greatly. Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 Very slow.—Surface water flows away slowly, and Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 free water stands on the surface for long periods Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 or immediately enters the soil. Most of the water Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 passes through the soil, is used by plants, or Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 evaporates. The soils commonly are level or Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 nearly level or are very open and porous. Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 Slow.—Surface water flows away slowly enough Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher that free water stands on the surface for moderate Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered periods or enters the soil rapidly. Most of the rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the water passes through the soil, is used by plants, loose earth material above the solid rock. or evaporates. The soils commonly are either Relict. Old, or remaining from previous times; in the nearly level or very gently sloping or they are present context, of Pleistocene age. streeper but absorb precipitation very rapidly. Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, Medium.—Surface water flows away fast enough considered collectively. that free water stands on the surface for only short Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated, periods. Part of the precipitation enters the soil weathered or partly weathered mineral material and is used by plants, is lost by evaporation, or that accumulated as consolidated rock moves into underground channels. The soils disintegrated in place. commonly are either nearly level or gently sloping Ridge. A long, narrow elevation of the land surface and absorb precipitation at a moderate rate or that usually is sharpcrested and has steep sides they are steeper but absorb water rapidly. and forms an extended upland between valleys. Rapid.—Surface water flows away fast enough 392 Soil Survey

that the period of concentration is brief and free Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon water does not stand on the surface. Only a small and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.) part of the water enters the soil. The soils are Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are mainly moderately steep or steep, and they have a almost alike, except for differences in texture of moderate to slow rate of absorption. the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Very rapid.—Surface water flows away so fast that horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, the period of concentration is very brief and fee and arrangement. water does not stand on the surface. Only a small Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of part of the water enters the soil. The soils are soil material from the land surface by the action of mainly steep or very steep, and they absorb rainfall and surface runoff. precipitation slowly. Shoulder. The geomorphic component that forms the Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an uppermost inclined surface at the top of a hillside. amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil It comprises the transition zone from the does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. backslope to the summit of an upland. The Salinity. The degree to which a soil is affected by surface is dominantly convex and is erosional in soluble salts. Salinity is expressed as the origin. electrical conductivity (EC) of a saturation extract, Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when or millimhos per centimeter (MMHOS/CM). The dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and degrees of salinity are: swelling can damage roads, dams, building foundations, and other structures. It can also Low ...... Less than 4 damage plant roots. Moderate ...... 4 to 8 High ...... More than 8 Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The mineral form is called quartz. Salty water (in tables). Water that is too salty for Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of consumption by livestock. molecules of silica to the number of molecules of Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral alumina and iron oxide. The more highly fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in weathered soils or their clay fractions in warm- diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a temperate, humid regions, and especially those in soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more the tropics, generally have a low ratio. sand and not more than 10 percent clay. Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay sand-sized particles. (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk percent clay. density, and the lowest water content at saturation Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly of all organic soil material. silt-sized particles. Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, below. and have similar conservation needs or Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive management requirements for the major land uses pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of in the survey area. saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where into an unlined auger hole. limestone has been dissolved. Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site deposited from suspension in water. The chief based on the height of the dominant stand at an kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand; height attained by dominant and codominant trees shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are 75 feet, the site index is 75. many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces sand is consolidated into sandstone. produced by one mass sliding past another. In Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks, use. prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils, Owyhee County Area, Idaho 393

where there is marked change in moisture climate and living matter acting on earthy parent content. material, as conditioned by relief over periods of Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled, time. crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is silty or millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in between specified size limits. The names and productivity. sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to the United States are as follows: movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 wet. Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 distance divided by horizontal distance, then Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Clay ...... less than 0.002 drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C practices are required to ensure satisfactory horizon, in which the processes of soil formation performance of the soil for a specific use. are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, Slope alluvium. Sediment gradually transported on and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of mountain or hill slopes primarily by alluvial the material in these horizons are unlike those of processes and characterized by particle sorting. the material below the solum. The living roots and In a profile sequence, sediments may be plant and animal activities are largely confined to distinguished by differences in size and/or specific the solum. gravity of coarse fragments and may be separated Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a by stone lines. Sorting of rounded or subrounded soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered pebbles or cobbles, and burnished peds contrast surface. In a cross section, the line may be one with unsorted colluvial deposits. fragment or more thick. It generally overlies Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water material that weathered in place and is overlain by into the soil. recent sediment of variable thickness. Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds, Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 resulting from restricted permeability in the soil. centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones Stoniness (or boulderiness). The relative proportion adversely affect the specified use of the soil. of larger rock fragments in or on the surface layer. Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of Used to modify the surface layer texture of soils alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a containing sufficient amounts of stones or percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent boulders to significantly restrict use and or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, management. This class does not necessarily that plant growth is restricted. reflect the kind of rock fragments that are most Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by abundant nor is it used to modify the texture of the exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a lower horizons in a profile description. In this sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation survey three classes are recognized: extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The Stony.—The areas have enough stones at or near degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are: the surface to be a continuing nuisance during operations that mix the surface layer, but they do Low ...... less than 13:1 not make most of these operations impractical. Moderate ...... 13-30:1 Conventional wheeled vehicles can move with High ...... more than 30:1 reasonable freedom over the areas. Stones may Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with damage equipment that mixes the soil and the trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and vehicles that move on the surface. Stones or other equipment commonly used in construction. boulders cover about 0.01 to 3 percent of the Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s surface. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has Very stony.— The areas have so many stones at properties resulting from the integrated effect of or near the surface that operations that mix the 394 Soil Survey

surface layer either require heavy equipment or Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon. use of implements that can operate between the Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in larger stones. Tillage with conventionally powered color and lower in content of organic matter than farm equiment is impractical. Wheeled tractors the overlying surface layer. and vehicles with high clearance can operate on Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during carefully chosen routes over and around the the summer to control weeds and allow storage of stones. Stones or boulders cover about 3 to 15 moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A percent of the surface. practice common in semiarid regions, where Extremely stony.—The areas have so many annual precipitation is not enough to produce a stones at or near the surface that wheeled crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently powered equipment, other than some special practiced before planting winter grain. types, can operate only along selected routes. Summit. The top of an erosional fan remnant, hill, Tracked vehicles may be used in most places, mountain, or other landform. The term is used for although some routes have to be cleared. Usually, both a landform element and a slope component. these areas have class 4 stoniness. Stones or Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or boulders cover more than 15 percent of the its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth surface. from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Stony soil material. Material that is 15 to 35 percent, Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the by volume, rounded or partially rounded rock “Ap horizon.” fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 centimeters) Tableland. A general term for a broad upland that has in diameter. Very stony soil material is 35 to 60 a large, nearly level or undulating summit and percent of these rock fragments, and extremely steep sideslopes descending to surrounding stony soil material is more than 60 percent. lowlands. (See Plateau and Mesa.) Stream terrace. A transversely level erosional Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material remnant of a former axial stream or major desert accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep stream flood plain that slopes in the same slopes. direction as the adjacent, incised stream, that is Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a underlain by well-sorted stratified sand and gravel series recognized in the classification system. or by loamy or clayey sediment. Such soils are named for a series they strongly Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to arrangement of strips or bands that provide that series because they differ in ways too small to vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water be of consequence in interpreting their use and erosion. behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil when one or more of their characteristics are particles into compound particles or aggregates. slightly outside the range defined for the family of The principal forms of soil structure are—platy the series for which the soils are named. (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts and granular. Structureless soils are either single surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a massive (the particles adhering without any field generally is built so that the field can be regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on has a deep channel that is maintained in the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects permanent sod. the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea. next crop, and during the early growing period of Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, the new crop. and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of textural classes, in order of increasing proportion the solum below plow depth. of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum. clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam Owyhee County Area, Idaho 395

classes may be further divided by specifying glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material other body of still water in front of a glacier. that is too thin for the specified use. Volcaniclastic. Pertaining to a clastic rock containing Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related volcanic material in any proportion and without to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling regard to its origin or environment. emergence, and root penetration. Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base areas that are excavated at an angle across of a hill; part of a foot slope. a sloping road. They are used to reduce the Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time, downward velocity of water and divert it and vegetation is difficult to establish. off and away from the road surface. Water Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most bars can easily be driven over if constructed favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily properly. rich in organic matter and is used to topdress Water table. The upper level of ground water or that roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. level below which the soil is saturated. Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic Water table (perched). The water table of a saturated substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that layer of soil that is separated from an underlying severely hinder establishment of vegetation or saturated layer by an unsaturated layer. severely restrict plant growth. Weathering. All physical and chemical changes Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the volcanic ash and dust. earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These Tuffite. A tuff containng both pyroclastic and detrital changes result in disintegration and material, but dominantly pyroclastic material. decomposition of the material. Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of banks of fill material. coarse grained particles that are well distributed Valley. An elongated depressional area cut by stream over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil erosion and the associated water erosion of its normally can be easily increased in density and side slopes (stream valley). Also used for bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with intermontane basins. poorly graded soil. Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so heavily loaded streams. much that it does not recover when placed in a Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of humid, dark chamber. laminae deposited in a body of still water within a Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded the wind.